French Imperial Army (1804–1815)

1723:, was established by Napoleon in January 1800. Its function was to provide the teamsters and drivers who handled the horses that hauled the artillery's vehicles. Prior to this, the French, like all other period armies, had employed contracted, civilian teamsters who would sometimes abandon the guns under fire, rendering them immobile, rather than risk their lives or their valuable teams of horses. Its personnel, unlike their civilian predecessors, were armed, trained, and uniformed as soldiers. Apart from making them look better on parade, this made them subject to military discipline and capable of fighting back if attacked. The drivers were armed with a carbine, a short sword of the same type used by the infantry, and a pistol. They needed little encouragement to use these weapons, earning surly reputations for gambling, brawling, and various forms of mischief. Their uniforms and coats of grey helped enhance their tough appearance. But their combativeness could prove useful as they often found themselves attacked by Cossacks and Spanish and Tyrolian guerillas. 1882:. Under the Empire there were a number of notable changes in the engineer establishment. The six companies of miners were first reduced to five, then increased to nine, and in 1808 a 10th Company was formed and the whole corps divided into two battalions with each comprising file companies. The sapper battalions were increased in number once more until eventually there were eight (five French, one Dutch, one Italian, and one Spanish). But the losses in the Invasion of Russia led to the number being reduced to five battalions. An Imperial innovation was an engineer train battalion, which was badly needed, and in 1806 each sapper battalion was director to hold a park of tools. A number of pioneer companies were formed to provide unskilled labour for engineer work. Sometime by the time of 1815, the battalions were grouped so that were at least three Engineer Regiments 56: 3635:). Behind them would be two groups of artillery batteries or the "eyes" of the boar. On their flanks and behind them, in oblique order, would be other infantry in column, line, or square to form the boar's "face". Protecting their flanks and rear would be two groups of cavalry, which would serve as the boar's "tusk". This was a highly complex formation, which could not be formed as easily or quickly as the others. Once formed, except for the tusks, it had slow mobility. It was, however, faster moving than the traditional square and less vulnerable to artillery or infantry fire. The "tusks" also gave it stronger offensive capabilities. It would later be employed to great effect during the French conquests in North Africa during the 1830s and 1840s, and would be used up until the 1920s. 3486:'s opponents were still wedded to a rigid system of "Linear" (or Line) tactics and formations, in which masses of infantry would simply line up and exchange volleys of fire, in an attempt to either blow the enemy from the field or outflank them. Due to the vulnerabilities of the line formations to flanking attacks, it was considered the highest form of military manoeuvre to outflank one's adversary. Armies would often retreat or even surrender if this was accomplished. Consequently, commanders who adhered to this system would place a great emphasis on flank security, often at the expense of a strong centre or reserve. Napoleon would frequently take full advantage of this linear mentality by feigning flank attacks or offering the enemy his own flank as "bait" (best illustrated at the 1483:) cavalry had near equal speed to the hussars, shock power almost as great as the cuirassiers, and were nearly as versatile as the dragoons. They were armed with, as their name indicates, lances along with sabres and pistols. Initially, French ministers of war insisted on arming all lancers identically. Real battlefield experience, however, proved that the Polish way of arming only the first line with lances while the second rank carried carbines instead was much more practical and thus was adopted. Lancers were the best cavalry for charging against infantry squares, where their lances could outreach the infantry's bayonets, (as was the case with 2032:(who would later become Surgeon-General of the Imperial Guard). His inspiration was the use of fast horse artillery, or "flying artillery", which could manoeuver rapidly around the battlefield to provide urgent artillery support, or to escape an advancing enemy. The flying ambulance was designed to follow the advance guard and provide initial dressing of wounds (often under fire), while rapidly transporting the critically injured away from the battlefield. The personnel for a given ambulance team included a doctor, quartermaster, non-commissioned officer, a drummer boy (who carried the bandages), and 24 infantrymen as stretcher-bearers. 2232: 74: 1616:

better armed and trained for close-quarters combat, mounted or dismounted much as were the dragoons. Once in position, they were trained to quickly dismount, unlimber (deploy), and sight their guns, then fire rapid barrages at the enemy. They could then quickly limber (undeploy) the guns, remount, and move on to a new position. To accomplish this, they had to be the best trained and most elite of all artillerymen. The horse batteries of the Imperial Guard could go from riding at full gallop to firing their first shot in just under a minute. After witnessing such a performance, an astounded

3586:): Classic infantry formation for defence against cavalry. Soldiers would form a hollow square at least three or four ranks deep on each side, with officers and artillery or cavalry in the middle. It offered infantry their best protection against charges, especially on good defensive terrain such as on the top or reverse slope of a hill. Squares were slow-moving, almost stationary targets, however. This, along with their density, made squares very vulnerable to artillery and to a lesser extent, infantry fire. Once broken, squares tended to completely collapse. 587: 520: 3550:): A wide column of infantry, almost a hybrid of line and column, with light infantry skirmishers in front to disrupt the enemy and screen the column's advance. Once the column closed, the skirmishers would move off to its flanks, then the column would fire a massed musket salvo and charge with their bayonets. An excellent formation against a standard, thin line. The Attack Column was developed from the "Mob" or "Horde" tactics of the early French Revolutionary Armies. Its disadvantages were a lack of massed firepower and vulnerability to artillery fire. 26: 3596:): Designed to take advantage of the French artillery's mobility and training. A battery would move to one area on the field, lay down a short, sharp barrage, then rapidly redeploy to another area and fire another barrage, then quickly redeploy again, etc. The combined, cumulative effect of numerous batteries doing this all along the enemy's lines could be devastating. The horse artillery were especially well suited for this tactic. Napoleon used it to great success in the early campaigns of the 3612:): An alternative artillery tactic, when circumstances prohibited the flying batteries. Artillery would mass its fire at a single, crucial point on the battlefield (usually against the enemy's centre). It could be devastating if the enemy was caught by surprise or in the open. But massing large numbers of guns in a single area without the enemy's knowledge could be tricky. Once the battery opened fire and its target became clear, measures could be taken to avoid it. It was also vulnerable to 828: 3574:): Foot and/or horse would spread out by unit and/or individually. This formation was best for light troops and skirmishers. It allowed for rapid movement, especially over broken or rough terrain such as hills or forests, and offered the best protection from enemy fire since the troops were spread out. Its disadvantages were it did not allow for massed or volley fire and was terrible for melee or close-quarters fighting and thus, especially vulnerable to cavalry. 1625:

batteries were very expensive to raise and maintain. Consequently, they were far fewer in number than their foot counterparts, typically constituting only one-fifth of the artillery's strength. It was a boastful joke among their ranks that the emperor knew every horse gunner by name. Besides better training, horses, weapons, and equipment, they used far more ammunition. Horse batteries were given twice the ammo ration of the foot, three times that of the Guard.

909: 615: 3562:): Was Napoleon's preferred infantry formation. Some units (usually regiments or battalions in size) would be placed in line formation, with other units in attack columns behind and in between them. This combined the firepower of the line with the speed, melee, and skirmishing advantages of the attack column. It also had some disadvantages of both, so support from artillery and cavalry was especially vital for this tactic to succeed. 1190:

higher levels, to most of their opponents. The French command structure and organization made it more likely that a French cavalry had reserves available, and the ability to direct them to exploit a break in the enemy line or plug a gap in their own, or counterattack a victorious enemy. Their discipline and tactics of using larger formations (cavalry divisions and cavalry corps) impressed even the most bitter enemies of France.

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company for training recruits and remounts. Following the campaigns of 1800, the train was re-organised into eight battalions of six companies each. As Napoleon enlarged his artillery, additional battalions were created, rising to a total of fourteen in 1810. In 1809, 1812, and 1813 the first thirteen battalions were "doubled" to create 13 additional battalions. These 'double battalions' added the suffix '

875: 1834:. His training, along with their specialized tools and equipment, enabled them to quickly build the various parts of the bridges, which could then be rapidly assembled and reused later. All the needed materials, tools, and parts were carried on their wagon trains. If they did not have a part or item, it could be quickly made using the mobile wagon-mounted forges of the 4894:"Code général français, contenant les lois et actes du gouvernement publiés depuis l'ouverture des États Généraux au 5 mai 1789, jusqu'au 8 juillet 1815, classés par ordre des matières, et annotés des arrêts et décisions de la Cour de Cassation; suivi de deux tables générales, l'une par ordre chronologique, et l'autre par ordre alphabétique de matières; par J. Desenne" 2377:

anchor superimposed on a crossed cannon barrel and musket, and the sword knot was red. After the shako was adopted in 1806, it was black with brass chinscales latterly with a red tufted pompom, and a plate bearing crossed cannon, anchor and branches of oak and laurel. From 1812 the plate was like that of the foot artillery please crossed cannons and an anchor.

2434:) was a field formation commanded by a senior officer, with the rank of Brigade General, Divisional General, or at largest a Marshal of France. These formations were separate and independent units which didn't report to an overall army. These corps were designed to advance, to occupy, and hold strategic barrages blocking probable enemy lines of approach. 1386:, skirmishing, and screening for the army to keep their commanders informed of enemy movements while denying the enemy the same information and pursuing fleeing enemy troops. Armed only with curved sabres and pistols, they had reputations for reckless bravery to the point of being almost suicidal. It was said by their most famous commander General 1420:

busby worn by some French hussars), green coats, green breeches, and short boots. They were, however, the most numerous of the light cavalry, with 31 regiments in 1811, six of which comprised Flemish, Swiss, Italians and Germans. These cavalry was composed of chasseurs but on the horse, they could load into melee or shoot as light infantry.

1298:. There were originally 25 cuirassier regiments, reduced to 12 by Napoleon initially who later added three more. At the beginning of his rule, most of the cuirassier regiments were severely understrength, so Napoleon ordered the best men and horses to be allocated to the first 12 regiments, while the rest were reorganised into dragoons. 1250:, Napoleon ordered that they be given armour. The carabinier's refusal to copy the less elite cuirassiers resulted in them being given special armor, with their helmets and cuirasses being sheathed in bronze for added visual effect. But this did not prevent them from being defeated by Russian cuirassiers at 3662:, where every soldier, no matter how humble of birth, could rise rapidly to the highest levels of command, much as he had done (provided, of course, they did not rise too high or too fast). This was equally applied to the French and foreign officers, and no less than 140 foreigners attained the rank of 1889:

Battalions of sappers and miners constituted ‘magazines’ of men from which armies and corps drew companies, and sometimes only detachments, according to their needs. Engineers took a major part in sieges, they were responsible for road works in the field, they advised the infantry in the construction

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Battery personnel included not only gun crews, NCOs, and officers, but drummers, trumpeters, metal workers, woodworkers, ouvriers, fouriers, and artificers. They would be responsible for fashioning spare parts, maintaining and repairing the guns, carriages, caissons and wagons, as well as tending the

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The war/peace establishment of a grenadier or carabinier company was 3/3 officers and 83/75 men. All other companies had 3 officers and 123 men in wartime; the peace establishments of men were 75 for fusiliers, 68 for chasseurs, and 123 for voltigeurs. Including the staff, a battalion had 700 men in

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and those higher than it were positions of the same rank but with separate insignia for appointment holders. The position of Colonel General of a branch (such as dragoons or grenadiers of the Guard) was akin to Chief Inspector-General of that branch, whose office holder used his current officer rank

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Their shake plates bore their title. An illustration of a musician of 1815 shows an ordinary uniform but pointed scarlet cuffs, gold trefoil epaulettes, and a cylindrical shako bearing a large brass plate of a trophy of arms atop an 1812-patter shield bearing a grenade over a crossed cannons, with a

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On 14 March 1812, a decree called for the recruitment of 88 cohorts (battalion strength), recruited by their respective departments in proportion to the population. These new cohorts were charged specifically with strengthening the coastal troops and border surveillance corps. These cohorts each had

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The cavalry were supported by the fast-moving, fast-firing light guns of the horse artillery. This arm was a hybrid of cavalry and artillery with their crews riding either on the horses or on the carriages into battle. Because they operated much closer to the front lines, the officers and crews were

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with the lighter calibres being phased out and replaced by 6-pounders later in the Napoleonic Wars. French cannons had brass barrels and their carriages, wheels, and limbers were painted olive green. Superb organisation fully integrated the artillery into the infantry and cavalry units it supported,

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and carabiniers into a cavalry reserve, to be used at the decisive moment of the battle. In this manner, they proved to be an extremely potent force on the battlefield. The British, in particular, who mistakenly believed the cuirassiers were Napoleon's bodyguards, and would later come to adapt their

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from enemy artillery and needed protection from cavalry attack. Although this has become the most well-known French artillery tactic, Napoleon preferred the flying batteries and used it only when he had to or thought it posed a better chance of success. Often at the start of a battle, he would mass

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to reinforce the coastal defences. Though the expected invasion never came, this small mobilisation proved the National Guard were ready, willing, and able to quickly provide defence where needed. A decree of 12 November 1806 ordered all Frenchmen aged 20 to 60 would be required to perform National

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Most of the troops within the Reserve were retired troops or those who, for many reasons, wouldn't be able to deploy with the field armies. The Reserve was organised into two 'groups', the Legions which were regional forces composed solely of infantry, and the provisional regiments which were those

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The elite among all French heavy cavalry line formations, the two regiments of mounted carabiniers had a very similar appearance with the mounted grenadiers of the Imperial Guard; bearskins, long blue coats, etc. and were mounted exclusively on black horses prior to 1813. They were largely used in

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who manned shore defences, totalling 10,000 men. However, after Napoleon's 1803-1805 reforms, the artillery was completely reorganised into 100 x mobile companies under artillery command and 28 x static companies of National Guard, each company with a nominal establishment of 121 (actual strength

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Throughout the Revolutionary Wars and early years of the consulate, the National Guard proved to be very good regional military police, and were able to be mobilised quickly in the event of invasion. Napoleon, therefore, saw the need in providing a constantly available force of National Guardsmen

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were conveyed as they had been for centuries, via messengers on horseback. Hussars, due to their bravery and riding skills, were often favoured for this task. Shorter-range tactical signals could be sent visually by flags or audibly by drums, bugles, trumpets, and other musical instruments. Thus,

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There were 6 administrative regiments of horse artillery plus one in the Guard. In addition to the batteries assigned to the cavalry units, Napoleon would also assign at least one battery to each infantry corps or, if available, to each division. Their abilities came at a price, however, as horse

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The French fielded inferior cavalry as compared to their Hessian, Baden, Polish, British, Prussian and Austrian counterparts. However, French cavalry won many more engagements than their enemies, with many reasons combining to achieve this. One factor was certainly their superior organization, at

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The beginnings of the Imperial Army were seeded in the reorganisation of the French Army in 1803, which helped pave the way for the well-known French-style army organisation. Under this reorganisation, the old-style military district system was reorganised so that it included the new departments.

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In April 1792, the previous Invalid Companies were replaced by the Veteran Companies, of which 12 x were artillery, raising to 13 x companies of 52 x men in September 1799. In May 1805, the artillery was enlarged to 25 x companies of 100 men each, 19 x companies in 1812, and reduced back to 10 x

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The coastal artillery's uniform was a black bicorne with a green pompom, a light blue coat with blue cuffs, white turnbacks, sea green collar, lapels, cuff flaps, waistcoat, and breeches, red epaulettes, and yellow buttons. They used infantry equipment, the cartridge box bore a brass badge of an

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These were light cavalry identical to hussars in arms and role. But, unlike the chasseurs of the Imperial Guard and their infantry counterparts, they were considered less prestigious or elite. Their uniforms were less colourful as well, consisting of infantry-style shakos (in contrast to the fur

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of all armies in the decades preceding Napoleon. The versatility of a dual-purpose soldier came at the cost of their horsemanship and swordsmanship often not being up to the same standards as those of other cavalry. Finding enough large horses proved a challenge. Some infantry officers were even

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From 1792 till 14 March 1804, a line infantry regiment consisted of three battalions: 2 x Field battalions (8 x Fusilier and 1 x Grenadier Companies), and the Depot Battalion. On 20 September 1804, the line infantry battalions were modified by the conversion of one of the 8 fusilier companies to

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battalion was originally composed of 5 companies. The first company was considered elite and assigned to a horse artillery battery; the three "centre" companies were assigned to the foot artillery batteries and "parks" (spare caissons, field forges, supply wagons, etc.); and one became a depot

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were described by historian Ronald Pawley as follows: "... he was responsible for all matters such as personnel, the ministerial budget, the Emperor's orders regarding troop movements within the Empire, the departments of artillery and engineers, and prisoners of war". When the first Minister,

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in 1811) and also in hunting down a routed enemy. Their ability to scour and finish off the wounded without ever stepping off their saddle created perfect scenes of horror for the enemy. They could be deadly against other types of cavalry as well, most famously demonstrated by the fate of Sir

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The medium-weight mainstays of the French cavalry, although considered heavy cavalry, were used for battle, skirmishing, and scouting. They were highly versatile being armed not only with distinctive straight swords, but also muskets with bayonets enabling them to fight as infantry as well as

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was the senior branch of the army, consisting of the senior troops and those who had distinguished themselves during battle, however (rather ironically) the guard consisted of some of the youngest regiments of the army. Their history is thus relatively short and simple compared to the ancient

3666:. By and large this goal was achieved. Given the right opportunities to prove themselves, capable men could rise to the top within a few years, whereas in other armies it usually required decades if at all. It was said that even the lowliest private carried a marshal's baton in his knapsack. 3534:): An arrow or spearhead-shaped cavalry formation, designed to close rapidly and break the enemy's line. Classic and effective mounted formation used throughout history, and still used by tanks today. But if the wedge was halted, or its attack lost momentum, then it was vulnerable to counter- 1175:

and dragoon regiments, the first company of every regiment's first escadron, was always designated as 'elite', with presumably, the best men and horses. In the revolution's wake, the cavalry suffered the greatest from the loss of experienced aristocratic officers and NCOs still loyal to the

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The line and light infantry battalion organisations were standardised to the class one grenadier, one voltigeur, and four fusilier companies by an order of 18 February 1808. That same day, Napoleon decreed that each line and light infantry regiment was to consist of one depot and four field

1182:. Consequently, the quality of French cavalry drastically declined. Napoleon rebuilt the branch, turning it into arguably the finest in the world. Until 1812, it was undefeated in any large engagements above the regimental level. There were two primary types of cavalry for different roles, 403:)) went over to his side along with the majority of its staff. Though the 1815 campaign was a disaster for France, it is still seen by many military historians as a success, as France was able to form several field armies and win multiple battles, with almost no preparation whatsoever. 1583:

plus two more in the Imperial Guard, but unlike cavalry and infantry regiments, these were administrative organisations. The main operational and tactical units were the batteries (or companies) of 120 men each, which were formed into brigades and assigned to the divisions and corps.

1531:) to soften up enemy formations before being subjected to the closer attention of the infantry or cavalry. Superb gun-crew training allowed Napoleon to move the weapons at great speed to either bolster a weakening defensive position or else hammer a potential break in enemy lines. 1066:

voltigeurs; in the fact, the most agile, smallest men in each fusilier company were concentrated into the new company. During this period, a depot battalion consisted of a senior captain who was mounted, one depot captain, one 'Quartermaster Treasurer', and 4 x Fusilier Companies.

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s artillery park was increased, albeit organised as regiments rather than battalions. At their zenith, in 1813–14, the Old Guard artillery was supported by a 12-company regiment while the Young Guard had a 16-company regiment, one for each of their component artillery batteries.

3494:), then throw his main effort against their centre, split their lines, and roll up their flanks. He always kept a strong reserve as well, mainly in the form of his Imperial Guard, which could deliver a "knockout blow" if the battle was going well or turn the tide if it was not. 1288:

could not protect against direct musket fire, it could deflect ricochets and shots from long range, and offered some protection from pistol shots. More importantly, the breastplates protected against the swords and lances of opposing cavalry. Napoleon often combined all of his

3631:): Another hybrid formation, somewhat like the mixed order, but combining all three arms into a wedge-like square, which could be used for assault or defence. Infantry would form a short, but thick, line many ranks deep on the front, which would be the boar's "snout" ( 2389:, raised to 30 x companies by 1812 wore foot artillery uniforms, with a shako plat without a number. Most distinguished was the Garrison Artillery of Lille, a unit formed in 1483, which merged with the National Guard in 1791, and performed with distinction in the 1578:

As the name indicates, these gunners marched alongside their guns, which were, of course, pulled by horses when limbered (undeployed). Hence, they travelled at the infantry's pace or slower. In 1805, there were eight, later ten, regiments of foot artillery in the

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As such, French cannons were the backbone of the French Imperial Army, possessing the greatest firepower of the three arms and hence the ability to inflict the most casualties in the least amount of time. The French guns were often used in massed batteries (or

1102:(literally Hunters on Horses/ Mounted Hunters). In 1788 these battalions were separated from the cavalry, and six more were raised to give 12 Chasseurs battalions in the army. They were designed to perform scouting duties and to act as advance and rear guards. 1013:

peacetime and 1,100 in war. A regiment of two battalions would have 46 officers and 1,375 men in peacetime and 38 officers and 2,162 men in war; a regiment of three battalions would have 39 officers and 2,054 men in peacetime and 42 officers and 3,234 in war.

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method of conscription brought around 2,300,000 French men into the Army between the period of 1804 and 1813. To give an estimate of how much of the population this was, modern estimates range from 7 to 8% of the population of France proper, while the

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an artillery company attached. Under the 1813 reorganisations, the cohorts were absorbed by the regular army into 22 new line infantry regiments. The 88 companies of artillery were incorporated into the regular artillery at this same time as well.

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While Napoleon is best known as a master strategist and charismatic presence on the battlefield, he was also a tactical innovator. He combined classic formations and tactics that had been used for thousands of years with more recent ones, such as

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to oversee the recruitment of the province, control the regional militia and later militia grenadiers, and local garrisons. In 1812 they were reorganised and expanded into the following districts along with their departments and HQ location:

1823:. The skills of his pontonniers allowed Napoleon to outflank enemy positions by crossing rivers where the enemy least expected and, in the case of the great retreat from Moscow, saved the army from complete annihilation at the Berezina River. 1003:, which subsequently referred to provisional units only. At the time, only some 90 regiments existed, the majority of them consisting of three battalions. By 1804, each battalion had been obliged to convert one of its fusilier companies into 1649:

was the staple of the gunner. Even at long range when the shot was travelling relatively slowly it could be deadly, though it might appear to be bouncing or rolling along the ground relatively gently. At short range, carnage could result.

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required to give up their mounts for the dragoons, creating resentment towards them from this branch as well. There were 25, later 30, dragoon regiments. In 1815, only 15 could be raised and mounted in time for the Waterloo campaign.

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on many instances, but was very reluctant to use them in the field, and instead kept them within the borders of France. During this period, the Reserves and National Guard were grouped into what became known as the 'Reserve Army',

3435: 3600:. Its flexibility allowed him to quickly mass well-aimed fire anywhere it was needed. But it required superbly trained and conditioned artillerymen and horses as well as close command, coordination, and control in order to work. 1668:

A battalion headquarters comprised 4 x officers (a captain in command), 5 x NCOs, and 5 x craftsmen. Each company numbered 1 x officer (sous-lieutenant), 7 x NCOs, 4 x craftsmen, 80 x drivers, 36 x vehicles, and 161 x horses.

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combat. Unarmored heavy cavalry was the norm in Europe during most of the Napoleonic Wars, with the French being the first to reintroduce the back-and-breastplate. In 1809, appalled by their mauling at the hands of Austrian

1081:, of which very few ever actually exploded. However, by the mid-18th century, these troops became elite infantry and were placed on the right of the line, indicating they were the most experienced and held in high regard. 1025:

The line infantry was the best-known and most valuable infantry branch within the Imperial Army. The line infantry also had the most regiments throughout the war, with the following an abbreviated list of all regiments:

3440: 4893: 2270:, Napoleon's commitment to the National Guard was expanded, and by the end of the year released all regulars into the field while leaving border protection duties and coastal defences solely to the National Guard. 1635:

7th Horse Artillery Regiment disbanded on 31 December 1801, re-raised with two companies from the Dutch Horse Artillery on 18 August 1810, incorporated into the 1st and 4th Horse Artillery Regiments in February

3522:): The best formation for rapid or sustained movement of troops and a good melee attacking formation, but it offered little firepower and was also vulnerable to flank attack, ambush, artillery, and "funneling". 4192: 3510:): The basic three rank line formation, best used for delivering volley fire and was also a decent melee formation for infantry or cavalry, but it was relatively slow moving and vulnerable on the flanks. 976:) completely disbanded the Young Guard, and the units were broken up and distributed among the line. Certain units were attached to the guard in 1813, for example, the Saxon Life Grenadier Guards 3452: 2296:)), 1 or 2 line infantry battalions, and sometimes a regional artillery/coastal artillery company. The National Guard of Paris for example had 12 Legions (companies), and comprised infantry and 2257:

Guard service. Under this decree, companies of Grenadiers and Chasseurs could, if possible, be called upon to perform domestic service in towns of more than 5,000 inhabitants alongside the

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where necessary, the next smallest was the 'Field Corps' which provided the actual fighting potential with the Field Armies, and finally, the Military Districts, as previously described.

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However, already during the campaign in 1805, only some colonels insisted on keeping up these peacetime practices. The heavy cavalry, carabiniers and cuirassiers, rode on black horses.

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was disbanded along with any troops of the Army. The only remaining elements were the board of directors and those soldiers who had no families and were too old to leave. Part of King

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An illustrated encyclopedia of uniforms of the Napoleonic wars : an expert, in-depth reference to the officers and soldiers of the revolutionary and Napoleonic period, 1792-1815

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regiments of the line, many of which were raised in the 16th century. The life span of most of the guard regiments was also very short: a royal decree of 12 May 1814 (just after the

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batteries into a large battery, then after a few salvoes, break it up into flying batteries. In the early campaigns, it was rarely used, but as the quantity of the horses of the

2162:. Later that year, contrary to their initial purpose, the legions were sent into Spain becoming the 'Provisional Battalions'. The majority of these legions were destroyed at the 995:

The infantry during the Napoleonic era provided the majority of the fighting force while on campaign. The nucleus of the army was formed in 1803, when the old 'royalist term' of

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began in 1813, a decree was signed to call for 101,640 more men to be raised from the National Guard for the protection of the country. Two divisions were present at the

1284:. Because of the weight of their armour and weapons, both the trooper and the horse had to be big and strong, and could put a lot of force behind their charge. Though the 987:, the Middle Guard, and the Young Guard. This effectively made the guard an independent fighting corps with everything from its own staff down to its own support units. 1538:

which made them lighter, faster, and much easier to sight, as well as strengthened the carriages and introduced standard-sized calibres. In general, French guns were 4-

5389: 381:, and its equivalent 'Field Armies', the next smallest were the Corps of Observation which were tasked with overseeing regions with strategic importance and providing 2215:

were formed, with at least 16 of these being formed during this period comprising around 3 x Officers and 84 x Other ranks. In addition, veteran fusilier companies

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9th (second) Hussar Regiment formed on 10 January 1812 from the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Squadrons of the 9th Hussars – redesignated as the 12th Hussars on 17 February 1813

1861:) that it was better to bypass and isolate fixed fortifications, if possible, than to directly assault them, the sapper companies were usually put to other tasks. 1819:, were an indispensable part of Napoleon's military machine. Their main contribution was helping the emperor to get his forces across water obstacles by erecting 723: 1842:

could construct a bridge of up to 80 pontoons (a span of some 120 to 150 metres long) in just under seven hours, an impressive feat even by today's standards.

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of field fortifications, they laid out the works for protecting gun emplacements, and they were entirely responsible for the fortification of fixed defences.

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Corps artillery reserve: Each corps would also have its own artillery reserve, of one of more brigades, armed mostly with the larger, heavier calibre pieces.

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On 14 March 1803, under that year's reform, it was ordered that each light infantry battalion was to consist of one Carabinier (Grenadier equivalent), eight

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The garrison artillery were not exclusively garrison troops, for example, the Lille Corps (formed into a battalion of two companies in 1803) served in the

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30th Horse Hunters formed in 1810 from the Hamburg Dragoons and the Horse Hunters of the Hanoverian Legion, on 18 June 1811 became the 9th Lancers Regiment

2063:, the gendarmerie were both horse and foot personnel; in 1800, these numbered approximately 10,500 of the former and 4,500 of the latter, respectively. 1077:

had historically been the tallest and most experienced. These soldiers would line up in straight lines and advance to 5–10 feet of the enemy and throw

3680:, but a personal title granted to distinguished divisional generals, along with higher pay and privileges. The same applied to the corps commanders ( 2321:, National Guardsmen were able to hold up a large Prussian column advancing in the East of France. In retaliation, the Prussians burned the town of 4172: 1742:

Following the Restoration, the train was reduced to just four squadrons of 15 x officers and 271 x men, raised to 8 x squadrons in 1815 during the

1374:

These fast, light cavalrymen were the eyes, ears, and egos of the Napoleonic armies. They regarded themselves as the best horsemen and swordsmen (

4177: 2142:

In 1807, the new 'Departmental Legions' were formed by decree on 20 March 1807 for the defence of the borders, and based in the following towns:

4407: 4722: 2045:

standard bearers and musicians, in addition to their symbolic, ceremonial, and morale functions, also played important communication roles.

1534:

Besides superior training, Napoleon's artillery was also greatly aided by the numerous technical improvements to French cannons by General

2166:, with small cadres of the first three battalions reformed on 1 January 1809, later becoming the 121st and 122nd Line Infantry Regiments. 557: 4753: 4605: 1999: 5384: 2139:

In 1803, four 'volunteer legions' were created of volunteers under the age of 40, with each legion comprising an artillery company.

4214: 1617: 708: 533: 1382:. This opinion was not entirely unjustified and their flamboyant uniforms reflected their panache. Tactically, they were used for 2252:

and subsequent invasion of Prussia, Napoléon ordered the mobilisation of 3,000 grenadiers and chasseurs of the national guard of

1493: 1171:. Cavalry regiments of 800–1,200 men were made up of three or four escadrons of two companies each, plus supporting elements. In 1089:

France began to experiment with light infantry in 1740 and several legions were raised by 1749. At the same time, a battalion of

1036:

31st, 38th, 41st, 49th, 68th, 71st, 73rd, 74th, 77th, 78th, 80th, 83rd, 87th, 89th–91st, 97th–99th, 104th, 107th, and 109th–110th

672:

Gérard became responsible for the movements of units stationed within the borders of France (Intendent General of the Army), and

435:'s plan to remove the imperial stain was to completely reconstitute the army on a new regional basis and destroy the imperialist 2131:

These regiments however only lasted for a short time and were either absorbed into other regiments, or formed as new regiments.

2093:. This 'Army' was not a field army, but only an administrative group which oversaw all reserves throughout Metropolitan France. 1439:

28th Horse Hunters formed on 7 January 1808 by decree following the redesignation of the Tuscan Dragoon Regiment, following the

1058:

127th–134th Line Infantry Regiments formed by decree on 24 January, 3 February, and 9 March 1811 mostly from auxiliary regiments

5379: 566: 5225: 5171: 1588:

Divisional artillery: Every division had a brigade of three or four batteries of 8 guns (six cannons and two howitzers) each.

983:

The guard was separated into three 'echelons', of which each consisted many different types of units, these consisted of the

727: 284: 2527: 2337: 395:, and the structure (for the most part) remained, though with regimental name changes and slight uniform changes. After the 1739:. Additionally, after 1809 some battalions raised extra companies to handle the regimental guns attached to the infantry. 1535: 1488: 3621:

and the quality of its artillerymen declined, Napoleon would be forced to employ it much more frequently in later battles.

260: 1936:

11th Company (formed following the annexation of the Kingdom of Holland and subsequent absorption of the Dutch Engineers)

1665:. Each battalion was composed of 6 companies, of which each was commanded by a captain and oversaw some 44 other ranks. 1159:. Chasseurs effectively had the same role of the fusiliers, but were shorter and were quickly and typically more agile. 1041:

114th–120th Line Infantry Regiments formed from the former provisional line regiments in Spain by decree on 7 July 1808.

5409: 5352: 5325: 5306: 5279: 5252: 5198: 5152: 5125: 5098: 2066:

In 1804 the first Inspector General of Gendarmerie was appointed and a general staff was established based out of the

320: 312: 4347: 3645: 1878:) and a reference to their seemingly magical abilities to grant wishes and make things appear much like the mythical 1908:

7th Engineer Battalion formed in 1810/11/12 comprising Italian engineers, disbanded following the Invasion of Russia

1193:

In peacetime, the regiments of dragoons, lancers, chasseurs and hussars had colour of horses according to squadron:

4677: 4497: 1387: 4782: 4639: 3479: 4966: 4936: 4849: 4812: 1911:

8th Engineer Battalion formed in 1811/12 comprising Spanish engineers, disbanded following the Invasion of Russia

1484: 1436:

27th Horse Hunters formed on 30 September 1806 by redesignation of the Prince of Aremberg's Belgian Light Cavalry

2067: 1241:

identical manner to the Cuirassiers, but being (initially) unarmored, they were less suited for close-quarters,

1061:

135th–156th Line Infantry Regiments formed by decree on 12 January 1813 from National Guard Cohorts (battalions)

980:) and a battalion of Polish grenadiers, but these were not part of the guard and did not wear the guard button. 695: 478: 2313:, new National Guard divisions were formed with many being integral parts of the Corps of Observations. At the 973: 880: 704: 4182: 2373:

varied). By 1812, some 144 x companies existed, but all were disbanded in May 1814 following the restoration.

2005:

White Pioneer Battalion – (formed in February 1806 from Austrian prisoners in five companies, later 8 by 1811)

770: 399:

in 1815, almost the entirety of the army (with the exception of some of the Royal Guard (formerly Napoleon's

2282: 1905:

6th Engineer Battalion formed in 1810 comprising Dutch engineers, disbanded following the Invasion of Russia

5399: 292: 244: 195: 2249: 2073: 1410:

14th Hussar Regiment formed on 28 January 1814 from different detachments of hussars in the Army of Spain

962: 400: 175: 2169:

In 1809 and 1810, 30 demi-brigades were formed as provisional regiments, and were organised as follows:

1830:

and had 14 companies commissioned into his armies, under the command of the brilliant engineer, General

304: 264: 3459:, showing the regiment's battle honours. Note: all regiments of the guard had the same battle honours. 470:

The French Imperial Army was commanded, as its predecessors by the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, who was

232: 191: 183: 171: 3491: 1451:

31st Horse Hunters formed on 7 September 1811 from the 1st and 2nd Provisional Light Cavalry Regiments

1390:

that a hussar who lived to be 30 was truly an old guard and very fortunate. Lasalle was killed at the

1120:

The following in the above prior regiments were disbanded or failed to form during the Empire period:

1033:

The following in the above prior regiments were disbanded or failed to form during the Empire period:

240: 5404: 3871: 2620: 2566: 2278: 2231: 1445:

29th Horse Hunters formed on 10 March 1808 by redesignation of the 3rd Provisional Chasseurs Regiment

187: 1308:

13th Cuirassiers formed on 24 December 1809 from the 1st and 2nd Provisional Heavy Cavalry Regiments

1276:(breastplate) and helmets of brass and iron and armed with straight long sabres, pistols, and later 4729: 2938: 2820: 1853:, to deal with enemy fortifications. They were used far less often in their intended role than the 835: 681: 653: 648: 236: 3497:

Some of the more famous, widely used, effective, and interesting formations and tactics included:

1606:

9th Foot Artillery Regiment raised in 1810 from the Dutch Foot Artillery, disbanded on 12 May 1814

3658:

was based on proven ability rather than social class or wealth. Napoleon wanted his army to be a

3242: 2727: 1980:

1st–38th Pioneer Battalions – all formed from Spanish, Portuguese, and Austrian Prisoners of War

1407:

13th Hussar Regiment formed on 1 January 1814 by redesignation of the Westphalian Hussar Regiment

731: 369: 2302:. During the Hundred Days, a company of artillery part of the National Guard formed part of the 1628:

Below is an abbreviated list of regiments (again, there were really only administrative units):

1599:

Below is an abbreviated list of regiments (again, there were really only administrative units):

414:, the Corps of Observation of the Alpes, and the Imperial Guard (including the Minister of War, 406:

After Napoleon's second abdication, some elements of the army refused to give up, including the

3945: 2318: 2286: 2174: 2011:

Spanish Pioneer Corps – formed in November 1813 from members of foreign corps in French service

1804:

While the glory of battle went to the cavalry, infantry, and artillery, the army also included

1215: 2800: 2322: 1497: 1423:

Below is an abbreviated list of regiments (unless stated all formerly existed prior to 1803):

1397:

Below is an abbreviated list of regiments (unless stated all formerly existed prior to 1803):

4162: 3994: 3673: 3482:. Napoleonic tactics and formations were highly fluid and flexible. In contrast, many of the 3287: 2900: 2624: 2390: 2029: 1465: 1394:

at age 34. There were 10 regiments in 1804, with an 11th added in 1810 and two more in 1813.

1044:

121st and 122nd Line Infantry Regiments formed by decree on 1 January 1809, from the 1st–4th

537: 471: 416: 256: 73: 4294: 3003: 2723: 1871: 1865: 1831: 1547:

yet also allowed it to operate independently if the need arose. There were two basic types,

1098: 527: 5414: 4321: 3613: 3487: 3310: 3261: 3238: 3138: 3130: 2804: 2647: 2259: 2041: 1864:

The different types of engineer companies were formed into battalions and regiments called

1858: 1503:

Below is an abbreviated list of regiments (unless stated all were formed on 18 June 1811):

914: 850: 420: 324: 308: 248: 155: 1653:

In the French Imperial Army, the ammunition columns were grouped into Equipment Trains or

8: 5063:

The second rank was used by mounted organizations of the Army: cavalry, horse artillery,

3465: 3161: 3134: 2961: 2866: 2850: 2835: 2662: 2580: 2207:

During the Hundred Days, several auxiliary and regional units were formed, including the

1051:

123rd–126th Line Infantry Regiments formed by decree on 18 August 1810, all from the old

920: 690: 586: 519: 375:

The Imperial Army was divided into three separate types of commands: the largest was the

348: 252: 61: 4211: 3811: 3157: 2738: 2163: 388:

In 1814, following the Abdication of Napoleon, the army was quickly redesignated as the

3885: 3795: 3514: 3299: 3192: 3173: 3007: 2927: 2658: 2632: 2628: 2593: 2401: 2267: 2110:

The provisional cavalry regiments were formed in 1809, and consisted of the following:

1440: 1251: 1202: 1052: 984: 716: 368:, which were tasked with local administration of garrisons, recruitment, and providing 316: 280: 276: 207: 167: 31: 5220:. London; Lanham, Md: Lorenz North American agent/distributor, National Book Network. 3207: 2965: 1874:

term for engineer. This name, which is still used today, was both a play on the word (

1764:

9th and 10th Artillery Train Battalions were disbanded by 1808, later reformed by 1809

1645:

Of all the types of ammunition used in the Napoleonic Wars, the cast iron, spherical,

1096:(literally Hunters on Foot) was attached to each of the six newly raised regiments of 5358: 5348: 5331: 5321: 5302: 5285: 5275: 5258: 5248: 5231: 5221: 5204: 5194: 5191:

Napoleon's Regiments: Battle Histories of the Regiments of the French Army, 1792–1815

5177: 5167: 5148: 5131: 5121: 5104: 5094: 4747: 4187: 3973: 3469: 3272: 3257: 3253: 3230: 3169: 3126: 3077: 2785: 2696: 2059: 1805: 1295: 1259: 389: 272: 5013: 3474: 2988: 1167:

By decree of the emperor, cavalry typically were between a fifth and a sixth of the

1145: 451: 4878: 4408:"French Infantry : Uniforms : Organization : Weapons : Tactics" 4167: 3959: 3502: 3314: 3042: 2942: 2919: 2858: 2754: 2560: 1391: 3318: 2292:

Most regional national guards consisted of a cavalry unit (usually light cavalry (

1178: 118: 4218: 4008: 3578: 3535: 3188: 3165: 3153: 2885: 2839: 2812: 2746: 2499: 2469: 2427: 459: 436: 340: 300: 228: 224: 5084:. Paris, Second French Republic: Librairie Militaire, Maritime et Polytechnique. 2980: 1478: 596:

By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic, Emperor of the French

377: 4238:

King's Ordnance regarding the future of his Majesty's Army, dated 16 July 1815.

4132: 4042: 4022: 3931: 3451: 3291: 3104: 3100: 3038: 2609: 2541: 1820: 1383: 477:

from 1804, and in 1815. Under him sat the effective commander of the Army, the

352: 179: 139: 25: 5362: 5135: 3142: 3011: 2862: 2700: 2328:

During the Hundred Days, the National Guard divisions were spread as follows:

5373: 5289: 5262: 5108: 4909:"Au crépuscule De l'Empire. l'exemple du 151e régiment d'infanterie de ligne" 4154: 3824: 3741: 3604: 3542: 3184: 2946: 2881: 2873: 2796: 2654: 2613: 1857:. However, since the emperor had learned in his early campaigns (such as the 1526: 1183: 1172: 547: 288: 5347:. Men-at-Arms Series. Long Acre, London, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. 5335: 5235: 5208: 5181: 2053:

Under Napoléon, the numbers and responsibilities of the gendarmerie—renamed

4908: 4590:

Elting, John R.:"Swords Around A Throne", pp. 186, 194, Da Capo Press, 1997

4193:

Social background of officers and other ranks in the French Army, 1750–1815

3917: 3526: 3295: 3096: 3069: 2742: 2715: 2601: 2579:

Military Divisions (really districts) were originally formed following the

2520: 2463: 2310: 2236: 1743: 1539: 1281: 827: 657: 396: 4563:

Elting, John R.:"Swords Around A Throne", pp. 254–255, Da Capo Press, 1997

3276: 3026: 2957: 2877: 2235:

Lancer, fusilier, and officer of the Strasbourg National Guard during the

2102:

of any other type. Below is a list of the units as they appeared by type:

2072:

in Paris. Subsequently, special gendarmerie units were created within the

1500:

at Waterloo. Excluding those of the Guard, there were 9 lancer regiments.

1123:

11th (formed 1811), 19th (formed 1813), 20th, 29th (formed 1811), and 30th

3659: 3554: 3015: 2984: 2846: 2761: 2554: 2347: 2343: 2220: 1209: 1198: 620: 432: 268: 5045:

Elting, John R.: "Swords Around A Throne.", p. 124. Da Capo Press, 1997.

2684: 1311:

14th Cuirassiers formed in September 1810 from the 2nd Dutch Cuirassiers

3566: 2669: 2297: 2155: 2008:

Spanish Pioneers – formed in March 1812 of four companies totalling 200

1646: 1351:

27th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 18th Cavalry Regiment

1348:

26th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 17th Cavalry Regiment

1345:

25th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 16th Cavalry Regiment

1342:

24th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 15th Cavalry Regiment

1339:

23rd Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 14th Cavalry Regiment

1336:

22nd Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 13th Cavalry Regiment

1290: 1221: 1017:

battalions, with the depot acting as the recruitment and reserve unit.

908: 614: 427:. However, following the end of the Hundred Days, the remainder of the 296: 212: 77: 4551:

Elting, John R.: "Swords Around A Throne", p. 250, Da Capo Press, 1997

3030: 2773: 2765: 1632:

1st–6th Horse Artillery Regiments (all formerly existed prior to 1803)

1360:

30th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 12th Hussar Regiment

1357:

29th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 11th Hussar Regiment

1321:

mounted, though fighting on foot had become increasingly uncommon for

3283: 2953: 2734: 2677: 2024:

The most significant innovation was the establishment of a system of

1603:

1st–8th Foot Artillery Regiments (all formerly existed prior to 1803)

1517: 1354:

28th Dragoons formed on 23 December 1802 from the 7th Hussar Regiment

1155: 1074: 1005: 382: 3065: 2854: 2777: 2643: 2333: 1657:

In 1809, there were more than 11 battalions, with a 12th forming in

660:, three members of the ministry replaced him as effective minister. 411: 5299:

Napoleon's Imperial Headquarters Part 1: Organization and Personnel

4105: 4062: 3249: 3226: 3122: 3046: 3034: 2889: 2827: 2792: 2750: 2707: 2673: 2508: 2413:

companies in May 1814. The uniform was that of the foot artillery.

2253: 2159: 1658: 1543: 1322: 1150: 1138: 1091: 474: 4678:"Les Uniformes pendant la campagne des Cent Jours – Belgique 1815" 4498:"Les Uniformes pendant la campagne des Cent Jours – Belgique 1815" 3234: 3222: 3211: 2719: 2711: 1735:' after their title, for instance, the doubled 1st became the 1st 1476:(The Polish Devils) by the Spanish, these medium and light horse ( 3857: 3768: 3306: 3115: 3088: 3053: 2831: 2769: 2487: 2475: 2451: 2445: 2303: 1826:

They may not have had the glory, but Napoleon clearly valued his

1761:

1st–10th Artillery Train Battalions, existed prior to and in 1805

1277: 1272: 1255: 1078: 765:

Director General of Reviews of Conscription (Jean-Gérard Lacuée,

2028:(flying ambulances) in the closing years of the 18th century by 4319: 4292: 3111: 3092: 3073: 3057: 3019: 2904: 2493: 2151: 1850: 1430:

17th and 18th Horse Hunters disbanded in 1794, reformed in 1811

4606:"Napoleonic Artillery (Foot & Horse Artillery, Engineers)" 1902:

1st–5th Engineer Battalions were French and all formed by 1810

439:. This marked the effective disbandment of the Imperial Army. 5166:. London Mechanicsburg, PA: Greenhill Books Stackpole Books. 3215: 3203: 3199: 3180: 3149: 3084: 3061: 2992: 2972: 2934: 2915: 2692: 2597: 2589: 2534: 2514: 2481: 2439: 2219:

were formed, with at least 4 of the type being formed in the

2143: 1662: 1247: 1242: 686: 114: 2368:

Napoleon had inherited 100 x companies of coastal artillery

2356:

5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th National Guard Divisions part of the

874: 4879:"Projet de décret sur l'Organisation de la Garde nationale" 3268: 2999: 2976: 2923: 2908: 2896: 2816: 2808: 2781: 2639: 2605: 2547: 2457: 2147: 1879: 1009:, thus augmenting the French light infantry establishment. 485:). Below is a list of the officers who held the position. 87: 1708:

Light Mule Equipment Train formed in Spain with pack mules

2688: 2057:—were expanded significantly. In contrast to the mounted 1893:

Below is a list of battalions within the engineer corps:

1048:

which had become the 1st and 2nd Supplementary Regiments.

534:

By the Grace of God and the Constitutions of the Republic

4813:"French Forces Suppressing the Vendée Revolt: June 1815" 3820:

rank reintroduced in 1814, equivalent of major general)

1944:

Sailors and Workers Battalion formed on 13 December 1813

1749:

The Imperial Guard had its own train, which expanded as

1030:

1st–113th Line Infantry Regiments existing prior to 1803

776:

6 x Inspectors in Chief of Reviews (Divisional Generals)

769:

Cessac, 1806–10;, Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas, 1810–12; and

3436:

List of auxiliary regiments of the French Imperial Army

3426:

List of artillery regiments of the French Imperial Army

676:

Tabarié, Director General of the Personnel Department.

364:

These districts were known as 'Military Divisions', or

4783:"French Forces under Marchal Bessieres: 23 April 1808" 3421:

List of infantry regiments of the French Imperial Army

1983:

15 x for Fortresses, Castles, and other Fortifications

1542:, 8-pounders, or 12-pounders and 6-inch (150 mm) 1301:

Below is an abbreviated list of cuirassier regiments:

5245:

La Conscription au temps de Napoléon : 1798–1814

5091:

Armies of the Napoleonic Wars: An Illustrated History

4283:

Remained in office at the proclamation of the Empire.

3431:

List of foreign regiments of the French Imperial Army

3416:

List of cavalry regiments of the French Imperial Army

2404:, where they lost 3 x officers and 24 x other ranks. 5395:

Military units and formations disestablished in 1815

5120:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword Books. 4967:"French Corps d'Observation des Alpes: 15 June 1815" 4144: 3737:

rank reintroduced in 1814,Napoleons chief of staff)

2397:

plume of red over white and blue, over a blue ball.

1687:

18th Ambulance Train (consisted of medical vehicles)

5082:

Historie de L'Ancienne Infanterie Français: Tome Un

2211:. Along with the artillery, companies of veterans 1757:Below is a list of the artillery train battalions: 1705:

1st & 2nd Provisional Equipment Trains in Spain

1672:Below is a list of the equipment train battalions: 1661:, including two reserve battalions being formed in 1329:Below is an abbreviated list of dragoon regiments: 1294:distinctive helmets and breastplates for their own 4915:(273): 73–82 – via journals.openedition.org. 3441:List of regional units of the French Imperial Army 1333:1st–21st previously existed (as dragoon regiments) 423:, who retired westward to join the hastily formed 5390:Military units and formations established in 1804 4320:Government of the French Empire (20 March 1815). 4293:Government of the French Empire (9 August 1807). 2179:22 x 'reserve' demi-brigades of the Army of Spain 1522:"God fights on the side with the best artillery." 1105:Below is an abbreviated list of the regiments of 5371: 5318:1815, L'Armée des Alpes et les Cent-Jours à Lyan 4173:List of French general officers (Peninsular War) 1622:"They move their cannon as if it were a pistol!" 1280:. Like medieval knights, they served as mounted 97:Total of 2,175,335 conscripted between 1805–1813 5342: 4348:"Polish Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard, 1813" 4178:Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars 2117:6 x Dragoon Regiments, increased to 10 in 1810 1941:3rd Bridging Battalion formed on 18 April 1813 1702:10th–12th Equipment Train raised shortly after 1433:19th–26th Horse Hunters all previously existed 792:Assistant Sub-Inspectors, 2nd Class (Captains) 4322:"Decree on the composition of the government" 4295:"Decree on the composition of the government" 3639: 2187:were formed following these reorganisations: 1956:1st–5th Miner Companies existed prior to 1805 1776:14th Artillery Train Battalion formed in 1814 1773:13th Artillery Train Battalion formed in 1808 1770:12th Artillery Train Battalion formed by 1808 1767:11th Artillery Train Battalion formed by 1805 1427:1st–16th Horse Hunters all previously existed 779:30 x Inspectors of Reviews (Brigade Generals) 3468:'s "Oblique Order" (best illustrated at the 2342:3rd and 4th National Guard Divisions in the 2332:1st and 2nd National Guard Divisions in the 2076:for combat duties in French-occupied Spain. 730:, 1806; Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno, 1806–12; 448: 2550:– later expanded into the Army of the Alpes 2537:– later expanded into the Army of the Rhine 1684:14th–22nd Equipment Train (raised in 1812) 558:Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine 5301:. Botley, Oxfordshire: Osprey Publishing. 5093:. Botley, Oxfordshire: Osprey Publishing. 4559: 4557: 1681:1st–13th Equipment Train (existed by 1810) 782:100 x Sub-Inspectors of Reviews (Colonels) 5059: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5051: 4433: 3654:and other monarchies, advancement in the 3446: 2385:The 28 x companies of garrison artillery 1790:Light Mule Train Battalion formed by 1809 685:, at the Ministry of Defence Building in 442: 5142: 4472: 3450: 2530:— later expanded to the Army of the West 2230: 1254:in 1812, and panicking before Hungarian 52: 5269: 5164:The Greenhill Napoleonic wars data book 4974:United States Army Combined Arms Center 4944:United States Army Combined Arms Center 4857:United States Army Combined Arms Center 4820:United States Army Combined Arms Center 4790:United States Army Combined Arms Center 4647:United States Army Combined Arms Center 4640:"French Army in Spain, 1 February 1809" 4554: 2421: 1460:Some of the most feared cavalry in the 5372: 5115: 5079: 5048: 4937:"National Guard of Paris 22 June 1815" 4891: 4752:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4577: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 3331:Garde Іmpériale Calvary (Grande Armée) 1989:8 x for Seaport and Off-shore services 1962:10th–12th Miner Companies formed later 1959:6th–9th Miner Companies formed in 1805 1214:III Squadron (3rd and 7th company) on 806: 567:Mediator of the Helvetic Confederation 498: 5296: 5242: 5215: 5188: 5161: 5088: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4708: 4706: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4456: 4454: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 3688:). The highest permanent rank in the 3472:) and the "mob tactics" of the early 2574: 2380: 2084:Napoleon utilised the National Guard 1986:15 x for Repairing and Building Roads 1220:IV Squadron (4th and 8th company) on 1208:II Squadron (2nd and 6th company) on 785:Assistant Sub-Inspectors, 1st Class ( 728:Jacques-Pierre Orillard de Villemanzy 488: 5315: 4964: 4934: 4907:Brun, Jean-François (May 10, 2014). 4906: 4847: 4810: 4780: 4637: 4183:Uniforms of the French Imperial Army 3334:Reserve Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée) 2407: 2363: 2263:, or mobilise for military service. 1235: 838: 668:, became effective acting minister, 5145:The Campaigns of Napoleon: Volume I 4566: 4514: 3838:Staff colonel or Brigadier General 2217:(Compagnies des Fusiliers Vétérans) 1886:with at least two battalions each. 1794: 1270:The heavy cavalry, wearing a heavy 1197:I Squadron (1st (Elite) company on 347:) was the land force branch of the 13: 4885: 4850:"French Corps du Jura: 1 May 1815" 4834: 4769: 4703: 4622: 4593: 4451: 4389: 4373: 4277: 2528:Corps of Observation of the Vendée 2338:Corps of Observation of the Vendée 2173:8 x 'active' demi-brigades of the 2019: 1714: 1610: 642: 14: 5426: 5116:Rogers, Colonel H. C. B. (2005). 3709:Modern U.S./U.K./NATO equivalent 3646:Ranks of the French Imperial Army 2226: 2035: 1573: 1117:1st–37th Light Infantry Regiments 1084: 956: 951: 753:Supplies & Rations Department 261:François Christophe de Kellermann 5385:1815 disestablishments in France 5343:Haythornthwaite, Philip (1988). 5014:"1789-1815 Divisions militaires" 4147: 3697:and its corresponding insignia. 3343:III Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée) 2498:Reserve Corps of Observation of 2358:Corps of Observation of the Alps 2352:Corps of Observation of the Jura 2248:when needed. By the time of the 1414: 1364: 1230: 1020: 999:replaced the 'republican style' 907: 873: 826: 613: 585: 518: 465: 410:fighting an insurrection in the 72: 54: 24: 5272:Dictionnaire de la Grande Armée 5247:. Paris: Bernard Giovanangeli. 5039: 5030: 5006: 4997: 4988: 4958: 4928: 4919: 4900: 4871: 4804: 4760: 4715: 4694: 4670: 4661: 4584: 4545: 4536: 4490: 4481: 4463: 4442: 4424: 4364: 4340: 4313: 4212:regimental flags issued in 1804 3352:VI Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée) 3346:IV Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée) 3340:II Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée) 2416: 2243:, though never saw full combat. 2239:. The unit formed part of the 2079: 1464:were the Polish lancers of the 741:Chief Organizing Commissioners 736:Jean-Pierre-Paulin-Hector Daure 722:Director General for Supplies ( 703:Intendant General of the Army ( 700:Ministry of War Administration 372:and local forces for invasion. 321:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier 313:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon 5274:. Paris: Éditions Tallandier. 4286: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4229:Susane, Volume I, pp. 397–398. 4223: 4204: 4098:(cavalry, horse artillery and 4082:Company clerk/supply sergeant 3455:Banner of the 1st Regiment of 3360:Garde Іmpériale (Grande Armée) 3349:V Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée) 3337:I Cavalry Corps (Grande Armée) 2048: 1596:horses and storing munitions. 1507:1st–9th Light Lancer Regiments 1265: 1: 5380:1804 establishments in France 5073: 4976:. Nafziger's Orders of Battle 4946:. Nafziger's Orders of Battle 4859:. Nafziger's Orders of Battle 4822:. Nafziger's Orders of Battle 4792:. Nafziger's Orders of Battle 4682:centjours.mont-saint-jean.com 4649:. Nafziger's Orders of Battle 4502:centjours.mont-saint-jean.com 1567:15 x Artisan Worker Companies 1564:6 x Artillery Miner Companies 1520:officer, and reportedly said 1069: 5345:Napoleon's Specialist Troops 4198: 3676:, was not a rank within the 2565:Corps of Observation of the 2559:Corps of Observation of the 2507:Corps of Observation of the 2438:Corps of Observation of the 2370:(Cononniers Gardes du Côtes) 2183:A number of reserve legions 2069:Rue du Faubourg-Saint-Honoré 1799: 1640: 1511: 1441:French annexation of Tuscany 1132: 1113:(Light Infantry Regiments): 902:6 years, 235 days 682:Ministry of War Headquarters 580:9 years, 323 days 293:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey 245:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr 196:War of the Seventh Coalition 7: 5193:. London: Greenhill Books. 5143:Chandler, David G. (1966). 4913:Revue historique des armées 4140: 3791:rank reintroduced in 1814) 3764:rank reintroduced in 1814) 3305:32nd Military Division, in 3282:31st Military Division, in 3267:30th Military Division, in 3248:29th Military Division, in 3221:28th Military Division, in 3198:27th Military Division, in 3179:26th Military Division, in 3148:25th Military Division, in 3121:24th Military Division, in 3110:23rd Military Division, in 3083:22nd Military Division, in 3052:21st Military Division, in 3025:20th Military Division, in 2998:19th Military Division, in 2971:18th Military Division, in 2952:17th Military Division, in 2933:16th Military Division, in 2914:15th Military Division, in 2895:14th Military Division, in 2872:13th Military Division, in 2845:12th Military Division, in 2826:11th Military Division, in 2791:10th Military Division, in 2250:War of the Fourth Coalition 2114:3 x Heavy Cavalry Regiments 1972:Engineering Train Battalion 1811:The bridge builders of the 1536:Jean Baptiste de Gribeauval 1315: 1305:1st–12th previously existed 990: 963:Imperial Guard (Napoleon I) 868:3 years, 83 days 771:Étienne Hastrel de Rivedoux 656:was on campaign during the 176:War of the Fourth Coalition 10: 5431: 4925:Haythornthwaite, pp. 15–16 4892:France (August 14, 1819). 4581:Haythornthwaite, pp. 12–14 4412:napoleonistyka.atspace.com 3643: 3640:Ranks of the Imperial Army 2760:9th Military Division, in 2733:8th Military Division, in 2706:7th Military Division, in 2683:6th Military Division, in 2668:5th Military Division, in 2653:4th Military Division, in 2638:3rd Military Division, in 2619:2nd Military Division, in 2588:1st Military Division, in 2283:Battle of Fère-Champenoise 2096: 1849:, there were companies of 1455: 1369: 1162: 1136: 960: 358: 192:War of the Sixth Coalition 184:War of the Fifth Coalition 172:War of the Third Coalition 113:Ministry of War Building, 5410:Armies of Napoleonic Wars 4896:– via Google Books. 3981:Non-commissioned officers 3979: 3872:Senior lieutenant colonel 3842: 3713: 3650:Unlike the armies of the 3399:XIII Corps (Grande Armée) 3384:VIII Corps (Grande Armée) 2213:(Compagnies des Vétérans) 2203:5th Legion of the Reserve 2200:4th Legion of the Reserve 2197:3rd Legion of the Reserve 2194:2nd Legion of the Reserve 2191:1st Legion of the Reserve 1870:, which was originally a 1516:The emperor was a former 1401:1st–12th Hussar Regiments 832: 809: 803: 789:) – posts created in 1811 717:Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno 705:Jean François Aimé Dejean 524: 501: 495: 218: 206: 201: 163: 146: 134: 124: 109: 101: 93: 83: 68: 48: 38: 23: 18: 4210:It was inscribed on the 3926:Capitaine adjutant-major 3682:General de Corps d'armee 3406: 3402:XIV Corps (Grande Armée) 3396:XII Corps (Grande Armée) 3381:VII Corps (Grande Armée) 3369:III Corps (Grande Armée) 3325: 2553:Corps of Observation of 2546:Corps of Observation of 2540:Corps of Observation of 2533:Corps of Observation of 2513:Corps of Observation of 2492:Corps of Observation of 2486:Corps of Observation of 2480:Corps of Observation of 2474:Corps of Observation of 2468:Corps of Observation of 2462:Corps of Observation of 2456:Corps of Observation of 2450:Corps of Observation of 2444:Corps of Observation of 2426:A Corps of Observation ( 2387:(Canonniers Sédentaires) 1994:Black Pioneer Battalion 978:(Saxe Leibgrenadiergarde 836:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 654:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 349:French imperial military 305:Józef Antoni Poniatowski 265:François Joseph Lefebvre 237:Louis-Alexandre Berthier 233:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 5270:Pigeard, Alain (2002). 5243:Alain, Pigeard (2003). 4352:www.napoleon-series.org 4037:Maréchal des logis Chef 3684:) and army commanders ( 3393:XI Corps (Grande Armée) 3387:IX Corps (Grande Armée) 3378:VI Corps (Grande Armée) 3372:IV Corps (Grande Armée) 3366:II Corps (Grande Armée) 1998:. – transferred to the 1933:2nd Bridging Battalion 1699:1st–9th Equipment Train 974:Treaty of Fontainebleau 732:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas 462:used around 20 to 21%. 241:Jean-Baptiste Bessières 153:(from the ballet-opera 151:La Victoire est à nous 5297:Pawly, Ronald (2004). 5147:. New York: Scribner. 5080:Susane, Louis (1849). 4766:Haythornthwaite, p. 15 4542:Haythornthwaite, p. 20 4386:Smith 1998, pp. 21–23. 3989:Adjudant sous-officier 3460: 3447:Formations and tactics 3390:X Corps (Grande Armée) 3375:V Corps (Grande Armée) 3363:I Corps (Grande Armée) 2431: 2319:Battle of Rocquencourt 2244: 2209:Chasseurs de La Vendée 1930:1st Bridging Battalion 1838:. A single company of 1487:'s British brigade at 881:Henri Guillaume Clarke 744:Gendarmerie Department 449: 443:Method of conscription 344: 5316:Zins, Ronald (2003). 5216:Smith, Digby (2006). 5189:Smith, Digby (2000). 5162:Smith, Digby (1998). 5089:McNab, Chris (2009). 4163:French Imperial Eagle 3995:Chief warrant officer 3844:Commissioned officers 3674:Marshal of the Empire 3454: 2266:Following the failed 2237:Hundred Days campaign 2234: 2055:gendarmerie impériale 2030:Dominique Jean Larrey 1920:3rd Engineer Regiment 1917:2nd Engineer Regiment 1914:1st Engineer Regiment 1551:(foot artillery) and 1153:equivalent), and one 724:Augustin Louis Petiet 621:Napoléon Bonaparte II 538:Emperor of the French 483:Ministre de la Guerre 257:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 5320:. France: Reyrieux. 4700:Rogers, pp. 146–147. 4533:Haythornwaite, p. 16 4487:Rogers, pp. 159–160. 4439:Mas, M.A. M., p. 81. 3614:counter-battery fire 3488:Battle of Austerlitz 2621:Charleville-Mézières 2422:Corps of Observation 2185:(Légions de Reserve) 2120:5 x Hussar Regiments 1884:(Régiments du Génie) 1721:(Train d'Artillerie) 1719:The Artillery Train 1655:Train des Équipages. 1262:the following year. 915:Louis Nicolas Davout 750:Transport Department 747:Hospitals Department 719:1813–14 & 1815) 709:Jean-Gérard Lacuée, 421:Louis-Nicolas Davout 366:divisions militaires 337:French Imperial Army 325:Louis-Gabriel Suchet 309:Claude-Victor Perrin 249:Louis-Nicolas Davout 156:La caravane du Caire 129:Valeur et Discipline 19:French Imperial Army 5400:First French Empire 3833:Adjudant-commandant 3777:Général de division 3694:Général de division 3466:Frederick the Great 3411:List of regiments: 2962:Bouches-de-la-Meuse 2851:Charente-Inferieure 2821:Pyrénées-Orientales 2432:Corps d'Observation 2346:near the border of 2026:ambulances volantes 1968:Engineering Support 1845:In addition to the 1555:(horse artillery). 1553:Artillerie à cheval 1474:Los Diablos Polacos 967:The Imperial Guard 851:Prince de Neuchâtel 787:Chefs de Bataillons 592:Napoléon Bonaparte 253:Emmanuel de Grouchy 4994:Zins, pp. 380–384. 4965:Nafziger, George. 4935:Nafziger, George. 4848:Nafziger, George. 4811:Nafziger, George. 4781:Nafziger, George. 4638:Nafziger, George. 4430:Smith 2015, p. 46. 4370:Smith 2015, p. 60. 4217:2019-10-30 at the 4077:Brigadier-Fourrier 4057:Maréchal des Logis 3886:Lieutenant colonel 3804:Général de brigade 3796:Lieutenant General 3784:Lieutenant général 3723:Chef d'etat major 3490:and also later at 3461: 3288:Bouches-de-l'Yssel 2659:Meurthe-et-Moselle 2575:Military Districts 2402:Walcheren Campaign 2381:Garrison Artillery 2294:Chasseurs à Cheval 2279:Invasion of France 2268:Walcheren Campaign 2245: 1898:Engineering Troops 1832:Jean Baptiste Eblé 1808:of various types. 1806:military engineers 1728:train d'artillerie 1618:Duke of Wellington 1468:Uhlans. Nicknamed 1099:Chasseurs à Cheval 1046:Légions de Résérve 756:Support Department 647:The duties of the 528:Napoléon Bonaparte 489:Commander-in-Chief 475:Napoleon Bonaparte 397:Return of Napoleon 317:Jean-de-Dieu Soult 277:Auguste de Marmont 168:Haitian Revolution 105:(see organisation) 32:Napoleon Bonaparte 5227:978-0-7548-1571-6 5173:978-1-85367-276-7 5018:www.1789-1815.com 5003:Chandler, p. 304. 4274:Pawley, pp. 79–80 4265:Pawley, pp. 49–50 4188:Weapons of Honour 4138: 4137: 3974:Second lieutenant 3906:Chef de bataillon 3866:Colonel en second 3670:Maréchal d'Empire 3548:Colonne d'Attaque 3532:Colonne de Charge 3520:Colonne de Marche 3470:Battle of Leuthen 3311:Bouches-de-l'Elbe 3131:Bouches-de-l'Elbe 2408:Veteran Artillery 2364:Coastal Artillery 2241:Army of the Rhine 2086:(Garde Nationale) 1560:Artillery Support 1549:Artillerie à pied 1528:grandes batteries 1296:Household Cavalry 1236:Horse Carabiniers 1201:, 5th company on 969:(Garde Impériale) 949: 948: 931: 924: 888: 854: 640: 639: 626: 597: 569: 560: 551: 541: 429:Armée de la Loire 425:Armée de la Loire 330: 329: 273:Jacques MacDonald 208:Supreme Commander 110:Army Headquarters 5422: 5405:Disbanded armies 5366: 5339: 5312: 5293: 5266: 5239: 5212: 5185: 5158: 5139: 5112: 5085: 5068: 5061: 5046: 5043: 5037: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4981: 4971: 4962: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4941: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4854: 4845: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4817: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4787: 4778: 4767: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4751: 4743: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4728:. Archived from 4727: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4644: 4635: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4602: 4591: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4564: 4561: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4508: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4449: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4404: 4387: 4384: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4256:Petiteau, p. 39. 4254: 4248: 4247:Pigeard, p. 193. 4245: 4239: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4208: 4168:Legion of Honour 4157: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4071:Caporal-Fourrier 3960:First lieutenant 3812:Maréchal de camp 3715:General officers 3700: 3699: 3629:Tête du Sanglier 3594:Batterie Volante 3536:pincer movements 3457:Grenadier a Pied 3315:Bouches-du-Weser 3158:Meuse-Inférieure 2920:Seine Inferieure 2859:Loire Inferieure 2739:Bouches-du-Rhône 2581:Seven Years' War 2567:Western Pyrenees 2561:Eastern Pyrenees 2315:Battle of Vélizy 2304:Belfort garrison 2164:Battle of Bailén 2091:Armée de Reserve 1996:Pionniers Noires 1795:Support services 1494:William Ponsonby 1392:Battle of Wagram 1378:) in the entire 942: 937: 929:Prince d'Eckmühl 927: 921:Duc d'Auerstaedt 918: 911: 899: 894: 884: 877: 865: 860: 848: 845: 841: 830: 801: 800: 795:War Commissaires 624: 617: 595: 589: 565: 556: 546: 532: 522: 493: 492: 456: 408:Armée de l'Ouest 188:Russian campaign 76: 64: 60: 58: 57: 28: 16: 15: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5420: 5419: 5370: 5369: 5355: 5328: 5309: 5282: 5255: 5228: 5201: 5174: 5155: 5128: 5118:Napoleon's Army 5101: 5076: 5071: 5062: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5036:Dempsey, p. 19. 5035: 5031: 5022: 5020: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4977: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4920: 4905: 4901: 4890: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4852: 4846: 4835: 4825: 4823: 4815: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4785: 4779: 4770: 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4045: 4043:First sergeant 4040: 4026: 4025: 4023:Sergeant-major 4020: 4012: 4011: 4006: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3984: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3971: 3963: 3962: 3957: 3949: 3948: 3943: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3921: 3920: 3915: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3889: 3888: 3883: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3847: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3718: 3717: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3644:Main article: 3641: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3622: 3601: 3590:Flying Battery 3587: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3538:on its flanks. 3523: 3511: 3478:armies of the 3475:Levée en masse 3448: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3354: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3303: 3292:Ems-Occidental 3280: 3265: 3246: 3219: 3196: 3177: 3146: 3119: 3108: 3105:Indre-et-Loire 3101:Maine-et-Loire 3081: 3050: 3039:Lot-et-Garonne 3023: 2996: 2989:Saône-et-Loire 2969: 2950: 2931: 2912: 2893: 2870: 2843: 2824: 2789: 2758: 2731: 2704: 2681: 2666: 2651: 2636: 2623:(encompassing 2617: 2610:Seine-et-Marne 2592:(encompassing 2576: 2573: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2544: 2538: 2531: 2517: 2511: 2505: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2391:Siege of Lille 2382: 2379: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2360: 2354: 2340: 2228: 2227:National Guard 2225: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2129: 2128: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2098: 2095: 2081: 2078: 2074:Imperial Guard 2050: 2047: 2037: 2036:Communications 2034: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1973: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1947: 1946: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1931: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1787:formed in 1813 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1593: 1592: 1589: 1575: 1574:Foot artillery 1572: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1479:Chevaux-Légers 1457: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1384:reconnaissance 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1267: 1264: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1218: 1212: 1206: 1164: 1161: 1137:Main article: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1118: 1086: 1085:Light Infantry 1083: 1071: 1068: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1037: 1031: 1022: 1019: 992: 989: 961:Main article: 958: 957:Imperial Guard 955: 953: 952:Types of units 950: 947: 946: 945:111 days 943: 938: 933: 912: 904: 903: 900: 895: 890: 878: 870: 869: 866: 861: 856: 833: 831: 823: 822: 819: 816: 812: 811: 808: 805: 799: 798: 797: 796: 793: 790: 783: 780: 777: 774: 763: 762: 761: 760: 759: 758: 757: 754: 751: 748: 745: 739: 698: 644: 641: 638: 637: 634: 631: 628: 618: 610: 609: 606: 603: 602:20 March 1815 600: 590: 582: 581: 578: 575: 572: 525: 523: 515: 514: 511: 508: 504: 503: 500: 497: 490: 487: 467: 464: 452:Levée en masse 444: 441: 401:Imperial Guard 393:(Armée Royale) 370:National Guard 360: 357: 353:Napoleonic era 331: 328: 327: 222: 216: 215: 210: 204: 203: 199: 198: 180:Peninsular War 165: 161: 160: 148: 144: 143: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 85: 81: 80: 70: 66: 65: 50: 46: 45: 40: 36: 35: 29: 21: 20: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5427: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5277: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5179: 5175: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5077: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5042: 5033: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5000: 4991: 4975: 4968: 4961: 4945: 4938: 4931: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4888: 4880: 4874: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4763: 4755: 4749: 4735:on 2019-08-02 4731: 4724: 4718: 4709: 4707: 4697: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4664: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4587: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4503: 4499: 4493: 4484: 4475: 4469:McNab, p. 71. 4466: 4460:McNab, p. 72. 4457: 4455: 4448:McNab, p. 69. 4445: 4436: 4427: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4367: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4300: 4296: 4289: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4203: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4155:France portal 4145: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4123:(cavalry) or 4122: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4032: 4031:Sergent-Major 4028: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4004: 4003:Adjudant-Chef 4000: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3965: 3964: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3932:Staff captain 3930: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3899:Senior major 3898: 3896: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3825:Major General 3823: 3821: 3819: 3818:Ancien Régime 3815: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3789:Ancien Régime 3786: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3762:Ancien Régime 3759: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3746: 3743: 3742:Field Marshal 3740: 3738: 3736: 3735:Ancien Régime 3732: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692:was actually 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3652:Ancien Régime 3647: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3605:Grand Battery 3602: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3543:Attack Column 3540: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3458: 3453: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3320: 3319:Ems-Supérieur 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3185:Mont-Tonnerre 3182: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2947:Pas-de-Calais 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2882:Cotes-du-Nord 2879: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2797:Haute-Garonne 2794: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2615: 2614:Seine-et-Oise 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2568: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2510: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2414: 2405: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2378: 2374: 2371: 2359: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2271: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2261: 2255: 2251: 2242: 2238: 2233: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2186: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2126: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2094: 2092: 2087: 2077: 2075: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2046: 2043: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1924: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1862: 1860: 1859:Siege of Acre 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1693: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1673: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1634: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1582: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1529: 1523: 1519: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1415:Horse Hunters 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1376:beau sabreurs 1365:Light cavalry 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1244: 1231:Heavy Cavalry 1228: 1223: 1219: 1217: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1179:Ancien Régime 1174: 1173:light cavalry 1170: 1160: 1158: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1140: 1130: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1067: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1035: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1021:Line Infantry 1018: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1002: 998: 988: 986: 981: 979: 975: 970: 964: 944: 939: 936:20 March 1815 934: 932: 930: 925: 923: 922: 916: 913: 910: 906: 905: 901: 896: 893:9 August 1807 891: 889: 887: 886:Duc de Feltre 882: 879: 876: 872: 871: 867: 864:9 August 1807 862: 857: 855: 853: 852: 846: 837: 834: 829: 825: 824: 820: 817: 814: 813: 802: 794: 791: 788: 784: 781: 778: 775: 772: 768: 764: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 742: 740: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 720: 718: 715:1810–13; and 714: 712: 707:, 1802–1810; 706: 702: 701: 699: 697: 694: 693: 692: 688: 684: 683: 679: 678: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 650: 636:15 days 635: 632: 630:22 June 1815 629: 627: 622: 619: 616: 612: 611: 608:94 days 607: 605:22 June 1815 604: 601: 599: 598: 591: 588: 584: 583: 579: 577:6 April 1814 576: 573: 571: 570: 568: 562: 561: 559: 553: 552: 549: 548:King of Italy 543: 542: 539: 535: 529: 526: 521: 517: 516: 512: 509: 506: 505: 494: 486: 484: 480: 476: 473: 466:Command staff 463: 461: 455: 453: 440: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 419: 418: 413: 409: 404: 402: 398: 394: 391: 386: 384: 380: 379: 373: 371: 367: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 332:Military unit 326: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 289:Joachim Murat 286: 282: 281:André Masséna 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 223: 217: 214: 211: 209: 205: 200: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 166: 162: 158: 157: 152: 149: 145: 142: 141: 137: 133: 130: 127: 123: 120: 119:Île-de-France 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 89: 86: 82: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 51: 47: 41: 37: 33: 27: 22: 17: 5344: 5317: 5298: 5271: 5244: 5217: 5190: 5163: 5144: 5117: 5090: 5081: 5064: 5041: 5032: 5021:. Retrieved 5017: 5008: 4999: 4990: 4978:. Retrieved 4973: 4960: 4948:. Retrieved 4943: 4930: 4921: 4912: 4902: 4887: 4873: 4861:. Retrieved 4856: 4824:. Retrieved 4819: 4806: 4794:. Retrieved 4789: 4762: 4737:. Retrieved 4730:the original 4717: 4696: 4685:. Retrieved 4681: 4672: 4663: 4651:. Retrieved 4646: 4613:. Retrieved 4609: 4586: 4547: 4538: 4505:. Retrieved 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4444: 4435: 4426: 4415:. Retrieved 4411: 4366: 4355:. Retrieved 4351: 4342: 4330:. Retrieved 4325: 4315: 4303:. Retrieved 4298: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4206: 4129:(artillery) 4125: 4124: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4112: 4099: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4087: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4049: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4016: 4015: 4002: 4001: 3988: 3987: 3980: 3967: 3966: 3953: 3952: 3939: 3938: 3925: 3924: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3893: 3892: 3879: 3878: 3865: 3864: 3851: 3850: 3843: 3832: 3831: 3817: 3810: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3775: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3749: 3748: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3714: 3704:Grande Armée 3703: 3693: 3690:Grande Armée 3689: 3685: 3681: 3678:Grande Armée 3677: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3656:Grande Armée 3655: 3651: 3649: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3619:Grande Armée 3618: 3609: 3603: 3598:Grande Armée 3597: 3593: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3572:Ordre Ouvert 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3515:March Column 3513: 3507: 3501: 3496: 3484:Grande Armée 3483: 3473: 3462: 3456: 3410: 3355: 3296:Ems-Oriental 3258:Méditerranée 3097:Loir-et-Cher 3070:Haute-Vienne 2743:Basses Alpes 2716:Hautes-Alpes 2602:Eure-et-Loir 2578: 2521:Hundred Days 2519: 2501: 2425: 2417:Organisation 2411: 2399: 2395: 2386: 2384: 2375: 2369: 2367: 2350:part of the 2336:part of the 2327: 2311:Hundred Days 2308: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2276: 2272: 2265: 2258: 2246: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2184: 2182: 2168: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2124: 2123:4 x Mounted 2109: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2080:Reserve Army 2068: 2065: 2060:Maréchaussée 2058: 2054: 2052: 2039: 2025: 2023: 1995: 1975: 1967: 1952: 1949: 1925: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1875: 1866: 1863: 1854: 1846: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1827: 1825: 1816: 1813:Grande Armée 1812: 1810: 1803: 1784: 1780: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1744:Hundred Days 1741: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1694: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1654: 1652: 1644: 1627: 1621: 1614: 1598: 1594: 1581:Grande Armée 1580: 1577: 1559: 1552: 1548: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1502: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1462:Grande Armée 1461: 1459: 1422: 1418: 1396: 1380:Grande Armée 1379: 1375: 1373: 1328: 1319: 1300: 1285: 1282:shock troops 1271: 1269: 1239: 1226: 1192: 1188: 1177: 1169:Grande Armée 1168: 1166: 1154: 1144: 1142: 1128: 1110: 1106: 1104: 1097: 1090: 1088: 1073: 1064: 1045: 1024: 1015: 1011: 1004: 1001:Demi-Brigade 1000: 996: 994: 982: 977: 968: 966: 928: 926: 919: 917: 898:1 April 1814 885: 883: 849: 847: 818:Left office 815:Took office 786: 766: 710: 680: 673: 669: 665: 661: 658:Ulm campaign 646: 633:7 July 1815 623: 594: 593: 574:18 May 1804 564: 563: 555: 554: 545: 544: 531: 530: 510:Left office 507:Took office 482: 469: 446: 428: 424: 415: 407: 405: 392: 387: 378:Grande Armée 376: 374: 365: 362: 336: 334: 154: 150: 140:Le Tricolore 138: 128: 102:Part of 5415:French Army 5065:gendarmerie 4328:(in French) 4301:(in French) 4100:Gendarmerie 3660:meritocracy 3625:Boar's Head 3560:Ordre Mixte 3555:Mixed Order 3143:Deux-Nèthes 3016:Haute-Loire 3012:Puy-de-Dôme 2985:Haute-Marne 2863:Deux-Sèvres 2847:La Rochelle 2762:Montpellier 2701:Haute-Saône 2470:the Gironde 2348:Switzerland 2344:Jura region 2309:During the 2299:Tirailleurs 2285:and at the 2260:Gendarmerie 2221:Jura region 2049:Gendarmerie 1855:pontonniers 1847:pontonniers 1840:pontonniers 1836:pontonniers 1828:pontonniers 1817:pontonniers 1677:Before 1812 1498:Scots Greys 1291:cuirassiers 1266:Cuirassiers 1203:dark browns 1186:and light. 941:9 July 1815 859:18 May 1804 734:, 1812–14; 726:, 1804–06; 447:The French 433:Louis XVIII 351:during the 269:Jean Lannes 164:Engagements 88:Land forces 5374:Categories 5363:1021803960 5136:1000572295 5074:References 5067:and trains 5023:2021-05-16 4739:2021-05-17 4687:2021-05-22 4615:2021-05-22 4507:2021-05-22 4417:2021-05-19 4357:2021-05-17 3954:Lieutenant 3567:Open Order 3480:Revolution 3243:Montenotte 2728:Mont-Blanc 2670:Strasbourg 2523:(specific) 2464:the Escaut 2156:Versailles 2042:dispatches 1876:jeu de mot 1695:After 1812 1647:round shot 1620:remarked, 1075:Grenadiers 1070:Grenadiers 1006:voltigeurs 773:, 1812–14) 625:(disputed) 390:Royal Army 383:rearguards 297:Michel Ney 221:commanders 213:Napoleon I 202:Commanders 78:Napoleon I 69:Allegiance 30:Emblem of 5290:918099406 5263:469440891 5109:755251279 4199:Footnotes 4126:Canonnier 4095:Brigadier 3940:Capitaine 3284:Groningen 3277:Trasimène 3027:Périgueux 2981:Côte-d'Or 2958:Zuyderzée 2954:Amsterdam 2878:Finistère 2735:Marseille 2678:Haut-Rhin 2535:the Rhine 2277:When the 2127:Regiments 1800:Engineers 1751:La Garde' 1641:Logistics 1544:howitzers 1518:artillery 1512:Artillery 1216:chestnuts 1156:Voltigeur 1133:Chasseurs 1092:Chasseurs 1055:regiments 985:Old Guard 804:Portrait 496:Portrait 42:1804–1814 5336:57966117 5236:60320422 5209:43787649 5182:37616149 4748:cite web 4332:10 March 4305:10 March 4215:Archived 4141:See also 4120:Cavalier 4106:Corporal 4063:Sergeant 4017:Adjudant 3750:Maréchal 3250:Florence 3227:Apennins 3123:Brussels 3047:Charente 3035:Dordogne 2901:Calvados 2890:Morbihan 2828:Bordeaux 2793:Toulouse 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1273:cuirass 1260:Leipzig 1256:hussars 1163:Cavalry 738:, 1815) 472:Emperor 359:History 219:Notable 49:Country 5361: 5351: 5334: 5324: 5305: 5288: 5278: 5261: 5251: 5234: 5224: 5207: 5197: 5180: 5170: 5151: 5134: 5124: 5107: 5097: 4980:24 May 4950:24 May 4863:24 May 4826:24 May 4796:24 May 4653:24 May 4114:Soldat 3706:ranks 3579:Square 3492:Lützen 3317:, and 3298:, and 3241:, and 3214:, and 3191:, and 3172:, and 3162:Ourthe 3141:, and 3135:Escaut 3112:Bastia 3103:, and 3093:Sarthe 3076:, and 3074:Creuse 3066:Nièvre 3058:Allier 3045:, and 3020:Cantal 3018:, and 2991:, and 2964:, and 2945:, and 2926:, and 2907:, and 2905:Manche 2888:, and 2867:Vienne 2865:, and 2855:Vendée 2838:, and 2836:Landes 2819:, and 2801:Ariège 2784:, and 2778:Lozère 2753:, and 2726:, and 2699:, and 2663:Vosges 2644:Forêts 2631:, and 2612:, and 2494:Minden 2428:French 2334:Vendée 2323:Vélizy 2158:, and 2152:Rennes 1950:Miners 1815:, the 1783:–13th 1248:Uhlans 1199:blacks 1111:Légère 1094:à Pied 713:Cessac 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Knowledge

French Imperial Army (1804–1815)

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