Edward II of England

1294: 1674:. In response, Edward ordered the arrest of any French persons in England and seized Isabella's lands, on the basis that she was of French origin. In November 1324 he met with the earls and the English Church, who recommended that Edward should lead a force of 11,000 men to Gascony. Edward decided not to go personally, sending instead the Earl of Surrey. Meanwhile, Edward opened up fresh negotiations with the French king. Charles advanced various proposals, the most tempting of which was the suggestion that if Isabella and Prince Edward were to travel to Paris, and the prince was to give homage to Charles for Gascony, he would terminate the war and return the Agenais. Edward and his advisers had concerns about sending the prince to France, but agreed to send Isabella on her own as an envoy in March 1325. 923: 1974: 3363:

has remained there undisturbed since December 1327 or thereabouts"; Mira Rubin, who concludes that Edward may have been murdered; Michael Prestwich, who has "no doubt" that Mortimer plotted to murder Edward, and that he "almost certainly died at Berkeley"; Joe Burden, who believes that Mortimer issued orders for Edward to be killed, and that Edward was buried at Gloucester; Mark Ormrod, who argues that Edward was probably murdered, and Edward is buried at Gloucester; Jeffrey Hamilton, who finds the argument that Edward survived Berkeley "fantastic"; and Chris Given-Wilson, who believes it is "almost certainly ... true" that Edward died on the night of 21 September and was murdered.

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later role in governance, even if he did not necessarily prove to be a competent or successful administrator. Miri Rubin argues that he was "deeply involved" in governance and portrays Edward's abilities sympathetically; Anthony Musson stresses Edward's later involvement in the legal system; Seymour Phillips argues that Edward was more closely involved in governmental business than has been previously suggested, although his interest was "sporadic and unpredictable", and heavily influenced by his advisors; Roy Haines notes Edward's "idiosyncrasy" in engaging in business, and the dominant role of the Despensers in setting policy, but stops short of Prestwich's position.

1864:, made a series of public allegations about Edward's conduct as king, and in January 1327 a parliament convened at Westminster at which the question of Edward's future was raised; Edward refused to attend the gathering. Parliament, initially ambivalent, responded to the London crowds that called for the king's son Edward to take the throne. On 12 January the leading barons and clergy agreed that Edward II should be removed and replaced by his son. The following day it was presented to an assembly of the barons, where it was argued that Edward's weak leadership and personal faults had led the kingdom into disaster, and that he was incompetent to lead the country. 1704:

Isabella appears to have disliked Hugh Despenser the Younger intensely, not least because of his abuse of high-status women. Isabella was embarrassed that she had fled from Scottish armies three times during her marriage to Edward, and she blamed Hugh for the final occurrence in 1322. When Edward had negotiated the recent truce with Robert the Bruce, he had severely disadvantaged a range of noble families who owned land in Scotland, including the Beaumonts, close friends of Isabella. She was also angry about the arrest of her household and seizure of her lands in 1324. Finally, Edward had taken away her children and given custody of them to Hugh Despenser's wife.

1894: 1395:. It began with torrential rains in late 1314, followed by a very cold winter and heavy rains the following spring that killed many sheep and cattle. The bad weather continued, almost unabated, into 1321, resulting in a string of bad harvests. Revenues from the exports of wool plummeted and the price of food rose, despite attempts by Edward's government to control prices. Edward called for hoarders to release food, and tried to encourage both internal trade and the importation of grain, but with little success. The requisitioning of provisions for the royal court during the famine years only added to tensions. 1251:

Warwick's actions, and shifted their support to Edward in the aftermath. To Lancaster and his core of supporters, the execution had been both legal and necessary to preserve the stability of the kingdom. Civil war again appeared likely, but in December, the Earl of Pembroke negotiated a potential peace treaty between the two sides, which would pardon the opposition barons for the killing of Gaveston, in exchange for their support for a fresh campaign in Scotland. Lancaster and Warwick, however, did not give the treaty their immediate approval, and further negotiations continued through most of 1313.

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Edward's 1303 treaty with France, had been a bilateral agreement between the two kings, rather than a conventional feudal agreement. As such, Edward's offering homage for Gascony was dependent on the French crown delivering on its own commitments, rather than an absolute duty. Edward's lawyers also argued that Isabella had a potential claim to the lands in the south under customary French law. When granting Gascony to Isabella, Phillip IV appeared to have been dividing up his lands, as was customary at the time, rather than giving a conditional grant, which meant that Gascony was an

909:. Compacts of adoptive brotherhood, in which the participants pledged to support each other in a form of "brotherhood-in-arms", were not unknown between close male friends in the Middle Ages. Many chroniclers described Edward and Gaveston's relationship as one of brotherhood, and one explicitly noted that Edward had taken Gaveston as his adopted brother. Chaplais argues that the pair may have made a formal compact in either 1300 or 1301, and that they would have seen any later promises they made to separate or to leave each other as having been made under duress, and therefore invalid. 2215:". Although parliament often opposed raising fresh taxes, active opposition to Edward came largely from the barons, rather than parliament itself, although the barons did seek to use the parliamentary meetings as a way of giving legitimacy to their long-standing political demands. After resisting it for many years, Edward began intervening in parliament in the second half of his reign to achieve his own political aims. It remains unclear whether he was deposed in 1327 by a formal gathering of parliament or simply a gathering of the political classes alongside an existing parliament. 560: 1137:, who would carry out a widespread reform of both the government and the royal household. Under huge pressure, he agreed to the proposal and the Ordainers were elected, broadly evenly split between reformers and conservatives. While the Ordainers began their plans for reform, Edward and Gaveston took a new army of around 4,700 men to Scotland, where the military situation had continued to deteriorate. Robert the Bruce declined to give battle and the campaign progressed ineffectually over the winter until supplies and money ran out in 1311, forcing Edward to return south. 1501:

his excuses and declined to intervene, and war broke out in May. The Despensers' lands were quickly seized by a coalition of the Marcher Lords and the local gentry, and Lancaster held a high-level gathering of the barons and clergy in June which condemned the Despensers for having broken the Ordinances. Edward attempted reconciliation, but in July the opposition occupied London and called for the permanent removal of the Despensers. Fearing that he might be deposed if he refused, Edward agreed to exile the Despensers and pardoned the Marcher Lords for their actions.

1006:. As part of the coronation, Edward swore to uphold "the rightful laws and customs which the community of the realm shall have chosen". It is uncertain what this meant: It might have been intended to force Edward to accept future legislation, it may have been inserted to prevent him from overturning any future vows he might take, or it may have been an attempt by the king to ingratiate himself with the barons. The event was marred by the large crowds of eager spectators who surged into the palace, knocking down a wall and forcing Edward to flee by the back door. 2505: 1564: 11981: 10783: 2243:, along with other smaller rooms, but, due to the Scottish conflict, the court spent much of its time in Yorkshire and Northumbria. At the heart of the court was Edward's royal household, in turn divided into the "hall" and the "chamber"; the size of the household varied over time, but in 1317 was around five hundred people, including household knights, squires, and kitchen and transport staff. The household was surrounded by a wider group of courtiers, and appears to have also attracted a circle of prostitutes and criminal elements. 2291:, despite the king's repeated intervention in the operation of the English Church, including punishing bishops with whom he disagreed. With Clement's support, Edward attempted to gain the financial support of the English Church for his military campaigns in Scotland, including taxation and borrowing money against the funds gathered for the crusades. The Church did relatively little to influence or moderate Edward's behaviour during his reign, possibly because of the bishops' self-interest and concern for their own protection. 2571: 38: 1743: 808: 478: 2316: 1688: 1039: 12053: 12041: 2156: 2387:, focusing on the king's relationship with his favourites and, increasingly, alluding to his possible homosexuality. From the 1870s onwards, however, open academic discussion of Edward's sexuality was circumscribed by changing English values. By the start of the 20th century, English schools were being advised by the government to avoid overt discussion of Edward's personal relationships in history lessons. Views on his sexuality have continued to develop over the years. 2426: 1239: 2147: 1834: 12098: 12017: 1655:, Edward's brother-in-law, had become King of France in 1322, and was more aggressive than his predecessors. In 1323, he insisted that Edward come to Paris to give homage for Gascony, and demanded that Edward's administrators in Gascony allow French officials there to carry out orders given in Paris. Matters came to a head in October when a group of Edward's soldiers hanged a French sergeant for attempting to build a new 1316:. In response, Edward planned a major military campaign with the support of Lancaster and the barons, mustering a large army between 15,000 and 20,000 strong. Meanwhile, Robert had besieged Stirling Castle, a key fortification in Scotland; its English commander had stated that unless Edward arrived by 24 June, he would surrender. News of this reached the king in late May, and he decided to speed up his march north from 1523:, took the bait and her men killed several of Isabella's retinue, giving Edward an excuse to intervene. Lancaster refused to help Bartholomew, his personal enemy, and Edward quickly regained control of south-east England. Alarmed, Lancaster now mobilised his own army in the north of England, and Edward mustered his own forces in the south-west. The Despensers returned from exile and were pardoned by the royal council. 1054:

Accusations, probably untrue, were levelled at Gaveston that he had stolen royal funds and had purloined Isabella's wedding presents. Gaveston had played a key role at Edward's coronation, provoking fury from both the English and the French contingents about the earl's ceremonial precedence and magnificent clothes, and about Edward's apparent preference for Gaveston's company over that of Isabella at the feast.

12081: 1592:, but Robert the Bruce declined to meet him in battle, drawing Edward further into Scotland. Plans to resupply the campaign by sea failed, and the large army rapidly ran out of food. Edward was forced to retreat south of the border, pursued by Scottish raiding parties. Edward's illegitimate son, Adam, died during the campaign, and the raiding parties almost captured Isabella, who was staying at 3373:

across Europe, where he was captured in Naples; he died as he was being returned to England. John Maltravers was not formally accused of murdering Edward II but left for Europe and from there contacted Edward III, possibly to make a deal over what he knew about the events of 1327; after a period in exile he was ultimately pardoned and given permission to return to England in 1351.

2195:. Edward was also criticised by contemporaries for allowing the Despensers to exploit the royal justice system for their own ends; the Despensers certainly appear to have abused the system, although just how widely they did so is unclear. Amid the political turbulence, armed gangs and violence spread across England under Edward's reign, destabilising the position of many of the local 2224: 3294:, which would change the meaning of the oath from referring to future legislation, to a retrospective statement about respecting existing laws and customs. It is also uncertain to what extent any changes in the coronation oath were driven by wider political disagreements between Edward and the barons, or were specifically focused over concerns with Gaveston's position. 2183:

through often unpopular taxes, and requisitioning goods using his right of prise. He also took out many loans, first through the Frescobaldi family, and then through his banker Antonio Pessagno. Edward took a strong interest in financial matters towards the end of his reign, distrusting his own officials and directly cutting back on the expenses of his own household.

12029: 586:, who was responsible for his discipline, training him in riding and military skills. It is uncertain how well educated Edward was; there is little evidence for his ability to read and write, although his mother was keen that her other children be well educated, and Ferre was himself a relatively learned man for the period. Edward likely mainly spoke 1663:, a contested section of the Gascon border. Edward denied any responsibility for this incident, but relations between Edward and Charles soured. In 1324, Edward dispatched the Earl of Pembroke to Paris to broker a solution, but the earl died suddenly of an illness along the way. Charles mobilised his army and ordered the invasion of Gascony. 1791:, reaching Gloucester between 9 and 12 October; he hoped to reach Wales and from there mobilise an army against the invaders. Mortimer and Isabella were not far behind. Proclamations condemned the Despensers' recent regime. Day by day they gathered new supporters. Edward and the younger Despenser crossed over the border and set sail from 763:, who served as the royal treasurer, apparently over the amount of financial support Edward received from the Crown. The king defended his treasurer, and banished Prince Edward and his companions from his court, cutting off their financial support. After some negotiations involving family members and friends, the two men were reconciled. 1996:, the funeral having probably been delayed to allow Edward III to attend in person. Gloucester was probably chosen because other abbeys had refused or been forbidden to take the king's body, and because it was close to Berkeley. The funeral was a grand affair and cost £351 in total, complete with gilt lions, standards painted with 378:, along with other plays, films, novels and media. Many of these have focused on the possible sexual relationship between the two men. Edward's contemporaries criticised his performance as a king, noting his failures in Scotland and the oppressive regime of his later years, although 19th-century academics have argued that the growth of 345:, capturing and executing Lancaster. Edward and the Despensers strengthened their grip on power, revoking the 1311 reforms, executing their enemies and confiscating estates. Unable to make progress in Scotland, Edward finally signed a truce with Robert. Opposition to the regime grew, and when Isabella was sent to France to negotiate 1965:. He arrested Mortimer and then executed him on fourteen charges of treason, including the murder of Edward II. Edward III's government sought to blame Mortimer for all the recent problems, effectively politically rehabilitating Edward II. Edward III put his mother under arrest but she was released soon after. 1335:, whom Robert killed in personal combat. Edward continued his advance the following day, and encountered the bulk of the Scottish army as they emerged from the woods of New Park. Edward appears not to have expected the Scots to give battle here, and as a result had kept his forces in marching, rather than battle, order, with the 1933:"suspiciously timely", as it simplified Mortimer's political problems considerably, and most historians believe that Edward probably was murdered on the orders of the new regime, although it is impossible to be certain. Several of the individuals suspected of involvement in the death, including Sir Thomas Gurney, Maltravers and 1880:, representing the kingdom as a whole, withdrew his homage and formally ended Edward's reign. A proclamation was sent to London, announcing that Edward, now known as Edward of Caernarvon, had freely resigned his kingdom and that his son Edward would succeed him. The coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 1 February 1327. 845:, and the King responded furiously, pulling his son's hair out in great handfuls, before exiling Gaveston. The official court records, however, show Gaveston being only temporarily exiled, supported by a comfortable stipend; no reason is given for the order, suggesting that it may have been an act aimed at punishing the prince. 1780:, Edward attempted to garner support from within the capital. The city of London rose against his government, and on 2 October he left London, taking the Despensers with him. London descended into anarchy, as mobs attacked Edward's remaining officials and associates, killing his former treasurer Walter Stapledon in 1700:

in person to Charles for Gascony. Concerned about the consequences of war breaking out once again, Edward agreed to the treaty but decided to give Gascony to his son, Edward, and sent the prince to give homage in Paris. The young Prince Edward crossed the English Channel and completed the bargain in September.

3432:. His other biographer, Roy Haines, makes no reference at all to the red-hot poker story. Ian Mortimer, who argues that Edward did not die in 1327, naturally disputes the "anal rape" story. Paul Doherty notes that modern historians take the "lurid description of Edward's death with more than a pinch of salt". 1255:

problems in the south of France and to win Philip's support in the dispute with the barons; for Philip it was an opportunity to impress his son-in-law with his power and wealth. It proved a spectacular visit, including a grand ceremony in which the two kings knighted Philip's sons and two hundred other men in

2501:, where he is portrayed as weak and implicitly homosexual, wearing silk clothes and heavy makeup, shunning the company of women and incapable of dealing militarily with the Scots. The film received extensive criticism, both for its historical inaccuracies and for its negative portrayal of homosexuality. 2399:

authority under Edward, which they perceived as positive developments. During the 1970s the historiography of Edward's reign shifted away from this model, supported by the further publishing of records from the period in the last quarter of the 20th century. The work of Jeffrey Denton, Jeffrey Hamilton,

2099:. The body buried at Gloucester Cathedral was said to be that of the porter of Berkeley Castle, killed by the assassins and presented by them to Isabella as Edward's corpse to avoid punishment. The letter is often linked to an account of Edward III meeting with a man called William the Welshman in 1065:, who convinced the barons to back down. A fresh parliament was held in April, where the barons once again criticised Gaveston, demanding his exile, this time supported by Isabella and the French monarchy. Edward resisted, but finally acquiesced, agreeing to send Gaveston to Aquitaine, under threat of 3481:

The historian Miri Rubin argues that the displays show a lack of royal decorum. The historian Michael Prestwich notes that these court events imply to many "a decadent extravagance, fitting the familiar stereotype of the king", but goes on to argue that the court was really "conventional, and perhaps

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Edward's lawyers put forward various arguments in the dispute with the French kings. One line of argument stemmed from the 1259 treaty agreed by Edward's grandfather, Henry III, under which Henry had agreed to give homage for Gascony; Edward's lawyers observed that this treaty, which underpinned

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argues that he "was not so much an incompetent king as a reluctant one", preferring to rule through a powerful deputy, such as Piers Gaveston or Hugh Despenser the Younger. Edward's willingness to promote his favourites had serious political consequences, although he also attempted to buy the loyalty

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Isabella, with Edward's envoys, carried out negotiations with the French in late March. The negotiations proved difficult, and they arrived at a settlement only after Isabella personally intervened with her brother, Charles. The terms favoured the French Crown: In particular, Edward would give homage

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for his own loyalty. Edward was able to reward his loyal supporters, especially the Despenser family, with the confiscated estates and new titles. The fines and confiscations made Edward rich: almost £15,000 was brought in during the first few months, and by 1326, Edward's treasury contained £62,000.

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in 1316, promising to take forward the Ordinances through a new reform commission, but he appears to have abandoned this role soon afterwards, partially because of disagreements with the other barons, and possibly because of ill-health. Lancaster refused to meet with Edward in parliament for the next

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contained clauses limiting the king's right to go to war or to grant land without parliament's approval, giving parliament control over the royal administration, abolishing the system of prises, excluding the Frescobaldi bankers, and introducing a system to monitor the adherence to the Ordinances. In

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The possibility that Edward had a sexual relationship with Gaveston or his later favourites has been extensively discussed by historians, complicated by the paucity of surviving evidence to determine for certain the details of their relationships. Homosexuality was fiercely condemned by the Church in

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Mainstream historical interpretations of Edward's death include those of Seymour Phillips, who argues that it is "likely that he was murdered, probably by suffocation"; Roy Haines, who suggests that he was probably murdered and that "there is little reason to doubt that Edward of Caernarfon's corpse

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was first performed around 1592 and focuses on Edward's relationship with Piers Gaveston, reflecting 16th-century concerns about the relationships between monarchs and their favourites. Marlowe presents Edward's death as a murder, drawing parallels between the killing and martyrdom; although Marlowe

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Music and minstrels were very popular at Edward's court, but hunting appears to have been a much less important activity, and there was little emphasis on chivalric events. Edward was interested in buildings and paintings, but less so in literary works, which were not extensively sponsored at court.

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Edward was responsible for implementing royal justice through his network of judges and officials. It is uncertain to what extent Edward took a personal interest in dispensing justice, but he appears to have involved himself to some degree during the first part of his reign, and to have increasingly

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Edward was ultimately a failure as a king; the historian Michael Prestwich observes that he "was lazy and incompetent, liable to outbursts of temper over unimportant issues, yet indecisive when it came to major issues", echoed by Roy Haines' description of Edward as "incompetent and vicious", and as

1601:, independently negotiated a peace treaty with Robert the Bruce, proposing that Edward would recognise Robert as the King of Scotland and that, in return, Robert would cease to interfere in England. Edward was furious and immediately executed Harclay, but agreed to a thirteen-year truce with Robert. 1571:

Edward punished Lancaster's supporters through a system of special courts across the country, with the judges instructed in advance how to sentence the accused, who were not allowed to speak in their own defence. Many of these so-called "Contrariants" were simply executed, and others were imprisoned

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and Philip IV to allow Gaveston to return to England, offering in exchange to suppress the Knights Templar in England, and to release Bishop Langton from prison. Edward called a new meeting of members of the Church and key barons in January 1309, and the leading earls then gathered in March and

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on 25 April 1284, less than a year after Edward I had conquered the region, and as a result is sometimes called Edward of Caernarfon. The King probably chose the castle deliberately as the location for Edward's birth as it was an important symbolic location for the native Welsh, associated with

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of the original, depicting Edward as a strong, explicitly homosexual leader, ultimately overcome by powerful enemies. In Jarman's version, Edward finally escapes captivity, following the tradition in the Fieschi letter. Edward's current popular image was also shaped by his contrasting appearance in

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Under Edward's rule, parliament's importance grew as a means of making political decisions and answering petitions, although as the historian Claire Valente notes, the gatherings were "still as much an event as an institution". After 1311, parliament began to include, in addition to the barons, the

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Roger Mortimer, Isabella and thirteen-year-old Prince Edward, accompanied by King Edward's half-brother Edmund of Woodstock, landed in Orwell on 24 September with a small force of men and met with no resistance. Instead, enemies of the Despensers moved rapidly to join them, including Edward's other

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In early 1321, Lancaster mobilised a coalition of the Despensers' enemies across the Marcher territories. Edward and Hugh the Younger became aware of these plans in March and headed west, hoping that negotiations led by the moderate Earl of Pembroke would defuse the crisis. This time, Pembroke made

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met in February 1308 in a heated atmosphere. Edward was eager to discuss the potential for governmental reform, but the barons were unwilling to begin any such debate until the problem of Gaveston had been resolved. Violence seemed likely, but the situation was resolved through the mediation of the

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to them for the lands; the English kings saw this demand as insulting to their honour, and the issue remained unresolved. Edward I also faced increasing opposition from his barons over the taxation and requisitions required to resource his wars, and left his son debts of around £200,000 on his

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Historian Roy Haines stresses the lack of evidence for any earlier relationship, while Paul Doherty argues that there is no evidence for them having been closely involved before December 1325, although he suspects that they may have been friends by 1323. While agreeing that there is no documentary

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and J. C. Davies, who focused on the development of the English constitutional and governmental system during his reign. Although critical of what they regarded as Edward II's inadequacies as a king, they also emphasised the growth of the role of parliament and the reduction in personal royal

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Edward II's tomb rapidly became a popular site for visitors, probably encouraged by the local monks, who lacked an existing pilgrimage attraction. Visitors donated extensively to the abbey, allowing the monks to rebuild much of the surrounding church in the 1330s. Miracles reportedly took place at

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Edward's authority collapsed in England where, in his absence, Isabella's faction took over the administration with the support of the Church. Her forces surrounded Bristol, where Hugh Despenser the Elder had taken shelter; he surrendered and was promptly executed. Edward and Hugh the Younger fled

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By February 1326 it was clear that Isabella was involved in a relationship with an exiled Marcher Lord, Roger Mortimer. It is unclear when Isabella first met Mortimer or when their relationship began, but they both wanted to see Edward and the Despensers removed from power. Edward appealed for his

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Edward responded to the baronial threat by revoking the Ordinances and recalling Gaveston to England, being reunited with him at York in January 1312. The barons were furious and met in London, where Gaveston was excommunicated by the Archbishop of Canterbury and plans were put in place to capture

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events, the assembly took a collective oath to defeat Bruce. It is unclear what role Prince Edward's forces played in the campaign that summer, which, under the orders of Edward I, saw a punitive, brutal retaliation against Bruce's faction in Scotland. Edward returned to England in September,

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called Mariota or Mary Maunsel for a few months until she fell ill, when Alice de Leygrave became his foster mother. He would have barely known his natural mother, Eleanor, who was in Gascony with his father during his earliest years. An official household, complete with staff, was created for the

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Most historians suggest that Edward increased his engagement with administration in the 1320s, although Michael Prestwich suggests that many of Edward's later correspondence on governmental issues were written for him by the Despensers. Generally, current historians have tended to stress Edward's

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Thomas Berkeley was spared by Edward III, after a jury concluded in 1331 that he had not been involved in the killing of the late king. The same jury found that William Ockley and Thomas Gurney had been responsible for the death. Ockley was not heard of again, but Gurney fled and was pursued

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at his court, and Edward blessed the sick, although he did this less often than his predecessors. Edward remained close to the Dominican Order, which had helped to educate him, and followed their advice in asking for papal permission to be anointed with the Holy Oil of St. Thomas of Canterbury in

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Concerns continued to be raised over fresh plots to liberate Edward, some involving the Dominican order and former household knights, and one such attempt got at least as far as breaking into the prison within the castle. As a result of these threats, Edward was moved around to other locations in

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On his return from France, Edward found his political position greatly strengthened. After intense negotiation, the earls, including Lancaster and Warwick, came to a compromise in October 1313, fundamentally very similar to the draft agreement of the previous December. Edward's finances improved,

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Gaveston's return from exile in 1307 was initially accepted by the barons, but opposition quickly grew. He appeared to have an excessive influence on royal policy, leading to complaints from one chronicler that there were "two kings reigning in one kingdom, the one in name and the other in deed".

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and lands across North Wales; he seems to have hoped that this would help pacify the region, and that it would give his son some financial independence. Edward received homage from his Welsh subjects and then joined his father for the 1301 Scottish campaign; he took an army of around 300 soldiers

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Earlier histories of Edward II considered him poorly educated, principally because he took his coronation oath in French, rather than Latin, and because of his interest in agricultural crafts. His use of French at his coronation is no longer interpreted in this fashion, but there is little other

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suggests that the story in Fieschi's letter is broadly accurate, but argues that it was in fact Mortimer and Isabella who had Edward secretly released, and who then faked his death, a fiction later maintained by Edward III when he came to power. Ian Mortimer's account was criticised by most

2088:'s colourful account of the killing. It became incorporated into most later histories of Edward, typically being linked to his possible homosexuality. Most historians now dismiss this account of Edward's death, querying the logic in his captors murdering him in such an easily detectable fashion. 1767:

as a diversionary attack. Edward issued a nationalistic appeal for his subjects to defend the kingdom, but with little impact. The regime's hold on power at the local level was fragile, the Despensers were widely disliked, and many of those Edward entrusted with the defence of the kingdom proved

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Reactions to the death of Gaveston varied considerably. Edward was furious and deeply upset over what he saw as the murder of Gaveston; he made provisions for Gaveston's family, and intended to take revenge on the barons involved. The earls of Pembroke and Surrey were embarrassed and angry about

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Following his return, Gaveston's relationship with the major barons became increasingly difficult. He was considered arrogant, and he took to referring to the earls by offensive names, including calling one of their more powerful members the "dog of Warwick". The Earl of Lancaster and Gaveston's

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Despite Edward I's successes, when he died in 1307 he left a range of challenges for his son to resolve. One of the most critical was the problem of English rule in Scotland, where Edward I's long but ultimately inconclusive military campaign was ongoing when he died. His control of Gascony

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chronicles in the mid-1330s and 1340s, respectively. One of Edward's biographers, Seymour Phillips, notes that while the hot iron story could be true, it is much more likely that he was suffocated, noting that the account of the red-hot iron seems suspiciously similar to earlier accounts of the

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Earlier historical accounts of Edward have suggested that his childhood was marred by a lack of contact with his family and an absence of familial affection, influencing his later personality and problems; although Edward's father, Edward I, is still considered an "irascible and demanding"

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One of Edward's persistent challenges through most of his reign was a shortage of money; of the debts he inherited from his father, around £60,000 was still owing in the 1320s. Edward worked his way through many treasurers and other financial officials, few of whom stayed long, raising revenues

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with a copper crown was made for the funeral; this is the first known use of a funeral effigy in England, and was probably necessary because of the condition of the King's body, as he had been dead for three months. Edward's heart was removed, placed in a silver container, and later buried with

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met privately with Edward in the castle. They informed Edward that if he were to resign as monarch, his son Edward would succeed him, but if he failed to do so, his son might be disinherited as well, and the crown given to an alternative candidate. In tears, Edward agreed to abdicate, and on 21

1339:—who would usually have been used to break up enemy spear formations—at the back of his army, rather than the front. His cavalry found it hard to operate in the cramped terrain and were crushed by Robert's spearmen. The English army was overwhelmed and its leaders were unable to regain control. 897:

and Seymour Phillips have argued that the public nature of the English royal court would have made it unlikely that any homosexual affairs would have remained discreet; neither the contemporary Church, Edward's father nor his father-in-law appear to have made any adverse comments about Edward's

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is sympathetic to the argument that Edward and Gaveston had entered into a bond of adoptive brotherhood, but with a "sexual element" to both this and Edward's relationship with Despenser; Roy Haines echoes Prestwich's judgements; Miri Rubin argues in favour of their being friends, with a "very

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Edward now expected Isabella and their son to return to England, but instead she remained in France and showed no intention of making her way back. Until 1322, Edward and Isabella's marriage appears to have been successful, but by the time Isabella left for France in 1325, it had deteriorated.

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as his wife and agreed that Prince Edward would in due course marry Philip's daughter, Isabella, who was then only two years old. In theory, this marriage would mean that the disputed Duchy of Gascony would be inherited by a descendant of both Edward and Philip, providing a possible end to the

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Meanwhile, the Earl of Pembroke had been negotiating with France to resolve the long-standing disagreements over the administration of Gascony, and as part of this Edward and Isabella agreed to travel to Paris in June 1313 to meet with Philip IV. Edward probably hoped both to resolve the

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The contemporary evidence supporting their homosexual relationship comes primarily from an anonymous chronicler in the 1320s who described how Edward "felt such love" for Gaveston that "he entered into a covenant of constancy, and bound himself with him before all other mortals with a bond of

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The famine and the Scottish policy were felt to be a punishment from God, and complaints about Edward multiplied, one contemporary poem describing the "Evil Times of Edward II". Many criticised Edward's "improper" and ignoble interest in rural pursuits. In 1318, a mentally ill man named

1093:

Edward sent assurances to the Pope that the conflict surrounding Gaveston's role was at an end. On the basis of these promises, and procedural concerns about how the original decision had been taken, the Pope agreed to annul the Archbishop's threat to excommunicate Gaveston, thus opening the

997:

to be lavishly restored in readiness for their coronation and wedding feast, complete with marble tables, forty ovens and a fountain that produced wine and pimento, a spiced medieval drink. After some delays, the ceremony went ahead on 25 February at Westminster Abbey, under the guidance of

2301:

in 1213; Edward soon ceased the payments, however, and never offered his homage, another part of the 1213 agreement. In 1325 Edward asked Pope John to instruct the Irish Church to openly preach in favour of his right to rule the island, and to threaten to excommunicate any contrary voices.

1932:

On 23 September Edward III was informed that his father had died at Berkeley Castle during the night of 21 September. Most historians agree that Edward II did die at Berkeley on that date, although there is a minority view that he died much later. His death was, as Mark Ormrod notes,

1530:

and advanced into the Welsh Marches, where the opposition forces had gathered. The coalition of Marcher Lords crumbled and the Mortimers surrendered to Edward, but Damory, Audley, and the Earl of Hereford marched north in January to join Lancaster, who had laid siege the king's castle at

969:. Edward probably hoped that the marriage would strengthen his position in Gascony and bring him much needed funds. The final negotiations, however, proved challenging: Edward and Philip IV did not like each other, and the French king drove a hard bargain over the size of Isabella's 3352:

reserved judgement, noting that "if he was indeed the author of the Anglo-Norman lament ascribed to him, he knew something of versification"; M. Smallwood feels that "the authorship question has not been settled"; Claire Valente writes "I think it unlikely that Edward II wrote the

546:, who died in August 1284, leaving Edward as the heir to the throne. Although Edward was a relatively healthy child, there were enduring concerns throughout his early years that he too might die and leave his father without a male heir. After his birth, Edward was looked after by a 2297:, elected in 1316, sought Edward's support for a new crusade, and was also inclined to support him politically. In 1317, in exchange for papal support in his war with Scotland, Edward agreed to recommence paying the annual Papal tribute, which had been first agreed to by King 1612:, the Despensers accumulated land and wealth, using their position in government to provide superficial cover for what historian Seymour Phillips describes as "the reality of fraud, threats of violence and abuse of legal procedure". Meanwhile, Edward faced growing opposition. 1811:

their castle around 2 November, leaving behind jewellery, considerable supplies, and at least £13,000 in cash, possibly once again hoping to reach Ireland, but on 16 November they were betrayed and captured by a search party north of Caerphilly. Edward was escorted first to

1496:

and the recently elevated Hugh Audley and Roger Damory. Edward, however, increasingly relied on the Despensers for advice and support, and he was particularly close to Hugh the Younger, whom one chronicler noted he "loved ... dearly with all his heart and mind".

1132:

The king and parliament met again in February 1310, and the proposed discussions of Scottish policy were replaced by debate of domestic problems. Edward was petitioned to abandon Gaveston as his counsellor and instead adopt the advice of 21 elected barons, termed

1145:

addition, the Ordinances exiled Gaveston once again, this time with instructions that he should not be allowed to live anywhere within Edward's lands, including Gascony and Ireland, and that he should be stripped of his titles. Edward retreated to his estates at

1406:, even threatening York itself. Edward undertook an expensive but unsuccessful campaign to stem the advance in 1319, but the famine made it increasingly difficult to keep his garrisons supplied with food. Meanwhile, a Scottish expedition led by Robert's brother 2411:'s study of Edward's final years, the focus of the major historical studies for several years was on the leading magnates rather than Edward himself, until substantial biographies of the king were published by Roy Haines and Seymour Phillips in 2003 and 2011. 1857:; the Earl of Arundel was beheaded. Edward's position, however, was problematic; he was still married to Isabella and, in principle, he remained the king, but most of the new administration had much to lose were he to be released and potentially regain power. 1342:

Edward stayed behind to fight, but it became obvious to the Earl of Pembroke that the battle was lost and he dragged the king away from the battlefield, hotly pursued by the Scottish forces. Edward only just escaped the heavy fighting, making a vow to found a

2103:

in 1338, who claimed to be Edward II. Some parts of the letter's content are considered broadly accurate by historians, although other aspects of its account have been criticised as implausible. A few historians have supported versions of its narrative.

1380:

two years, bringing effective governance to a standstill. This stymied any hopes for a fresh campaign into Scotland and raised fears of civil war. After much negotiation, once again involving the Earl of Pembroke, Edward and Lancaster finally agreed to the

1094:

possibility of Gaveston's return. Gaveston arrived back in England in June, where he was met by Edward. At the parliament the next month, Edward made a range of concessions to placate those opposed to Gaveston, including agreeing to limit the powers of the

2450:

does not describe the actual nature of Edward's murder in the script, it has usually been performed following the tradition that Edward was killed with a red-hot poker. The character of Edward in the play, who has been likened to Marlowe's contemporaries

1596:

and was forced to flee by sea. Edward planned a fresh campaign, backed by a round of further taxes, but confidence in his Scottish policy was diminishing. Andrew Harclay, instrumental in securing Edward's victories the previous year and recently made the

1620:

used to execute members of the opposition in Bristol. Law and order began to break down, encouraged by the chaos caused by the seizure of lands. The old opposition consisting of Marcher Lords' associates attempted to free the prisoners Edward held in

605:. In his letters, he shows a quirky sense of humour, joking about sending unsatisfactory animals to his friends, such as horses who disliked carrying their riders, or lazy hunting dogs too slow to catch rabbits. He was not particularly interested in 660:. Edward I was distraught at his wife's death and held a huge funeral for her; his son inherited the County of Ponthieu from Eleanor. Next, a French marriage was considered for the young Edward, to help secure a lasting peace with France, but 1009:

Isabella was only twelve at the time of her wedding, young even by the standards of the period, and Edward probably had sexual relations with mistresses during their first few years together. During this time he fathered an illegitimate son,

2179:

of a wider grouping of nobles through grants of money and fees. He could take a keen interest in the minutiae of administration, however, and on occasion engaged in the details of a wide range of issues across England and his wider domains.

973:

and the details of the administration of Edward's lands in France. As part of the agreement, Edward gave homage to Philip for the Duchy of Aquitaine and agreed to a commission to complete the implementation of the 1303 Treaty of Paris.

892:

in 1303 and 1308, respectively. Later accounts by chroniclers of Edward's activities may trace back to Orleton's original allegations, and were certainly adversely coloured by the events at the end of Edward's reign. Such historians as

1166:

Tensions between Edward and the barons remained high, and the earls opposed to the king kept their personal armies mobilised late into 1311. By now Edward had become estranged from his cousin, the Earl of Lancaster, who was also the

1080:

Edward called for a fresh military campaign for Scotland, but this idea was quietly abandoned, and instead the king and the barons met in August 1308 to discuss reform. Behind the scenes, Edward started negotiations to convince both

833:. Gaveston was the son of one of the King's household knights whose lands lay adjacent to Gascony, and had himself joined Prince Edward's household in 1300, possibly on Edward I's instruction. The two got on well; Gaveston became a 382:

during his reign was a positive development for England over the longer term. Debate has continued into the 21st century as to whether Edward was a lazy and incompetent king, or simply a reluctant and ultimately unsuccessful ruler.

3249:

John Boswell puts forward one of the most prominent arguments in favour of Edward and Gaveston having been lovers. Jeffrey Hamilton supports that the relationship was sexual, but that it was probably not overtly so. The historian

2075:

Controversy rapidly surrounded Edward's death. With Mortimer's execution in 1330, rumours began to circulate that Edward had been murdered at Berkeley Castle. Accounts that he had been killed by the insertion of a red-hot iron or

632:

Edward grew up to be tall and muscular, and was considered good-looking by the standards of the period. He had a reputation as a competent public speaker and was known for his generosity to household staff. Unusually, he enjoyed

3410:

Initial sources either did not suggest that Edward had been murdered at all, or suggested that he had been suffocated or strangled. The first sources to begin to successfully popularise the "anal rape" narrative were the longer

2326:

No chronicler for this period is entirely trustworthy or unbiased, often because their accounts were written to support a particular cause, but it is clear that most contemporary chroniclers were highly critical of Edward. The

1921:, who were given £5 a day for Edward's maintenance. It is unclear how well cared for Edward was; the records show luxury goods being bought on his behalf, but some chroniclers suggest that he was often mistreated. A poem, the " 1442:, swapped at birth. John was duly executed, but his claims resonated with those criticising Edward for his lack of regal behaviour and steady leadership. Opposition also grew around Edward's treatment of his royal favourites. 696: 1955:, but this move was highly unpopular. Isabella and Mortimer both amassed and spent great wealth, and criticism of them mounted. Relations between Mortimer and Edward III became strained and in 1330 the king conducted a 1203:

Gaveston and prevent him from fleeing to Scotland. Edward, Isabella and Gaveston left for Newcastle, pursued by Lancaster and his followers. Abandoning many of their belongings, the royal party fled by ship and landed at

3225:

Edward II faced criticism from contemporaries for favouring Gaveston above his half-brothers, although detailed research by Alison Marshall shows more generosity, Marshall arguing that "for once", Edward was criticised

1106:, and to abandon recently enacted customs legislation; in return, parliament agreed to fresh taxes for the war in Scotland. Temporarily, at least, Edward and the barons appeared to have come to a successful compromise. 752:, deploying his own siege engine in the operation. In the spring of 1304, Edward conducted negotiations with the rebel Scottish leaders on the King's behalf and, when these failed, he joined his father for the siege of 3239:

held Prince Edward responsible for savage attacks on the local population; the historian Seymour Phillips has noted that many of Rishanger's other details are incorrect, and casts doubt on the chronicle's more extreme

1754:

During August and September 1326, Edward mobilised his defences along the coasts of England to protect against the possibility of an invasion either by France or by Roger Mortimer. Fleets were gathered at the ports of

2000:

and oak barriers to manage the anticipated crowds. Edward III's government probably hoped to put a veneer of normality over the recent political events, increasing the legitimacy of the young king's own reign.

1351:

if he survived. The historian Roy Haines describes the defeat as a "calamity of stunning proportions" for the English, whose losses in the battle were huge. In the aftermath of the defeat, Edward retreated to

313:

provoked discontent both among the barons and the French royal family, and Edward was forced to exile him. On Gaveston's return, the barons pressured the King into agreeing to wide-ranging reforms called the

1374:

After the fiasco of Bannockburn, the Earls of Lancaster and Warwick saw their political influence increase, and they pressured Edward to re-implement the Ordinances of 1311. Lancaster became the head of the

934:. Edward travelled from London immediately after the news reached him, and on 20 July he was proclaimed king. He continued north into Scotland and on 4 August received homage from his Scottish supporters at 517:, a 16th-century clergyman, suggested that the baby was offered to the Welsh as a prince "that was borne in Wales and could speake never a word of English", but there is no evidence to support this account. 2347:

for example all condemned the king's personality, habits and choice of companions. Other records from his reign show criticism by his contemporaries, including the Church and members of his own household.

3382:

The historian Joel Burden notes that this delay in burial was not unusual for the period; the bodies of many other royalty, including Edward I and Isabella of France, remained unburied for a similar

2095:", sent to Edward III by an Italian priest called Manuel Fieschi, who claimed that Edward escaped Berkeley Castle in 1327 with the help of a servant and ultimately retired to become a hermit in the 1711:

Edward's opponents began to gather around Isabella and Mortimer in Paris, and Edward became increasingly anxious about the possibility that Mortimer might invade England. Isabella and Mortimer turned to

1504:

Edward began to plan his revenge. With the help of Pembroke, he formed a small coalition of his half-brothers, a few of the earls and some of the senior clergy, and prepared for war. Edward started with

1222:, where the Earl of Lancaster and the rest of his faction assembled on 18 June. At a brief trial, Gaveston was declared guilty of being a traitor under the terms of the Ordinances; he was beheaded on 1211:, on the promise that he would not be harmed. He had with him a huge collection of gold, silver and gems, probably part of the royal treasury, which he was later accused of having stolen from Edward. 942:, before arranging his marriage to the wealthy Margaret de Clare. Edward also arrested his old adversary Bishop Langton, and dismissed him from his post as treasurer. Edward I's body was kept at 2267:

Edward's approach to religion was normal for the period, and the historian Michael Prestwich describes him as "a man of wholly conventional religious attitudes". There were daily chapel services and

1572:

or fined, with their lands seized and their surviving relatives detained. The Earl of Pembroke, whom Edward now mistrusted, was arrested; he was released only after pledging all his possessions as

3436:

has noted that most of Geoffrey le Baker's story "belongs to the world of romance rather than of history", but has also noted that Edward "very possibly" died from the insertion of a red-hot iron.

1604:

Hugh Despenser the Younger lived and ruled in grand style, playing a leading role in Edward's government, and executing policy through a wide network of family retainers. Supported by Chancellor

322:, a group of the barons seized and executed Gaveston in 1312, beginning several years of armed confrontation. English forces were pushed back in Scotland, where Edward was decisively defeated by 3290:

It is unclear who wrote this part of the coronation oath, or what their intentions where. Historical discussions over the coronation oath have included debate over the tense of the Latin phrase

656:, who had a potential claim to the crown of Scotland. Margaret died later that year, bringing an end to the plan. Edward's mother, Eleanor, died shortly afterwards, followed by his grandmother, 357:

with a small army in 1326. Edward's regime collapsed and he fled into Wales, where he was captured in November. Edward was forced to relinquish his crown in January 1327 in favour of his son,

1929:

secret for a period, before returning to permanent custody at the castle in late summer 1327. The political situation remained unstable, and new plots appear to have been formed to free him.

574:

Spending increased on Edward's personal household as he grew older and, in 1293, William of Blyborough took over as its administrator. Edward was probably given a religious education by the

645:, and enjoyed associating with labourers and other lower-class workers. This behaviour was not considered normal for the nobility of the period and attracted criticism from contemporaries. 930:

Edward I mobilised another army for the Scottish campaign in 1307, which Prince Edward was due to join that summer, but the elderly king had been increasingly unwell and died on 7 July at

774:, and declared himself King of the Scots. Edward I mobilised a fresh army, but decided that, this time, his son would be formally in charge of the expedition. Prince Edward was made the 3216:

The historian Seymour Phillips notes, however, that there is relatively little hard evidence to support the statements made by contemporaries about Edward's enjoyment of rural pastimes.

1453:, instantly making them extremely rich. Many of the moderates who had helped deliver the peaceful compromise in 1318 now began to turn against Edward, making violence ever more likely. 1388: 341:, became close friends and advisers to Edward, but in 1321 Lancaster and many of the barons seized the Despensers' lands and forced the King to exile them. In response, Edward led a 3307:, the late Earl of Gloucester, who died fighting at Bannockburn. The estates were divided up among his three sisters, one of whom was already married to Hugh Despenser the Younger. 2359:

Historians in the 16th and 17th centuries focused on Edward's relationship with Gaveston, drawing comparisons between Edward's reign and the events surrounding the relationship of

2191:

during his reign when arguing in defence of his causes and favourites, which may have attracted criticism from those who perceived this as abandoning the established principles of

10955: 2239:

Edward's royal court was itinerant, travelling around the country with him. When housed in Westminster Palace, the court occupied a complex of two halls, seven chambers and three

3166:

It is impossible to accurately convert sums of medieval money into modern incomes and prices. For comparison, it cost Edward's father, Edward I, around £15,000 to build the

629:, either because he lacked the aptitude or because he had been banned from participating for his personal safety, but he was certainly enthusiastic in his support of the sport. 3401:

Earlier scholarship had argued that the effigy on the tomb was an idealised carving, although more recent work has put more emphasis on its likely resemblance to Edward II.

1492:. The Earl of Lancaster and the Despensers were fierce enemies, and Lancaster's antipathy was shared by most of the Despensers' neighbours, including the Earl of Hereford, the 1199:, Lancaster led a powerful faction in England, but he was not personally interested in practical administration, nor was he a particularly imaginative or effective politician. 884:

comments are vaguely worded; Orleton's allegations were at least in part politically motivated, and are very similar to the highly politicised sodomy allegations made against

2084:

slowly began to spread, possibly as a result of deliberate propaganda; chroniclers in the mid-1330s and 1340s disseminated this account further, supported in later years by

1867:

Shortly after this, a representative delegation of barons, clergy and knights was sent to Kenilworth to speak to the king. On 20 January 1327, the Earl of Lancaster and the

2061:

in 1395. The tomb was opened by officials in 1855, uncovering a wooden coffin, still in good condition, and a sealed lead coffin inside it. The tomb remains in what is now

12168: 1398:

Meanwhile, Robert the Bruce exploited his victory at Bannockburn to raid northern England, initially attacking Carlisle and Berwick, and then reaching further south into

1090:. Another parliament followed, which refused to allow Gaveston to return to England, but offered to grant Edward additional taxes if he agreed to a programme of reform. 837:

and was soon being referred to as a close companion of Edward, before being knighted by the King during the Feast of the Swans in 1306. The King then exiled Gaveston to

2352:

were written about him, complaining about his failure in war and his oppressive government. Later in the 14th century, some chroniclers, such as Geoffrey le Baker and

1768:

incompetent or promptly turned against the regime. Some 2,000 men were ordered to gather at Orwell to repel any invasion, but only 55 appear to have actually arrived.

1446: 10727: 3482:

even rather dull"; Seymour Phillips questions if the naked French dancers were genuinely extravagant or simply intended to fit in with local French royal culture.

2108:

questions the veracity of the letter and the identity of William the Welshman, but nonetheless has suspicions that Edward may have survived his imprisonment. The

2360: 1218:

in the Midlands, putting Gaveston under guard there while he went to visit his wife. The Earl of Warwick took this opportunity to seize Gaveston, taking him to

853:. Both men had sexual relationships with their wives, who bore them children; Edward also had an illegitimate son, and may have had an affair with his niece, 3392:

Although it was normal for Westminster Abbey to be used to bury English monarchs by the 14th century, the practice was not as formalised as it later became.

10948: 1129:

to acquire supplies for the war in Scotland. His attempts to raise an army for Scotland collapsed and the earls suspended the collection of the new taxes.

869:, was accused of having stated in 1326 that Edward was a "sodomite", although Orleton defended himself by arguing that he had meant that Edward's adviser, 861:

indissoluble love, firmly drawn up and fastened with a knot." The first specific suggestion that Edward engaged in sex with men was recorded in 1334, when

3188:

evidence to show to what extent Edward was educated. The links drawn between an interest in crafts and low intelligence are no longer considered accurate.

12193: 3147: 2407:

re-focused attention on the role of the individual leaders in the conflicts. With the exceptions of Hilda Johnstone's work on Edward's early years and

2272:

1319; this request was refused, causing the king some embarrassment. Edward supported the expansion of the universities during his reign, establishing

1293: 1121:

enemies refused to attend parliament in 1310 because Gaveston would be present. Edward was facing increasing financial problems, owing £22,000 to his

965:

in charge of the kingdom. This arrangement was unusual, and involved unprecedented powers being delegated to Gaveston, backed by a specially engraved

318:. The newly empowered barons banished Gaveston, to which Edward responded by revoking the reforms and recalling his favourite. Led by Edward's cousin 305:, who had joined his household in 1300. The precise nature of Edward and Gaveston's relationship is uncertain; they may have been friends, lovers, or 1841:

Isabella and Mortimer rapidly took revenge on the former regime. Hugh Despenser the Younger was put on trial, declared a traitor and sentenced to be

1728:

to assist in the invasion of England. Prince Edward and Philippa were betrothed on 27 August, and Isabella and Mortimer prepared for their campaign.

1140:

By now the Ordainers had drawn up their Ordinances for reform and Edward had little political choice but to give way and accept them in October. The

9489:

Burgtorf, Jochen (2008). "'With my life, his joyes began and ended': Piers Gaveston and King Edward II of England Revisited". In Saul, Nigel (ed.).

1776:, who had inherited the earldom from his brother Thomas; and a range of senior clergy. Ensconced in the residence halls of the fortified and secure 9425:(1988). "The Political Repercussions of Family Ties in the Early Fourteenth Century: The Marriage of Edward II of England and Isabelle of France". 1934: 10573:. The Durham Conference. Proceedings of the Durham Conference. Vol. X. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press (published 2005). pp. 197–209. 10941: 8017: 7931: 3281:

The story that Edward I had asked his son to swear to boil his body, bury the flesh and take bones on campaign in Scotland was a later invention.

1506: 731:

Edward I returned to Scotland once again in 1300, and this time took his son with him, making him the commander of the rearguard at the siege of

9714:

L'art de verifier les dates des faits historiques, des chartes, des chroniques et autres anciens monuments depuis la naissance de notre-seigneur

3335:

takes a more radical perspective, arguing that they met much earlier, and that Isabella helped Mortimer escape from the Tower of London in 1323.

10194:

Ormrod, W. Mark (2004). "Monarchy, Martyrdom and Masculinity: England in the Later Middle Ages". In Cullum, P. H.; Lewis, Katherine J. (eds.).

1905:

Those opposed to the new government began to make plans to free Edward, and Roger Mortimer decided to move him to the more secure location of

841:

in 1307 for reasons that remain unclear. According to one chronicler, Edward had asked his father to allow him to give Gaveston the County of

3175: 1799:

and then for Ireland, where the king hoped to receive refuge and raise a fresh army. Bad weather drove them back, though, and they landed at

1480:

had served both Edward and his father, while Hugh Despenser the Younger had married into the wealthy de Clare family, become the King's

501:, and it formed the centre of the new royal administration of North Wales. Edward's birth brought predictions of greatness from contemporary 8075: 7642: 3579: 2247:

There was an extensive use of gold and silver plates, jewels and enamelling at court, which would have been richly decorated. Edward kept a

1207:, where Gaveston stayed while Edward and Isabella returned to York. After a short siege, Gaveston surrendered to the earls of Pembroke and 1476:

finally broke out in England in 1321, triggered by the tension between many of the barons and the royal favourites, the Despenser family.

2524:

strongly hinted at a homosexual relationship between the pair, while avoiding making this aspect explicit. It was initially shown at the

2420: 1267:. Philip gave lenient terms for settling the problems in Gascony, and the event was spoiled only by a serious fire in Edward's quarters. 2115:

believes the events in the letter to be essentially true, using the letter to argue that Isabella was innocent of murdering Edward. and

1445:

Edward had managed to retain some of his previous advisers, despite attempts by the Ordainers to remove them, and divided the extensive

12158: 11725: 9892:

Horne, Peter (1999). "The besotted King and his Adonis: Representations of Edward II and Gaveston in late nineteenth-century England".

1720:. In return for the advantageous alliance with the English heir to the throne, and a sizeable dower for the bride, William offered 132 2174:"no man of business". Edward did not just delegate routine government to his subordinates, but also higher level decision making, and 12163: 9470:

Burden, Joel (2004). "Re-writing a Rite of Passage: The Peculiar Funeral of Edward II". In McDonald, Nicola; Ormrod, W. Mark (eds.).

1951:

The rule of Isabella and Mortimer did not last long after the announcement of Edward's death. They made peace with the Scots in the

12213: 12148: 3304: 1184: 938:, before abandoning the campaign and returning south. Edward promptly recalled Piers Gaveston, who was then in exile, and made him 428: 1179:, with an income of around £11,000 a year from his lands, almost double that of the next wealthiest baron. Backed by the earls of 12173: 2368: 2128:, who argues that there is no "convincing evidence for Edward’s survival, let alone for it being the result of a Mortimer plot”. 1188: 1584:

The English campaign against Scotland was planned on a massive scale, with a force of about 23,000 men. Edward advanced through

12143: 11786: 10767: 2528:

in 1872 but was marginalised in later decades as the issue of homosexuality became more sensitive. More recently, the director

2091:

Another set of theories surround the possibility that Edward did not really die in 1327. These theories typically involve the "

1914: 1520: 1196: 1192: 443:

over the country. He was considered an extremely successful ruler by his contemporaries, largely able to control the powerful

12178: 10627: 10597: 10578: 10474: 10455: 10434: 10397: 10378: 10320: 10240: 10203: 10184: 10142: 10080: 10058: 10039: 10020: 9975: 9938: 9880: 9806: 9787: 9765: 9695: 9676: 9626: 9603: 9576: 9550: 9520: 9498: 9479: 9412: 9393: 9337: 8281: 2786: 1384:

in August 1318, which pardoned Lancaster and his faction and established a new royal council, temporarily averting conflict.

1226:

the following day, under the authority of Lancaster. Gaveston's body was not buried until 1315, when his funeral was held in

711:

against Philip IV, who had occupied part of the English king's lands in Gascony. On his return, Edward I signed a

12138: 11806: 2356:, rehabilitated Edward, presenting him as a martyr and a potential saint, although this tradition died out in later years. 1819:. Edward's final remaining forces, by now besieged in Caerphilly Castle, surrendered after four months in March 1327. 1180: 1069:

by the Archbishop of Canterbury should he return. At the last moment, Edward changed his mind and instead sent Gaveston to

716: 10735: 3141: 2041:, and wearing a strawberry-leaf crown. The effigy features a pronounced lower lip, and may be a close likeness of Edward. 12198: 12069: 9563:(1991). "'Welcome My Brother': Edward II, John of Powderham and the Chronicles, 1318". In Wood, Ian; Loud, G. A. (eds.). 1535:. Bolstered by fresh reinforcements from the Marcher Lords, Edward pursued them, meeting Lancaster's army on 10 March at 1208: 1488:

in 1317. Hugh the Younger subsequently expanded his holdings and power across Wales, mainly at the expense of the other

12087: 2390:

By the end of the 19th century, more administrative records from the period had become available to historians such as

1062: 759:

In 1305, Edward and his father quarrelled, probably over the issue of money. The prince had an altercation with Bishop

720:

long-running tensions. The young Edward seems to have got on well with his new stepmother, who gave birth to two sons,

2724: 10778: 1913:, where Edward arrived around 5 April 1327. Once at the castle, he was kept in the custody of Mortimer's son-in-law, 1626: 350: 3321:, Edward's personal property, and as such not subject to the French king's laws on the carrying of weapons or money. 3197:

The historian Seymour Phillips considers it probable that Edward possessed some Latin; Roy Haines is less convinced.

11846: 2596: 1275:(£25,000) from the Pope, £33,000 borrowed from Philip, and further loans organised by Edward's new Italian banker, 1019: 192: 2045:

the tomb, and modifications had to be made to enable visitors to walk around it in larger numbers. The chronicler

12188: 12153: 10252:

Perry, Curtis (2000). "The politics of access and representations of the sodomite king in early modern England".

3445:

For a critique of the theory that Edward II survived his imprisonment, see David Carpenter's review in the

1331:, which was surrounded by marshland. Skirmishing between the two sides broke out, resulting in the death of Sir 880:

Alternatively, Edward and Gaveston may have simply been friends with a close working relationship. Contemporary

11718: 2934: 12183: 12123: 11980: 10569:

Tebbit, Alistair (2003). Written at Durham, UK. Prestwich, Michael; Britnell, Richard; Frame, Robin (eds.).

2992: 1392: 1369: 1087: 436: 412: 331: 319: 275: 197: 11615: 11578: 9347:

Alexander, James W. (1985). "A Historiographical Survey: Norman and Plantagenet Kings since World War II".

2966: 1988:

at Berkeley Castle, where it was viewed by local leaders from Bristol and Gloucester. It was then taken to

1773: 1204: 55: 8318: 578:, whom his mother invited into his household in 1290. He was assigned one of his grandmother's followers, 11876: 11340: 9508: 3086: 2212: 2125: 1713: 1327:

The battle began on 23 June as the English army attempted to force its way across the high ground of the

922: 699:

Early 14th-century depiction of Edward I (left) declaring his son Edward (right) the Prince of Wales

187: 11329: 2908: 12007: 11896: 11886: 11625: 11303: 11271: 3269: 3054: 2692: 2380: 2281: 1737: 1074: 870: 771: 354: 338: 20: 10774: 10756: 10496: 9995:

The childhood and household of Edward II's half-brothers, Thomas of Brotherton and Edmund of Woodstock

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Edward's life has also been used in a wide variety of other media. In the Victorian era, the painting

2512:

shows Edward II cavorting with Gaveston at left, while nobles and courtiers look on with concern.

1577:

A parliament was held at York on 2 May 1322 at which the Ordinances were formally revoked through the

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in 1325, she turned against Edward and refused to return. Isabella allied herself with the exiled

298:, as part of a long-running effort to resolve the tensions between the English and French crowns. 290:. Edward succeeded to the throne the next year, following his father's death. In 1308, he married 11816: 11756: 11390: 11385: 11370: 11345: 9729: 9056: 8079: 7650: 3587: 2165: 1925:", has been attributed to Edward during his imprisonment by some scholars, but this is disputed. 1670:, numbered 7,000. Valois took the Agenais and then advanced further and cut off the main city of 1544: 966: 11052: 1893: 1853:; he was duly executed on 24 November 1326. Edward's former chancellor, Robert Baldock, died in 279: 12208: 11569: 11454: 11400: 11375: 11350: 11335: 11207: 11042: 10162: 9998: 9953: 9649: 9568: 2606: 2539: 2255:

with him on campaign to Scotland. The court could be entertained in exotic ways: by an Italian

1781: 1747: 946:

for several months before being taken for burial to Westminster, where Edward erected a simple

712: 684: 597:

Edward had a normal upbringing for a member of a royal family. He was interested in horses and

542:

names selected for Edward's brothers: John and Henry, who had died before Edward was born, and

11512: 10412: 10218: 9858: 11996: 11866: 11766: 11559: 11469: 11449: 11380: 11318: 11308: 11298: 11177: 11172: 11145: 11106: 11101: 10763: 9422: 9280:"Eleanor [Eleanor of Provence] (c.1223–1291), Queen of England, Consort of Henry III" 2666: 2630:), who accompanied his father in the Scottish campaigns of 1322 and died shortly afterwards. 2586: 2298: 1952: 1815:, and from there back into England, where he was held at the Earl of Lancaster's fortress at 1763:

on the east coast, and a raiding force of 1,600 men was sent across the English Channel into

1414:. He was finally defeated in 1318 by Edward II's Irish justiciar, Edmund Butler, at the 1298: 1288: 1057: 728:

in 1301. As king, Edward later provided his half-brothers with financial support and titles.

420: 379: 327: 11264: 11016: 3207:

figure, his childhood is no longer thought unusual for the period, or particularly isolated.

12133: 12128: 11856: 11537: 11484: 11474: 11464: 11437: 11355: 11278: 11212: 11157: 11151: 11140: 11134: 11084: 10903: 10797: 10731: 10672:—— (2002). "The 'Lament of Edward II': Religious lyric, political propaganda". 2616: 2602: 2590: 2451: 2372: 2335: 2062: 1978: 1717: 1652: 1647:

The disagreements between Edward and the French Crown over the Duchy of Gascony led to the

1573: 1481: 1411: 1023: 1003: 943: 866: 721: 687:, but this too failed after King Philip was able to have the proposed bride sent to Paris. 531: 137: 43: 9709: 1418:, and Edward Bruce's severed head was sent back to Edward II. Revolts also broke out 8: 12104: 11564: 11517: 11459: 11395: 11192: 11182: 11162: 11128: 10933: 9299:"Eleanor [Eleanor of Castile] (1241–1290), Queen of England, Consort of Edward I" 2812: 2504: 2455: 2440: 2364: 1922: 1648: 1642: 1309: 1256: 1243: 1046: 823: 732: 725: 661: 657: 587: 579: 369: 295: 233: 9758:

The English Nobility in the Late Middle Ages: The fourteenth-century political community

2223: 1438:

appeared in Oxford, claiming that he was the real Edward II, and that Edward was a

1263:, and a public declaration that both kings and their queens would join a crusade to the 799:

where diplomatic negotiations to finalise a date for his wedding to Isabella continued.

12045: 11776: 11601: 11239: 11187: 11111: 10868: 10705: 10697: 10557: 10499:

King Edward II: Edward of Caernarfon, his life, his reign, and its aftermath, 1284–1330

10492: 10357: 10285: 10277: 9841: 9753: 9458: 9450: 9372: 2534: 2192: 2038: 1861: 1828: 1666:

Edward's forces in Gascony were around 4,400 strong, but the French army, commanded by

1622: 1419: 1415: 1317: 1141: 1115: 1042: 994: 954: 885: 877:

from the 1390s simply notes that Edward gave himself "too much to the vice of sodomy".

787: 740: 695: 681: 559: 416: 315: 291: 283: 243: 151: 10782: 1944:, later fled. If Edward died from natural causes, his death may have been hastened by 1014:, who was born possibly as early as 1307. Edward and Isabella's first son, the future 11234: 11047: 10879: 10856: 10709: 10689: 10660: 10623: 10593: 10574: 10549: 10520: 10470: 10451: 10430: 10393: 10374: 10349: 10316: 10289: 10269: 10236: 10199: 10180: 10138: 10107: 10076: 10054: 10035: 10016: 9971: 9968:

Shakespeare's Marlowe: The influence of Christopher Marlowe on Shakespeare's artistry

9934: 9917: 9909: 9876: 9833: 9802: 9783: 9775: 9761: 9741: 9717: 9691: 9672: 9622: 9599: 9572: 9546: 9516: 9494: 9475: 9462: 9442: 9408: 9389: 9376: 9364: 9333: 8277: 3433: 3251: 3236: 2844: 2612: 2555: 2468: 2459: 2109: 2096: 2085: 2046: 1962: 1939: 1868: 1816: 1804: 1667: 1548: 1493: 1435: 1172: 1168: 1027: 894: 783: 775: 649: 564: 539: 489: 481: 448: 287: 202: 171: 110: 11095: 1957: 680:

in 1294. The idea was replaced with the proposal of a marriage to a daughter of the

12033: 11552: 11542: 11432: 11405: 11257: 11089: 11009: 11002: 10681: 10650: 10541: 10512: 10341: 10261: 10099: 9901: 9825: 9434: 9356: 3345: 3268:

Despite Edward appointing Piers Gaveston as the Earl of Cornwall in 1307, Edward's

3256: 3171: 2480: 2445: 2431: 2404: 2353: 1989: 1877: 1860:

There was no established procedure for removing an English king. Adam Orleton, the

1721: 1708:

son to return, and for Charles to intervene on his behalf, but this had no effect.

1609: 1598: 1276: 982: 939: 854: 791: 767: 745: 669: 374: 323: 1563: 1320:

to relieve the castle. Robert, with between 5,500 and 6,500 troops, predominantly

12057: 11734: 11547: 11292: 11122: 11074: 11064: 11058: 10910: 10837: 10833: 10603: 10480: 9981: 9664: 9632: 9582: 9560: 9538: 9526: 3429: 3421: 2376: 2208: 2188: 2175: 2105: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1872: 1812: 1777: 1695:

giving homage in 1325 to Charles IV under the guidance of Isabella of France

1630: 1578: 1536: 1532: 1381: 1066: 958: 902: 889: 874: 753: 736: 575: 535: 460: 459:

created tension with the French kings. They insisted that the English kings give

452: 396: 362: 263: 123: 51: 10655: 10638: 10073:

The Greatest Traitor: The life of Sir Roger Mortimer, ruler of England 1327–1330

2554:

have focused on the sexual aspects of Edward and Gaveston's relationship, while

270:, Edward became the heir to the throne following the death of his older brother 12021: 11645: 11532: 11489: 11443: 11228: 10154: 9614: 9298: 9279: 3468:

Among his more esoteric valuables, Edward had a pitcher, allegedly made from a

2400: 2391: 2349: 2294: 2288: 2092: 1605: 1540: 1332: 1219: 1146: 1082: 999: 931: 830: 819: 760: 749: 521: 408: 302: 10516: 3259:

believes it most likely that Edward regarded Gaveston as his adoptive brother.

2538:, first performed in 1995; the music from the ballet forms a part of composer 2033:

and gloves from his coronation, and his effigy depicts him as king, holding a

1629:, one of the most prominent of the imprisoned Marcher Lords, escaped from the 1449:

among two of his new favourites, the former household knights Hugh Audley and

1271:

thanks to parliament agreeing to the raising of taxes, a loan of 160,000

1018:, was born in 1312 amid great celebrations, and three more children followed: 12117: 10693: 10664: 10553: 10524: 10353: 10273: 10111: 9913: 9905: 9837: 9745: 9721: 9446: 9368: 2529: 2525: 2408: 2384: 2329: 2319: 2277: 2256: 2116: 2026: 1850: 1842: 1788: 1552: 1485: 1473: 1467: 1376: 1312:

once held by Edward, pushing raiding parties into northern England as far as

1302: 1223: 1176: 1150: 906: 748:. Prince Edward also took part in the 1303 campaign during which he besieged 622: 598: 498: 424: 419:

royal family. Edward I proved a successful military leader, leading the

342: 306: 37: 10484: 9985: 9855:

The Character of Edward II: The letters of Edward of Caernarfon reconsidered

9636: 2599:(15 August 1316 – 13 September 1336). Died aged 20. Never married. No issue. 2065:, and was extensively restored in 2007 and 2008 at a cost of over £100,000. 807: 12040: 11670: 11427: 10607: 9921: 9705: 9586: 9530: 8269: 3349: 3167: 2575: 2521: 2509: 2476: 1854: 1760: 1742: 1527: 1510: 1489: 1450: 1407: 1328: 1095: 1011: 986: 862: 613:, both popular activities in the 14th century. He enjoyed music, including 432: 207: 12052: 11022: 10121:

Sermons of sodomy: A reconsideration of Edward II's sodomitical reputation

9782:. Montreal, Canada and Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. 926:

Edward II shown receiving the English crown in a contemporary illustration

11956: 11946: 11675: 11660: 11245: 10615: 10103: 2395: 2112: 1515: 1260: 1125:

Italian bankers, and facing protests about how he was using his right of

1122: 614: 525: 514: 510: 506: 493: 477: 223: 10011:

Martin, Matthew R. (2010). "Introduction". In Martin, Matthew R. (ed.).

9565:

Church and Chronicle in the Middle Ages: Essays Presented to John Taylor

2570: 2315: 1716:, and proposed a marriage between Prince Edward and William's daughter, 1410:

successfully invaded Ireland in 1315. Edward Bruce declared himself the

1279:. For the first time in his reign, Edward's government was well funded. 985:

as a wedding gift, and her father gave her gifts worth over 21,000

11926: 11906: 11826: 11650: 11640: 11630: 11217: 11079: 10847: 10701: 10561: 10361: 10281: 9845: 9454: 2497: 2492: 2484: 2463: 2268: 2054: 2018: 1993: 1756: 1692: 1439: 1399: 1215: 1103: 1038: 1015: 990: 881: 677: 451:

describes Edward I as "a king to inspire fear and respect", while

440: 358: 94: 71: 10373:. Berkeley, CA & Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. 10135:

The Perfect King: The life of Edward III, father of the English nation

8454: 8452: 2155: 1547:, and captured the earl. Edward and Hugh the Younger met Lancaster at 11916: 11836: 11665: 11635: 11222: 11197: 3235:

The English 1306 campaign in Scotland was brutal, and the chronicler

3174:

of Conwy, while the annual income of a 14th-century nobleman such as

2228: 2119:

has claimed that Edward's survival is "a possibility". The historian

2077: 2058: 2014: 1997: 1846: 1593: 1589: 1427: 1403: 1344: 1134: 993:. The pair returned to England in February, where Edward had ordered 795: 602: 547: 310: 11323: 10685: 10545: 10345: 10265: 10090:—— (2005). "The Death of Edward II in Berkeley Castle". 9829: 9438: 2375:. In the first half of the 19th century, popular historians such as 2146: 1687: 1539:. Lancaster, outnumbered, retreated without a fight, fleeing north. 1102:

of the royal household, to regulate the Crown's unpopular powers of

447:

that formed the senior ranks of the English nobility. The historian

365:

on 21 September, probably murdered on the orders of the new regime.

11936: 11796: 11703: 11655: 11596: 11202: 11027: 10872: 10826: 9360: 8449: 7922: 7920: 2487: 1985: 1792: 1764: 1671: 1616:

were reported around the late Earl of Lancaster's tomb, and at the

1321: 1313: 1214:

On the way back from the north, Pembroke stopped in the village of

1153:; Gaveston left England, possibly for northern France or Flanders. 978: 935: 842: 708: 626: 610: 568: 267: 84: 9513:

The Struggle for Mastery: The Penguin History of Britain 1066–1284

9493:. Vol. V. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press. pp. 31–51. 9472:

Rites of Passage: Cultures of Transition in the Fourteenth Century

652:, in which he promised to marry his six-year-old son to the young 266:

from 1307 until he was deposed in January 1327. The fourth son of

11573: 11479: 10750: 9931:

The Great Famine: Northern Europe in the early fourteenth century

9816:

Hamilton, J. S. (1991). "Piers Gaveston and the royal treasure".

3469: 3424:; the similarities to this earlier story are also highlighted by 2425: 2124:

scholars when it was first published, in particular by historian

2100: 2034: 1800: 1725: 1660: 1656: 1617: 1613: 1585: 1423: 1336: 1238: 1099: 838: 815: 811: 606: 502: 400: 218: 10448:

English Identity and Political Culture in the Fourteenth Century

9780:

King Edward II: His life, his reign and its aftermath, 1284–1330

7917: 4131: 4129: 2013:

in London. His tomb includes a very early example of an English

1833: 1387:

Edward's difficulties were exacerbated by prolonged problems in

11365: 11313: 11037: 11032: 2240: 2204: 2196: 2050: 2022: 2005: 1750:, probably owned by Edward and looted during the events of 1326 1581:, and fresh taxes agreed for a new campaign against the Scots. 1353: 1348: 1272: 1264: 1070: 947: 850: 834: 779: 704: 634: 534:, and was chosen by his father instead of the more traditional 404: 10467:

The Hollow Crown: A history of Britain in the late Middle Ages

2187:

intervened in person after 1322. Edward made extensive use of

1324:, prepared to prevent Edward's forces from reaching Stirling. 551:

new baby, under the direction of a clerk, Giles of Oudenarde.

12063: 11285: 9950:

Rise of a Royal Favourite: The Early Career of Hugh Despenser

9646:

Parliament and Political Legitimacy in the Reign of Edward II

5937: 4126: 3318: 2276:

in Cambridge to promote training in religious and civil law,

2248: 1796: 1391:, part of a wider phenomenon in northern Europe known as the 1126: 970: 790:. Amid a huge feast in the neighbouring hall, reminiscent of 642: 638: 618: 601:, and became a good rider; he also liked dogs, in particular 591: 528: 10198:. Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press. pp. 174–191. 2619:

on 17 July 1328 and became Queen of Scots, but had no issue.

1992:

on 21 October, and on 20 December, Edward was buried by the

590:

in his daily life, in addition to some English and possibly

11069: 6106: 6104: 4978: 4976: 4974: 3144:, specifically the note on historiographical considerations 2593:

on 24 January 1328. They had eight sons and five daughters.

2259:

in 1312, and the following year by 54 nude French dancers.

2252: 2081: 2030: 1784:, and taking the Tower and releasing the prisoners inside. 1357: 905:, suggests that Edward and Gaveston entered into a bond of 444: 10963: 9818:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

6116: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 2057:

gave royal support for an unsuccessful bid to have Edward

5825: 5823: 4930: 4928: 4038: 3829: 3763: 3761: 1242:

Edward (left) and Philip IV at the knighting ceremony of

766:

The Scottish conflict flared up once again in 1306, when

6440: 6438: 6101: 4971: 4961: 4959: 2199:; much of Ireland similarly disintegrated into anarchy. 1567:

Edward (third from the left) hunting with Philip IV

554: 254:(25 April 1284 – 21 September 1327), also known as 9474:. Woodbridge, UK: York Medieval Press. pp. 13–30. 4050: 3848: 3846: 3844: 2546:, produced in 2000. Novels such as John Penford's 1984 2439:

Several plays have shaped Edward's contemporary image.

301:

Edward had a close and controversial relationship with

10392:(2nd ed.). London & New York, NY: Routledge. 10390:

The Three Edwards: War and state in England, 1272–1377

9732:(1935). "The literacy of the medieval English kings". 9704: 9273: 5820: 4925: 4269: 4267: 4071: 3886: 3758: 1356:, then travelled by ship to Berwick, and then back to 735:. In the spring of 1301, the King declared Edward the 274:. Beginning in 1300, Edward accompanied his father on 12005: 10315:. New Haven, CT & London: Yale University Press. 9596:

Prophecy and Public Affairs in Later Medieval England

9405:

Ecce Homo: The male-body-in-pain as redemptive figure

8986: 8984: 8855: 8853: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6435: 5755: 5753: 5061: 5059: 4988: 4956: 1837:

A 15th-century depiction of Isabella capturing Edward

1555:, the earl was found guilty of treason and beheaded. 1509:, and Isabella was sent to Bartholomew's stronghold, 1308:

By 1314, Robert the Bruce had recaptured most of the

1233: 334:

followed, and criticism of the King's reign mounted.

10764:"Archival material relating to Edward II of England" 8772: 8770: 8705: 8703: 7514: 7512: 6859: 6857: 6772: 6770: 6365: 6363: 5855: 5853: 5840: 5838: 5810: 5808: 5584: 5582: 4723: 4721: 4206: 4204: 3841: 2623:

Edward also fathered the illegitimate Adam FitzRoy (

2361:

Jean Louis de Nogaret de La Valette, Duke of Épernon

1901:, by tradition associated with Edward's imprisonment 12169:

English people of the Wars of Scottish Independence

10015:. Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press. pp. 9–32. 9081: 9079: 9077: 4320: 4318: 4264: 10159:Edward II: The public and private faces of the law 8981: 8850: 7604: 7602: 6558: 5750: 5056: 4116: 4114: 3748: 3746: 3148:List of earls in the reign of Edward II of England 2466:picked up the same theme for his unfinished work, 2454:and Henry III of France, may have influenced 778:and then, along with many other young men, he was 707:in charge of England while the King campaigned in 10532:Smallwood, M. (1973). "The Lament of Edward II". 9797:Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith A. (2001). 8767: 8700: 7509: 6854: 6767: 6360: 5850: 5835: 5805: 5579: 4718: 4706: 4201: 873:, was a sodomite, rather than the late king. The 12115: 9330:A Knight at the Movies: Medieval history on film 9074: 4315: 2532:used Marlowe's play as the basis for the ballet 1360:; in his absence, Stirling Castle quickly fell. 901:A more recent theory, proposed by the historian 509:of the world were imminent, declaring him a new 19:"Edward II" redirects here. For other uses, see 10753:at the official website of the British monarchy 10174: 9716:(in French). Vol. 12. Paris, France: n.p. 9269: 7599: 7529: 7527: 4111: 3743: 3633: 3631: 3629: 2136: 1507:Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere 802: 10620:Isabella: She-wolf of France, Queen of England 1677: 961:to France in January, leaving Gaveston as his 690: 403:in south-western France (which he held as the 11719: 10949: 10592:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 10450:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 10053:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 9933:. Princeton, US: Princeton University Press. 9796: 6911: 4139: 3272:declined to recognise him as such until 1309. 3176:Richard le Scrope, 1st Baron Scrope of Bolton 2429:Title page of the earliest published text of 1807:and attempted to rally his remaining forces. 368:Edward's relationship with Gaveston inspired 309:. Gaveston's arrogance and power as Edward's 10639:"The deposition and abdication of Edward II" 9752: 9543:Piers Gaveston: Edward II's Adoptive Brother 9407:. Chicago, US: University of Chicago Press. 9296: 9054: 8387: 8078:, Gloucester Cathedral, 2014, archived from 8020:, Gloucester Cathedral, 2014, archived from 7934:, Gloucester Cathedral, 2014, archived from 7640: 7632: 7524: 3669: 3626: 3557: 2562:transports the story into the 20th century. 1558: 1526:In December, Edward led his army across the 849:14th-century England, which equated it with 11516:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 10196:Holiness and Masculinity in the Middle Ages 9669:Isabella and the Strange Death of Edward II 9277: 2589:(13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377). Married 2582:Edward II had four children with Isabella: 2421:Cultural depictions of Edward II of England 2211:, who in later years would constitute the " 648:In 1290, Edward's father had confirmed the 455:characterises him as an "efficient bully". 11726: 11712: 11693:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 10956: 10942: 10781: 10418: 10304: 10224: 10168: 10126: 10004: 9959: 9864: 9655: 9612: 3577: 2615:(5 July 1321 – 7 September 1362). Married 1456: 917: 912: 703:Between 1297 and 1298, Edward was left as 36: 12194:People knighted at the Feast of the Swans 10654: 10531: 10491: 10424: 10406: 10387: 10368: 10013:Edward the Second, by Christopher Marlowe 9728: 9507: 9402: 9346: 9265: 9261: 9181: 9050: 9042: 8776: 8753: 8733: 8709: 8694: 8682: 8670: 8658: 8642: 8630: 8458: 8443: 8411: 8359: 8343: 8316: 8180: 8112: 7612: 7541: 7533: 5732: 5437: 5006: 4791: 4640: 4544: 4532: 4065: 4028: 4012: 3653: 3569: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3303:The de Clare inheritance had belonged to 1897:Covered walkway leading to a cell within 1033: 829:During this time, Edward became close to 467: 435:princes from power and, in the 1290s, he 415:in northern France. Eleanor was from the 10310: 10296: 10235:. New Haven, US: Yale University Press. 10179:. Ithaca, US: Cornell University Press. 10132: 10118: 10089: 10067: 10029: 9992: 9947: 9870: 9852: 9815: 9619:The Reign of Edward II: New Perspectives 9537: 9488: 9257: 9245: 9229: 9189: 9185: 9153: 9141: 9097: 9085: 9038: 9026: 9006: 8994: 8951: 8939: 8927: 8915: 8903: 8891: 8883: 8859: 8820: 8804: 8788: 8757: 8737: 8721: 8462: 8439: 8423: 8375: 8312: 8300: 8296: 8276:. London: Continuum Books. p. 286. 8268: 8172: 8164: 8152: 8148: 8124: 8116: 7715: 7699: 7683: 7636: 7624: 7593: 7581: 7569: 7557: 7537: 7518: 7503: 7491: 7475: 7463: 7447: 7435: 7423: 7411: 7399: 7387: 7375: 7363: 7351: 7327: 7315: 7287: 7275: 7259: 7247: 7235: 7223: 7207: 7195: 7183: 7171: 7135: 7123: 7111: 7099: 7087: 7075: 7063: 7051: 7031: 7015: 7003: 6979: 6927: 6899: 6887: 6875: 6863: 6848: 6836: 6824: 6812: 6800: 6788: 6776: 6761: 6737: 6725: 6713: 6701: 6689: 6677: 6665: 6649: 6637: 6621: 6605: 6593: 6581: 6569: 6552: 6536: 6524: 6512: 6496: 6484: 6468: 6456: 6444: 6429: 6417: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6369: 6354: 6342: 6326: 6314: 6298: 6286: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6238: 6226: 6214: 6190: 6178: 6095: 6083: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6023: 6011: 5975: 5959: 5943: 5927: 5911: 5899: 5887: 5871: 5859: 5844: 5829: 5814: 5799: 5787: 5771: 5759: 5744: 5728: 5716: 5704: 5692: 5680: 5668: 5656: 5644: 5632: 5616: 5604: 5600: 5588: 5573: 5561: 5557: 5545: 5529: 5517: 5505: 5493: 5481: 5469: 5465: 5453: 5433: 5421: 5409: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5357: 5345: 5333: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5245: 5233: 5221: 5209: 5197: 5185: 5173: 5161: 5149: 5137: 5125: 5113: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5065: 5050: 5046: 5034: 5022: 4982: 4950: 4934: 4919: 4907: 4895: 4879: 4855: 4843: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4787: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4727: 4712: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4664: 4660: 4648: 4644: 4628: 4624: 4612: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4548: 4516: 4508: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4428: 4416: 4404: 4392: 4380: 4368: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4309: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4258: 4246: 4234: 4222: 4210: 4195: 4191: 4163: 4151: 4135: 4120: 4105: 4089: 4077: 4044: 4032: 4016: 4000: 3996: 3984: 3980: 3968: 3952: 3940: 3924: 3920: 3908: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3864: 3835: 3823: 3811: 3799: 3787: 3771: 3767: 3752: 3737: 3721: 3693: 3681: 3649: 3573: 3553: 2605:(18 June 1318 – 22 April 1355). Married 2569: 2503: 2424: 2314: 2287:Edward enjoyed a good relationship with 2222: 1972: 1892: 1832: 1741: 1686: 1562: 1292: 1282: 1237: 1156: 1086:April, possibly under the leadership of 1037: 921: 806: 694: 558: 476: 10671: 10636: 10445: 10048: 9663: 9621:. Woodbridge, UK: York Medieval Press. 9598:. Woodbridge, UK: York Medieval Press. 9303:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9284:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 8832: 8816: 8558: 8244: 8228: 8216: 8204: 8192: 8176: 7545: 7147: 7035: 6991: 6967: 6955: 6943: 3449:, and Roy Haines's biography of Edward. 2369:George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham 2049:depicted Edward as a saintly, tortured 1430:in Wales in 1316, but were suppressed. 1363: 1045:(third from the left) with her father, 12116: 10568: 10331: 10230: 10212: 10193: 10153: 10010: 9928: 9873:The Plantagenets: History of a Dynasty 9774: 9559: 9469: 9383: 9327: 9241: 9225: 9201: 9169: 9157: 9113: 9101: 9010: 8887: 8871: 8844: 8800: 8538: 8526: 8514: 8502: 8490: 8474: 8427: 8419: 8363: 8347: 8232: 8168: 8136: 8120: 8062: 8046: 8000: 7984: 7899: 7883: 7871: 7859: 7847: 7843: 7815: 7799: 7775: 7763: 7751: 7739: 7727: 7703: 7687: 7671: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7479: 7451: 7339: 7303: 7291: 7263: 7211: 7159: 7039: 7019: 6931: 6915: 6749: 6653: 6625: 6609: 6540: 6500: 6472: 6330: 6302: 6202: 6166: 6162: 6150: 6146: 6134: 6122: 6110: 6067: 6027: 5999: 5987: 5971: 5955: 5931: 5915: 5875: 5775: 5620: 5533: 5441: 5361: 4994: 4965: 4938: 4867: 4552: 4528: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4484: 4472: 4356: 4093: 3956: 3928: 3868: 3852: 3775: 3725: 3697: 3665: 3620: 3608: 3501: 3008: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2766: 2656: 2652: 2462:. In the 17th century, the playwright 2414: 1915:Thomas de Berkeley, 3rd Baron Berkeley 1888: 981:on 25 January. Edward gave Isabella a 715:, under which he took Philip's sister 11707: 10937: 10587: 10464: 10251: 9965: 9891: 9801:(2nd ed.). Harlow, UK: Longman. 9685: 9593: 9421: 9213: 9129: 9125: 9046: 9022: 8990: 8975: 8963: 8761: 8741: 8646: 8594: 8566: 8546: 8542: 8478: 8415: 8399: 8100: 8058: 8042: 8012: 7996: 7980: 7968: 7956: 7926: 7911: 7895: 7839: 7827: 7811: 7787: 7608: 6079: 5010: 4883: 4839: 4600: 4504: 4352: 4179: 4167: 3709: 3637: 3084: 3074: 3070: 3058: 3052: 3042: 3026: 3016: 3012: 2996: 2990: 2980: 2964: 2954: 2950: 2938: 2932: 2922: 2906: 2896: 2892: 2868: 2858: 2842: 2832: 2828: 2816: 2810: 2800: 2787:Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence 2784: 2774: 2770: 2754: 2748: 2738: 2722: 2712: 2708: 2696: 2690: 2680: 2664: 2660: 2251:as a pet and, as a young man, took a 1682: 1109: 555:Childhood, personality and appearance 12070: 11733: 10614: 10332:Prasch, Thomas (1993). "Edward II". 9643: 9567:. London: Hambledon Press. pp. 9274:Durand, Clémencet & Dantine 1818 8618: 8606: 8590: 8578: 8562: 8256: 1772:half-brother, Thomas of Brotherton; 1461: 1161: 668:'s refusal to release fortresses in 567:, thought to be of Edward's father, 337:The Despenser family, in particular 10299:The Place of the Reign of Edward II 9055:Given-Wilson, Chris (9 July 2010), 7641:Given-Wilson, Chris (9 July 2010), 2508:An 1872 painting by English artist 2383:popularised Edward's life with the 513:, who would lead England to glory. 421:suppression of the baronial revolts 13: 11979: 10590:England in the Reign of Edward III 9734:Proceedings of the British Academy 6014:, pp. 248, 281, 329, 343–348. 2029:. Edward was buried in the shirt, 1968: 1636: 1234:Tensions with Lancaster and France 1063:Henry de Lacy, 3rd Earl of Lincoln 437:intervened in Scotland's civil war 14: 12225: 12159:English people of Spanish descent 10779:National Portrait Gallery, London 10720: 10032:The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399 9712:; Dantine, Maur-François (1818). 9297:Parsons, John Carmi (2004–2014), 3578:Gillingham, John (11 July 2008), 3142:History of same-sex relationships 2642:Ancestors of Edward II of England 2518:Edward II and Piers Gaveston 2310: 2131: 16:King of England from 1307 to 1327 12164:English people of French descent 12096: 12079: 12051: 12039: 12027: 12015: 9929:Jordan, William Chester (1996). 9251: 9235: 9219: 9207: 9195: 9175: 9163: 9147: 9135: 9132:, pp. 1055–1056, 1062–1063. 9119: 9107: 9091: 9032: 9016: 9000: 8969: 8957: 8945: 8933: 8921: 8909: 8897: 8877: 8865: 8838: 8826: 8810: 8794: 8782: 8747: 8727: 8715: 8688: 8676: 8664: 8652: 8636: 8624: 8612: 8600: 8584: 8572: 8552: 8532: 8520: 8508: 8496: 8484: 8468: 8433: 8405: 8393: 8381: 8369: 8353: 8337: 8317:Carpenter, David (7 June 2007). 8306: 8290: 8262: 8250: 8238: 8222: 8210: 8198: 8186: 8158: 8142: 8130: 8106: 8094: 8068: 8052: 8036: 8006: 7990: 7974: 7962: 7950: 7905: 7889: 7877: 7865: 7853: 7833: 7821: 7805: 7793: 7781: 7769: 7757: 7745: 7733: 7721: 7709: 7693: 7677: 7665: 7587: 7575: 7563: 7551: 7497: 7485: 7469: 7457: 7441: 7429: 7417: 7405: 7393: 7381: 7369: 7357: 7345: 7333: 7321: 7309: 7297: 7281: 7269: 7253: 7241: 7229: 7217: 7201: 7189: 7177: 7165: 7153: 7141: 7129: 7117: 7105: 7093: 7081: 7069: 7057: 7045: 7025: 7009: 6997: 6985: 6973: 6961: 6949: 6937: 6921: 6905: 6893: 6881: 6869: 6842: 6830: 6818: 6806: 6794: 6782: 6755: 6743: 6731: 6719: 6707: 6695: 6683: 6671: 6659: 6643: 6631: 6615: 6599: 6587: 6575: 6546: 6530: 6518: 6506: 6490: 6478: 6462: 6450: 6423: 6411: 6399: 6387: 6375: 6348: 6336: 6320: 6308: 6292: 6280: 6268: 6256: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6208: 6196: 6184: 6172: 6156: 6140: 6128: 6089: 6073: 6057: 6045: 6033: 6017: 6005: 5993: 5981: 5965: 5949: 5921: 5905: 5893: 5881: 5865: 5793: 5781: 5765: 5738: 5722: 5710: 5698: 5686: 5674: 5662: 5650: 5638: 5626: 5610: 5594: 5567: 5551: 5539: 5523: 5511: 5499: 5487: 5475: 5459: 5447: 5427: 5415: 5403: 5391: 5379: 5367: 5351: 5339: 5327: 5315: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5267: 5255: 5239: 5227: 5215: 5203: 5191: 5179: 5167: 5155: 5143: 5131: 5119: 5107: 5095: 5083: 5071: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5000: 4944: 4913: 4901: 4889: 4873: 4861: 4849: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4797: 3475: 3462: 3452: 3439: 3404: 3395: 3386: 3376: 3366: 3356: 3338: 3324: 3310: 3297: 3284: 3275: 2479:adapted the Marlowe play into a 2282:short-lived university in Dublin 2154: 2145: 2070: 1484:, and acquired Glamorgan in the 391:Edward II was the fourth son of 294:, daughter of the powerful King 66:7 July 1307 – 13/25 January 1327 12214:Children of Edward I of England 12149:Burials at Gloucester Cathedral 10993:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 10175:O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). 9688:Royal Tombs of Medieval England 9320: 4781: 4769: 4757: 4745: 4733: 4694: 4682: 4670: 4654: 4634: 4618: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4570: 4558: 4538: 4522: 4494: 4478: 4462: 4450: 4438: 4422: 4410: 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4342: 4330: 4303: 4291: 4279: 4252: 4240: 4228: 4216: 4185: 4173: 4157: 4145: 4099: 4083: 4022: 4006: 3990: 3974: 3962: 3946: 3934: 3914: 3898: 3874: 3858: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3731: 3715: 3703: 3687: 3675: 3659: 3643: 3262: 3255:intense working relationship"; 3243: 3229: 3219: 3210: 3200: 3191: 3181: 3160: 2725:Isabella, Countess of Angoulême 1883: 772:John Comyn III of Badenoch 160: 12174:14th-century murdered monarchs 10990:Monarchs of England until 1603 10427:Plantagenet England: 1225–1360 9278:Howell, Margaret (2004–2014), 5930:, pp. 280, 282–283, 294; 4842:, pp. 574–575, 578, 584; 3614: 3602: 3563: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3507: 3495: 2935:Ferdinand III, King of Castile 957:proceeded. Edward crossed the 953:In 1308, Edward's marriage to 524:in origin, linking him to the 1: 12144:14th-century English monarchs 10643:The English Historical Review 8593:, pp. 170–171, 175–177; 8319:"What Happened to Edward II?" 3489: 3344:For a sceptical comment, see 2993:Eleanor, Countess of Ponthieu 2624: 2609:in May 1332 and had two sons. 1822: 1787:Edward continued west up the 1088:Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster 423:in the 1260s and joining the 413:Eleanor, Countess of Ponthieu 386: 320:Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster 198:Eleanor, Countess of Guelders 12179:14th-century peers of France 10215:The Sexualities of Edward II 7162:, pp. 160–164, 174–175. 7090:, pp. 493–494, 500–501. 5635:, pp. 193–196, 199–200. 2967:Berengaria, Queen of Castile 2460:portrayal of Richard II 2341:Vita et Mors Edwardi Secundi 2235:(top left) founded by Edward 2137:Kingship, government and law 1948:following his imprisonment. 1795:, probably aiming first for 1774:Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster 803:Piers Gaveston and sexuality 744:north with him and captured 7: 12139:13th-century English people 11600:British monarchs after the 10775:Portraits of King Edward II 10429:. Oxford University Press. 10369:Prestwich, Michael (1988). 10177:A History of Medieval Spain 10034:. Oxford University Press. 9545:. Oxford University Press. 9403:Brintnell, Kent L. (2011). 3135: 3087:Marie, Countess of Ponthieu 2633: 2607:Reinoud II of Guelders 2322:'s 1326 charter from Edward 2262: 1731: 1714:William I, Count of Hainaut 1678:Fall from power (1326–1327) 1513:, to deliberately create a 1259:, large banquets along the 691:Early campaigns in Scotland 188:Edward III, King of England 121:21 September 1327 (aged 43) 10: 12230: 12199:People murdered in England 10571:Thirteenth Century England 10334:American Historical Review 10297:Phillips, Seymour (2006). 9970:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. 9594:Coote, Lesley Ann (2000). 9491:Fourteenth Century England 9349:Journal of British Studies 7631:, pp. 198, 226, 232; 6918:, pp. 19–20, 305–306. 5914:, pp. 246, 267, 276; 3055:Joan, Countess of Ponthieu 3002: 2886: 2871:Edward II, King of England 2760: 2693:Henry III, King of England 2654: 2418: 2345:Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvon 1826: 1738:Invasion of England (1326) 1735: 1640: 1543:cornered Lancaster at the 1465: 1367: 1286: 1113: 1075:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 871:Hugh Despenser the Younger 625:. He did not take part in 380:parliamentary institutions 339:Hugh Despenser the Younger 177: 126:, Gloucestershire, England 21:Edward II (disambiguation) 18: 11990: 11977: 11741: 11688: 11611: 11595: 11591: 11528: 11511: 11507: 10984: 10980: 10917: 10908: 10895: 10888: 10877: 10865: 10854: 10844: 10831: 10823: 10818: 10791: 10656:10.1093/ehr/cxiii.453.852 10517:10.1017/s0038713400001780 10092:English Historical Review 9993:Marshall, Alison (2006). 9966:Logan, Robert A. (2007). 9948:Lawrence, Martyn (2006). 9799:Capetian France, 987–1328 9305:, Oxford University Press 9286:, Oxford University Press 9061:Times Literary Supplement 8835:, pp. 66, 70–71, 73. 8541:, pp. 148, 300–301; 7647:Times Literary Supplement 7494:, pp. 536, 539, 541. 6912:Hallam & Everard 2001 5444:, pp. 82–83, 87, 95. 4140:Hallam & Everard 2001 3584:Times Literary Supplement 3178:, was around £600 a year. 3072: 3064: 3036: 3014: 3010: 2974: 2952: 2944: 2916: 2894: 2890: 2852: 2830: 2822: 2794: 2772: 2768: 2751:Edward I, King of England 2732: 2710: 2702: 2674: 2658: 2617:David II of Scotland 2452:James VI of Scotland 2305: 1559:Edward and the Despensers 1447:de Clare inheritance 1370:Great Famine of 1315–1317 977:The pair were married in 393:Edward I, King of England 239: 229: 217: 170: 145: 130: 117: 104: 100: 90: 80: 70: 62: 50: 35: 30: 10926:Edward, the Black Prince 10637:Valente, Claire (1998). 10588:Waugh, Scott L. (1991). 10446:Ruddick, Andrea (2013). 10049:Menache, Sophia (2002). 9894:History Workshop Journal 9730:Galbraith, Vivian Hunter 8621:, pp. 167–168, 179. 8581:, pp. 169, 172–173. 6764:, pp. 461, 464–465. 6692:, pp. 438, 440–441. 6640:, pp. 440–442, 445. 6241:, pp. 364, 366–367. 6042:, pp. 248, 253–254. 5790:, pp. 223, 227–228. 5424:, pp. 152, 174–175. 5388:, pp. 178–179, 182. 5188:, pp. 155, 157–158. 4898:, pp. 135, 139–140. 4447:, pp. 112, 120–121. 3656:, pp. 30–31, 93–94. 3153: 3029:Simon, Count of Ponthieu 2909:Alfonso IX, King of León 2565: 2365:Henry III of France 2218: 1923:Lament of Edward II 1478:Hugh Despenser the Elder 1073:, appointing him as the 1047:Philip IV of France 782:in a lavish ceremony at 505:, who believed that the 472: 11757:Edward the Black Prince 10425:—— (2007). 10407:—— (2006). 10388:—— (2003). 10311:—— (2011). 10231:—— (2011). 10213:—— (2006). 10133:—— (2008). 10119:—— (2006). 9871:—— (2010). 9853:—— (2006). 9644:—— (2006). 9384:Ashbee, Jeremy (2007). 4431:, pp. 96–97, 120; 2203:representatives of the 1545:Battle of Boroughbridge 1457:Later reign (1321–1326) 918:Coronation and marriage 913:Early reign (1307–1311) 886:Pope Boniface VIII 621:instrument, as well as 617:and the newly invented 343:short military campaign 12189:People from Caernarfon 12154:English murder victims 11984: 10534:Modern Language Review 10493:Schofield, Phillipp R. 10419:Dodd & Musson 2006 10409:The court of Edward II 10305:Dodd & Musson 2006 10225:Dodd & Musson 2006 10169:Dodd & Musson 2006 10127:Dodd & Musson 2006 10005:Dodd & Musson 2006 9960:Dodd & Musson 2006 9906:10.1093/hwj/1999.47.30 9865:Dodd & Musson 2006 9690:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. 9656:Dodd & Musson 2006 9423:Brown, Elizabeth A. R. 9216:, pp. 31, 40, 42. 8390:, pp. 31–33, 154. 8323:London Review of Books 3447:London Review of Books 2579: 2550:and Chris Hunt's 1992 2513: 2436: 2323: 2236: 1981: 1902: 1838: 1803:. Edward retreated to 1751: 1696: 1568: 1519:. Bartholomew's wife, 1305: 1247: 1050: 1034:Tensions over Gaveston 989:and a fragment of the 927: 826: 700: 685:Guy, Count of Flanders 571: 499:Roman imperial history 488:Edward II was born in 485: 468:Early life (1284–1307) 427:. During the 1280s he 193:John, Earl of Cornwall 11997:Principality of Wales 11983: 11787:Edward of Westminster 10793:Edward II of England 10501:by Roy Martin Haines" 10254:Renaissance Quarterly 10030:McKisack, M. (1959). 9875:. London: Continuum. 9760:. London: Routledge. 9388:. Cardiff, UK: Cadw. 9332:. London: Routledge. 9328:Aberth, John (2003). 9172:, pp. 1165–1166. 8978:, pp. 32, 40–41. 7999:, pp. 119, 122; 7929:, pp. 119, 122; 7898:, pp. 106, 119; 7874:, pp. 16–17, 25. 6914:, pp. 322, 387; 5436:, pp. 182, 276; 3871:, pp. 11, 45–46. 2667:John, King of England 2587:Edward III of England 2573: 2507: 2428: 2318: 2226: 2021:and a canopy made of 1976: 1953:Treaty of Northampton 1896: 1869:bishops of Winchester 1836: 1745: 1690: 1566: 1299:Battle of Bannockburn 1296: 1289:Battle of Bannockburn 1283:Battle of Bannockburn 1241: 1228:King's Langley Priory 1157:Mid-reign (1311–1321) 1041: 950:tomb for his father. 925: 810: 698: 562: 484:, Edward's birthplace 480: 429:conquered North Wales 328:Battle of Bannockburn 278:, and in 1306 he was 276:campaigns in Scotland 12184:House of Plantagenet 12124:Edward II of England 12066:Edward II of England 11747:Edward of Caernarfon 11570:William III & II 11135:Henry the Young King 11085:Edward the Confessor 11053:Æthelred the Unready 10904:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd 10798:House of Plantagenet 10768:UK National Archives 10732:Gloucester Cathedral 10465:Rubin, Miri (2006). 9686:Duffy, Mark (2003). 9671:. London: Robinson. 9264:, pp. 532–536; 8565:, pp. 165–166; 8422:, pp. 140–141; 8366:, pp. 142, 164. 8231:, pp. 189–208; 8167:, pp. 562–564; 8151:, pp. 193–194; 7959:, pp. 106, 119. 7702:, pp. 575–576; 7686:, pp. 572–576; 7330:, pp. 515, 518. 7290:, pp. 512–513; 7262:, pp. 510–511; 7174:, pp. 501, 504. 7018:, pp. 489–491; 6930:, pp. 485–486; 6652:, pp. 445–446; 6624:, pp. 434–435; 6608:, pp. 423–433; 6499:, pp. 411–413; 6471:, pp. 408–409; 6301:, pp. 377–379; 6066:, pp. 247–248; 6026:, pp. 343–348; 5946:, pp. 308, 330. 5902:, pp. 239, 243. 5890:, pp. 233, 238. 5874:, pp. 234–236; 5774:, pp. 225–227; 5731:, pp. 218–219; 5560:, pp. 190–191; 5468:, pp. 184–185; 5049:, pp. 144–146; 4937:, pp. 140–143; 4471:, pp. 120–123; 3331:evidence available, 2603:Eleanor of Woodstock 2591:Philippa of Hainault 2483:in 1991, creating a 2373:Charles I of England 2336:Vita Edwardi Secundi 2063:Gloucester Cathedral 1979:Gloucester Cathedral 1977:Edward II's tomb at 1633:and fled to France. 1472:The long-threatened 1412:High King of Ireland 1364:Famine and criticism 1004:Bishop of Winchester 907:adoptive brotherhood 867:Bishop of Winchester 722:Thomas of Brotherton 532:Edward the Confessor 256:Edward of Caernarfon 203:Joan, Queen of Scots 138:Gloucester Cathedral 44:Gloucester Cathedral 11807:Edward of Middleham 11767:Richard of Bordeaux 11518:Union of the Crowns 10622:. London: Pimlico. 10469:. London: Penguin. 10301:. pp. 220–233. 10137:. London: Vintage. 10075:. London: Pimlico. 9754:Given-Wilson, Chris 9515:. London: Penguin. 9248:, pp. 428–429. 9204:, pp. 303–304. 8756:, pp. 61, 74; 8736:, pp. 61, 69; 8609:, pp. 180–182. 8529:, pp. 159–160. 8505:, pp. 162–163. 8493:, pp. 140–141. 8465:, pp. 218–219. 8430:, pp. 164–165. 8350:, pp. 234–237. 8303:, pp. 408–410. 8259:, pp. 285–291. 8247:, pp. 213–217. 8235:, pp. 222–229. 8207:, pp. 186–188. 8195:, pp. 185–188. 8175:, pp. 51, 55; 8127:, pp. 191–194. 8003:, pp. 177–178. 7850:, pp. 228–229. 7778:, pp. 177–178. 7766:, pp. 216–217. 7754:, pp. 214–216. 7742:, pp. 199–200. 7730:, pp. 198–199. 7706:, pp. 236–237. 7690:, pp. 235–236. 7572:, pp. 546–547. 7560:, pp. 543–544. 7506:, pp. 542–543. 7482:, pp. 191–192. 7426:, pp. 529–530. 7402:, pp. 524–525. 7390:, pp. 523–524. 7378:, pp. 520–522. 7354:, pp. 516–518. 7318:, pp. 514–515. 7250:, pp. 508–509. 7226:, pp. 506–507. 7214:, pp. 178–179. 7198:, pp. 503–504. 7126:, pp. 501–502. 7102:, pp. 500–501. 7078:, pp. 493–494. 7066:, pp. 491–492. 7006:, pp. 488–489. 6982:, pp. 437–438. 6890:, pp. 473–476. 6878:, pp. 472–473. 6851:, pp. 470–471. 6752:, pp. 274–275. 6740:, pp. 461–462. 6728:, pp. 456–457. 6704:, pp. 455–456. 6680:, pp. 419–420. 6584:, pp. 428–431. 6572:, pp. 426–427. 6555:, pp. 423–425. 6487:, pp. 410–411. 6447:, pp. 406–407. 6420:, pp. 403–404. 6408:, pp. 400–401. 6396:, pp. 399–400. 6384:, pp. 397–398. 6357:, pp. 395–397. 6333:, pp. 128–129. 6317:, pp. 383–387. 6289:, pp. 376–377. 6277:, pp. 375–377. 6265:, pp. 374–375. 6253:, pp. 367–368. 6229:, pp. 365–366. 6217:, pp. 364–365. 6205:, pp. 121–123. 6193:, pp. 372–378. 6153:, pp. 104–105. 6125:, pp. 160–162. 6082:, pp. 17, 36; 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9128:, pp. 83–84; 8890:, pp. 36–39; 8685:, pp. 69, 72. 8673:, pp. 63, 65. 8645:, pp. 64–65; 8461:, pp. 94–95; 8346:, pp. 32–34; 8123:, pp. 37–38; 8076:"Edward II's Tomb" 8018:"Edward II's Tomb" 7932:"Edward II's Tomb" 7611:, pp. 54–55; 7038:, pp. 86–88; 4643:, pp. 70–71; 4535:, pp. 70, 72. 4531:, pp. 23–25; 4355:, pp. 29–30; 4194:, pp. 81–82; 4166:, pp. 80–81; 4138:, pp. 77–78; 3927:, pp. 43–45; 3696:, pp. 35–36; 3684:, pp. 33, 36. 2580: 2514: 2437: 2324: 2237: 2193:English common law 1984:Edward's body was 1982: 1903: 1862:bishop of Hereford 1839: 1829:Parliament of 1327 1752: 1697: 1683:Rift with Isabella 1623:Wallingford Castle 1569: 1416:Battle of Faughart 1318:Berwick-upon-Tweed 1306: 1248: 1142:Ordinances of 1311 1116:Ordinances of 1311 1110:Ordinances of 1311 1051: 1043:Isabella of France 995:Westminster Palace 955:Isabella of France 928: 898:sexual behaviour. 827: 788:Feast of the Swans 741:earldom of Chester 701: 654:Margaret of Norway 572: 520:Edward's name was 486: 316:Ordinances of 1311 244:Eleanor of Castile 152:Isabella of France 12003: 12002: 11777:Henry of Monmouth 11701: 11700: 11684: 11683: 11587: 11586: 11503: 11502: 11498: 11497: 11048:Edward the Martyr 10932: 10931: 10880:Count of Ponthieu 10857:Duke of Aquitaine 10845:Succeeded by 10813:21 September 1327 10629:978-0-7126-4194-4 10599:978-0-5213-1039-0 10580:978-1-8438-3122-8 10476:978-0-1401-4825-1 10457:978-1-1070-0726-0 10436:978-0-1992-2687-0 10399:978-0-4153-0309-5 10380:978-0-5200-6266-5 10322:978-0-3001-7802-9 10242:978-0-3001-1910-7 10205:978-0-7083-1894-2 10186:978-0-8014-0880-9 10144:978-0-0995-2709-1 10123:. pp. 48–60. 10082:978-0-7126-9715-6 10060:978-0-5215-9219-2 10041:978-0-1982-1712-1 10022:978-1-7704-8120-6 9977:978-1-4094-8974-0 9940:978-0-6910-5891-7 9882:978-1-4411-5712-6 9808:978-0-5824-0428-1 9789:978-0-7735-3157-4 9767:978-0-4151-4883-2 9697:978-0-7524-2579-5 9678:978-1-8411-9843-9 9628:978-1-9031-5319-2 9605:978-1-9031-5303-1 9578:978-0-8264-6938-0 9552:978-0-1982-0449-7 9522:978-0-1401-4824-4 9500:978-1-8438-3387-1 9481:978-1-9031-5315-4 9414:978-0-2260-7471-9 9395:978-1-8576-0259-3 9339:978-0-4159-3885-3 9116:, pp. 19–20. 9104:, pp. 19–20. 9029:, pp. 29–30. 9013:, pp. 35–36. 8966:, pp. 34–35. 8954:, pp. 24–25. 8942:, pp. 22–23. 8930:, pp. 17–19. 8918:, pp. 15–17. 8807:, pp. 61–62. 8791:, pp. 65–66. 8697:, pp. 66–68. 8569:, pp. 50–52. 8446:, pp. 93–94. 8388:Given-Wilson 1996 8283:978-1-85285-528-4 8139:, pp. 37–39. 7886:, pp. 25–27. 7818:, pp. 18–19. 7790:, pp. 55–56. 7633:Given-Wilson 1996 6994:, pp. 79–80. 6970:, pp. 75–77. 6958:, pp. 74–75. 6946:, pp. 78–79. 6113:, pp. 43–44. 6070:, pp. 98–99. 6002:, pp. 16–17. 5536:, pp. 86–87. 4941:, pp. 56–58. 4830:, pp. 34–41. 4703:, pp. 20–22. 4679:, pp. 14–19. 4667:, pp. 11–13. 4615:, pp. 51–53. 4555:, pp. 42–43. 4519:, pp. 98–99. 4491:, pp. 20–21. 4475:, pp. 20–21. 4419:, pp. 96–97. 4359:, pp. 16–17. 4300:, pp. 95–96. 4276:, pp. 94–95. 4261:, pp. 91–93. 4249:, pp. 88–90. 4237:, pp. 85–87. 4225:, pp. 82–84. 4154:, pp. 78–79. 4047:, pp. 72–73. 3971:, pp. 73–74. 3838:, pp. 55–57. 3826:, pp. 53–54. 3712:, pp. 84–86. 3670:Given-Wilson 1996 3560:, pp. 29–30. 3558:Given-Wilson 1996 3516:, pp. 13–14. 3434:Michael Prestwich 3252:Michael Prestwich 3237:William Rishanger 3132: 3131: 3128: 3127: 2845:Beatrice of Savoy 2613:Joan of the Tower 2556:Stephanie Merritt 2469:Mortimer His Fall 2110:popular historian 2097:Holy Roman Empire 2086:Geoffrey le Baker 2047:Geoffrey le Baker 1963:Nottingham Castle 1805:Caerphilly Castle 1759:in the south and 1722:transport vessels 1668:Charles of Valois 1551:, where, after a 1549:Pontefract Castle 1462:The Despenser War 1436:John of Powderham 1301:in 1314 from the 1297:Depiction of the 1169:Earl of Leicester 1162:Death of Gaveston 895:Michael Prestwich 792:Arthurian legends 784:Westminster Abbey 776:duke of Aquitaine 770:killed his rival 672:offered by Edward 650:Treaty of Birgham 565:Westminster Abbey 490:Caernarfon Castle 482:Caernarfon Castle 449:Michael Prestwich 361:, and he died in 332:Widespread famine 288:Westminster Abbey 249: 248: 140:, Gloucestershire 111:Caernarfon Castle 12221: 12204:Princes of Wales 12109: 12101: 12100: 12099: 12092: 12084: 12083: 12082: 12072: 12056: 12055: 12044: 12043: 12032: 12031: 12030: 12020: 12019: 12018: 12011: 11972: 11962: 11952: 11942: 11932: 11922: 11912: 11902: 11892: 11882: 11872: 11862: 11852: 11842: 11832: 11822: 11812: 11802: 11792: 11782: 11772: 11762: 11752: 11735:Princes of Wales 11728: 11721: 11714: 11705: 11704: 11593: 11592: 11553:Richard Cromwell 11543:The Protectorate 11533:James I & VI 11509: 11508: 11090:Harold Godwinson 11010:Edward the Elder 11003:Alfred the Great 10987: 10986: 10982: 10981: 10958: 10951: 10944: 10935: 10934: 10866:Preceded by 10824:Preceded by 10814: 10807: 10789: 10788: 10785: 10771: 10747: 10745: 10743: 10738:on 6 August 2019 10734:. Archived from 10713: 10668: 10658: 10649:(453): 852–881. 10633: 10611: 10584: 10565: 10528: 10511:(4): 1295–1296. 10488: 10461: 10440: 10416: 10403: 10384: 10365: 10340:(4): 1164–1166. 10326: 10302: 10293: 10260:(4): 1054–1083. 10246: 10222: 10209: 10190: 10166: 10148: 10124: 10115: 10086: 10064: 10045: 10026: 10002: 9989: 9957: 9944: 9925: 9886: 9862: 9849: 9812: 9793: 9771: 9749: 9725: 9701: 9682: 9653: 9640: 9609: 9590: 9561:Childs, Wendy R. 9556: 9539:Chaplais, Pierre 9534: 9509:Carpenter, David 9504: 9485: 9466: 9418: 9399: 9380: 9343: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9294: 9293: 9291: 9270:O'Callaghan 1975 9260:, p. viii; 9255: 9249: 9239: 9233: 9223: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9193: 9179: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9151: 9145: 9139: 9133: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9053:, p. 1295; 9036: 9030: 9020: 9014: 9004: 8998: 8988: 8979: 8973: 8967: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8906:, pp. 9–14. 8901: 8895: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8863: 8857: 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7713: 7707: 7697: 7691: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7653:on 25 March 2020 7649:, archived from 7606: 7597: 7591: 7585: 7579: 7573: 7567: 7561: 7555: 7549: 7531: 7522: 7516: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7483: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7403: 7397: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7227: 7221: 7215: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7029: 7023: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6925: 6919: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6804: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 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4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4199: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4171: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4133: 4124: 4118: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4026: 4020: 4010: 4004: 3994: 3988: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3923:, pp. 5–6; 3918: 3912: 3907:, pp. 5–6; 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3765: 3756: 3750: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3663: 3657: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3590:on 25 March 2020 3586:, archived from 3567: 3561: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3450: 3443: 3437: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3346:Vivian 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12014: 12006: 12004: 11999: 11986: 11975: 11965: 11955: 11945: 11935: 11925: 11915: 11905: 11895: 11885: 11875: 11865: 11855: 11847:Henry Frederick 11845: 11835: 11825: 11815: 11805: 11795: 11785: 11775: 11765: 11755: 11745: 11737: 11732: 11702: 11697: 11680: 11607: 11583: 11548:Oliver Cromwell 11524: 11499: 11494: 11341:Constantine III 11250: 11075:Harold Harefoot 11065:Edmund Ironside 10976: 10971: and 10962: 10923: 10914: 10911:Prince of Wales 10901: 10890:English royalty 10883: 10875: 10860: 10850: 10841: 10838:Lord of Ireland 10836: 10834:King of England 10829: 10808: 10802: 10801: 10794: 10762: 10741: 10739: 10726: 10723: 10718: 10686:10.2307/3301327 10630: 10600: 10581: 10546:10.2307/3724989 10507:(book review). 10477: 10458: 10437: 10400: 10381: 10346:10.2307/2166608 10323: 10266:10.2307/2901456 10243: 10206: 10187: 10155:Musson, Anthony 10145: 10083: 10061: 10042: 10023: 9978: 9941: 9883: 9830:10.2307/4050602 9809: 9790: 9768: 9698: 9679: 9629: 9615:Musson, Anthony 9606: 9579: 9553: 9523: 9501: 9482: 9439:10.2307/2852635 9415: 9396: 9340: 9323: 9318: 9308: 9306: 9289: 9287: 9276:, p. 435; 9272:, p. 681; 9268:, p. 574; 9256: 9252: 9244:, p. 270; 9240: 9236: 9228:, p. 355; 9224: 9220: 9212: 9208: 9200: 9196: 9180: 9176: 9168: 9164: 9160:, p. 1165. 9152: 9148: 9140: 9136: 9124: 9120: 9112: 9108: 9100:, p. 206; 9096: 9092: 9084: 9075: 9065: 9063: 9049:, p. 241; 9045:, p. 103; 9037: 9033: 9025:, p. 241; 9021: 9017: 9005: 9001: 8993:, p. 241; 8989: 8982: 8974: 8970: 8962: 8958: 8950: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8926: 8922: 8914: 8910: 8902: 8898: 8882: 8878: 8870: 8866: 8858: 8851: 8843: 8839: 8831: 8827: 8815: 8811: 8803:, p. 157; 8799: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8775: 8768: 8752: 8748: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8708: 8701: 8693: 8689: 8681: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8653: 8641: 8637: 8629: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8605: 8601: 8589: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8561:, p. 868; 8557: 8553: 8537: 8533: 8525: 8521: 8513: 8509: 8501: 8497: 8489: 8485: 8477:, p. 164; 8473: 8469: 8457: 8450: 8442:, p. 129; 8438: 8434: 8426:, p. 608; 8414:, p. 219; 8410: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8378:, pp. 2–3. 8374: 8370: 8358: 8354: 8342: 8338: 8328: 8326: 8315:, p. 408; 8311: 8307: 8295: 8291: 8284: 8267: 8263: 8255: 8251: 8243: 8239: 8227: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8203: 8199: 8191: 8187: 8179:, p. 131; 8163: 8159: 8147: 8143: 8135: 8131: 8119:, p. 562; 8111: 8107: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8074: 8073: 8069: 8061:, p. 123; 8057: 8053: 8045:, p. 122; 8041: 8037: 8027: 8025: 8024:on 6 March 2014 8016: 8015:, p. 122; 8011: 8007: 7995: 7991: 7983:, p. 121; 7979: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7941: 7939: 7938:on 6 March 2014 7930: 7925: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7894: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7858: 7854: 7842:, p. 118; 7838: 7834: 7826: 7822: 7814:, p. 118; 7810: 7806: 7798: 7794: 7786: 7782: 7774: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7750: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7726: 7722: 7714: 7710: 7698: 7694: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7666: 7656: 7654: 7639:, p. 133; 7627:, p. 563; 7623:, p. 177; 7607: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7580: 7576: 7568: 7564: 7556: 7552: 7544:, p. 528; 7536:, p. 221; 7532: 7525: 7517: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7478:, p. 535; 7474: 7470: 7462: 7458: 7450:, p. 534; 7446: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7422: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7398: 7394: 7386: 7382: 7374: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7350: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7302: 7298: 7286: 7282: 7274: 7270: 7258: 7254: 7246: 7242: 7234: 7230: 7222: 7218: 7210:, p. 505; 7206: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7182: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7158: 7154: 7146: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7098: 7094: 7086: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7034:, p. 284; 7030: 7026: 7014: 7010: 7002: 6998: 6990: 6986: 6978: 6974: 6966: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6926: 6922: 6910: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6811: 6807: 6799: 6795: 6787: 6783: 6775: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6632: 6620: 6616: 6604: 6600: 6592: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6568: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6539:, p. 419; 6535: 6531: 6523: 6519: 6511: 6507: 6495: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6467: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6443: 6436: 6428: 6424: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6376: 6368: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6341: 6337: 6329:, p. 390; 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6297: 6293: 6285: 6281: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6245: 6237: 6233: 6225: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6189: 6185: 6177: 6173: 6165:, p. 205; 6161: 6157: 6149:, p. 205; 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6109: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6078: 6074: 6062: 6058: 6050: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6022: 6018: 6010: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5986: 5982: 5974:, p. 171; 5970: 5966: 5958:, p. 171; 5954: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5926: 5922: 5910: 5906: 5898: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5870: 5866: 5858: 5851: 5843: 5836: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5770: 5766: 5758: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5727: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5703: 5699: 5691: 5687: 5679: 5675: 5667: 5663: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5619:, p. 191; 5615: 5611: 5599: 5595: 5587: 5580: 5572: 5568: 5556: 5552: 5544: 5540: 5532:, p. 189; 5528: 5524: 5516: 5512: 5504: 5500: 5492: 5488: 5480: 5476: 5464: 5460: 5452: 5448: 5432: 5428: 5420: 5416: 5412:, pp. 182. 5408: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5360:, p. 176; 5356: 5352: 5344: 5340: 5332: 5328: 5320: 5316: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248:, p. 161; 5244: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5057: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4972: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4933: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4882:, p. 135; 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4854: 4850: 4838: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4790:, p. 123; 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663:, p. 100; 4659: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4551:, p. 101; 4543: 4539: 4527: 4523: 4511:, p. 102; 4503:, p. 374; 4499: 4495: 4483: 4479: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4367: 4363: 4351:, p. 111; 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4316: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4202: 4190: 4186: 4178: 4174: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4134: 4127: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4088: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4064: 4051: 4043: 4039: 4027: 4023: 4011: 4007: 3995: 3991: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3951: 3947: 3943:, pp. 6–8. 3939: 3935: 3931:, pp. 4–5. 3919: 3915: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867:, pp. 53; 3863: 3859: 3851: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3766: 3759: 3751: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3728:, pp. 3–4. 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3692: 3688: 3680: 3676: 3664: 3660: 3652:, p. 129; 3648: 3644: 3636: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3580:"Hard on Wales" 3568: 3564: 3548: 3544: 3540:, pp. 5–6. 3536: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3486: 3480: 3476: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3440: 3430:Pierre Chaplais 3422:Edmund Ironside 3420:murder of King 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3343: 3339: 3329: 3325: 3315: 3311: 3302: 3298: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3263: 3248: 3244: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3186: 3182: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3138: 3133: 2636: 2627: 2568: 2423: 2417: 2377:Charles Dickens 2350:Political songs 2313: 2308: 2265: 2221: 2189:Roman civil law 2176:Pierre Chaplais 2171: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2151: 2150: 2139: 2134: 2126:David Carpenter 2106:Paul C. Doherty 2073: 2055:Richard II 2017:effigy, with a 1971: 1969:Burial and cult 1937: 1919:John Maltravers 1911:Gloucestershire 1907:Berkeley Castle 1899:Berkeley Castle 1891: 1886: 1831: 1825: 1813:Monmouth Castle 1778:Tower of London 1746:Replica of the 1740: 1734: 1685: 1680: 1645: 1639: 1637:War with France 1631:Tower of London 1579:Statute of York 1561: 1537:Burton-on-Trent 1494:Mortimer family 1470: 1464: 1459: 1382:Treaty of Leake 1372: 1366: 1291: 1285: 1236: 1164: 1159: 1118: 1112: 1067:excommunication 1036: 1016:Edward III 959:English Channel 920: 915: 903:Pierre Chaplais 890:Knights Templar 875:Meaux Chronicle 805: 754:Stirling Castle 737:Prince of Wales 693: 676:I provoked the 673: 663: 557: 475: 470: 453:John Gillingham 431:, removing the 399:, and ruler of 397:Lord of Ireland 389: 363:Berkeley Castle 355:invaded England 264:King of England 213: 175: 174: 166: 163: 1308) 158: 154: 141: 135: 124:Berkeley Castle 122: 109: 58: 52:King of England 46: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12227: 12217: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12111: 12110: 12093: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12048: 12036: 12024: 12001: 12000: 11991: 11988: 11987: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11973: 11970:(2022–present) 11963: 11953: 11943: 11933: 11923: 11913: 11903: 11893: 11883: 11873: 11863: 11853: 11843: 11833: 11823: 11813: 11803: 11793: 11783: 11773: 11763: 11753: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11731: 11730: 11723: 11716: 11708: 11699: 11698: 11696: 11695: 11689: 11686: 11685: 11682: 11681: 11679: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11618: 11612: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11605: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11581: 11576: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11550: 11540: 11535: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11522: 11505: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11444:Edward Balliol 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11304:Constantine II 11301: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11261: 11253: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11232: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11155: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11131: 11126: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11104: 11099: 11096:Edgar Ætheling 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11013: 11006: 10998: 10995: 10994: 10991: 10985: 10978: 10977: 10961: 10960: 10953: 10946: 10938: 10930: 10929: 10921: 10916: 10907: 10899: 10893: 10892: 10886: 10885: 10876: 10867: 10863: 10862: 10852: 10851: 10846: 10843: 10830: 10825: 10821: 10820: 10819:Regnal titles 10816: 10815: 10795: 10792: 10787: 10786: 10772: 10760: 10759:at BBC History 10754: 10748: 10722: 10721:External links 10719: 10717: 10716: 10715: 10714: 10680:(2): 422–439. 10634: 10628: 10612: 10598: 10585: 10579: 10566: 10540:(3): 521–529. 10529: 10489: 10475: 10462: 10456: 10443: 10442: 10441: 10435: 10422: 10404: 10398: 10379: 10366: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10321: 10294: 10249: 10248: 10247: 10241: 10228: 10204: 10191: 10185: 10172: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10143: 10130: 10116: 10081: 10065: 10059: 10046: 10040: 10027: 10021: 10008: 9990: 9976: 9963: 9945: 9939: 9926: 9889: 9888: 9887: 9881: 9868: 9824:(2): 201–207. 9813: 9807: 9794: 9788: 9772: 9766: 9750: 9726: 9702: 9696: 9683: 9677: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9627: 9613:Dodd, Gwilym; 9610: 9604: 9591: 9577: 9557: 9551: 9535: 9521: 9505: 9499: 9486: 9480: 9467: 9433:(3): 573–595. 9419: 9413: 9400: 9394: 9381: 9361:10.1086/385826 9344: 9338: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9316: 9266:Prestwich 1988 9262:Carpenter 2004 9250: 9234: 9232:, p. 102. 9218: 9206: 9194: 9188:, p. 31; 9182:Brintnell 2011 9174: 9162: 9156:, p. 31; 9146: 9144:, p. 206. 9134: 9118: 9106: 9090: 9073: 9051:Schofield 2005 9043:Alexander 1985 9031: 9015: 9009:, p. 29; 8999: 8980: 8968: 8956: 8944: 8932: 8920: 8908: 8896: 8876: 8874:, p. 286. 8864: 8862:, p. 263. 8849: 8847:, p. 337. 8837: 8825: 8823:, p. 263. 8819:, p. 60; 8809: 8793: 8781: 8777:Prestwich 2006 8766: 8760:, p. 75; 8754:Prestwich 2006 8746: 8740:, p. 75; 8734:Prestwich 2006 8726: 8714: 8710:Prestwich 2006 8699: 8695:Prestwich 2006 8687: 8683:Prestwich 2006 8675: 8671:Prestwich 2006 8663: 8659:Prestwich 2006 8651: 8643:Prestwich 2006 8635: 8631:Prestwich 2006 8623: 8611: 8599: 8583: 8571: 8551: 8549:, p. 161. 8545:, p. 50; 8531: 8519: 8517:, p. 157. 8507: 8495: 8483: 8467: 8459:Prestwich 2003 8448: 8444:Prestwich 2003 8432: 8418:, p. 39; 8412:Prestwich 2007 8404: 8392: 8380: 8368: 8362:, p. 73; 8360:Prestwich 2003 8352: 8344:Carpenter 2007 8336: 8305: 8289: 8282: 8261: 8249: 8237: 8221: 8219:, p. 213. 8209: 8197: 8185: 8183:, p. 219. 8181:Prestwich 2007 8157: 8155:, p. 563. 8141: 8129: 8115:, p. 88; 8113:Prestwich 2003 8105: 8093: 8067: 8065:, p. 232. 8051: 8049:, p. 179. 8035: 8005: 7989: 7987:, p. 229. 7973: 7971:, p. 121. 7961: 7949: 7916: 7914:, p. 119. 7904: 7888: 7876: 7864: 7852: 7846:, p. 19; 7832: 7830:, p. 118. 7820: 7804: 7792: 7780: 7768: 7756: 7744: 7732: 7720: 7718:, p. 563. 7708: 7692: 7676: 7674:, p. 177. 7664: 7635:, p. 33; 7619:, p. 16; 7615:, p. 88; 7613:Prestwich 2003 7598: 7596:, p. 548. 7586: 7584:, p. 547. 7574: 7562: 7550: 7548:, p. 422. 7542:Smallwood 1973 7534:Galbraith 1935 7523: 7521:, p. 541. 7508: 7496: 7484: 7468: 7466:, p. 534. 7456: 7454:, p. 191. 7440: 7438:, p. 533. 7428: 7416: 7414:, p. 526. 7404: 7392: 7380: 7368: 7366:, p. 516. 7356: 7344: 7342:, p. 186. 7332: 7320: 7308: 7306:, p. 181. 7296: 7294:, p. 187. 7280: 7278:, p. 512. 7268: 7266:, p. 181. 7252: 7240: 7238:, p. 508. 7228: 7216: 7200: 7188: 7186:, p. 504. 7176: 7164: 7152: 7150:, p. 205. 7140: 7138:, p. 502. 7128: 7116: 7114:, p. 519. 7104: 7092: 7080: 7068: 7056: 7054:, p. 495. 7044: 7042:, p. 169. 7024: 7022:, p. 169. 7008: 6996: 6984: 6972: 6960: 6948: 6936: 6934:, p. 169. 6920: 6904: 6902:, p. 479. 6892: 6880: 6868: 6866:, p. 472. 6853: 6841: 6839:, p. 470. 6829: 6827:, p. 469. 6817: 6815:, p. 468. 6805: 6803:, p. 467. 6793: 6791:, p. 466. 6781: 6779:, p. 464. 6766: 6754: 6742: 6730: 6718: 6716:, p. 456. 6706: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6668:, p. 436. 6658: 6656:, p. 157. 6642: 6630: 6628:, p. 273. 6614: 6612:, p. 148. 6598: 6596:, p. 433. 6586: 6574: 6557: 6545: 6543:, p. 151. 6529: 6527:, p. 417. 6517: 6515:, p. 425. 6505: 6503:, p. 144. 6489: 6477: 6475:, p. 141. 6461: 6459:, p. 408. 6449: 6434: 6432:, p. 404. 6422: 6410: 6398: 6386: 6374: 6372:, p. 397. 6359: 6347: 6345:, p. 394. 6335: 6319: 6307: 6291: 6279: 6267: 6255: 6243: 6231: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6183: 6181:, p. 336. 6171: 6169:, p. 259. 6155: 6139: 6137:, p. 201. 6127: 6115: 6100: 6098:, p. 277. 6088: 6086:, p. 328. 6072: 6056: 6044: 6032: 6016: 6004: 5992: 5980: 5978:, p. 253. 5964: 5948: 5936: 5934:, p. 205. 5920: 5918:, p. 104. 5904: 5892: 5880: 5878:, p. 259. 5864: 5862:, p. 233. 5849: 5847:, p. 232. 5834: 5819: 5817:, p. 230. 5804: 5792: 5780: 5764: 5749: 5737: 5733:Prestwich 2003 5721: 5719:, p. 217. 5709: 5707:, p. 214. 5697: 5695:, p. 213. 5685: 5673: 5661: 5649: 5637: 5625: 5609: 5607:, p. 192. 5603:, p. 82; 5593: 5578: 5576:, p. 241. 5566: 5550: 5538: 5522: 5510: 5498: 5496:, p. 187. 5486: 5474: 5458: 5446: 5440:, p. 77; 5438:Prestwich 2003 5426: 5414: 5402: 5390: 5378: 5366: 5350: 5338: 5326: 5324:, p. 166. 5314: 5302: 5290: 5288:, p. 163. 5278: 5266: 5264:, p. 162. 5254: 5238: 5236:, p. 161. 5226: 5224:, p. 160. 5214: 5212:, p. 159. 5202: 5200:, p. 158. 5190: 5178: 5176:, p. 155. 5166: 5154: 5142: 5130: 5128:, p. 151. 5118: 5106: 5094: 5082: 5080:, p. 146. 5070: 5055: 5039: 5027: 5015: 5009:, p. 74; 5007:Prestwich 2003 4999: 4987: 4985:, p. 102. 4970: 4955: 4953:, p. 144. 4943: 4924: 4922:, p. 141. 4912: 4910:, p. 140. 4900: 4888: 4886:, p. 574. 4872: 4860: 4848: 4832: 4820: 4818:, p. 133. 4808: 4806:, p. 132. 4796: 4794:, p. 557. 4792:Prestwich 1988 4780: 4778:, p. 131. 4768: 4766:, p. 129. 4756: 4744: 4732: 4717: 4715:, p. 123. 4705: 4693: 4691:, p. 102. 4681: 4669: 4653: 4641:Prestwich 2006 4633: 4631:, p. 102. 4627:, p. 52; 4617: 4605: 4603:, pp. 31. 4593: 4581: 4569: 4557: 4547:, p. 71; 4545:Prestwich 2006 4537: 4533:Prestwich 2006 4521: 4515:, p. 23; 4507:, p. 31; 4493: 4487:, p. 22; 4477: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4421: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4373: 4361: 4341: 4329: 4327:, p. 109. 4314: 4312:, p. 107. 4302: 4290: 4278: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4200: 4198:, p. 190. 4184: 4182:, p. 574. 4172: 4156: 4144: 4142:, p. 360. 4125: 4110: 4098: 4092:, p. 41; 4082: 4070: 4066:Prestwich 2003 4049: 4037: 4031:, p. 73; 4029:Prestwich 2003 4021: 4015:, p. 71; 4013:Prestwich 2003 4005: 3989: 3973: 3961: 3945: 3933: 3913: 3897: 3895:, pp. 53. 3885: 3873: 3857: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3814:, p. 226. 3804: 3792: 3780: 3757: 3742: 3730: 3724:, p. 36; 3714: 3702: 3686: 3674: 3672:, p. 157. 3658: 3654:Prestwich 2003 3642: 3640:, p. 575. 3625: 3623:, p. 241. 3613: 3601: 3572:, p. 38; 3570:Prestwich 2003 3562: 3552:, p. 38; 3550:Prestwich 2003 3542: 3538:Prestwich 2003 3530: 3526:Prestwich 2003 3518: 3514:Prestwich 1988 3506: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3474: 3461: 3451: 3438: 3403: 3394: 3385: 3375: 3365: 3355: 3337: 3323: 3309: 3296: 3283: 3274: 3261: 3242: 3228: 3218: 3209: 3199: 3190: 3180: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2911: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2644: 2643: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2621: 2620: 2610: 2600: 2597:John of Eltham 2594: 2567: 2564: 2544:Edward II 2535:Edward II 2475:The filmmaker 2446:Edward II 2432:Edward II 2419:Main article: 2416: 2413: 2401:John Maddicott 2392:William Stubbs 2381:Charles Knight 2367:, and between 2312: 2311:Historiography 2309: 2307: 2304: 2295:Pope John XXII 2264: 2261: 2220: 2217: 2163: 2162: 2153: 2152: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2132:Edward as king 2130: 2093:Fieschi Letter 2072: 2069: 2011:Newgate Church 1970: 1967: 1935:William Ockley 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1827:Main article: 1824: 1821: 1736:Main article: 1733: 1730: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1657:fortified town 1641:Main article: 1638: 1635: 1627:Roger Mortimer 1606:Robert Baldock 1560: 1557: 1541:Andrew Harclay 1466:Main article: 1463: 1460: 1458: 1455: 1368:Main article: 1365: 1362: 1333:Henry de Bohun 1287:Main article: 1284: 1281: 1235: 1232: 1220:Warwick Castle 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1114:Main article: 1111: 1108: 1035: 1032: 1000:Henry Woodlock 932:Burgh by Sands 919: 916: 914: 911: 831:Piers Gaveston 820:Piers Gaveston 804: 801: 761:Walter Langton 750:Brechin Castle 692: 689: 623:musical organs 556: 553: 474: 471: 469: 466: 409:king of France 407:vassal of the 388: 385: 351:Roger Mortimer 347:a peace treaty 307:sworn brothers 303:Piers Gaveston 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 221: 215: 214: 212: 211: 210:(illegitimate) 205: 200: 195: 190: 184: 182: 168: 167: 156: 150: 149: 147: 143: 142: 136: 132: 128: 127: 119: 115: 114: 106: 102: 101: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 74: 68: 67: 64: 60: 59: 54: 48: 47: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12226: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12209:Sons of kings 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12107: 12106: 12094: 12090: 12089: 12077: 12076: 12073: 12067: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12035: 12025: 12023: 12013: 12012: 12009: 11998: 11994: 11989: 11982: 11971: 11968: 11964: 11961: 11958: 11954: 11951: 11948: 11944: 11941: 11938: 11934: 11931: 11928: 11927:Albert Edward 11924: 11921: 11918: 11914: 11911: 11908: 11904: 11901: 11898: 11894: 11891: 11888: 11884: 11881: 11878: 11874: 11871: 11868: 11864: 11861: 11858: 11854: 11851: 11848: 11844: 11841: 11838: 11834: 11831: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11818: 11814: 11811: 11808: 11804: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11788: 11784: 11781: 11778: 11774: 11771: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11758: 11754: 11751: 11748: 11744: 11743: 11740: 11736: 11729: 11724: 11722: 11717: 11715: 11710: 11709: 11706: 11694: 11691: 11690: 11687: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11613: 11610: 11604: 11603: 11598: 11597: 11594: 11590: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11554: 11551: 11549: 11546: 11545: 11544: 11541: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11530: 11527: 11521: 11519: 11514: 11513: 11510: 11506: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11445: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11423: 11419: 11417: 11416:Alexander III 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11331: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11294: 11290: 11288: 11287: 11283: 11281: 11280: 11276: 11274: 11273: 11272:Constantine I 11269: 11267: 11266: 11262: 11260: 11259: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11241: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11230: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11153: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11136: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11124: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11097: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11060: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11018: 11014: 11012: 11011: 11007: 11005: 11004: 11000: 10999: 10997: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10988: 10983: 10979: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10959: 10954: 10952: 10947: 10945: 10940: 10939: 10936: 10928: 10927: 10920: 10913: 10912: 10906: 10905: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10887: 10882: 10881: 10874: 10870: 10864: 10859: 10858: 10853: 10849: 10840: 10839: 10835: 10828: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10806:25 April 1284 10805: 10800: 10799: 10790: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10773: 10769: 10765: 10761: 10758: 10755: 10752: 10749: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10725: 10724: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10699: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10670: 10669: 10666: 10662: 10657: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10635: 10631: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10595: 10591: 10586: 10582: 10576: 10572: 10567: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10535: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10514: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10500: 10494: 10490: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10472: 10468: 10463: 10459: 10453: 10449: 10444: 10438: 10432: 10428: 10423: 10420: 10414: 10410: 10405: 10401: 10395: 10391: 10386: 10385: 10382: 10376: 10372: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10339: 10335: 10330: 10324: 10318: 10314: 10309: 10308: 10306: 10300: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10259: 10255: 10250: 10244: 10238: 10234: 10229: 10226: 10220: 10216: 10211: 10210: 10207: 10201: 10197: 10192: 10188: 10182: 10178: 10173: 10170: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10146: 10140: 10136: 10131: 10128: 10122: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10088: 10087: 10084: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10069:Mortimer, Ian 10066: 10062: 10056: 10052: 10047: 10043: 10037: 10033: 10028: 10024: 10018: 10014: 10009: 10006: 10000: 9996: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9973: 9969: 9964: 9961: 9955: 9951: 9946: 9942: 9936: 9932: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9903: 9900:(47): 30–48. 9899: 9895: 9890: 9884: 9878: 9874: 9869: 9866: 9860: 9856: 9851: 9850: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9814: 9810: 9804: 9800: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9781: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9763: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9706:Durand, Ursin 9703: 9699: 9693: 9689: 9684: 9680: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9665:Doherty, Paul 9662: 9657: 9651: 9647: 9642: 9641: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9611: 9607: 9601: 9597: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9518: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9492: 9487: 9483: 9477: 9473: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9452: 9448: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9406: 9401: 9397: 9391: 9387: 9382: 9378: 9374: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9355:(1): 94–109. 9354: 9350: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9331: 9326: 9325: 9304: 9300: 9285: 9281: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9258:Hamilton 2010 9254: 9247: 9246:Phillips 2011 9243: 9238: 9231: 9230:Phillips 2011 9227: 9222: 9215: 9210: 9203: 9198: 9192:, p. 31. 9191: 9190:Phillips 2011 9187: 9186:Burgtorf 2008 9183: 9178: 9171: 9166: 9159: 9155: 9154:Burgtorf 2008 9150: 9143: 9142:Lawrence 2006 9138: 9131: 9127: 9122: 9115: 9110: 9103: 9099: 9098:Lawrence 2006 9094: 9088:, p. 31. 9087: 9086:Burgtorf 2008 9082: 9080: 9078: 9062: 9058: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9041:, p. 5; 9040: 9039:Hamilton 2006 9035: 9028: 9027:Phillips 2011 9024: 9019: 9012: 9008: 9007:Phillips 2011 9003: 8997:, p. 29. 8996: 8995:Phillips 2011 8992: 8987: 8985: 8977: 8972: 8965: 8960: 8953: 8952:Phillips 2011 8948: 8941: 8940:Phillips 2011 8936: 8929: 8928:Phillips 2011 8924: 8917: 8916:Phillips 2011 8912: 8905: 8904:Phillips 2011 8900: 8893: 8892:Phillips 2011 8889: 8886:, p. 5; 8885: 8884:Chaplais 1994 8880: 8873: 8868: 8861: 8860:Phillips 2011 8856: 8854: 8846: 8841: 8834: 8829: 8822: 8821:Phillips 2011 8818: 8813: 8806: 8805:Phillips 2011 8802: 8797: 8790: 8789:Phillips 2011 8785: 8779:, p. 67. 8778: 8773: 8771: 8764:, p. 33. 8763: 8759: 8758:Phillips 2011 8755: 8750: 8744:, p. 33. 8743: 8739: 8738:Phillips 2011 8735: 8730: 8724:, p. 75. 8723: 8722:Phillips 2011 8718: 8712:, p. 69. 8711: 8706: 8704: 8696: 8691: 8684: 8679: 8672: 8667: 8661:, p. 63. 8660: 8655: 8649:, p. 33. 8648: 8644: 8639: 8633:, p. 64. 8632: 8627: 8620: 8615: 8608: 8603: 8597:, p. 32. 8596: 8592: 8587: 8580: 8575: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8555: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8535: 8528: 8523: 8516: 8511: 8504: 8499: 8492: 8487: 8481:, p. 37. 8480: 8476: 8471: 8464: 8463:Phillips 2011 8460: 8455: 8453: 8445: 8441: 8440:Phillips 2011 8436: 8429: 8425: 8424:Phillips 2011 8421: 8417: 8413: 8408: 8402:, p. 39. 8401: 8396: 8389: 8384: 8377: 8376:Chaplais 1994 8372: 8365: 8361: 8356: 8349: 8345: 8340: 8324: 8320: 8314: 8313:Mortimer 2008 8309: 8302: 8301:Mortimer 2008 8298: 8297:Mortimer 2005 8293: 8285: 8279: 8275: 8274:The Capetians 8271: 8270:Bradbury, Jim 8265: 8258: 8253: 8246: 8241: 8234: 8230: 8225: 8218: 8213: 8206: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8173:Mortimer 2006 8170: 8166: 8165:Phillips 2011 8161: 8154: 8153:Phillips 2011 8150: 8149:Mortimer 2004 8145: 8138: 8133: 8126: 8125:Mortimer 2004 8122: 8118: 8117:Phillips 2011 8114: 8109: 8103:, p. 55. 8102: 8097: 8081: 8077: 8071: 8064: 8060: 8055: 8048: 8044: 8039: 8023: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8002: 7998: 7993: 7986: 7982: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7913: 7908: 7902:, p. 21. 7901: 7897: 7892: 7885: 7880: 7873: 7868: 7862:, p. 20. 7861: 7856: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7836: 7829: 7824: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7802:, p. 16. 7801: 7796: 7789: 7784: 7777: 7772: 7765: 7760: 7753: 7748: 7741: 7736: 7729: 7724: 7717: 7716:Phillips 2011 7712: 7705: 7701: 7700:Phillips 2011 7696: 7689: 7685: 7684:Phillips 2011 7680: 7673: 7668: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7638: 7637:Hamilton 2010 7634: 7630: 7626: 7625:Phillips 2011 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7605: 7603: 7595: 7594:Phillips 2011 7590: 7583: 7582:Phillips 2011 7578: 7571: 7570:Phillips 2011 7566: 7559: 7558:Phillips 2011 7554: 7547: 7543: 7540:, p. 2; 7539: 7538:McKisack 1959 7535: 7530: 7528: 7520: 7519:Phillips 2011 7515: 7513: 7505: 7504:Phillips 2011 7500: 7493: 7492:Phillips 2011 7488: 7481: 7477: 7476:Phillips 2011 7472: 7465: 7464:Phillips 2011 7460: 7453: 7449: 7448:Phillips 2011 7444: 7437: 7436:Phillips 2011 7432: 7425: 7424:Phillips 2011 7420: 7413: 7412:Phillips 2011 7408: 7401: 7400:Phillips 2011 7396: 7389: 7388:Phillips 2011 7384: 7377: 7376:Phillips 2011 7372: 7365: 7364:Phillips 2011 7360: 7353: 7352:Phillips 2011 7348: 7341: 7336: 7329: 7328:Phillips 2011 7324: 7317: 7316:Phillips 2011 7312: 7305: 7300: 7293: 7289: 7288:Phillips 2011 7284: 7277: 7276:Phillips 2011 7272: 7265: 7261: 7260:Phillips 2011 7256: 7249: 7248:Phillips 2011 7244: 7237: 7236:Phillips 2011 7232: 7225: 7224:Phillips 2011 7220: 7213: 7209: 7208:Phillips 2011 7204: 7197: 7196:Phillips 2011 7192: 7185: 7184:Phillips 2011 7180: 7173: 7172:Phillips 2011 7168: 7161: 7156: 7149: 7144: 7137: 7136:Phillips 2011 7132: 7125: 7124:Phillips 2011 7120: 7113: 7112:Phillips 2011 7108: 7101: 7100:Phillips 2011 7096: 7089: 7088:Phillips 2011 7084: 7077: 7076:Phillips 2011 7072: 7065: 7064:Phillips 2011 7060: 7053: 7052:Phillips 2011 7048: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7032:Mortimer 2004 7028: 7021: 7017: 7016:Phillips 2011 7012: 7005: 7004:Phillips 2011 7000: 6993: 6988: 6981: 6980:Phillips 2011 6976: 6969: 6964: 6957: 6952: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6929: 6928:Phillips 2011 6924: 6917: 6913: 6908: 6901: 6900:Phillips 2011 6896: 6889: 6888:Phillips 2011 6884: 6877: 6876:Phillips 2011 6872: 6865: 6864:Phillips 2011 6860: 6858: 6850: 6849:Phillips 2011 6845: 6838: 6837:Phillips 2011 6833: 6826: 6825:Phillips 2011 6821: 6814: 6813:Phillips 2011 6809: 6802: 6801:Phillips 2011 6797: 6790: 6789:Phillips 2011 6785: 6778: 6777:Phillips 2011 6773: 6771: 6763: 6762:Phillips 2011 6758: 6751: 6746: 6739: 6738:Phillips 2011 6734: 6727: 6726:Phillips 2011 6722: 6715: 6714:Phillips 2011 6710: 6703: 6702:Phillips 2011 6698: 6691: 6690:Phillips 2011 6686: 6679: 6678:Phillips 2011 6674: 6667: 6666:Phillips 2011 6662: 6655: 6651: 6650:Phillips 2011 6646: 6639: 6638:Phillips 2011 6634: 6627: 6623: 6622:Phillips 2011 6618: 6611: 6607: 6606:Phillips 2011 6602: 6595: 6594:Phillips 2011 6590: 6583: 6582:Phillips 2011 6578: 6571: 6570:Phillips 2011 6566: 6564: 6562: 6554: 6553:Phillips 2011 6549: 6542: 6538: 6537:Phillips 2011 6533: 6526: 6525:Phillips 2011 6521: 6514: 6513:Phillips 2011 6509: 6502: 6498: 6497:Phillips 2011 6493: 6486: 6485:Phillips 2011 6481: 6474: 6470: 6469:Phillips 2011 6465: 6458: 6457:Phillips 2011 6453: 6446: 6445:Phillips 2011 6441: 6439: 6431: 6430:Phillips 2011 6426: 6419: 6418:Phillips 2011 6414: 6407: 6406:Phillips 2011 6402: 6395: 6394:Phillips 2011 6390: 6383: 6382:Phillips 2011 6378: 6371: 6370:Phillips 2011 6366: 6364: 6356: 6355:Phillips 2011 6351: 6344: 6343:Phillips 2011 6339: 6332: 6328: 6327:Phillips 2011 6323: 6316: 6315:Phillips 2011 6311: 6305:, p. 84. 6304: 6300: 6299:Phillips 2011 6295: 6288: 6287:Phillips 2011 6283: 6276: 6275:Phillips 2011 6271: 6264: 6263:Phillips 2011 6259: 6252: 6251:Phillips 2011 6247: 6240: 6239:Phillips 2011 6235: 6228: 6227:Phillips 2011 6223: 6216: 6215:Phillips 2011 6211: 6204: 6199: 6192: 6191:Phillips 2011 6187: 6180: 6179:Phillips 2011 6175: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6152: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6112: 6107: 6105: 6097: 6096:Phillips 2011 6092: 6085: 6084:Phillips 2011 6081: 6076: 6069: 6065: 6064:Phillips 2011 6060: 6053: 6052:Phillips 2011 6048: 6041: 6040:Phillips 2011 6036: 6030:, p. 97. 6029: 6025: 6024:Phillips 2011 6020: 6013: 6012:Phillips 2011 6008: 6001: 5996: 5989: 5984: 5977: 5976:Phillips 2011 5973: 5968: 5961: 5960:Phillips 2011 5957: 5952: 5945: 5944:Phillips 2011 5940: 5933: 5929: 5928:Phillips 2011 5924: 5917: 5913: 5912:Phillips 2011 5908: 5901: 5900:Phillips 2011 5896: 5889: 5888:Phillips 2011 5884: 5877: 5873: 5872:Phillips 2011 5868: 5861: 5860:Phillips 2011 5856: 5854: 5846: 5845:Phillips 2011 5841: 5839: 5831: 5830:Phillips 2011 5826: 5824: 5816: 5815:Phillips 2011 5811: 5809: 5801: 5800:Phillips 2011 5796: 5789: 5788:Phillips 2011 5784: 5778:, p. 94. 5777: 5773: 5772:Phillips 2011 5768: 5761: 5760:Phillips 2011 5756: 5754: 5746: 5745:Phillips 2011 5741: 5735:, p. 16. 5734: 5730: 5729:Phillips 2011 5725: 5718: 5717:Phillips 2011 5713: 5706: 5705:Phillips 2011 5701: 5694: 5693:Phillips 2011 5689: 5682: 5681:Phillips 2011 5677: 5670: 5669:Phillips 2011 5665: 5658: 5657:Phillips 2011 5653: 5646: 5645:Phillips 2011 5641: 5634: 5633:Phillips 2011 5629: 5623:, p. 86. 5622: 5618: 5617:Phillips 2011 5613: 5606: 5605:Phillips 2011 5602: 5601:Chaplais 1994 5597: 5591:, p. 89. 5590: 5589:Chaplais 1994 5585: 5583: 5575: 5574:Phillips 2011 5570: 5564:, p. 88. 5563: 5562:Chaplais 1994 5559: 5558:Phillips 2011 5554: 5547: 5546:Phillips 2011 5542: 5535: 5531: 5530:Phillips 2011 5526: 5519: 5518:Hamilton 1991 5514: 5507: 5506:Phillips 2011 5502: 5495: 5494:Phillips 2011 5490: 5483: 5482:Phillips 2011 5478: 5472:, p. 82. 5471: 5470:Chaplais 1994 5467: 5466:Phillips 2011 5462: 5455: 5454:Phillips 2011 5450: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5434:Phillips 2011 5430: 5423: 5422:Phillips 2011 5418: 5411: 5410:Phillips 2011 5406: 5399: 5398:Phillips 2011 5394: 5387: 5386:Phillips 2011 5382: 5375: 5374:Phillips 2011 5370: 5364:, p. 76. 5363: 5359: 5358:Phillips 2011 5354: 5347: 5346:Phillips 2011 5342: 5335: 5334:Phillips 2011 5330: 5323: 5322:Phillips 2011 5318: 5311: 5310:Phillips 2011 5306: 5299: 5298:Phillips 2011 5294: 5287: 5286:Phillips 2011 5282: 5275: 5274:Phillips 2011 5270: 5263: 5262:Phillips 2011 5258: 5252:, p. 68. 5251: 5250:Chaplais 1994 5247: 5246:Phillips 2011 5242: 5235: 5234:Phillips 2011 5230: 5223: 5222:Phillips 2011 5218: 5211: 5210:Phillips 2011 5206: 5199: 5198:Phillips 2011 5194: 5187: 5186:Phillips 2011 5182: 5175: 5174:Phillips 2011 5170: 5163: 5162:Phillips 2011 5158: 5151: 5150:Phillips 2011 5146: 5139: 5138:Phillips 2011 5134: 5127: 5126:Phillips 2011 5122: 5115: 5114:Phillips 2011 5110: 5103: 5102:Phillips 2011 5098: 5091: 5090:Phillips 2011 5086: 5079: 5078:Phillips 2011 5074: 5067: 5066:Phillips 2011 5062: 5060: 5053:, p. 44. 5052: 5051:Chaplais 1994 5048: 5047:Phillips 2011 5043: 5036: 5035:Phillips 2011 5031: 5024: 5023:Phillips 2011 5019: 5013:, p. 31. 5012: 5008: 5003: 4997:, p. 93. 4996: 4991: 4984: 4983:Phillips 2011 4979: 4977: 4975: 4968:, p. 61. 4967: 4962: 4960: 4952: 4951:Phillips 2011 4947: 4940: 4936: 4935:Phillips 2011 4931: 4929: 4921: 4920:Phillips 2011 4916: 4909: 4908:Phillips 2011 4904: 4897: 4896:Phillips 2011 4892: 4885: 4881: 4880:Phillips 2011 4876: 4870:, p. 52. 4869: 4864: 4857: 4856:Phillips 2011 4852: 4845: 4844:Phillips 2011 4841: 4836: 4829: 4828:Chaplais 1994 4824: 4817: 4816:Phillips 2011 4812: 4805: 4804:Phillips 2011 4800: 4793: 4789: 4788:Phillips 2011 4784: 4777: 4776:Phillips 2011 4772: 4765: 4764:Phillips 2011 4760: 4754:, p. 53. 4753: 4752:Chaplais 1994 4748: 4741: 4740:Phillips 2011 4736: 4729: 4728:Phillips 2011 4724: 4722: 4714: 4713:Phillips 2011 4709: 4702: 4701:Chaplais 1994 4697: 4690: 4689:Phillips 2011 4685: 4678: 4677:Chaplais 1994 4673: 4666: 4665:Chaplais 1994 4662: 4661:Phillips 2011 4657: 4651:, p. 99. 4650: 4649:Phillips 2011 4647:, p. 9; 4646: 4645:Chaplais 1994 4642: 4637: 4630: 4629:Phillips 2011 4626: 4625:Mortimer 2006 4621: 4614: 4613:Mortimer 2006 4609: 4602: 4597: 4591:, p. 52. 4590: 4589:Mortimer 2006 4585: 4579:, p. 50. 4578: 4577:Mortimer 2006 4573: 4567:, p. 97. 4566: 4565:Phillips 2011 4561: 4554: 4550: 4549:Phillips 2011 4546: 4541: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4517:Hamilton 2010 4514: 4510: 4509:Phillips 2011 4506: 4502: 4497: 4490: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4470: 4469:Phillips 2011 4465: 4458: 4457:Phillips 2011 4453: 4446: 4445:Phillips 2011 4441: 4434: 4433:Chaplais 1994 4430: 4429:Phillips 2011 4425: 4418: 4417:Phillips 2011 4413: 4407:, p. 96. 4406: 4405:Phillips 2011 4401: 4394: 4393:Phillips 2011 4389: 4382: 4381:Phillips 2006 4377: 4370: 4369:Phillips 2011 4365: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4349:Phillips 2011 4345: 4338: 4337:Phillips 2011 4333: 4326: 4325:Phillips 2011 4321: 4319: 4311: 4310:Phillips 2011 4306: 4299: 4298:Phillips 2011 4294: 4287: 4286:Phillips 2011 4282: 4275: 4274:Phillips 2011 4270: 4268: 4260: 4259:Phillips 2011 4255: 4248: 4247:Phillips 2011 4243: 4236: 4235:Phillips 2011 4231: 4224: 4223:Phillips 2011 4219: 4212: 4211:Marshall 2006 4207: 4205: 4197: 4196:Marshall 2006 4193: 4192:Phillips 2011 4188: 4181: 4176: 4170:, p. 30. 4169: 4165: 4164:Phillips 2011 4160: 4153: 4152:Phillips 2011 4148: 4141: 4137: 4136:Phillips 2011 4132: 4130: 4123:, p. 43. 4122: 4121:Phillips 2011 4117: 4115: 4108:, p. 42. 4107: 4106:Phillips 2011 4102: 4096:, p. 19. 4095: 4091: 4090:Phillips 2011 4086: 4080:, p. 72. 4079: 4078:Phillips 2011 4074: 4068:, p. 72. 4067: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4046: 4045:Phillips 2011 4041: 4035:, p. 61. 4034: 4033:Phillips 2011 4030: 4025: 4019:, p. 41. 4018: 4017:Phillips 2011 4014: 4009: 4003:, p. 40. 4002: 4001:Phillips 2011 3999:, p. 6; 3998: 3997:Hamilton 2006 3993: 3986: 3985:Hamilton 2006 3982: 3981:Phillips 2011 3977: 3970: 3969:Phillips 2011 3965: 3958: 3955:, p. 8; 3954: 3953:Hamilton 2006 3949: 3942: 3941:Hamilton 2006 3937: 3930: 3926: 3925:Phillips 2011 3922: 3921:Hamilton 2006 3917: 3911:, p. 45. 3910: 3909:Phillips 2011 3906: 3905:Hamilton 2006 3901: 3894: 3893:Phillips 2006 3889: 3883:, p. 60. 3882: 3881:Phillips 2011 3877: 3870: 3866: 3865:Phillips 2006 3861: 3855:, p. 11. 3854: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3837: 3836:Phillips 2011 3832: 3825: 3824:Phillips 2011 3820: 3813: 3812:Phillips 2006 3808: 3802:, p. 48. 3801: 3800:Phillips 2011 3796: 3790:, p. 47. 3789: 3788:Phillips 2011 3784: 3777: 3774:, p. 5; 3773: 3772:Chaplais 1994 3769: 3768:Phillips 2011 3764: 3762: 3755:, p. 40. 3754: 3753:Phillips 2011 3749: 3747: 3740:, p. 39. 3739: 3738:Phillips 2011 3734: 3727: 3723: 3722:Phillips 2011 3718: 3711: 3706: 3699: 3695: 3694:Phillips 2011 3690: 3683: 3682:Phillips 2011 3678: 3671: 3668:, p. 9; 3667: 3662: 3655: 3651: 3650:Phillips 2011 3646: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3622: 3617: 3611:, p. 25. 3610: 3605: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3576:, p. 5; 3575: 3574:Phillips 2011 3571: 3566: 3559: 3556:, p. 5; 3555: 3554:Phillips 2011 3551: 3546: 3539: 3534: 3528:, p. 33. 3527: 3522: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3478: 3471: 3465: 3455: 3448: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3417:Polychronicon 3414: 3407: 3398: 3389: 3379: 3369: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3334: 3327: 3320: 3313: 3306: 3300: 3293: 3287: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3258: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3232: 3222: 3213: 3203: 3194: 3184: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3097: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3019: 3006: 3005: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2919: 2914: 2913: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2798: 2797: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2777: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2699: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2678: 2677: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2662: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2631: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2577: 2572: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2536: 2531: 2530:David Bintley 2527: 2526:Royal Academy 2523: 2519: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2499: 2495:'s 1995 film 2494: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2442: 2434: 2433: 2427: 2422: 2412: 2410: 2409:Natalie Fryde 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2330:Polychronicon 2321: 2320:Oriel College 2317: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2278:Oriel College 2275: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2257:snake-charmer 2254: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2167: 2157: 2148: 2129: 2127: 2122: 2118: 2117:Natalie Fryde 2114: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2071:Controversies 2068: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027:Purbeck stone 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1980: 1975: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1895: 1881: 1879: 1876:January, Sir 1874: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1843:disembowelled 1835: 1830: 1820: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1789:Thames Valley 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1749: 1748:Oxwich Brooch 1744: 1739: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1689: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1634: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1565: 1556: 1554: 1553:summary trial 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1502: 1498: 1495: 1491: 1490:Marcher Lords 1487: 1486:Welsh Marches 1483: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1468:Despenser War 1454: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420:in Lancashire 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1378: 1377:royal council 1371: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1304: 1303:Holkham Bible 1300: 1295: 1290: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1245: 1240: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1224:Blacklow Hill 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1154: 1152: 1151:Kings Langley 1148: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:royal steward 1091: 1089: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1007: 1005: 1001: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 975: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 951: 949: 945: 944:Waltham Abbey 941: 937: 933: 924: 910: 908: 904: 899: 896: 891: 887: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 858: 856: 852: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 800: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 764: 762: 757: 755: 751: 747: 742: 738: 734: 729: 727: 723: 718: 714: 710: 706: 697: 688: 686: 683: 679: 671: 667: 659: 655: 651: 646: 644: 640: 637:, as well as 636: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 599:horsebreeding 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 570: 569:Edward I 566: 561: 552: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 530: 527: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 491: 483: 479: 465: 462: 456: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 425:Ninth Crusade 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 384: 381: 377: 376: 372:'s 1592 play 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 312: 308: 304: 299: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 245: 242: 238: 235: 232: 228: 225: 222: 220: 216: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 185: 183: 180: 179: 173: 169: 153: 148: 144: 139: 133: 129: 125: 120: 116: 112: 108:25 April 1284 107: 103: 99: 96: 93: 89: 86: 83: 79: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 12103: 12091:from Commons 12086: 12065: 11992: 11969: 11959: 11949: 11939: 11929: 11919: 11909: 11899: 11889: 11879: 11869: 11859: 11849: 11839: 11829: 11819: 11809: 11799: 11789: 11779: 11769: 11759: 11749: 11746: 11692: 11671:Elizabeth II 11599: 11515: 11442: 11420: 11411:Alexander II 11328: 11291: 11284: 11277: 11270: 11263: 11256: 11238: 11227: 11167: 11150: 11133: 11121: 11094: 11057: 11015: 11008: 11001: 10924: 10918: 10909: 10902: 10896: 10878: 10855: 10832: 10810: 10803: 10796: 10740:. Retrieved 10736:the original 10677: 10673: 10646: 10642: 10619: 10616:Weir, Alison 10589: 10570: 10537: 10533: 10508: 10504: 10498: 10466: 10447: 10426: 10408: 10389: 10370: 10337: 10333: 10312: 10298: 10257: 10253: 10232: 10214: 10195: 10176: 10158: 10134: 10120: 10095: 10091: 10072: 10050: 10031: 10012: 9994: 9967: 9949: 9930: 9897: 9893: 9872: 9854: 9821: 9817: 9798: 9779: 9757: 9737: 9733: 9713: 9687: 9668: 9645: 9618: 9595: 9564: 9542: 9512: 9490: 9471: 9430: 9426: 9404: 9386:Conwy Castle 9385: 9352: 9348: 9329: 9321:Bibliography 9307:, retrieved 9302: 9288:, retrieved 9283: 9253: 9237: 9221: 9209: 9197: 9177: 9165: 9149: 9137: 9121: 9109: 9093: 9064:, retrieved 9060: 9034: 9018: 9002: 8971: 8959: 8947: 8935: 8923: 8911: 8899: 8894:, p. 9. 8879: 8867: 8840: 8833:Menache 2002 8828: 8817:Menache 2002 8812: 8796: 8784: 8749: 8729: 8717: 8690: 8678: 8666: 8654: 8638: 8626: 8614: 8602: 8586: 8574: 8559:Valente 1998 8554: 8534: 8522: 8510: 8498: 8486: 8470: 8435: 8407: 8395: 8383: 8371: 8355: 8339: 8327:. Retrieved 8322: 8308: 8292: 8273: 8264: 8252: 8245:Doherty 2004 8240: 8229:Doherty 2004 8224: 8217:Doherty 2004 8212: 8205:Doherty 2004 8200: 8193:Doherty 2004 8188: 8177:Doherty 2004 8160: 8144: 8132: 8108: 8096: 8084:, retrieved 8080:the original 8070: 8054: 8038: 8026:, retrieved 8022:the original 8008: 7992: 7976: 7964: 7952: 7940:, retrieved 7936:the original 7907: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7855: 7835: 7823: 7807: 7795: 7783: 7771: 7759: 7747: 7735: 7723: 7711: 7695: 7679: 7667: 7655:, retrieved 7651:the original 7646: 7589: 7577: 7565: 7553: 7546:Valente 2002 7499: 7487: 7471: 7459: 7443: 7431: 7419: 7407: 7395: 7383: 7371: 7359: 7347: 7335: 7323: 7311: 7299: 7283: 7271: 7255: 7243: 7231: 7219: 7203: 7191: 7179: 7167: 7155: 7148:Ruddick 2013 7143: 7131: 7119: 7107: 7095: 7083: 7071: 7059: 7047: 7036:Doherty 2004 7027: 7011: 6999: 6992:Doherty 2004 6987: 6975: 6968:Doherty 2004 6963: 6956:Doherty 2004 6951: 6944:Doherty 2004 6939: 6923: 6907: 6895: 6883: 6871: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6796: 6784: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6661: 6645: 6633: 6617: 6601: 6589: 6577: 6548: 6532: 6520: 6508: 6492: 6480: 6464: 6452: 6425: 6413: 6401: 6389: 6377: 6350: 6338: 6322: 6310: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6210: 6198: 6186: 6174: 6158: 6142: 6130: 6118: 6091: 6075: 6059: 6047: 6035: 6019: 6007: 5995: 5983: 5967: 5951: 5939: 5923: 5907: 5895: 5883: 5867: 5795: 5783: 5767: 5740: 5724: 5712: 5700: 5688: 5676: 5664: 5652: 5640: 5628: 5612: 5596: 5569: 5553: 5541: 5525: 5513: 5501: 5489: 5477: 5461: 5449: 5429: 5417: 5405: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5353: 5341: 5329: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5269: 5257: 5241: 5229: 5217: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5157: 5145: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5073: 5042: 5030: 5018: 5002: 4990: 4946: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4835: 4823: 4811: 4799: 4783: 4771: 4759: 4747: 4735: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4672: 4656: 4636: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4540: 4524: 4496: 4480: 4464: 4452: 4440: 4435:, p. 4. 4424: 4412: 4400: 4388: 4376: 4364: 4344: 4332: 4305: 4293: 4281: 4254: 4242: 4230: 4218: 4187: 4175: 4159: 4147: 4101: 4085: 4073: 4040: 4024: 4008: 3992: 3987:, p. 9. 3976: 3964: 3959:, p. 7. 3948: 3936: 3916: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3860: 3831: 3819: 3807: 3795: 3783: 3778:, p. 4. 3733: 3717: 3705: 3700:, p. 3. 3689: 3677: 3661: 3645: 3616: 3604: 3592:, retrieved 3588:the original 3583: 3565: 3545: 3533: 3521: 3509: 3504:, p. 3. 3497: 3477: 3464: 3454: 3446: 3441: 3426:Ian Mortimer 3416: 3412: 3406: 3397: 3388: 3378: 3368: 3358: 3350:May McKisack 3340: 3333:Ian Mortimer 3326: 3312: 3299: 3291: 3286: 3277: 3264: 3245: 3231: 3221: 3212: 3202: 3193: 3183: 3162: 2870: 2622: 2581: 2576:coat of arms 2559: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:'s symphony 2533: 2522:Marcus Stone 2517: 2515: 2510:Marcus Stone 2496: 2477:Derek Jarman 2474: 2467: 2444: 2438: 2430: 2389: 2358: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2293: 2286: 2266: 2245: 2238: 2231:showing the 2227:1575 map of 2201: 2185: 2181: 2172: 2121:Ian Mortimer 2090: 2074: 2067: 2043: 2009:Isabella at 2003: 1983: 1956: 1950: 1931: 1927: 1904: 1884:Death (1327) 1866: 1859: 1855:Fleet Prison 1840: 1809: 1786: 1770: 1753: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1665: 1646: 1603: 1583: 1570: 1528:River Severn 1525: 1514: 1511:Leeds Castle 1503: 1499: 1471: 1451:Roger Damory 1444: 1432: 1408:Edward Bruce 1397: 1393:Great Famine 1386: 1373: 1341: 1329:Bannock Burn 1326: 1307: 1269: 1253: 1249: 1213: 1201: 1165: 1139: 1131: 1119: 1092: 1079: 1056: 1052: 1026:in 1318 and 1008: 976: 963:custos regni 962: 952: 929: 900: 879: 863:Adam Orleton 859: 847: 828: 765: 758: 730: 724:in 1300 and 713:peace treaty 702: 647: 631: 596: 583: 573: 563:Portrait in 519: 487: 457: 433:native Welsh 390: 373: 367: 336: 300: 259: 255: 251: 250: 208:Adam FitzRoy 176: 25: 12134:1327 deaths 12129:1284 births 12046:Middle Ages 11960:(1958–2022) 11950:(1910–1936) 11940:(1901–1910) 11930:(1841–1901) 11920:(1762–1820) 11910:(1751–1760) 11900:(1728–1751) 11890:(1714–1727) 11870:(1641–1649) 11860:(1616–1625) 11850:(1610–1612) 11840:(1537–1547) 11830:(1504–1509) 11820:(1489–1502) 11810:(1483–1484) 11800:(1471–1483) 11790:(1454–1471) 11780:(1399–1413) 11770:(1376–1377) 11760:(1343–1376) 11750:(1301–1307) 11676:Charles III 11661:Edward VIII 11391:Alexander I 11371:Malcolm III 11346:Kenneth III 11246:Elizabeth I 11208:Richard III 10411:. pp. 10217:. pp. 10161:. pp. 9997:. pp. 9952:. pp. 9857:. pp. 9648:. pp. 9242:Haines 2003 9226:Haines 2003 9202:Aberth 2003 9170:Prasch 1993 9158:Prasch 1993 9114:Martin 2010 9102:Martin 2010 9057:"Holy Fool" 9011:Haines 2003 8888:Haines 2003 8872:Haines 2003 8845:Haines 2003 8801:Musson 2006 8539:Haines 2003 8527:Musson 2006 8515:Musson 2006 8503:Musson 2006 8491:Musson 2006 8475:Haines 2003 8428:Haines 2003 8420:Musson 2006 8364:Haines 2003 8348:Haines 2003 8233:Haines 2003 8169:Haines 2003 8137:Ormrod 2006 8121:Ormrod 2006 8063:Haines 2003 8047:Ormrod 2004 8001:Ormrod 2004 7985:Haines 2003 7900:Burden 2004 7884:Burden 2004 7872:Burden 2004 7860:Burden 2004 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2003 4995:Haines 2003 4966:Haines 2003 4939:Haines 2003 4868:Haines 2003 4553:Haines 2003 4529:Ormrod 2006 4513:Ormrod 2006 4501:Haines 2003 4489:Haines 2003 4485:Ormrod 2006 4473:Haines 2003 4357:Haines 2003 4094:Haines 2003 3957:Haines 2003 3929:Haines 2003 3869:Haines 2003 3853:Haines 2003 3776:Haines 2003 3726:Haines 2003 3698:Haines 2003 3666:Ashbee 2007 3621:Haines 2003 3609:Haines 2003 3502:Haines 2003 3240:statements. 2540:John McCabe 2396:Thomas Tout 2274:King's Hall 2233:King's Hall 2113:Alison Weir 1958:coup d'état 1938: [ 1691:The future 1516:casus belli 1482:chamberlain 1261:River Seine 1205:Scarborough 1171:, Lincoln, 1123:Frescobaldi 786:called the 662:King Philip 615:Welsh music 526:Anglo-Saxon 515:David Powel 511:King Arthur 494:north Wales 439:, claiming 224:Plantagenet 81:Predecessor 12118:Categories 11651:Edward VII 11641:William IV 11631:George III 11560:Charles II 11455:Robert III 11401:Malcolm IV 11376:Donald III 11351:Malcolm II 11336:Kenneth II 11218:Henry VIII 11178:Richard II 11173:Edward III 11107:William II 11080:Harthacnut 10915:1301–1307 10884:1290–1325 10861:1306–1325 10848:Edward III 10842:1307–1327 10233:Edward III 9740:: 78–111. 9214:Horne 1999 9130:Perry 2000 9126:Logan 2007 9047:Waugh 1991 9023:Waugh 1991 8991:Waugh 1991 8976:Horne 1999 8964:Horne 1999 8762:Rubin 2006 8742:Rubin 2006 8647:Rubin 2006 8595:Rubin 2006 8567:Rubin 2006 8547:Waugh 1991 8543:Rubin 2006 8479:Rubin 2006 8416:Rubin 2006 8400:Rubin 2006 8101:Rubin 2006 8059:Duffy 2003 8043:Duffy 2003 8013:Duffy 2003 7997:Duffy 2003 7981:Duffy 2003 7969:Duffy 2003 7957:Duffy 2003 7927:Duffy 2003 7912:Duffy 2003 7896:Duffy 2003 7840:Duffy 2003 7828:Duffy 2003 7812:Duffy 2003 7788:Rubin 2006 7609:Rubin 2006 6080:Rubin 2006 5011:Rubin 2006 4884:Brown 1988 4840:Brown 1988 4601:Rubin 2006 4505:Rubin 2006 4353:Rubin 2006 4180:Brown 1988 4168:Rubin 2006 3710:Coote 2000 3638:Brown 1988 3490:References 3292:aura eslau 3172:town walls 2548:The Gascon 2498:Braveheart 2493:Mel Gibson 2485:postmodern 2464:Ben Jonson 2269:almsgiving 2166:Great Seal 2019:tomb chest 1994:high altar 1946:depression 1823:Abdication 1817:Kenilworth 1757:Portsmouth 1724:and eight 1693:Edward III 1574:collateral 1440:changeling 1400:Lancashire 1244:Notre Dame 1216:Deddington 1185:Gloucester 1104:purveyance 1058:Parliament 991:True Cross 967:Great Seal 882:chronicler 682:rebellious 678:Gascon War 603:greyhounds 441:suzerainty 387:Background 359:Edward III 260:Caernarvon 95:Edward III 72:Coronation 56:(more ...) 42:Effigy in 12034:Biography 11897:Frederick 11666:George VI 11636:George IV 11626:George II 11538:Charles I 11520:from 1603 11470:James III 11450:Robert II 11406:William I 11381:Duncan II 11309:Malcolm I 11299:Donald II 11223:Edward VI 11213:Henry VII 11198:Edward IV 11168:Edward II 11158:Henry III 11141:Richard I 11102:William I 11023:Æthelstan 10757:Edward II 10751:Edward II 10710:154602148 10694:0038-7134 10665:0013-8266 10554:0026-7937 10525:0038-7134 10485:18287761M 10354:0002-8762 10313:Edward II 10290:155958161 10274:1935-0236 10112:0013-8266 10051:Clement V 9986:10852938M 9914:1477-4569 9838:0095-1390 9746:0068-1202 9722:221519473 9637:17882067M 9463:154858717 9447:0038-7134 9377:154988120 9369:0021-9371 8619:Dodd 2006 8607:Dodd 2006 8591:Dodd 2006 8579:Dodd 2006 8563:Dodd 2006 8257:Weir 2006 3226:unfairly. 2574:Edward's 2229:Cambridge 2209:burgesses 2164:Edward's 2080:into his 2059:canonised 2015:alabaster 1998:gold leaf 1851:quartered 1847:castrated 1651:in 1324. 1594:Tynemouth 1590:Edinburgh 1474:civil war 1428:Glamorgan 1404:Yorkshire 1345:Carmelite 1173:Salisbury 1135:Ordainers 1061:moderate 1049:(tallest) 1030:in 1321. 1022:in 1316, 818:granting 814:from the 796:crusading 582:, as his 580:Guy Ferre 548:wet nurse 540:Castilian 507:Last Days 417:Castilian 375:Edward II 330:in 1314. 311:favourite 252:Edward II 91:Successor 31:Edward II 12058:Monarchy 11993:See also 11656:George V 11646:Victoria 11621:George I 11490:James VI 11475:James IV 11465:James II 11438:David II 11433:Robert I 11422:Margaret 11356:Duncan I 11265:Donald I 11203:Edward V 11193:Henry VI 11183:Henry IV 11163:Edward I 11129:Henry II 11028:Edmund I 11017:Ælfweard 10975:monarchs 10969:Scottish 10873:Edward I 10827:Edward I 10742:6 August 10674:Speculum 10618:(2006). 10608:1850113M 10505:Speculum 10495:(2005). 10371:Edward I 10157:(2006). 10071:(2004). 9922:11623897 9778:(2003). 9756:(1996). 9667:(2004). 9617:(2006). 9587:8976202M 9541:(1994). 9531:7348814M 9511:(2004). 9427:Speculum 9309:22 April 9290:22 April 8329:20 April 8272:(2007). 8086:22 April 8028:22 April 7942:22 April 7657:22 April 3594:22 April 3270:chancery 3136:See also 2634:Ancestry 2560:Gaveston 2558:'s 2002 2552:Gaveston 2488:pastiche 2443:'s play 2343:and the 2263:Religion 1986:embalmed 1793:Chepstow 1765:Normandy 1732:Invasion 1726:warships 1718:Philippa 1672:Bordeaux 1614:Miracles 1588:towards 1533:Tickhill 1521:Margaret 1322:spearmen 1314:Carlisle 1193:Pembroke 1189:Hereford 1098:and the 979:Boulogne 936:Dumfries 888:and the 843:Ponthieu 780:knighted 717:Margaret 709:Flanders 643:ditching 627:jousting 611:falconry 584:magister 544:Alphonso 503:prophets 292:Isabella 280:knighted 272:Alphonso 268:Edward I 85:Edward I 12022:England 12008:Portals 11967:William 11957:Charles 11867:Charles 11857:Charles 11574:Mary II 11480:James V 11460:James I 11396:David I 11361:Macbeth 11293:Eochaid 11188:Henry V 11123:Matilda 11117:Stephen 11112:Henry I 10973:British 10967:, 10965:English 10869:Eleanor 10777:at the 10702:3301327 10562:3724989 10362:2166608 10282:2901456 9846:4050602 9455:2852635 9066:26 June 3472:'s egg. 3470:griffin 3383:period. 2578:as king 2241:chapels 2213:commons 2205:knights 2101:Antwerp 2035:sceptre 1873:Lincoln 1801:Cardiff 1661:Agenais 1659:in the 1653:Charles 1618:gallows 1586:Lothian 1424:Bristol 1337:archers 1273:florins 1197:Warwick 1181:Arundel 1147:Windsor 1100:marshal 1024:Eleanor 983:psalter 839:Gascony 816:charter 812:Initial 670:Gascony 639:hedging 607:hunting 522:English 464:death. 411:), and 401:Gascony 326:at the 165: 157: 11947:Edward 11937:George 11917:George 11907:George 11887:George 11880:(1688) 11837:Edward 11817:Arthur 11797:Edward 11485:Mary I 11366:Lulach 11330:Amlaíb 11324:Cuilén 11314:Indulf 11240:Philip 11235:Mary I 11038:Eadwig 11033:Eadred 10919:Vacant 10897:Vacant 10809: 10708: 10700: 10692: 10663: 10626: 10606: 10596: 10577: 10560: 10552: 10523: 10483: 10473: 10454: 10433: 10396: 10377: 10360: 10352: 10319: 10288: 10280: 10272: 10239: 10202: 10183: 10141: 10110: 10079: 10057: 10038: 10019: 9984: 9974: 9937: 9920: 9912: 9879: 9844: 9836: 9805: 9786: 9764: 9744: 9720: 9694: 9675: 9635: 9625: 9602: 9585: 9575: 9571:–164. 9549: 9529: 9519: 9497: 9478: 9461: 9453: 9445: 9411: 9392: 9375: 9367: 9336: 8280: 3353:poem". 3168:castle 2435:(1594) 2371:, and 2363:, and 2306:Legacy 2197:gentry 2053:, and 2051:martyr 2023:oolite 2006:effigy 1917:, and 1761:Orwell 1625:, and 1354:Dunbar 1349:Oxford 1265:Levant 1246:, 1312 1209:Surrey 1127:prises 1071:Dublin 1002:, the 987:livres 948:marble 865:, the 851:heresy 835:squire 705:regent 674: 664: 635:rowing 536:Norman 461:homage 405:feudal 353:, and 262:, was 240:Mother 230:Father 178:Detail 146:Spouse 131:Burial 12105:Texts 12088:Media 11877:James 11827:Henry 11386:Edgar 11286:Giric 11152:Louis 11059:Sweyn 10811:Died: 10804:Born: 10706:S2CID 10698:JSTOR 10558:JSTOR 10358:JSTOR 10286:S2CID 10278:JSTOR 10165:–164. 10001:–204. 9956:–219. 9842:JSTOR 9652:–189. 9459:S2CID 9451:JSTOR 9373:S2CID 3319:allod 3154:Notes 2566:Issue 2249:camel 2219:Court 2078:poker 1942:] 1797:Lundy 1177:Derby 971:dower 619:crwth 592:Latin 529:saint 473:Birth 445:earls 219:House 172:Issue 159:( 155: 63:Reign 11616:Anne 11579:Anne 11572:and 11428:John 11237:and 11229:Jane 11146:John 11070:Cnut 10871:and 10744:2019 10690:ISSN 10661:ISSN 10624:ISBN 10594:ISBN 10575:ISBN 10550:ISSN 10521:ISSN 10471:ISBN 10452:ISBN 10431:ISBN 10415:–76. 10394:ISBN 10375:ISBN 10350:ISSN 10317:ISBN 10270:ISSN 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