1082:
866:
1005:
1384:
677:). Mass hanging soon became a common occurrence. In 1605 he established a joint commission of ten members, drawn equally from Scotland and England, to bring law and order to the region. This was aided by statutes in 1606 and 1609, first to repeal hostile laws on both sides of the border, and then to more easily prosecute cross-border raiders. Reivers could no longer escape justice by crossing from England to Scotland or vice versa. The rough-and-ready Border Laws were abolished and the folk of the middle shires found they had to obey the law of the land like all other subjects.
726:
1369:
944:
1399:
51:
410:
482:
935:(3.41% of the county's population) and 11,435 Scottish-born people were residing in Northumberland (3.72% of the county's population); the overall percentage of Scottish-born people in England is 1.62%. Consequently, almost 9% of Scotland's population is English-born (459,486), with higher than average percentages of English-born people in both Dumfries & Galloway and the Scottish Borders council areas, respectively, reaching as high as 35% or higher English-born.
3186:
3174:
91:
80:
3196:
2715:
2179:
I am desired by Sir
Richard Graham to move your majesty and this house of parliament that some present course may be taken for regulating the disorders that are now in the middle shires, this being the best time whilst the English commissioners are here that order may be given to the commissioners of
513:
the new King of Scots, in exchange for much of southern
Scotland and absolute supplication, but this was not recognised by the majority of the Scottish nobility who remained loyal to David II and conflict continued. By 1341, Perth and Edinburgh had been retaken by the Scots and Edward Balliol fled to
526:
A 16th-century Act of the
Scottish Parliament talks about the chiefs of the border clans, and a late 17th-century statement by the Lord Advocate uses the terms "clan" and "family" interchangeably. Although Lowland aristocrats may have increasingly liked to refer to themselves as "families", the idea
680:
In 1607 James felt he could boast that "the Middle Shires" had "become the navel or umbilic of both kingdoms, planted and peopled with civility and riches". After ten years King James had succeeded; the Middle Shires had been brought under central law and order. By the early 1620s the
Borders were
639:
For centuries the
Marches on either side of the boundary was an area of mixed allegiances, where families or clans switched which country or side they supported as suited their family interests at that time, and lawlessness abounded. Before the personal union of the two kingdoms under James, the
888:
marks the Anglo-Scottish border. The wall lies entirely within
England and has never formed this boundary. While in the west, at Bowness-on-Solway, it is less than 0.6 mi (1.0 km) south of the border with Scotland, in the east it is as much as 68 miles (109 km) away.
2159:
Forsamekle as the kingis majestie is resolved to purge the mydele schyres of this isle, heirtofoir callit the bordouris of
Scotland and England, of that barbarous crueltie, wickednes and incivilitie whilk be inveterat custome almaist wes become naturall to mony of the inhabitantis
2164:
Forasmuch as the king's majesty is resolved to purge the middle shires of this isle, heretofore called the borders of
Scotland and England, of that barbarous cruelty, wickedness and incivility which by inveterate custom almost was become natural to many of the inhabitants
640:
border clans would switch allegiance between the
Scottish and English crowns depending on what was most favourable for the members of the clan. For a time a powerful local clan dominated a region on the border between England and Scotland. It was known as the
857:, and the winning side would claim the Ba Green for their country. As Coldstream grew to have a larger population than Wark, the Coldstream men always defeated the Wark men at the game, and so the land became a permanent part of Scotland.
2363:
It was
Berwick which became the focal point for the direct action of one of the first modern Scottish nationalists, Wendy Wood in the 1950s. Controversially...she was regularly arrested for moving the border signs over the
844:
the Scottish border comes south of the river to enclose a small riverside meadow of approximately 2 to 3 acres (about a hectare). This piece of land is known as the Ba Green. It is said locally that every year the men of
664:
in charge of the pacification of the borders. Courts were set up in the towns of the Middle Shires and known reivers were arrested. The more troublesome and lower classes were executed without trial; known as
2342:
712:, ongoing border lawlessness was dealt with by reviving former legislation, renewed continually in eleven subsequent acts, for periods ranging from five to eleven years, up until the late 1750s.
2640:
Aird, W.M. (1997) "Northern England or southern Scotland? The Anglo-Scottish border in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and the problem of perspective" In: Appleby, J.C. and Dalton, P. (Eds)
2180:
both kingdoms to call the border landlords now in town to inform themselves what course has been formerly held for the suppressing of disorder and apprehending of felons and fugitives.
3347:
920:. Furthermore, to speak of England and Scotland at any time prior to the ninth century is anachronistic; such nations had no meaningful existence during the period of Roman rule.
3378:
3352:
755:, who successfully resisted any attempt by the Scottish or English governments to impose their authority. In 1552 commissioners met to divide the land in two: Douglas of
3357:
514:
England, effectively nullifying the supposed treaty. Edward would continue the war but would be unable to restore the puppet ruler Balliol to the throne and with the
2551:
931:
Cumbria and Northumberland have amongst the largest Scottish-born communities in the world outside Scotland. 16,628 Scottish-born people were residing in Cumbria in
3362:
3232:
2844:
2350:
3447:
3134:
828:
has resisted any change, arguing that: "Voters in Berwick-upon-Tweed do not believe it is whether they are in England or Scotland that is important."
2983:
3104:
232:
2764:
2299:
2282:
599:
383:
established by the Civil Jurisdiction (Offshore Activities) Order 1987. The land border is near and roughly parallel to the 420 million-year-old
372:
134:
3260:
2063:. Moreover, the other parts of the United Kingdom—Scotland and Northern Ireland—are foreign countries for present purposes, as are the other
1787:
3225:
2719:
2446:
17:
628:
to the early 17th century and the creation of the Middle Shires, promulgated after the personal union of England and Scotland under
3442:
2978:
1081:
3407:
3129:
3051:
3218:
3199:
308:, the region on either side of the boundary was a lawless territory suffering from the repeated raids in each direction of the
2190:
865:
2881:
2849:
2672:
2663:
Readman, Paul (2014). "Living a British Borderland: Northumberland and the Scottish Borders in the Long Nineteenth Century".
2219:
2051:
is a foreign country and its foreign laws. This means that not only totally foreign independent countries such as France and
1928:
A cartoon: "Hadrian's Wall Extension Plan" showing an extension of Hadrian's Wall around the coastline of England and Wales (
3109:
2968:
2886:
2090:
2757:
498:
248:
3417:
2649:
2625:
2456:
2429:
2229:
2036:
814:
760:
3412:
3328:
2973:
2591:
2573:
2472:
1729:
1906:"and there are plans for an electrified fence along Hadrian's Wall to prevent emigration from the rump republic" (
1004:
461:
while retaining the more northerly realm, border clashes were common and the monarchs of both countries relied on
3068:
2963:
923:"Hadrian's Wall" is nonetheless often used as an informal reference to the modern border, often semi-humorously.
689:
661:
2402:
3427:
3402:
3189:
2908:
2871:
2810:
2750:
1967:
3210:
3058:
2913:
2876:
1445:
1388:
696:"for regulating the disorders in the borders". Conditions along the border generally deteriorated during the
684:
Despite these improvements, the Joint Commission continued its work, and as late as 25 September 1641 under
3317:
3242:
3046:
3021:
3011:
2903:
2866:
2477:
2056:
1130:
1045:
3422:
2953:
2891:
2856:
2498:
1580:
256:
2732:
2264:
518:
Scottish independence was once again acknowledged with any pretence to territorial annexations dropped.
3333:
2958:
2898:
2829:
2815:
1628:
1480:
1260:
1218:
1180:
799:
625:
490:
466:
298:
2726:
3099:
2861:
1702:
1692:
1565:
1317:
1288:
873:
795:
290:
2473:"(Showing Scottish border south of the Tweed) - Berwickshire Sheet XXIX.SW (includes: Coldstream) -"
2376:
2121:
1383:
3303:
3154:
3038:
2787:
2569:
1673:
1604:
1520:
1175:
1140:
515:
325:
163:
55:
The A1 road crossing the border between Scotland and England. Entry to Scotland is marked by three
2513:
2023:
3159:
3001:
2936:
2923:
1633:
1614:
1485:
1373:
1336:
1265:
1242:
1121:
836:
At the River Tweed the border runs down the middle of the river, however between the villages of
811:
660:
decreed that the Borders should be renamed 'the Middle Shires'. In the same year the King placed
361:
1983:
2736:
1560:
1515:
1283:
1255:
787:
767:
was built as the new frontier, with stones set up bearing the arms of England and of Scotland.
697:
693:
502:
224:
60:
31:
2617:
2317:
2104:
527:
that the term "clan" should be used for Highland families alone is a 19th-century convention.
3063:
2773:
2006:
1423:
1392:
1377:
709:
506:
426:
725:
620:
During late medieval and early modern eras—from the late 13th century, with the creation by
379:(up to the 12-mile (19 km) limit) is 90 metres (300 ft) north of the boundary for
3432:
3265:
3016:
2834:
2820:
2146:
1921:"a situation that the (notional) electrification of Hadrian's Wall is unlikely to change" (
1878:
1852:
1594:
1194:
992:
987:
967:
881:
825:
782:
is in Scotland while the town is in England, although both Berwick and the lands up to the
685:
657:
313:
191:
150:
457:
of England until the reign of James VI of Scotland, who in the course of his reign became
8:
3094:
3073:
2948:
2839:
2695:
1155:
821:
803:
653:
621:
434:
329:
305:
236:
421:, is the area on either side of the Anglo-Scottish border including parts of the modern
3437:
3089:
2529:
1430:
1278:
1165:
1126:
1069:
775:
458:
376:
317:
286:
244:
2552:"Are English settlers in the Highlands nicer than those in the Borders and if so why?"
3121:
2943:
2931:
2798:
2668:
2645:
2621:
2609:
2452:
2425:
2225:
2048:
2032:
1963:
1863:
1550:
1403:
1222:
1170:
1059:
1035:
885:
869:
841:
817:
791:
756:
321:
282:
277:
between England and Scotland. It remains the border today, with the exception of the
273:
Anglo-Scottish border. The Solway–Tweed line was legally established in 1237 by the
3308:
2221:
The Reluctant Ambassador: The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Chaloner, Tudor Diplomat
2060:
2044:
1858:
1816:
1754:
1584:
1473:
1368:
1312:
948:
943:
701:
633:
615:
446:
430:
418:
396:
368:
from England who wanted to marry under Scottish laws, and marry without publicity.
260:
251:. After Kenneth had reportedly done homage, Edgar rewarded Kenneth by granting him
56:
332:
as the treaty between Scotland and England guaranteed the continued separation of
3269:
3178:
2064:
1873:
1682:
1495:
1440:
1398:
736:
666:
641:
591:
535:
454:
404:
341:
278:
217:
50:
409:
3250:
1955:
1846:
1821:
1341:
1246:
1203:
1106:
1094:
1030:
977:
932:
783:
764:
752:
729:
629:
567:
531:
510:
442:
400:
384:
309:
274:
221:
202:
175:
144:
122:
3240:
3396:
3370:
2803:
1883:
1868:
1841:
1826:
1811:
1764:
1346:
1307:
1269:
1250:
1086:
917:
898:
837:
778:
is famous for its hesitation over whether it is part of Scotland or England.
748:
674:
462:
450:
422:
380:
802:
clarified the status of Berwick as an English town. In the 1950s the artist
747:. For over three hundred years the area was effectively controlled by local
1831:
1759:
1744:
1663:
1623:
1619:
1450:
1054:
982:
893:
850:
779:
705:
603:
583:
563:
539:
481:
353:
228:
195:
2302:
The Scottish referendum means Berwick-upon-Tweed faces an uncertain future
2700:
2068:
1911:
1778:
1749:
1599:
1407:
1331:
1274:
1237:
1198:
1189:
1111:
1040:
972:
807:
587:
579:
575:
559:
547:
543:
349:
333:
264:
2742:
1836:
1792:
1783:
1739:
1734:
1707:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1589:
1570:
1525:
1505:
1411:
1326:
1227:
1049:
962:
846:
595:
357:
240:
2252:
The History of Liddesdale, Eskdale, Ewesdale, Wauchopedale and the ...
938:
794:. The town changed hands more than a dozen times before being finally
2157:
Act anent fugitive persones of the borders to the in country (1609):
1697:
1687:
1540:
1530:
1510:
1500:
1460:
1356:
1322:
1213:
1089:. Northumberland is to the left and the Scottish Borders to the right
908:
571:
555:
551:
486:
345:
337:
259:
was not finally settled and the region was taken by the Scots at the
453:
forming the border between the two countries to the south. From the
3006:
2196:
2076:
1712:
1678:
1658:
1638:
1609:
1555:
1455:
1435:
1293:
1116:
1025:
744:
740:
670:
269:
179:
96:
681:
so peaceful that the Crown was able to scale down its operations.
1490:
1298:
1208:
1160:
1145:
1135:
1101:
1018:
854:
763:
leading the English; the French ambassador acting as umpire. The
632:(James I of England)—the area around the border was known as the
470:
438:
294:
252:
183:
85:
2714:
2683:
The Debatable Land: The Lost World Between Scotland and England
2072:
2052:
1575:
1351:
1303:
1232:
1150:
1064:
206:
171:
2642:
Government, religion and society in Northern England 1000-1700
1960:
Northumbria, 500 – 1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom
1806:
1668:
1545:
1535:
1185:
903:
876:. The Wall has never formed the actual Anglo-Scottish border.
365:
214:
210:
2343:"Swapping sides: the English town that wants to be Scottish"
2283:"A short history of the Debatable Lands and Border Reivers"
2177:
Petition of Sir Richard Graham regarding the middle shires:
824:
for Berwick to become part of Scotland again. Berwick's MP
2657:
Walking the Border: A Journey Between Scotland and England
2008:
The rights of persons, according to the text of Blackstone
1903:
Three examples of a humorous reference to Hadrian's Wall:
798:
in 1482, though confusion continued for centuries. The
476:
2614:
Seasons in the Sun: The Battle for Britain, 1974–1979
231:. It became the first Anglo-Scottish border with the
2031:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 6.
1998:
892:
For centuries the wall was the boundary between the
853:
with the men of Wark (to the South of the river) at
692:, a local laird and English MP, was petitioning the
30:"Border country" redirects here. For the novel, see
951:
flags fly at the border marking entry into Scotland
939:
List of places on the border, or associated with it
509:occupied much of the borderlands. Edward declared
239:in the mid-10th century. In 973, the Scottish king
2217:
2047:, every country in the world which is not part of
806:moved the border signs south to the middle of the
2091:Scottish Parliament Official Report 26 April 2000
2004:
739:lay between Scotland and England to the north of
328:, the Border forms the boundary of the two legal
3394:
2727:The Border Clans and their Emigration to America
916:occasionally extended as far north as the later
27:96-mile long border between England and Scotland
2199:: W. Blackwood and Sons. 1896. pp. 160–162
860:
2254:, Volume 1 By Robert Bruce Armstrong pp. 181–2
2211:
417:The border country, historically known as the
373:Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999
135:Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999
3226:
2758:
2616:(illustrated ed.), UK: Penguin, p.
530:Historic Border clans include the following:
2612:(2012), "Chapter 6: Could it happen here?",
2448:The Reivers: The Story of the Border Reivers
2102:
2005:Blackstone, William; Stewart, James (1839).
715:
293:in 1482. Berwick was not fully annexed into
3258:International land and maritime boundaries:
2667:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 169–191.
1962:. Cambridge University Press. p. 275.
473:to defend and control the frontier region.
255:. Despite this transaction, the control of
3448:Historical geography of the United Kingdom
3233:
3219:
2765:
2751:
2403:"Berwick-upon-Tweed: English or Scottish?"
2192:The County Histories of Scotland, Volume 5
2106:The Political History of England, Volume 3
59:and entry into England is marked by three
2772:
2608:
2422:A dictionary of Scottish phrase and fable
2183:
1907:
2592:"What did Scotland do for architecture?"
2501:30 Surprising Facts About Hadrian's Wall
1954:
1417:
1397:
1382:
1372:A sign marking entry to Scotland on the
1367:
1080:
1003:
942:
864:
724:
480:
445:. It is a hilly area, with the Scottish
408:
371:The marine boundary was adjusted by the
2665:Borderlands in World History, 1700–1914
2662:
2419:
2141:
2139:
2021:
849:(to the North of the river) would play
644:and neither monarch's writ was heeded.
14:
3395:
3241:Borders of the United Kingdom and its
2568:
2516:Borders held dear to English and Scots
2444:
1929:
1897:
743:, the largest population centre being
720:
3214:
2746:
2119:
770:
485:Territory (in brown, hence including
3195:
2589:
2530:"Neighbourhood Statistics Home Page"
2315:
2136:
1922:
1387:A sign marking entry to Scotland at
2377:"'Return to fold' call for Berwick"
2055:... are foreign countries but also
609:
534:, Beattie, Bannatyne, Bell, Briar,
499:Second War of Scottish Independence
477:Second War of Scottish Independence
24:
2634:
2424:. Edinburgh: Birlinn. p. 25.
2349:. 13 February 2008. Archived from
550:, Hedley of Redesdale, Henderson,
25:
3459:
2845:fossiliferous stratigraphic units
2708:
2120:Agnew, Crispin (13 August 2001).
1076:
704:periods, with the development of
364:to the east, were convenient for
3194:
3185:
3184:
3172:
2713:
2704:, Hodder & Stoughton, London
2532:. Office for National Statistics
2445:Moffat, Alistair (1 July 2011).
2043:For the purposes of the English
955:
647:
375:so that the boundary within the
89:
78:
49:
3443:1237 establishments in Scotland
2562:
2544:
2522:
2507:
2492:
2465:
2438:
2413:
2395:
2369:
2335:
2316:Kerr, Rachel (8 October 2004).
2309:
2293:
2275:
2257:
2245:
2224:. Amberley Publishing Limited.
2170:
2011:. Edmund Spettigue. p. 92.
1984:"Scotland Conquered, 1174-1296"
831:
662:George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar
501:, Scotland was defeated at the
3408:1237 establishments in England
2151:
2113:
2096:
2084:
2015:
1976:
1948:
13:
1:
3326:Land and maritime boundaries:
2575:Hadrian's Wall Extension Plan
1941:
320:, which united Scotland with
3318:British Overseas Territories
2698:and Crockett, W. S. (1906).
2590:Ijeh, Ike (27 August 2014),
2478:National Library of Scotland
2300:New Statesman. 11 Sep 2014.
1771:
926:
861:Hadrian's Wall misconception
489:) claimed by England in the
352:. The border settlements of
348:is 16, while it is 18 under
7:
2122:"Clans, Families and Septs"
1799:
1363:
1008:"Welcome to Northumberland"
188:96 miles (154 km)
10:
3464:
2733:The world's oldest border?
2720:Border of England-Scotland
2578:, alexhughescartoons.co.uk
2306:Retrieved 2 December 2018.
2147:Border Reivers#Legislation
2103:William Hunt, ed. (1905).
1471:
1467:
1421:
1092:
1016:
1012:
999:
800:Wales and Berwick Act 1746
626:Lord Warden of the Marches
613:
491:Treaty of Newcastle (1334)
394:
390:
299:Wales and Berwick Act 1746
285:, and a small area around
249:Edgar's council in Chester
243:attended the English king
194:on the east coast and the
29:
3316:
3249:
3168:
3147:
3120:
3082:
3037:
3030:
2994:
2922:
2780:
1916:The Collapse of Democracy
1719:
716:Controversial territories
140:
128:
115:
110:
102:
73:
68:
48:
41:
3418:13th century in Scotland
2644:, Stroud : Sutton,
2519:Retrieved 18 March 2017.
2504:Retrieved 18 March 2017.
2093:. Retrieved 19 May 2012.
1890:
912:(to the north). However
521:
516:Treaty of Berwick (1357)
326:Kingdom of Great Britain
304:For centuries until the
168:Crìochan Anglo-Albannach
44:Crìochan Anglo-Albannach
3413:13th century in England
2218:Dan O'Sullivan (2016).
1986:. The National Archives
902:(to the south) and the
708:raiders. Following the
463:Scottish Earls of March
61:flags of Northumberland
2692:, Frances Lincoln Ltd.
2596:Building Design Online
2022:Collier, J.G. (2001).
1414:
1395:
1380:
1090:
1009:
952:
877:
810:as a protest. In 2008
788:Kingdom of Northumbria
732:
694:Parliament of Scotland
503:Battle of Halidon Hill
494:
449:to the north, and the
414:
225:Kingdom of Northumbria
167:
32:Border Country (novel)
3428:Geography of Scotland
3403:Anglo-Scottish border
3375:Caribbean Netherlands
2964:National scenic areas
2774:Geography of Scotland
2722:at Wikimedia Commons
2701:In the Border Country
2420:Crofton, Ian (2012).
1424:Dumfries and Galloway
1418:Dumfries and Galloway
1401:
1393:Dumfries and Galloway
1386:
1378:Dumfries and Galloway
1371:
1085:Kershope Bridge over
1084:
1007:
946:
868:
728:
669:" (after the town of
658:King James VI & I
594:, Robson, Routledge,
484:
427:Dumfries and Galloway
413:History of the border
412:
160:Anglo-Scottish border
42:Anglo-Scottish border
18:Anglo–Scottish border
3339:Maritime boundaries:
3296:Internal boundaries:
3276:Maritime boundaries:
3243:Overseas Territories
3135:in the United States
2979:World Heritage Sites
2688:Robson, Eric (2006)
2681:Robb, Graham (2018)
2655:Crofton, Ian (2014)
2572:(5 September 2014),
2318:"A tale of one town"
1879:Wales-England border
1853:Both sides the Tweed
993:Union Bridge (Tweed)
968:Marshall Meadows Bay
882:common misconception
826:Anne-Marie Trevelyan
796:taken by the English
630:James VI of Scotland
497:In 1333, during the
314:Treaty of Union 1706
192:Marshall Meadows Bay
151:Treaty of Union 1706
3266:Metropolitan France
3179:Scotland portal
2877:Mountains and hills
2739:'s "Map Men" series
2269:www.geog.port.ac.uk
2124:. Electric Scotland
1391:, on the border of
1376:, on the border of
1156:Catcleugh Reservoir
822:Scottish Parliament
759:leading the Scots;
721:The Debatable Lands
654:Union of the Crowns
652:Following the 1603
622:Edward I of England
433:, and parts of the
306:Union of the Crowns
297:until 1746, by the
237:Anglo-Saxon England
148:Treaty of Newcastle
3423:Borders of England
3348:Dominican Republic
3130:In other countries
2984:Conservation areas
2610:Sandbrook, Dominic
2499:English Heritage.
2383:. 10 February 2008
1956:Rollason, David W.
1431:Auchenrivock Tower
1415:
1396:
1381:
1279:Lindisfarne Castle
1166:Chillingham Castle
1127:Berwick-upon-Tweed
1091:
1010:
953:
878:
820:made calls in the
771:Berwick-upon-Tweed
733:
690:Sir Richard Graham
495:
459:James I of England
415:
377:territorial waters
318:Acts of Union 1707
316:, ratified by the
287:Berwick-upon-Tweed
245:Edgar the Peaceful
235:of Northumbria by
129:Current shape
119:September 25, 1237
3390:
3389:
3208:
3207:
3143:
3142:
3059:Historic counties
2718:Media related to
2674:978-1-137-32058-2
2514:Financial Times.
2049:England and Wales
1864:Star of Caledonia
1223:Haggerston Castle
1171:Cornhill-on-Tweed
1129:, and the former
988:St Cuthbert's Way
818:Christine Grahame
792:Early Middle Ages
381:oil installations
356:to the west, and
322:England and Wales
170:) is an internal
156:
155:
106:96 miles (154 km)
57:Scottish saltires
16:(Redirected from
3455:
3353:Caribbean France
3309:Irish Sea border
3299:England–Scotland
3235:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3188:
3187:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3047:Local government
3035:
3034:
3022:Renewable energy
2767:
2760:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2717:
2678:
2630:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2556:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2313:
2307:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2287:www.scotsman.com
2279:
2273:
2272:
2265:"Debatable Land"
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2168:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2061:Falkland Islands
2057:British Colonies
2045:conflict of laws
2030:
2025:Conflict of Laws
2019:
2013:
2012:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1952:
1935:
1901:
1859:Scottish Marches
1817:Southern Uplands
1755:Whiteadder Water
1585:Hermitage Castle
1474:Scottish Borders
1313:North Sunderland
949:Scottish saltire
786:belonged to the
634:Scottish Marches
616:Scottish Marches
610:Scottish Marches
447:Southern Uplands
435:English counties
431:Scottish Borders
419:Scottish Marches
397:Scottish Marches
312:. Following the
291:taken by England
263:in 1018 and the
261:Battle of Carham
189:
186:which runs for
95:
93:
92:
84:
82:
81:
53:
39:
38:
21:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3312:
3270:English Channel
3245:
3239:
3209:
3204:
3173:
3171:
3164:
3139:
3116:
3078:
3026:
2990:
2969:Nature reserves
2954:Protected areas
2918:
2776:
2771:
2729:at Hodgson Clan
2711:
2690:The Border Line
2675:
2652:, p. 27–39
2637:
2635:Further reading
2628:
2600:
2598:
2581:
2579:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2512:
2508:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2418:
2414:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2356:
2354:
2347:The Independent
2341:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2314:
2310:
2298:
2294:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2118:
2114:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2065:British Islands
2039:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1874:Debatable Lands
1802:
1797:
1774:
1769:
1722:
1717:
1683:Roxburgh Castle
1496:Cessford Castle
1476:
1470:
1465:
1441:Gilnockie Tower
1426:
1420:
1366:
1361:
1097:
1079:
1074:
1021:
1015:
1002:
997:
958:
941:
929:
863:
834:
773:
737:Debatable Lands
723:
718:
667:Jeddart justice
650:
642:Debatable Lands
618:
612:
524:
479:
455:Norman conquest
407:
405:Debatable Lands
393:
342:age of marriage
279:Debatable Lands
218:Kingdom of Alba
187:
164:Scottish Gaelic
149:
147:
133:
121:Signing of the
120:
90:
88:
79:
77:
69:Characteristics
64:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3461:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3368:
3365:
3360:
3358:Pacific France
3355:
3350:
3345:
3342:
3336:
3331:
3322:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3281:
3278:
3273:
3263:
3255:
3253:
3251:United Kingdom
3247:
3246:
3238:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3192:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3031:Administrative
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2959:National parks
2951:
2946:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2837:
2832:
2830:Extreme points
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2808:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2799:Hadrian's Wall
2790:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2755:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2730:
2710:
2709:External links
2707:
2706:
2705:
2696:Sparrow, W. S.
2693:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2660:
2653:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2606:
2587:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:. 22 May 2019.
2543:
2521:
2506:
2491:
2464:
2457:
2437:
2430:
2412:
2394:
2368:
2353:on 6 July 2008
2334:
2308:
2292:
2274:
2256:
2244:
2230:
2210:
2182:
2169:
2150:
2135:
2112:
2095:
2083:
2037:
2014:
1997:
1975:
1968:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1908:Sandbrook 2012
1895:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1849:
1847:Border Terrier
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1822:Border Reivers
1819:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
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1676:
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1651:
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1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1472:Main article:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1422:Main article:
1419:
1416:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1342:Twizell Castle
1339:
1334:
1329:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1247:Kielder Forest
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1204:Fowberry Tower
1201:
1192:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1107:Barmoor Castle
1104:
1098:
1095:Northumberland
1093:Main article:
1078:
1077:Northumberland
1075:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1031:Blackpool Gate
1028:
1022:
1017:Main article:
1014:
1011:
1001:
998:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
959:
957:
954:
940:
937:
928:
925:
886:Hadrian's Wall
870:Hadrian's Wall
862:
859:
833:
830:
784:Firth of Forth
772:
769:
751:, such as the
722:
719:
717:
714:
686:King Charles I
649:
646:
614:Main article:
611:
608:
523:
520:
511:Edward Balliol
478:
475:
443:Northumberland
401:Border Reivers
392:
389:
385:Iapetus Suture
310:Border Reivers
275:Treaty of York
203:Firth of Forth
176:United Kingdom
154:
153:
145:Treaty of York
142:
138:
137:
130:
126:
125:
123:Treaty of York
117:
113:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
75:
71:
70:
66:
65:
54:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3460:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3382:
3380:
3379:United States
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:England–Wales
3302:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3201:
3193:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2804:Antonine Wall
2802:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:0-7509-1057-7
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2627:9781846140327
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2553:
2547:
2531:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2502:
2495:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2458:9780857901156
2454:
2450:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2431:9781841589770
2427:
2423:
2416:
2409:. 1 May 2010.
2408:
2404:
2398:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2365:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2233:
2231:9781445651651
2227:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2173:
2166:
2162:(Translated:
2161:
2154:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2038:0-521-78260-0
2034:
2027:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1985:
1979:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1885:
1884:Welsh Marches
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1869:Scotch Corner
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1842:Border Collie
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Border ballad
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:Cheviot Hills
1810:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1766:
1765:Kershope Burn
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
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1689:
1686:
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1677:
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1670:
1667:
1665:
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1657:
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1479:
1478:
1475:
1462:
1459:
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1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
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1413:
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1400:
1394:
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1379:
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1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:Wark on Tweed
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1308:Norham Castle
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
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1280:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Lilburn Tower
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1251:Kielder Water
1248:
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1239:
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1234:
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1103:
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1087:Kershope Burn
1083:
1071:
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1063:
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1056:
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986:
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960:
956:On the border
950:
945:
936:
934:
924:
921:
919:
918:Antonine Wall
915:
911:
910:
905:
901:
900:
895:
890:
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883:
875:
871:
867:
858:
856:
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848:
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699:
695:
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687:
682:
678:
676:
675:Roxburghshire
672:
668:
663:
659:
655:
648:Middle Shires
645:
643:
637:
635:
631:
627:
624:of the first
623:
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593:
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581:
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569:
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541:
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512:
508:
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500:
492:
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483:
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472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:Cheviot Hills
448:
444:
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436:
432:
428:
424:
423:council areas
420:
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398:
388:
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234:
230:
227:in the early
226:
223:
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208:
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199:
198:in the west.
197:
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185:
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177:
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87:
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62:
58:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3338:
3325:
3298:
3295:
3275:
3257:
3170:
3039:Subdivisions
2816:Great Trails
2792:
2712:
2699:
2689:
2682:
2664:
2656:
2641:
2613:
2599:, retrieved
2595:
2580:, retrieved
2574:
2570:Hughes, Alex
2546:
2534:. Retrieved
2524:
2515:
2509:
2500:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2476:
2467:
2447:
2440:
2421:
2415:
2406:
2397:
2385:. Retrieved
2380:
2371:
2362:
2355:. Retrieved
2351:the original
2346:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2321:
2311:
2301:
2295:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2259:
2251:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2220:
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2191:
2185:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2126:. Retrieved
2115:
2105:
2098:
2086:
2059:such as the
2042:
2024:
2017:
2007:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1978:
1959:
1950:
1915:
1899:
1851:
1832:Border pipes
1760:Liddel Water
1745:River Teviot
1664:Newcastleton
1624:Town Yetholm
1620:Kirk Yetholm
1451:Gretna Green
1055:Kershopefoot
983:Solway Firth
930:
922:
913:
907:
897:
896:province of
891:
879:
851:mob football
835:
832:The Ba Green
780:Berwickshire
774:
761:Lord Wharton
734:
706:Moss-trooper
702:Protectorate
698:Commonwealth
683:
679:
651:
638:
619:
556:Home or Hume
529:
525:
496:
416:
370:
354:Gretna Green
324:to form the
303:
289:, which was
268:
229:10th century
209:between the
200:
196:Solway Firth
159:
157:
36:
3433:English law
3283:Netherlands
3160:Land Reform
3083:Settlements
3002:Agriculture
2924:Environment
2821:Coastal Way
2737:Jay Foreman
2582:15 December
2451:. Birlinn.
2357:31 December
2069:Isle of Man
1930:Hughes 2014
1912:Robert Moss
1788:Carter Fell
1779:The Cheviot
1750:River Tweed
1726:Carham Burn
1600:Hume Castle
1332:Scremerston
1275:Lindisfarne
1238:Islandshire
1199:Etal Castle
1190:Duddo Tower
1112:Barrow Burn
1041:Hethersgill
978:Scots' Dike
973:Pennine Way
808:River Tweed
765:Scots' Dike
757:Drumlanrigg
730:Scots' Dike
710:Restoration
467:Lord Warden
350:English law
334:English law
281:, north of
267:became the
265:River Tweed
178:separating
116:Established
3397:Categories
3155:Demography
3105:Twin towns
2909:Waterfalls
2797:Historic:
2563:References
2203:3 December
2165:thereof...
2160:thairof...
1969:0521813352
1942:References
1837:ITV Border
1793:Windy Gyle
1784:Carter Bar
1740:River Sark
1735:River Rede
1708:Timpanheck
1654:Morebattle
1649:Mordington
1644:Liddesdale
1590:Hilly Linn
1571:Galashiels
1526:Eden Water
1506:Coldstream
1412:Coldstream
1327:River Rede
1261:Kirknewton
1228:Horncliffe
1219:Haggerston
1181:Doddington
1050:Cumberland
963:Carter Bar
847:Coldstream
804:Wendy Wood
753:Armstrongs
536:Carruthers
507:Edward III
395:See also:
358:Coldstream
241:Kenneth II
233:annexation
3438:Scots law
3383:Venezuela
3110:by county
3064:Districts
2872:Moorlands
2685:, Picador
2659:, Birlinn
2618:about 214
2601:7 October
1923:Ijeh 2014
1772:Mountains
1730:River Esk
1698:Southdean
1688:Saughtree
1634:Lamberton
1581:Hermitage
1541:Edrington
1531:Edgerston
1511:Dinlabyre
1501:Chirnside
1461:Rowanburn
1406:over the
1357:Yeavering
1323:Redesdale
1318:Otterburn
1289:Middleton
1214:Greystead
1070:Stapleton
927:Migration
914:Britannia
909:Caledonia
906:lands of
899:Britannia
874:Greenhead
568:Johnstone
532:Armstrong
487:Edinburgh
362:Lamberton
346:Scots law
338:Scots law
3363:Honduras
3190:Category
3122:Toponymy
3017:Forestry
3007:Crofting
2995:Land use
2914:Wetlands
2781:Physical
2407:BBC News
2381:BBC News
2327:13 April
2322:BBC News
2197:Scotland
2077:Guernsey
1958:(2003).
1918:(1975));
1910:quoting
1800:See also
1713:Whitsome
1679:Roxburgh
1659:Mowhaugh
1639:Leitholm
1629:Ladykirk
1610:Jedburgh
1556:Eyemouth
1481:Allanton
1456:Langholm
1436:Canonbie
1364:Scotland
1294:Milfield
1176:Crookham
1141:Branxton
1117:Beadnell
1060:Longtown
1036:Carlisle
1026:Arthuret
880:It is a
842:Cornhill
745:Canonbie
741:Carlisle
671:Jedburgh
600:Thompson
592:Porteous
429:and the
283:Carlisle
270:de facto
220:and the
205:was the
190:between
180:Scotland
141:Treaties
97:Scotland
74:Entities
3371:Jamaica
3341:Bahamas
3289:Germany
3286:Belgium
3280:Denmark
3261:Ireland
3200:Commons
3095:capital
3074:Regions
3052:history
3012:Fishing
2949:Climate
2904:Springs
2882:highest
2867:Meadows
2857:Islands
2840:Geology
2835:Forests
2735:, from
2484:30 June
2387:17 July
1703:Swinton
1693:Selkirk
1566:Foulden
1551:Ettrick
1491:Birgham
1468:Borders
1337:Spittal
1299:Mindrum
1266:Lilburn
1243:Kielder
1209:Goswick
1161:Chatton
1146:Byrness
1136:Bowsden
1131:borough
1122:Belford
1102:Ancroft
1019:Cumbria
1013:Cumbria
1000:England
790:in the
776:Berwick
604:Tweedie
584:Nesbitt
564:Jardine
540:Douglas
471:Marches
469:of the
439:Cumbria
391:History
366:elopers
330:systems
295:England
257:Lothian
253:Lothian
222:Anglian
184:England
174:of the
111:History
86:England
3329:Cyprus
3292:Norway
3148:Social
3090:Cities
2974:Ramsar
2937:Breeds
2899:Rivers
2892:rescue
2887:ranges
2850:faults
2793:Border
2671:
2648:
2624:
2536:19 May
2455:
2428:
2364:Tweed.
2228:
2128:19 May
2075:, and
2073:Jersey
2067:, the
2053:Russia
2035:
1990:19 May
1966:
1786:&
1720:Rivers
1674:Paxton
1622:&
1605:Hutton
1595:Hilton
1576:Hawick
1521:Eccles
1446:Gretna
1404:bridge
1389:Gretna
1352:Wooler
1325:&
1304:Norham
1284:Lowick
1256:Kilham
1233:Howtel
1151:Carham
1065:Skitby
1046:County
947:Three
904:Celtic
588:Ogilvy
580:Moffat
576:Little
560:Irvine
548:Graham
544:Elliot
403:, and
344:under
340:. The
215:Gaelic
207:border
172:border
103:Length
94:
83:
3367:Haiti
3334:Spain
3100:Towns
2944:Flora
2932:Fauna
2862:Lakes
2811:Paths
2237:8 May
2145:See:
2029:(PDF)
1891:Notes
1807:Anglo
1669:Oxnam
1615:Kelso
1546:Edrom
1536:Ednam
1486:Ayton
1408:Tweed
1186:Duddo
894:Roman
884:that
872:near
749:clans
596:Scott
522:Clans
211:Picto
3344:Cuba
3069:list
2788:Bays
2669:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2622:ISBN
2603:2016
2584:2014
2538:2012
2486:2018
2453:ISBN
2426:ISBN
2389:2008
2359:2009
2329:2007
2239:2018
2226:ISBN
2205:2018
2130:2012
2033:ISBN
1992:2012
1964:ISBN
1681:and
1583:and
1561:Fogo
1516:Duns
1402:The
1306:and
1277:and
1268:and
1249:and
1221:and
1197:and
1195:Etal
1188:and
933:2001
840:and
838:Wark
735:The
700:and
572:Kerr
552:Hall
505:and
465:and
441:and
360:and
336:and
201:The
182:and
158:The
132:1999
1914:in
1410:at
1048:of
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812:SNP
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437:of
425:of
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