388:. As a condition for the marriage, the earl had to surrender all his lands to the king, only to have them returned jointly to himself and his wife for the lifetime of either. This grant was made on the condition that the lands would pass to the couple's joint heirs, but if they were childless to Joan's heirs from any later marriages. The younger Gilbert was born the next year, around 10 May 1291, securing the inheritance for the de Clare family, but his father died only four years later, on 7 December 1295, while the boy was still a minor. Because of the joint
527:, who had the custody of Gaveston and had guaranteed his safety to the king, appealed to Gloucester, as Gaveston's kinsman, for assistance. Gloucester, however, refused to help, and Gaveston was killed. This act brought the country to the brink of civil war, and Gloucester was one of the few men who was still trusted enough by both sides to be able to take on a role as mediator. In the following months, he was among the main negotiators working towards an agreement between the king and the offending earls, an effort that was at least temporarily successful.
421:
572:
617:, on the other hand, claimed that as the earl was vigorously trying to fend off the Scottish attacks, he was knocked off his horse and killed when his own men failed to come to his rescue. It is also likely that the quarrels between Gloucester and Hereford over precedence could have contributed to the chaotic situation. According to one account, Gloucester rushed into battle without a distinguishing
447:, where his landed interest lay, were largely pacified at the time, and Scotland presented a good opportunity to pursue military glory and reward. He was almost immediately trusted with important military commands on the northern border, and served as warden of Scotland from 1308 to 1309, and as captain of Scotland and the northern marches in 1309. He led an expedition to relieve the castle of
404:
settlement, Joan was still titled countess, and her new husband became Earl of
Gloucester and Hertford. This, however, only lasted for the life of Joan, who died in 1307. Only a few months later, Gilbert the younger was granted his inheritance, and by March 1308 was made Earl of Gloucester and Hertford at the young age of sixteen. This grant was made by his materinal uncle King
613:. This account is written as a moral tale, expounding on the earl's heroism and the cowardly conduct of his companions. For this reason, its historical accuracy must be taken with some caution. According to some accounts, Gloucester rushed headfirst into battle in the pursuit of glory and fell victim to his own foolishness. The
408:, who succeeded his father King Edward I in July 1307. It was previously believed that Edward II and Gilbert were brought up together, but this is based on confusion with another person of the same name. This other Gilbert de Clare, who was closer to the king in age, was in fact the earl's cousin, the son of
592:
was killed by King Robert the Bruce. It was perhaps during the subsequent retreat that
Gloucester was thrown off his horse, but managed to escape unharmed. The next day the English were still not entirely decided on the course of action. While Gloucester took the part of certain experienced captains,
628:
After
Gloucester was killed, the English army soon fell into disarray, and the battle resulted in a resounding victory for the Scots, and a humiliating withdrawal for the English. It was widely agreed that Gloucester, with his proud family history and valuable estates, was the most prominent of the
339:
on 24 June 1314, under somewhat unclear circumstances. Gloucester was the most prominent of the casualties of the battle, which ended in a humiliating defeat for
England. As he had no issue, his death marked the end of the prominent de Clare family. His estates were divided between his three
470:
in
October 1307. He did, however, share in the other earls' frustration with Edward's lack of initiative towards Scotland. In 1308, therefore, Gloucester was among the earls who demanded Gaveston's exile, a demand the king was forced to meet. After this, he seems to have been reconciled with the
587:
Gloucester was involved in a brief skirmish with the Scots on 23 June, 1314, the day before the main battle. While the king considered whether to camp for the night or to engage the Scots immediately, Gloucester and
Hereford – either through insubordination or a misunderstanding – charged
403:
in 1297. De
Monthermer was a squire in the late earl's household. This enraged Edward I, who had other marriage plans for Joan. The king imprisoned Monthermer, but later relented, and sanctioned the marriage after Joan pled for her lover to be elevated to a knight. Because of the previous
641:
Gloucester's political importance did not end with his death; his disappearance from the political scene had immediate consequences. In his Welsh lordship of
Glamorgan, the uncertain situation caused by his death caused a short-lived rebellion in 1316. In Ireland, where he also held large
489:
My lord earl, the wrong done to you is not to be blamed on Earl Guy, for he did what he did with our support and counsel; and if, as you say, you have pledged your lands, you have lost them anyhow. It only remains to advise you to learn another time to negotiate more cautiously.
510:
were the only earls to accompany the king on a
Scottish campaign in 1310–11. In March 1311, while the Ordinances were still in the workings, Gloucester was appointed guardian of the realm while the king was still in Scotland. There are signs that he might have fallen out with
535:. The greatest problem of the reign, however, remained the unresolved conflict with Scotland, and the resurgence of Robert the Bruce. In the summer of 1314, Edward finally embarked on a major Scottish campaign. The objective was to protect the English garrison at
471:
king, and in 1309 he acted as a mediator when the earls agreed to
Gaveston's return. Relations between the king and the nobility deteriorated even further, however, after Gaveston's return. In 1310, a group of so-called Lords Ordainers were appointed to draft the
661:
of 1290, the lands could only be inherited by direct descendants of the seventh earl and Joan of Acre. Maud managed to postpone the proceedings by claiming to be pregnant, but by 1316 it was clear that this could not be the case. The late earl's sisters,
519:. When Gaveston once more returned from exile, however, Gloucester sided with the baronial opposition. The earls divided the country into different parts for defence, and Gloucester was given charge of the south. In June 1312, Gaveston was captured by
475:, a set of restrictions on the rule of Edward II, including a renewed exile for Gaveston. Gloucester, who was still a supporter of the king, was not initially among the Ordainers, but was appointed on 4 March 1311, upon the death of the
530:
Gloucester remained in the inner circle around the king over the next months. In the summer of 1313, he was again guardian of the realm while the king was in France, and in February 1314, he was sent to France on a diplomatic mission regarding
654:. The couple left no surviving issue, so his death marked the end of the great de Clare family. The family lands were worth as much as £6,000, second only to those of the Earl of Lancaster among the nobility of the realm.
629:
many casualties that day. Robert the Bruce mourned his death and stood vigil over Gloucester's body at a local church (the two were second cousins). Later he allowed its transfer to England, where the earl was buried at
313:. The older Gilbert died when his son was only four years old, and the younger Gilbert was invested with his earldoms at the young age of sixteen. Almost immediately, he became involved in the defense of the
547:, Pembroke and Gloucester. These men were valuable to the king for their ability to raise large numbers of troops from their dominions in the Welsh Marches. On 23 June 1314, the royal army had passed
686:
respectively. The three were granted equal parts of the English possessions, but Despenser received the entire lordship of Glamorgan in Wales, politically the most important of the de Clare lands.
559:, a position he had earned through his loyalty to the king. Yet Hereford, who had been placed under Gloucester's command, believed the command belonged to him, in his capacity of hereditary
701:
in 1322, and executed. Although this victory temporarily secured Edward's position on the throne, he was eventually deposed in 1326 by Roger Mortimer, with the help of the king's wife,
451:
in December 1308. The war effort, however, was not pursued with the same intensity by Edward II as it had been by his father. The new king's neglect of the Scottish Wars allowed
466:, combined with his arrogant behaviour, caused resentment among the established nobility. Gloucester was initially not hostile to Gaveston, who had married Gloucester's sister
689:
Not content with his part, Despenser used his relationship with the king to impinge on the lands of other Marcher lords. This caused resentment among such men as Hereford and
2758:
650:. The greatest consequences, however, resulted from the division of the de Clare estates. In 1308, Gilbert de Clare married Maud (or Matilda) de Burgh, the daughter of
458:
This situation led to frustration among the English nobility. In addition to the Scottish issue, there was also discontent with the king's treatment of his favourite,
335:
Now one of Edward's strongest supporters, Gloucester accompanied the king on a campaign to Scotland in 1314, when several other nobles refused. He was killed at the
593:
recommending that Edward avoid battle that day, the younger men surrounding the king labelled this lethargic and cowardly, and advised attack. According to the
17:
2783:
2763:
301:. In contrast to most English earls at the time, his main focus lay in the pursuit of war rather than in domestic political strife. He was the son of
158:
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directly into the place called the New Park, where the Scots were encamped. The English immediately ran into difficulties, and Hereford's cousin
597:, when Edward grew angry and accused Gloucester of treason, the earl forcefully replied that he would prove his loyalty on the field of battle.
555:. There were, however, signs of strife between the earls of Gloucester and Hereford. Gloucester had been given the command of the English
332:
in 1311. When Gaveston was killed on his return in 1312, Gloucester helped negotiate a settlement between the perpetrators and the king.
1159:
506:
In spite of his participation in the baronial reform movement, Gloucester still maintained the trust of the king. He, Gaveston and the
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693:, who rose up in rebellion in 1321. The rebellion was crushed, but resistance continued under the Marcher lords' ally
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515:– who was at this point the leader of the opposition against the king – over a feud between two of their respective
2528:
Knowles, Clive H. (2004). "Clare, Gilbert de , seventh earl of Gloucester and sixth earl of Hertford (1243–1295)".
2390:
Altschul, Michael (2004). "Clare, Gilbert de, eighth earl of Gloucester and seventh earl of Hertford (1291–1314)".
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543:, such as Lancaster and Warwick. There were still a number of great lords in the king's company, including
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The Baronial Opposition to Edward II: Its Character and Policy, a Study in Administrative History
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in Wales led directly to the troubles of Edward II's later reign, including a rebellion in the
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Piers Gaveston, Earl of Cornwall, 1307–1312: Politics and Patronage in the Reign of Edward II
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The lands went into royal possession while the matter of inheritance was being settled. By the
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King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, His Life, His Reign, and Its Aftermath, 1284–1330
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297: May 1291 – 24 June 1314) was an English nobleman and military commander in the
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from an attack by Bruce. The campaign was impeded by the absence of some of the greater
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2497:. Detroit; London: Wayne State University Press; Harvester-Wheatsheaf. pp. 92–3.
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2657:
Ward, Jennifer C. (2004). "Joan , countess of Hertford and Gloucester (1272–1307)".
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Gloucester's wife Maud was the sister of Bruce's wife Elizabeth, both daughters of
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705:. The title of Earl of Gloucester was recreated by Edward II's son
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495:— A letter from Gloucester to the earl of Pembroke, quoted in the
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Gilbert's first years as earl were predominantly concerned with the
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The most detailed account of the Earl of Gloucester's death at the
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possessions, the power vacuum he left behind facilitated the 1315
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The Estates of The Higher Nobility in Fourteenth Century England
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Bannockburn: The Scottish War and the British Isles, 1307–1323
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sisters, one of whom was married to the king's new favourite,
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Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester, 7th Earl of Hertford
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A Baronial Family in Medieval England: The Clares, 1217–1314
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were by 1317 all married to favourites of Edward II:
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After the elder de Clare's death, Joan secretly married
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Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
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Ancestors of Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester
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443:. He had no personal interest in the region, but the
2478:. Montreal, London: McGill-Queens University Press.
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392:, Joan kept the custody of the family lands and did
317:, but later he was drawn into the struggles between
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English people of the Wars of Scottish Independence
380:– known as Gilbert 'the Red' – who in 1290 married
371:
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2516:
462:. Gaveston's promotion from relative obscurity to
96:Earldom of Gloucester was recreated and passed to
2642:(new ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2375:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
523:, who was working in cooperation with Lancaster.
344:. Despenser's ruthless expansion of the de Clare
2735:
415:
360:, and eventually, the deposition of the king by
1995:
1993:
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670:(now widowed after the death of Gaveston) and
396:to the king on 20 January the next year.
2607:Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke 1307–1324
2456:The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages
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806:17. Amice FitzRobert, Countess of Gloucester
246:Captain of Scotland and the Northern Marches
2784:English deaths at the Battle of Bannockburn
2764:English military personnel killed in action
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1988:
1160:Hawise of Chester, 1st Countess of Lincoln
321:and some of his barons. He was one of the
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2426:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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925:Isabel de Clare, 4th Countess of Pembroke
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2523:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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1186:Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester
951:Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester
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378:Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester
325:who ordered the expulsion of the king's
303:Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester
275:Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester
2659:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2530:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
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87:Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford
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455:to regain the initiative in the war.
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2328:
2661:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2610:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2578:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2552:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2532:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2394:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2294:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1750:
633:, on his father's right-hand side.
545:Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford
483:Escalation of the national conflict
24:
2414:. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.
1880:Maddicott (1970), pp. 90–1, 102–4.
1768:
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637:Dispersal of estates and aftermath
525:Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke
25:
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2550:The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399
2354:Chronicon de Lanercost, 1201–1346
1017:John de Lacy, 1st Earl of Lincoln
521:Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick
1720:Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster
652:Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster
410:Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond
376:Gilbert de Clare was the son of
372:Family background and early life
2332:(2000). Herbert Maxwell (ed.).
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2574:Thomas of Lancaster, 1307–1322
2218:Prestwich (2005), pp. 197–200.
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646:by Robert the Bruce's brother
579:marked a turning point in the
551:and was within a few miles of
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2754:14th-century English nobility
2269:(1997). A.A.M. Duncan (ed.).
2236:Prestwich (2005), pp. 213–20.
1871:Prestwich (2005), pp. 179–80.
1725:
709:in 1337, for Hugh de Audley.
416:Early service under Edward II
291:
2453:Given-Wilson, Chris (1996).
2227:Maddicott (1970), pp. 311–2.
2119:Prestwich (2005), pp. 257–8.
1985:Maddicott (1970), pp. 133–4.
1898:Maddicott (1970), pp. 112–4.
1844:Maddicott (1970), pp. 108–9.
27:14th-century English magnate
7:
2474:Haines, Roy Martin (2003).
2288:Childs, W.R. (ed.) (2005).
2182:Maddicott (1970), pp. 22–3.
2173:Brown (2008), pp. 145, 148.
2137:Brown (2008), pp. 130, 185.
2035:Brown (2008), pp. 108, 110.
1814:Altschul (1965), pp. 157–8.
1765:Altschul (1965), pp. 148–9.
1738:Altschul (1965), pp. 300–2.
1650:Marie, Countess of Ponthieu
712:
10:
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2371:Altschul, Michael (1965).
2351:J. Stevenson, ed. (1839).
2252:
2128:McKisack (1959), pp. 38–9.
1967:Hamilton (1988), pp. 97–8.
1955:Hamilton (1988), pp. 94–5.
1928:Hamilton (1988), pp. 84–5.
1889:Prestwich (2005), p. 1823.
1618:Joan, Countess of Ponthieu
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676:Hugh Despenser the Younger
575:The English defeat in the
342:Hugh Despenser the younger
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2209:Brown (2008), pp. 159–60.
2200:Maddicott (1970), p. 193.
2164:Prestwich (2005), p. 164.
2017:Maddicott (1970), p. 157.
1976:Prestwich (2005), p. 189.
1937:Maddicott (1970), p. 116.
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2493:Hamilton, J. S. (1988).
2273:. Edinburgh: Canongate.
2191:Brown (2008), pp. 145–6.
2155:Altschul (1965), p. 164.
2068:Brown (2008), pp. 121–2.
1999:Altschul (1965), p. 163.
1862:Altschul (1965), p. 161.
1853:Maddicott (1970), p. 71.
1826:Altschul (1965), p. 160.
1704:
1498:Ferdinand III of Castile
78:CoA Gilbert de Clare.svg
2681:Inquisition Post Mortem
2336:. Felinfach: Llanerch.
2026:McKisack (1959), p. 35.
2008:Phillips (1972), p. 86.
1946:McKisack (1959), p. 24.
1747:Brown (2008), pp. 77–8.
699:Battle of Boroughbridge
358:Battle of Boroughbridge
2667:10.1093/ref:odnb/14821
1129:11. Margaret de Quincy
584:
492:
436:
174:51.990252°N 2.160428°W
126:24 June 1314 (aged 23)
62:10th Lord of Tonbridge
50:8th Earl of Gloucester
2538:10.1093/ref:odnb/5438
2459:. London: Routledge.
2400:10.1093/ref:odnb/5439
2146:Brown (2008), p. 130.
2098:Brown (2008), p. 119.
2077:Brown (2008), p. 125.
2047:Brown (2008), p. 117.
1530:Berengaria of Castile
1286:Isabella of Angoulême
602:Battle of Bannockburn
577:Battle of Bannockburn
574:
487:
423:
346:Lordship of Glamorgan
337:Battle of Bannockburn
235:Battle of Bannockburn
59:5th Lord of Glamorgan
2442:Davies, James Conway
2291:Vita Edwardi Secundi
2245:Brown (2008), p. 53.
1919:Brown (2008), p. 40.
1835:Brown (2008), p. 77.
1254:Henry III of England
1106:22. Robert de Quincy
610:Vita Edwardi Secundi
567:Death at Bannockburn
561:Constable of England
498:Vita Edwardi Secundi
352:, the defeat of the
179:51.990252; -2.160428
65:9th Lord of Cardigan
53:7th Earl of Hertford
2774:Earls of Gloucester
1374:Eleanor of Provence
1312:Edward I of England
695:Thomas of Lancaster
401:Ralph de Monthermer
309:, daughter of King
244:Warden of Scotland,
170: /
139:Cause of death
2789:Lords of Glamorgan
2722:Earl of Gloucester
2690:Peerage of England
2634:Prestwich, Michael
2320:has generic name (
1592:Simon of Dammartin
1556:Eleanor of Castile
1472:Alfonso IX of León
703:Isabella of France
585:
473:Ordinances of 1311
437:
117:, Suffolk, England
56:10th Lord of Clare
2779:Earls of Hertford
2730:
2729:
2649:978-0-19-822844-8
2485:978-0-7735-2432-3
2433:978-0-7486-3332-6
2343:978-1-86143-108-0
1701:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1406:Beatrice of Savoy
1047:21. Maud de Clere
433:Gilbert 'the Red'
425:Caerphilly Castle
354:Earl of Lancaster
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102:Margaret de Clare
16:(Redirected from
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2699:Gilbert de Clare
2696:Preceded by
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2585:0-19-821837-0
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2108:Vita Edwardi
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252:Noble family
115:Clare Castle
74:Coat of arms
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2749:1314 deaths
2744:1291 births
1910:, pp. 44–7.
390:enfeoffment
202:East Anglia
190:Nationality
177: /
129:Bannockburn
100:Husband of
83:Predecessor
2738:Categories
2726:1308–1314
2710:1308–1314
2364:Secondary:
1726:References
449:Rutherglen
162:51°59′25″N
2310:cite book
2271:The Bruce
672:Elizabeth
606:chronicle
517:retainers
368:in 1326.
327:favourite
295: 10
278:Princess
263:Spouse(s)
215:Glamorgan
165:2°09′38″W
93:Successor
2714:Extinct
2636:(2007).
2604:(1972).
2570:(1970).
2548:(1959).
2515:(1957).
2444:(1918).
2422:(2008).
2410:(1965).
2259:Primary:
2089:, p. 91.
713:Ancestry
668:Margaret
644:invasion
557:vanguard
553:Stirling
541:magnates
468:Margaret
257:de Clare
198:Locality
133:Scotland
2253:Sources
2059:, p. 89
664:Eleanor
604:is the
549:Falkirk
533:Gascony
427:in the
356:at the
271:Parents
241:Offices
210:England
193:English
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648:Edward
623:ransom
394:homage
305:, and
147:Buried
1705:Notes
219:Wales
2644:ISBN
2622:OCLC
2612:ISBN
2590:OCLC
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2322:help
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364:and
123:Died
108:Born
45:List
2663:doi
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