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674:, Prince of Wales. As Caernarfon was the centre of administration in Gwynedd and a symbol of English power, it was targeted by the Welsh. Madog's forces captured the town in September, and in the process heavily damaged the town walls. The castle was defended by just a ditch and a temporary barricade. It was quickly taken and anything flammable was set alight. Fire raged across Caernarfon, leaving destruction in its wake. In the summer of 1295, the English moved to retake Caernarfon. By November the same year, the English began refortifying the town. Rebuilding the town walls was a high priority, and £1,195 (nearly half the sum initially spent on the walls) was spent on completing the job two months ahead of schedule. Attention then shifted to the castle and on finishing the work that had halted in 1292. Once the rebellion was put down, Edward began building
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912:, was partly influenced by a desire to make the structure impressive as a symbol of the new English rule in Wales. This was particularly acute as Caernarfon was made the centre of government in the northern part of the country. The Edwardian castle's layout was mostly dictated by the lie of the land, although the inclusion of the previous castle's motte played a part. It is a narrow enclosure, roughly in the shape of a figure eight. It was divided into two enclosures, upper and lower "wards", in the east and west respectively, with the eastern containing royal accommodation, although this was never completed. The divide was supposed to be established by a range of fortified buildings, however these too were never built.
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1010:. A statue of Edward II was erected in a niche overlooking the town, above the entrance to the King's Gate. In the opinion of architectural historian Arnold Taylor, "No building in Britain demonstrates more strikingly the immense strength of medieval fortifications than the great twin-towered gateway to Caernarfon Castle." The Queen's Gate is unusual in that its entrance is above ground level; this was due to the integration of the earlier motte, raising the ground level of the interior. Externally, the gate would have been approached by a stone ramp which is no longer present.
706:, which were amongst the most expensive and impressive fortifications of the later 12th and early 13th centuries. Subsequent additions to Caernarfon were not major, and what remains of the castle is substantially from the Edwardian period. Despite the expense, much of what was planned for the castle was never carried out. The rears of the King's Gate (the entrance from the town) and the Queen's Gate (the entrance from the south-east) were left unfinished, and foundations in the castle's interior mark where buildings would have stood had work continued.
606:, was created around the site to protect it while the permanent defences were under construction. Timber was shipped from as far away as Liverpool. Stone was quarried from nearby places, such as from Anglesey and around the town. A force of hundreds worked on the excavation of the moat and digging the foundations for the castle. As the site expanded, it began to encroach on the town; houses were cleared to allow the construction. Residents were not paid compensation until three years later. While the foundations for the stone walls were being created,
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labour moved north to help out with
England's war against Scotland. Records show that Walter of Hereford had left Caernarfon and was in Carlisle in October 1300; he remained occupied with the Scottish wars until the autumn of 1304 when building at Caernarfon resumed. Walter died in 1309 and his immediate subordinate, Henry of Ellerton, took over the position of master mason. Construction continued at a steady rate until 1330.
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infant son to their surprise; but the story may well be apocryphal, as it can only be traced to the 16th century. In 1284, Caernarfon was defended by a garrison of forty men, more than the thirty-strong garrisons at Conwy and
Harlech. Even in peace time, when most castles would have a guard of only a few men, Caernarfon was defended by between twenty and forty people due to its importance.
973:, a Roman emperor. In his dream Maximus had seen a fort, "the fairest that man ever saw", within a city at the mouth of a river in a mountainous country and opposite an island. Edward interpreted this to mean Segontium was the city of Maximus' dream and drew on the imperial link when building Caernarfon Castle. The purported discovery of Magnus's remains and the addition of carved
517:. The motte, or mound, was integrated into the later Edwardian castle, but the location of the original bailey is uncertain, although it may have been to the north-east of the motte. Excavations on top of the motte in 1969 revealed no traces of medieval occupation, suggesting any evidence had been removed. It is likely that the motte was surmounted by a wooden tower known as a
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688:... to cause 100 suitable masons experienced in such work as the king is engaged upon at Kaernaruan to be chosen in the town of Chester and in other parts within his bailiwick, and to cause them to come with their tools to Kaernaruan without delay, there to do what Edmund the king's brother shall enjoin upon them, as the king needs masons for his work there at once
1022:. This abutted the south side of the lower ward and was 30.5 metres (100 ft). Though only the foundations survive, the Great Hall would have been an impressive building, featuring fine architecture, and used to host royal entertainment. Had Caernarfon been completed as intended, it could have contained a royal household of several hundred people.
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took over as master mason for the new phase of construction. By the end of 1301, a further £4,500 had been spent on the work; the focus of the work was on the northern wall and towers. The accounts between
November 1301 and September 1304 are missing, possibly because there was a hiatus in work while
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The construction of the new stone castle was part of a programme of building which transformed
Caernarfon; town walls were added, connected to the castle, and a new quay was built. The earliest reference to building at Caernarfon dates from 24 June 1283, when a ditch had been dug separating the
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were built around
Caernarfon. The work cost between £20,000 and £25,000 from the start until the work ended in 1330. Although the castle appears mostly complete from the outside, the interior buildings no longer survive and many parts of the structure were never finished. In 1294 the town and castle
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and its towers survive largely intact, all that remains of the buildings contained within the castle are the foundations. While royal lodgings were in the upper ward, the lower ward contained buildings such as the kitchens. The kitchens were located immediately west of the King's Gate. On the basis
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to one of the towers may have been intended to reinforce this narrative. Recent work by historian
Abigail Wheatley suggests that the design of Caernarfon was indeed an assertion of Edward's authority, but that it drew on imagery from Roman sites in Britain with the intent of creating an allusion to
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were mostly complete. At the same time work continued on the castle. Spending on construction was negligible from 1289 and accounts end in 1292. Edward I's campaign of castle-building in Wales cost £80,000 between 1277 and 1304, and £95,000 between 1277 and 1329; by 1292 £12,000 had been spent
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Plan of
Caernarfon Castle: A – Site of Water Gate; B – Eagle Tower; C – Queen's Tower; D – Well Tower; E – Lower Ward; F – Great Hall; G – Kitchens; H – Chamberlain Tower; I – King's Gate; J – Upper Ward; K – Black Tower; L – Granary Tower; M – North-East Tower; N – Cistern Tower; O – Queen's Gate.
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There were two main entrances, one leading from the town (the King's Gate) and one allowing direct access to the castle without having to proceed through the town (the Queen's Gate). Their form was typical of the time: a passage between two flanking towers. If the King's Gate had been completed, a
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In
Caernarfon's case the walls of the town and castle remained in good condition, while features which required maintenance—such as roofs—were in a state of decay and much timber was rotten. Conditions were so poor that of the castle's seven towers and two gatehouses, only the Eagle Tower and the
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in 1301, with control over Wales and its incomes. Since then the title has traditionally been held by the eldest son of the monarch. According to a famous legend, the king had promised the Welsh that he would name "a prince born in Wales, who did not speak a word of
English" and then produced his
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to the
English throne in 1485 heralded a change in the way Wales was administered. The Tudors were Welsh in origin, and their rule eased hostilities between the Welsh and English. As a result, castles such as Caernarfon, which provided secure centres from which the country could be administered,
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Caernarfon's appearance differs from that of other Edwardian castles through the use of banded coloured stone in the walls and in its polygonal, rather than round, towers. There has been extensive academic debate over the interpretation of these features. Historian Arnold Taylor argued that the
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on the tops of walls and towers, and along the southern face were firing galleries; it was intended to include galleries along the northern face but they were never built. In the opinion of military historian Allen Brown, this combined to make Caernarfon Castle "one of the most formidable
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Caernarfon Castle is now a major tourist attraction, with over 205,000 people visiting the attraction in 2018. A three-year restoration project, costing £5M and concluding in April 2023, has opened up previously-closed areas of the castle, and enabled wheelchair access to the battlements.
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For around two centuries after the conquest of Wales, the arrangements established by Edward I for the governance of the country remained in place. During this time the castle was constantly garrisoned, and Caernarfon was effectively the capital of north Wales. There was a degree of
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began to replace with the current stone structure in 1283. The castle and town established by Edward acted as the administrative centre of north Wales, and as a result the defences were built on a grand scale. There was a deliberate link with Caernarfon's Roman past—nearby is the
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Most of the northern towers had four storeys including a basement. The Eagle Tower at the western corner of the castle was the grandest. It has three turrets which were once surmounted by statues of eagles. The tower contained grand lodgings, and was probably built for Sir
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King's Gate had roofs by 1620. The domestic buildings inside the castle had been stripped of anything valuable, such as glass and iron. Despite the disrepair of the domestic buildings, the castle's defences were in a good enough state that during the
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on the construction of Caernarfon's castle—of which the southern façade was furthest along—and town walls. As the southern wall and town walls completed a defensive circuit around Caernarfon, the plan was to build the castle's northern façade last.
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The ward of Caernarfon Castle, showing (from left to right) the Black Tower, the Chamberlain's Tower, and the Eagle Tower. By the 17th century, the castle's domestic buildings had been stripped of valuable materials such as iron and
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discrimination, with the most important administrative jobs in Wales usually closed to Welsh people. Tension between the Welsh and their English conquerors spilled over at the start of the 15th century with the outbreak of the
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was fought nearby between Caernarfon's defenders and the besieging force. In 1403 and 1404, Caernarfon was besieged by Welsh troops with support from French forces; the garrison at the time was around thirty. The accession of the
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and Caernarfon. The castles of Caernarfon, Conwy and Harlech were the most impressive of their time in Wales, and their construction—along with other Edwardian castles in the country—helped establish English rule. The master
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ascended to the English throne in 1485, tensions between the Welsh and English began to diminish and castles were considered less important. As a result, Caernarfon Castle was allowed to fall into a state of disrepair.
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forces in 1646. It was the last time Caernarfon Castle saw fighting. Although it was ordered in 1660 that the castle and town walls should be dismantled, the work was aborted early on and may never have started.
423:; the fort was probably built here due to the sheltered position and because it could be resupplied via the river Seiont. Caernarfon derives its name from the Roman fortifications. In Welsh, the place was called
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817:, and roofs were repaired, and the moat to the north of the castle was cleared of post-medieval buildings that were considered to spoil the view, despite the protest of locals. Under the auspices of the
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of Wales. A basement level contained a water gate, through which visitors travelling up the River Seiont could enter the castle. Water was drawn from a well in the eponymous Well Tower.
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Before 1835 the Constable of the castle served as mayor of Caernarfon. A list of the constables from 1284 to 1835 is thus available at the Caernarfon Royal Town Council site, below.
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From 1284 to 1330, when accounts end, between £20,000 and £25,000 was spent on Caernarfon's castle and town walls. Such a sum was enormous and dwarfed the spending on castles such as
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Swallow, Rachel (2021). "Cherchez la femme: a Fresh Interdisciplinary and Multi-Period Approach to Understanding Gender, Place and Space at Caernarfon Castle in Gwynedd, Wales".
521:. The Welsh recaptured Gwynedd in 1115, and Caernarfon Castle came into the possession of the Welsh princes. From contemporary documents written at the castle, it is known that
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became less important. They were neglected, and in 1538 it was reported that many castles in Wales were "moche ruynous and ferre in decaye for lakke of tymely reparations".
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forces. This was the last time the castle was used in war. The castle was neglected until the 19th century when the state funded repairs. The castle was used for the
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War broke out again between England and Wales on 22 March 1282. The Welsh leader, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, died later that year on 11 December. His brother
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of their insubstantial foundations, Taylor suggests that the kitchens were not strongly built. The other key feature of the castle's domestic side was the
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continued to fight against the English, but in 1283 Edward I was victorious. Edward marched through northern Wales, capturing castles such as that at
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Caernarfon Castle from the west. The town's walls, which were mostly complete by 1285, join with the castle and continue off to the left of the photo.
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oversaw the work, in many cases controversially restoring and rebuilding the castle, rather than simply conserving the existing stonework. Steps,
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Construction at Caernarfon Castle continued over the winter of 1283–84. The extent of completion is uncertain, although architectural historian
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867:'s historic environment division, responsible for the maintenance and care of Wales' historic buildings. In 1986, Caernarfon was added to the
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Avent, Richard (2010), "The Conservation and Restoration of Caernarfon Castle 1845–1912", in Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John (eds.),
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and its successors since 1908, the castle was preserved due to its historic significance. In 1911, Caernarfon was used for the
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on Anglesey, and another at Caernarfon. This early castle was built on a peninsula, bounded by the River Seiont and the
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Brears, Peter (2010), "Food Supply and Preparation at the Edwardian Castles", in Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John (eds.),
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Studded along the curtain wall are several polygonal towers from which flanking fire could be deployed. There were
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speculated that when Edward and Eleanor visited again in Easter 1284 the Eagle Tower may have been complete. The
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614:, his queen. They arrived at Caernarfon on either 11 or 12 July 1283 and stayed for over a month.
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879:" in recognition of its global importance and to help conserve and protect the site. The castle houses the
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Wheatley, Abigail (2010), "Caernarfon Castle and its Mythology", in Williams, Diane; Kenyon, John (eds.),
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was nominally in command of the whole of northern Wales. He was killed by the Welsh in 1088. His cousin
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2452:(2019). "Living the dream: the legend, lady and landscape of Caernarfon Castle, Gwynedd, North Wales".
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Vol. 1898: A genealogical and heraldic dictionary of the peerage and baronetage of the British Empire
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Coldstream, Nicola (2003), "Architects, Advisers and Design at Edward I's Castles in Wales",
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A letter to the Earl of Chester in 1295, asking him to send masons to Caernarfon urgently.
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The unfinished rear of the King's Gate, the main entrance to the castle from the town.
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The King's Gate was one of the few areas of the castle which still had a roof by 1620.
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on the Isle of Anglesey. The work was overseen by James of Saint George; as a result,
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and the administrative centre of the county of Gwynedd. According to tradition,
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Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales
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1868:"Caernarfon Castle, Gwynedd: 'One of the great buildings of the Middle Ages'"
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was therefore an assertion of authority by Edward I, and influenced by
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1841:"Caernarfon Castle's £5M revamp takes its story beyond English imperialism"
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A painting of Caenarfon castle from the 18th century by Joseph Farrington
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883:. During 2015 a new "entrance pavilion" was built, designed by architects
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was discovered, and Edward I ordered its reburial in a local church.
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Demolition work in 1959 to clear modern buildings around the Eagle Tower
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responsible for the design and construction of the castle was probably
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739:(1400–1415). During the revolt, Caernarfon was one of the targets of
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Blue shows the area built between 1283–92, red that between 1295–1323
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2102:"This is who the Queen has appointed Constable of Caernarfon Castle"
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Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales
773:. Caernarfon Castle was besieged three times during the war. The
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was born at Caernarfon on 25 April 1284. Edward was created
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Moffett, Marian; Fazio, Michael W.; Wodehouse, Lawrence (2003).
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4260:
4235:
4170:
4135:
4130:
1757:
1208:
868:
410:
324:
2985:
2915:
1814:"Evaluation of Tourism Attractor Destinations: interim report"
936:
concentrations of fire-power to be found in the Middle Ages".
4845:
4335:
4045:
4030:
311:
54:
3667:
1725:
1156:
855:
518:
380:
3935:
2325:(4th ed.), Cardiff: Cadw – Welsh Historic Monuments,
2752:
2265:
Smith, J. B. (2004). "Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (d. 1282)".
2100:
Williams, Kelly; Forgrave, Andrew (27 September 2018).
3859:
Neolithic and Bronze Age rock art in the British Isles
849:. Although Caernarfon Castle has been the property of
5203:
2232:
1984:
19:"Carnarvon Castle" redirects here. For the ship, see
3716:
Register of Landscapes of Historic Interest in Wales
2279:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1784:
New Entrance Pavilion Completed at Caernarfon Castle
551:. The castle was at the south end of the settlement.
379:
in 1911 and again in 1969. The castle is managed by
3834:
Federation of Archaeological Managers and Employers
3819:
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979
2467:
Château Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale
1681:"Criccieth Church of Christ and David Lloyd George"
445:, meaning 'the stronghold in the land over against
387:'s historic environment service. It is part of the
3759:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd
3219:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd
2266:
1025:
769:in the mid-17th century it was garrisoned by
634:, enacted on 3 March 1284, made Caernarfon a
2260:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO).
1505:
1503:
1501:
952:design of the castle was a representation of the
853:since it was built, it is currently cared for by
598:site of the castle from the town to the north. A
5310:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
5251:
2896:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
2099:
1204:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
877:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
481:turned his attention to Wales. According to the
393:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
195:Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd
2219:, London: English Heritage and B. T. Batsford,
1560:
1558:
1360:
1358:
567:. War finally drew to a close in May 1283 when
331:—and the castle's walls are reminiscent of the
2853:Lordship castles built or rebuilt for Edward I
2491:Caernarfon Castle - World History Encyclopedia
1498:
1486:
363:Despite its dilapidated condition, during the
3951:
3363:
2971:
2738:
2516:
2343:, Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, pp. 129–139,
2147:, Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, pp. 140–149,
1197:
1195:
3721:National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors
3319:Town of St George and Related Fortifications
2530:
2007:
2005:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1903:
1901:
1600:
1598:
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1377:
1375:
1373:
1355:
1331:
1321:
1319:
610:apartments were built for Edward I and
314:. The first fortification on the site was a
2364:
2165:, Oxford, UK: Oxbow Books, pp. 85–98,
2127:The Architecture of Castles: A Visual Guide
2124:
1972:
1892:
1585:
1306:
1304:
1284:
452:
446:
440:
434:
424:
414:
318:built in the late 11th century, which King
5260:Buildings and structures completed in 1330
3958:
3944:
3370:
3356:
2987:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom
2978:
2964:
2745:
2731:
2523:
2509:
2417:
2365:Wilson, David M; Hurst, D Gillian (1970),
1268:
1266:
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1226:
1224:
1192:
1151:
1149:
1147:
998:, passed through five doors and under six
2002:
1913:
1898:
1591:
1435:
1418:
1370:
1316:
1161:"Caernarfon Castle (Grade I) (3814)"
338:While the castle was under construction,
89:
3652:Welsh artefacts in museums outside Wales
3377:
3115:Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites
3034:Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape
2341:The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales
2338:
2253:
2163:The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales
2145:The Impact of Edwardian Castles in Wales
1996:
1960:
1726:Cadw, a division of the Welsh Government
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1301:
1186:
984:
956:. The conscious use of imagery from the
922:
914:
898:
833:), eldest son of the newly crowned King
796:
788:
755:
725:
713:
657:
616:
542:
3849:Mining archaeology in the British Isles
2464:
2448:
2276:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2269:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2214:
1664:
1468:
1263:
1236:
1221:
1144:
5252:
3799:The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales
3267:The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales
2320:
2302:
2178:
2160:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1948:
1936:
1924:
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1628:
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827:investiture of Edward, Prince of Wales
3939:
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2504:
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2196:
2142:
1710:
1640:
1570:
1444:
1296:
301:
3898:Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust
2257:Caernarvon Castle Official Guidebook
2239:. London: Laurence King Publishing.
2089:. Henry Colburn. 1898. p. 1686.
1155:
1123:Castles in Great Britain and Ireland
1029:
5280:Grade I listed buildings in Gwynedd
3673:Cambrian Archaeological Association
3602:Kendrick's Cave Decorated Horse Jaw
2183:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1985:Moffett, Fazio & Wodehouse 2003
532:
529:occasionally stayed at Caernarfon.
16:Medieval fortress in Gwynedd, Wales
13:
4481:Llanfihangel-y-Pennant, Dolbenmaen
3844:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician
3726:National Monuments Record of Wales
3337:Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City
3137:
2822:Welsh castles repaired by Edward I
2410:
823:investiture of the Prince of Wales
377:investiture of the Prince of Wales
14:
5321:
3854:Monmouth in the Mesolithic period
2479:
1665:Windsor, HRH the Duke of (1951).
1166:National Historic Assets of Wales
491:Hugh d'Avranches, Earl of Chester
349:his rebellion against the English
5237:
5225:
5213:
5186:
5174:
4054:
3920:
3919:
3888:Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust
2938:
2926:
2914:
2812:
2323:Caernarfon Castle and Town Walls
2217:English Heritage Book of Castles
1839:Morris, Steven (27 April 2023).
1033:
989:Aerial view of Caernarfon Castle
781:, who surrendered Caernarfon to
709:
88:
81:
62:
5290:Historic house museums in Wales
5285:Grade I listed castles in Wales
3839:Festival of British Archaeology
3829:Council for British Archaeology
3794:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal
3262:Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal
2486:Cadw owner of Caernarfon Castle
2236:A World History of Architecture
2199:The Sutton Companion to Castles
2093:
2077:
2065:
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2029:
2017:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
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1610:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1387:
1343:
1026:Constables of Caernarfon Castle
994:visitor would have crossed two
894:
468:
5300:Tourist attractions in Gwynedd
3869:Royal Archaeological Institute
3754:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
3214:Blaenavon Industrial Landscape
2388:10.1080/00766097.1970.11735332
2125:Allen Brown, Reginald (1984),
1290:
1278:
1251:
1180:
563:, and establishing his own at
367:Caernarfon Castle was held by
1:
5305:World Heritage Sites in Wales
3172:Frontiers of the Roman Empire
3053:Frontiers of the Roman Empire
2496:List of Mayors of Caernarforn
2305:The Welsh Castles of Edward I
2201:, Stroud: Sutton Publishing,
1133:
547:Map of Caernarfon in 1610 by
539:Conquest of Wales by Edward I
398:
5136:Registered parks and gardens
5091:Parliamentary constituencies
3903:Gwynedd Archaeological Trust
3390:History of the British Isles
3292:British Overseas Territories
2762:Built or rebuilt by Edward I
2293:UK public library membership
2181:The Revolt of Owain Glyn Dŵr
1546:Calendar Close Rolls 1288–96
881:Royal Welch Fusiliers Museum
718:A painting of Caernarfon by
668:Wales broke out in rebellion
371:and besieged three times by
343:were sacked and captured by
306:) is a medieval fortress in
7:
3965:
3879:Welsh Archaeological Trusts
3864:Portable Antiquities Scheme
2307:, London: Hambledon Press,
1116:
779:John Byron, 1st Baron Byron
303:[kastɛɬkaɨrˈnarvɔn]
68:The castle from across the
10:
5326:
4806:Tal-y-bont (near Barmouth)
3893:Dyfed Archaeological Trust
3736:Sites and monuments record
2367:"Medieval Britain in 1969"
1111:Lord Lieutenant of Gwynedd
536:
475:Norman Conquest of England
402:
184:UNESCO World Heritage Site
18:
5169:
5083:
5052:
4956:
4915:
4879:
4063:
4052:
3973:
3915:
3811:
3744:
3696:
3660:
3554:
3410:
3385:
3327:
3291:
3275:
3204:
3186:Heart of Neolithic Orkney
3148:
3135:
3082:Kew Royal Botanic Gardens
3008:Great Spa Towns of Europe
2993:
2909:
2888:
2852:
2821:
2810:
2761:
2699:
2584:
2538:
1669:. London: Cassell and Co.
982:legitimacy for the king.
969:, the legendary dream of
860:
447:
280:
276:
268:
250:
242:
232:
220:
210:
200:
190:
181:
177:
167:
157:
152:
144:
107:
76:
61:
44:
35:
30:
4801:Tal-y-bont (near Bangor)
4471:Llanfihangel Bachellaeth
3597:Dog Stone, Mynydd Varteg
3072:Jodrell Bank Observatory
2532:British royal residences
2321:Taylor, Arnold (1997) ,
2303:Taylor, Arnold (1986) ,
1789:Donald Insall Associates
1548:, p 413. Quoted in
1128:List of castles in Wales
1091:Hon. William Ormsby-Gore
885:Donald Insall Associates
847:Charles, Prince of Wales
3824:Archaeologia Cambrensis
3612:Llyn Cerrig Bach Plaque
2921:Architecture portal
2707:Former royal residences
2454:Archaeologia Cambrensis
2444:(subscription required)
2298:(subscription required)
2254:Phillips, Alan (1961).
2197:Friar, Stephen (2003),
1285:Wilson & Hurst 1970
954:Walls of Constantinople
509:, defended by a timber
505:; it would have been a
355:of 1400–1415. When the
333:Walls of Constantinople
316:motte-and-bailey castle
5075:Saint Tudwal's Islands
4476:Llanfihangel-y-Pennant
3445:Prehistoric structures
3418:Archaeological museums
3142:
2712:Historic Royal Palaces
2285:10.1093/ref:odnb/16875
2179:Davies, R. R. (1995),
1728:. 2008. Archived from
990:
966:Breudwyt Macsen Wledig
928:
920:
908:The architect, Master
905:
802:
794:
761:
731:
723:
690:
663:
650:By 1285, Caernarfon's
623:
552:
453:
441:
435:
425:
415:
294:
256:; 41 years ago
3974:Principal settlements
3577:Cantiorix Inscription
3562:Banc Tynddol sun-disc
3299:Gorham's Cave Complex
3141:
3097:Palace of Westminster
2420:Architectural History
2215:McNeill, Tom (1992),
1401:National Museum Wales
1107:Edmund Seymour Bailey
988:
926:
918:
910:James of Saint George
902:
800:
792:
759:
729:
717:
686:
661:
620:
582:James of Saint George
546:
479:William the Conqueror
4897:Coleg Meirion-Dwyfor
3746:World Heritage Sites
3688:World Heritage Sites
3582:Capel Garmon Firedog
3504:Hill-slope enclosure
3430:Archaeological sites
3379:Archaeology of Wales
3105:St Margaret's Church
3039:Derwent Valley Mills
3025:St Augustine's Abbey
3021:Canterbury Cathedral
2666:Thatched House Lodge
2375:Medieval Archaeology
1047:adding missing items
873:World Heritage Sites
527:Llywelyn ap Gruffudd
485:of 1086, the Norman
299:Welsh pronunciation:
206:Cultural: i, iii, iv
3731:Scheduled monuments
3622:Maen Achwyfan Cross
3519:Scheduled monuments
3395:Prehistoric Britain
3309:Inaccessible Island
2933:Monarchy portal
2556:Hillsborough Castle
2397:on 17 December 2010
1753:UNESCO Constitution
1097:The Earl of Snowdon
1071:John Henry Puleston
632:Statute of Rhuddlan
413:, which they named
389:World Heritage Site
320:Edward I of England
125: /
21:MV Carnarvon Castle
5295:Museums in Gwynedd
5275:Castles in Gwynedd
4064:Towns and villages
4001:Blaenau Ffestiniog
3698:Heritage registers
3617:Llywelyn's coronet
3158:Edinburgh Old Town
3143:
3120:Studley Royal Park
3092:Maritime Greenwich
3029:St Martin's Church
2627:Nottingham Cottage
2618:Kensington Palace
2129:, B. T. Batsford,
1685:Churches of Christ
1643:, pp. 143–148
1077:David Lloyd George
1045:; you can help by
991:
929:
921:
906:
839:David Lloyd George
803:
795:
793:The castle in 1872
762:
732:
724:
680:Walter of Hereford
664:
624:
612:Eleanor of Castile
587:Flores Historiarum
557:Dafydd ap Gruffydd
553:
523:Llywelyn the Great
487:Robert of Rhuddlan
295:Castell Caernarfon
269:Reference no.
254:31 March 1983
172:Castell Caernarfon
129:53.1393°N 4.2769°W
38:Castell Caernarfon
5201:
5200:
5120:Listed buildings
4923:Caernarfon Castle
4916:Castles and forts
4887:Bangor University
3933:
3932:
3911:
3910:
3807:
3806:
3769:Caernarfon Castle
3627:Moel Hebog shield
3607:Llanllyfni lunula
3400:Prehistoric Wales
3345:
3344:
3256:
3249:
3238:
3232:Caernarfon Castle
3227:
3180:
3101:Westminster Abbey
3061:
3010:
2953:
2952:
2720:
2719:
2644:Sandringham House
2571:St James's Palace
2566:Kensington Palace
2546:Buckingham Palace
2350:978-1-84217-380-0
2291:(Subscription or
2208:978-0-7509-3994-2
2190:978-0-19-820508-1
2172:978-1-84217-380-0
2154:978-1-84217-380-0
1874:. 3 February 2023
1820:. 30 January 2020
1795:on 9 October 2015
1063:
1062:
942:Otton de Grandson
805:Despite avoiding
767:English Civil War
745:Battle of Tuthill
672:Madog ap Llywelyn
365:English Civil War
345:Madog ap Llywelyn
287:Caernarfon Castle
284:
283:
246:Caernarfon Castle
96:Caernarfon Castle
31:Caernarfon Castle
5317:
5242:
5241:
5240:
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5229:
5228:
5218:
5217:
5216:
5209:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5146:Lord Lieutenants
5070:Ynys Gwylan-fawr
4938:Dolbadarn Castle
4933:Criccieth Castle
4686:Penrhyndeudraeth
4606:Mynydd Llandygai
4058:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3923:
3922:
3875:
3874:
3764:Beaumaris Castle
3694:
3693:
3647:St Brynach Cross
3642:Rhos Rydd Shield
3567:Bryn Gwyn stones
3514:Protected wrecks
3465:Industrial sites
3450:Bronze Age sites
3372:
3365:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3314:Henderson Island
3283:Giant's Causeway
3276:Northern Ireland
3252:
3241:
3230:
3225:Beaumaris Castle
3223:
3176:
3140:
3067:Ironbridge Gorge
3057:
3005:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2945:Wales portal
2943:
2942:
2941:
2931:
2930:
2919:
2918:
2844:Hope (Caergwrle)
2816:
2756:castles in Wales
2747:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2684:Frogmore Cottage
2674:Adelaide Cottage
2525:
2518:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2474:
2461:
2445:
2442:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2390:, archived from
2371:
2361:
2335:
2317:
2299:
2296:
2288:
2272:
2261:
2250:
2229:
2211:
2193:
2175:
2157:
2139:
2112:
2111:
2107:North Wales Live
2097:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1973:Allen Brown 1984
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1893:Allen Brown 1984
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1791:, archived from
1779:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1764:on 29 March 2019
1760:, archived from
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1655:, pp. 20–21
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1619:, pp. 68–69
1614:
1608:
1602:
1589:
1586:Allen Brown 1984
1583:
1568:
1567:, pp. 16–17
1562:
1553:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1471:, pp. 42–43
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1433:
1427:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1403:, archived from
1391:
1385:
1379:
1368:
1367:, pp. 10–11
1362:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
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1255:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1199:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1153:
1058:
1055:
1037:
1036:
1030:
927:The Queen's Gate
875:as part of the "
865:Welsh Government
862:
811:Llewellyn Turner
704:Château Gaillard
694:
676:Beaumaris Castle
569:Dolbadarn Castle
533:Edwardian castle
507:motte and bailey
456:
450:
449:
444:
438:
428:
418:
385:Welsh Government
305:
300:
264:
262:
257:
153:Site information
140:
139:
137:
136:
135:
134:53.1393; -4.2769
130:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
92:
91:
85:
66:
57:
28:
27:
5325:
5324:
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5212:
5204:
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5197:
5187:
5185:
5175:
5173:
5165:
5079:
5048:
4984:Afon Cwmnantcol
4952:
4911:
4875:
4781:Sarn Meyllteyrn
4691:Pentre Gwynfryn
4376:Llan Ffestiniog
4059:
4050:
3969:
3964:
3934:
3929:
3907:
3873:
3803:
3740:
3692:
3656:
3550:
3541:Treasure troves
3406:
3381:
3376:
3346:
3341:
3323:
3287:
3271:
3200:
3144:
3138:
3133:
3129:Tower of London
3124:Fountains Abbey
3016:Blenheim Palace
2989:
2984:
2954:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2925:
2913:
2905:
2884:
2848:
2817:
2808:
2757:
2751:
2721:
2716:
2695:
2614:Highgrove House
2602:Craigowan Lodge
2592:Balmoral Castle
2580:
2561:Holyrood Palace
2534:
2529:
2482:
2477:
2450:Swallow, Rachel
2443:
2432:10.2307/1568798
2413:
2411:Further reading
2408:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2369:
2359:j.ctt1cd0nkc.18
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2333:
2315:
2297:
2290:
2247:
2227:
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2155:
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2115:
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2083:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1971:
1967:
1959:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1923:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1767:
1765:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1732:on 29 June 2011
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1200:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1119:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1034:
1028:
975:imperial eagles
897:
843:the investiture
819:Office of Works
783:Parliamentarian
720:J. M. W. Turner
712:
696:
692:
644:Prince of Wales
541:
535:
483:Domesday Survey
471:
407:
401:
373:Parliamentarian
298:
260:
258:
255:
238:
235:Listed Building
186:
160:the public
159:
133:
131:
127:
124:
119:
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103:
102:
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100:
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72:
45:
40:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5323:
5313:
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5292:
5287:
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5267:
5262:
5247:
5246:
5234:
5222:
5220:United Kingdom
5199:
5198:
5196:
5195:
5183:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5118:
5116:Country houses
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5087:
5085:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5060:Bardsey Island
5056:
5054:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5034:Afon Rhythallt
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4943:Harlech Castle
4940:
4935:
4930:
4928:Castell y Bere
4925:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4883:
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4833:
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4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4736:Rhos-y-gwaliau
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4621:Nantlle Valley
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
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4548:
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4523:
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4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
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4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4416:Llanddeiniolen
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4351:Garndolbenmaen
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4101:Abergwyngregyn
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3787:Harlech Castle
3784:
3775:
3766:
3756:
3750:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3632:Mold gold cape
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3592:Cross of Neith
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3529:Gorsedd stones
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3455:Iron Age sites
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
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3397:
3386:
3383:
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3375:
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3367:
3360:
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3339:
3333:
3331:
3325:
3324:
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3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:Harlech Castle
3250:
3239:
3228:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3169:
3164:
3154:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3077:Jurassic Coast
3074:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:Hadrian's Wall
3050:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2829:Castell y Bere
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2735:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2576:Windsor Castle
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2551:Clarence House
2548:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2527:
2520:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2481:
2480:External links
2478:
2476:
2475:
2462:
2446:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2362:
2349:
2336:
2331:
2318:
2313:
2300:
2262:
2251:
2246:978-1780671116
2245:
2230:
2225:
2212:
2207:
2194:
2189:
2176:
2171:
2158:
2153:
2140:
2135:
2121:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2092:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1912:
1897:
1885:
1859:
1831:
1805:
1774:
1743:
1709:
1697:
1672:
1667:A King's Story
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1590:
1569:
1554:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1434:
1417:
1407:on 21 May 2010
1386:
1369:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1315:
1300:
1289:
1277:
1262:
1260:, pp. 6–7
1250:
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1179:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1105:2018–present:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1073:
1061:
1060:
1040:
1038:
1027:
1024:
971:Magnus Maximus
896:
893:
737:Glyndŵr Rising
711:
708:
685:
640:Edward II
592:Magnus Maximus
534:
531:
473:Following the
470:
467:
400:
397:
353:Glyndŵr Rising
282:
281:
278:
277:
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36:
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15:
9:
6:
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2:
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5157:
5154:
5152:
5151:High Sheriffs
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
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5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
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5058:
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5055:
5051:
5045:
5044:Afon Tryweryn
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:Afon Mawddach
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4955:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4892:Coleg Harlech
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4882:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
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4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
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4799:
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4789:
4787:
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4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
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4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4711:Porthdinllaen
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Penisa'r Waun
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
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4609:
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4602:
4599:
4597:
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4459:
4457:
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4452:
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4447:
4444:
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4434:
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4429:
4427:
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4422:
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4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:Llanaelhaearn
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
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4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4291:Dinas Mawddwy
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3961:
3956:
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3949:
3947:
3942:
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3926:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3904:
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3899:
3896:
3894:
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3889:
3886:
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3883:
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3876:
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3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3810:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3525:
3524:Stone circles
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3487:Monmouthshire
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3178:Antonine Wall
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Lake District
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:Durham Castle
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Gatcombe Park
2607:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2332:1-85760-042-8
2328:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2314:0-907628-71-0
2310:
2306:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2226:0-7134-7025-9
2222:
2218:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2136:0-7134-4089-9
2132:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2013:
2008:
2006:
1999:, p. 136
1998:
1997:Wheatley 2010
1993:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1963:, p. 129
1962:
1961:Wheatley 2010
1957:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1835:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1637:
1631:, p. 105
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1447:, p. 124
1446:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1346:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1287:, p. 179
1286:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1189:, p. 137
1188:
1187:Wheatley 2010
1183:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1057:
1048:
1044:
1041:This list is
1039:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
987:
983:
981:
976:
972:
968:
967:
962:
959:
955:
949:
947:
943:
937:
934:
925:
917:
913:
911:
901:
892:
888:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
858:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
799:
791:
787:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
758:
754:
751:
750:Tudor dynasty
746:
742:
741:Owain Glyndŵr
738:
728:
721:
716:
710:Later history
707:
705:
701:
695:
689:
684:
681:
677:
673:
669:
660:
656:
653:
648:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
628:Arnold Taylor
619:
615:
613:
609:
608:timber-framed
605:
601:
595:
593:
589:
588:
583:
579:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
550:
545:
540:
530:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
466:
464:
460:
455:
443:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
406:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
358:
357:Tudor dynasty
354:
350:
346:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
321:
317:
313:
310:, north-west
309:
304:
296:
292:
288:
279:
275:
271:
267:
253:
249:
245:
243:Official name
241:
236:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:
213:
209:
205:
203:
199:
196:
193:
189:
185:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
162:
156:
151:
147:
143:
138:
110:
106:
84:
75:
71:
65:
60:
56:
52:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
5065:Ynys Gifftan
5014:Afon Glaslyn
5004:Afon Dysynni
4922:
4611:Mynydd Nefyn
4596:Morfa Bychan
4556:Llanystumdwy
4551:Llanymawddwy
4541:Llanuwchllyn
4491:Llangelynnin
4456:Llanfaelrhys
4421:Llandegwning
4306:Dolmelinllyn
4286:Dinas Dinlle
4256:Corris Uchaf
4251:Clynnog Fawr
4211:Bwlch-derwin
4161:Betws Garmon
4111:Aberllefenni
4106:Abergynolwyn
3778:Conwy Castle
3768:
3661:Preservation
3572:Cadfan Stone
3509:Long barrows
3475:Ring of Iron
3435:Celtic field
3304:Gough Island
3243:Conwy Castle
3231:
3167:Forth Bridge
2901:Ring of Iron
2783:
2679:Bagshot Park
2639:Llwynywermod
2470:
2466:
2457:
2453:
2423:
2419:
2399:, retrieved
2392:the original
2379:
2373:
2340:
2322:
2304:
2274:
2268:
2256:
2235:
2216:
2198:
2180:
2162:
2144:
2126:
2118:Bibliography
2110:. Reach PLC.
2105:
2095:
2085:
2079:
2074:, p. 91
2067:
2062:, p. 33
2055:
2050:, p. 28
2043:
2038:, p. 35
2031:
2026:, p. 38
2019:
2014:, p. 26
1992:
1987:, p. 58
1980:
1975:, p. 88
1968:
1956:
1951:, p. 29
1944:
1939:, p. 98
1932:
1927:, p. 30
1910:, p. 25
1895:, p. 86
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:Country Life
1871:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:The Guardian
1844:
1834:
1822:. Retrieved
1817:
1808:
1797:, retrieved
1793:the original
1783:
1777:
1766:, retrieved
1762:the original
1752:
1746:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:the original
1722:Cadw website
1721:
1718:"About Cadw"
1712:
1707:, p. 21
1700:
1688:. Retrieved
1684:
1675:
1666:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1607:, p. 19
1588:, p. 87
1552:, p. 86
1545:
1541:
1536:, p. 92
1529:
1524:, p. 90
1517:
1512:, p. 15
1495:, p. 86
1488:
1483:, p. 85
1476:
1469:McNeill 1992
1464:
1459:, p. 11
1452:
1432:, p. 12
1409:, retrieved
1405:the original
1395:
1389:
1384:, p. 13
1352:, p. 94
1345:
1340:, p. 78
1333:
1328:, p. 10
1292:
1280:
1253:
1212:, retrieved
1203:
1182:
1170:. Retrieved
1164:
1064:
1051:
1015:curtain wall
1012:
1008:murder holes
1000:portcullises
992:
965:
961:Roman Empire
950:
944:, the first
938:
930:
907:
895:Architecture
889:
854:
804:
763:
733:
722:in 1830–1835
697:
691:
687:
665:
649:
625:
602:, a type of
599:
596:
585:
554:
503:Menai Strait
499:Aberlleiniog
472:
469:Early castle
421:River Seiont
408:
362:
337:
286:
285:
158:Open to
70:River Seiont
37:
25:
5039:Afon Seiont
5019:Afon Llyfni
5009:Afon Fathew
4999:Afon Dwyryd
4994:Afon Dwyfor
4902:Coleg Menai
4856:Y Felinheli
4821:Trawsfynydd
4816:Tanygrisiau
4776:Rhydyclafdy
4746:Rhoshirwaun
4731:Rhiwddolion
4716:Portmeirion
4671:Penmaenpool
4646:Pen-y-meinl
4601:Morfa Nefyn
4521:Llanllechid
4501:Llangwnnadl
4486:Llanfrothen
4321:Efailnewydd
4311:Dwygyfylchi
4246:Clwt-y-bont
4221:Capel Celyn
4121:Abertrinant
3637:Nanteos Cup
3587:Carew Cross
3460:Roman sites
3006:as part of
2839:Dolwyddelan
2769:Aberystwyth
2689:Royal Lodge
2622:Ivy Cottage
2382:: 155–208,
2072:Brears 2010
2060:Taylor 1997
2048:Taylor 1997
2036:Taylor 1997
2024:Taylor 1997
2012:Taylor 1997
1949:Taylor 1997
1937:Taylor 1986
1925:Taylor 1997
1908:Taylor 1997
1878:11 February
1705:Taylor 1997
1653:Taylor 1997
1629:Davies 1995
1617:Davies 1995
1605:Taylor 1997
1565:Taylor 1997
1550:Taylor 1986
1534:Taylor 1986
1522:Taylor 1986
1510:Taylor 1997
1493:Taylor 1986
1481:Taylor 1986
1457:Taylor 1997
1430:Taylor 1997
1382:Taylor 1997
1365:Taylor 1997
1350:Taylor 1986
1338:Taylor 1986
1326:Taylor 1997
1313:, p. 9
1311:Taylor 1997
1275:, p. 7
1273:Taylor 1997
1258:Taylor 1997
1248:, p. 5
1246:Taylor 1997
1233:, p. 4
1231:Taylor 1997
1095:1963–2017:
1089:1945–1963:
1075:1908–1945:
1069:1890–1908:
1004:arrow loops
996:drawbridges
933:battlements
831:Edward VIII
815:battlements
561:Dolwyddelan
495:Meirionnydd
224:1986 (10th
221:Inscription
132: /
108:Coordinates
5270:Caernarfon
5254:Categories
5161:Public art
5029:Afon Ogwen
4989:Afon Daron
4979:Afon Cegin
4974:Afon Artro
4969:River Adda
4948:Fort Belan
4841:Tudweiliog
4791:Tal-y-llyn
4771:Rhyd-uchaf
4756:Rhostryfan
4751:Rhoslefair
4741:Rhosgadfan
4571:Llwyngwril
4566:Llwyndyrys
4526:Llanllyfni
4511:Llaniestyn
4461:Llanfaglan
4446:Llanelltyd
4426:Llandudwen
4401:Llanbedrog
4366:Glasinfryn
4361:Gellilydan
4356:Garneddwen
4331:Fairbourne
4301:Dolbenmaen
4201:Brynrefail
4181:Bontnewydd
4141:Beddgelert
4081:Aberdesach
4071:Aberangell
4036:Porthmadog
4021:Ffestiniog
4006:Caernarfon
3782:Town Walls
3773:Town Walls
3247:Town Walls
3236:Town Walls
3191:New Lanark
3103:including
2784:Caernarfon
2754:Edward I's
2649:Anmer Hall
2632:Wren House
2460:: 153–196.
2295:required.)
1824:4 February
1641:Avent 2010
1445:Friar 2003
1297:Smith 2004
1134:References
1054:March 2019
1043:incomplete
1020:Great Hall
1013:While the
859:(English:
825:, for the
652:town walls
549:John Speed
537:See also:
525:and later
515:earthworks
403:See also:
399:Background
340:town walls
325:Roman fort
261:1983-03-31
251:Designated
117:53°08′21″N
47:Caernarfon
5181:Geography
5129:Grade II*
4964:Afon Aber
4880:Education
4796:Talsarnau
4696:Penygroes
4651:Penffridd
4641:Pant Glas
4591:Minffordd
4586:Mellteyrn
4576:Maentwrog
4561:Llithfaen
4516:Llanigian
4451:Llanengan
4441:Llanegryn
4436:Llandygai
4431:Llandwrog
4411:Llandanwg
4406:Llanberis
4391:Llanarmon
4326:Eisingrug
4276:Deiniolen
4271:Cwm-y-glo
4231:Carnguwch
4196:Bryn-crug
4191:Bryncroes
4096:Abergeirw
4076:Aberdaron
4016:Dolgellau
4011:Criccieth
3881:(defunct)
3555:Artefacts
3536:Tor cairn
3482:Hillforts
3048:Cathedral
2834:Criccieth
2774:Beaumaris
2654:Wood Farm
2426:: 19–36,
1818:GOV.WALES
1799:2 October
1768:15 August
1736:11 August
1214:15 August
980:Arthurian
958:Byzantine
946:justiciar
851:the Crown
807:slighting
775:constable
771:Royalists
666:In 1294,
600:bretagium
497:, one at
461:name for
416:Segontium
405:Segontium
369:Royalists
329:Segontium
237:– Grade I
211:Reference
120:4°16′37″W
5096:Churches
4851:Waunfawr
4836:Tremadog
4831:Tregarth
4811:Talysarn
4761:Rhyd Ddu
4661:Penllech
4631:Nasareth
4546:Llanwnda
4506:Llangybi
4496:Llangian
4466:Llanfair
4396:Llanbedr
4381:Llanaber
4371:Groeslon
4346:Ganllwyd
4341:Frongoch
4296:Dinorwig
4216:Caeathro
4186:Botwnnog
4166:Bodferin
4156:Bethesda
4146:Bethania
4126:Afon Wen
4116:Abersoch
4091:Abererch
4086:Aberdyfi
4041:Pwllheli
3996:Bethesda
3991:Barmouth
3925:Category
3196:St Kilda
3162:New Town
3150:Scotland
3110:Saltaire
2870:Hawarden
2804:Rhuddlan
2700:See also
2670:Windsor
2661:Tamarisk
2597:Birkhall
2539:Official
2401:22 April
1117:See also
871:list of
835:George V
604:stockade
511:palisade
463:Anglesey
442:yn Arfon
431:lenition
202:Criteria
53:in
5244:History
5206:Portals
5156:Museums
5141:History
5124:Grade I
5106:Schools
5053:Islands
4907:Schools
4721:Prenteg
4706:Pontrug
4701:Pistyll
4681:Penrhos
4666:Penllyn
4626:Nantmor
4616:Mynytho
4581:Mallwyd
4536:Llanrug
4531:Llannor
4266:Croesor
4241:Chwilog
4176:Bontddu
4026:Harlech
3967:Gwynedd
3711:Coflein
3470:Castles
3423:UK-wide
2994:England
2865:Denbigh
2799:Harlech
2585:Private
2440:1568798
1690:7 March
1411:18 July
1172:12 June
863:), the
861:to keep
829:(later
670:led by
636:borough
573:Harlech
457:is the
347:during
308:Gwynedd
259: (
226:Session
191:Part of
168:Website
51:Gwynedd
5101:Places
5084:Topics
4957:Rivers
4871:Y Rhiw
4866:Y Fron
4861:Y Ffor
4826:Trefor
4726:Rachub
4676:Pennal
4261:Corris
4236:Ceidio
4226:Carmel
4171:Boduan
4151:Bethel
4136:Arthog
4131:Anelog
3986:Bangor
3492:Rounds
3440:Dolmen
3329:Former
2880:Ruthin
2779:Builth
2438:
2357:
2347:
2329:
2311:
2289:
2243:
2223:
2205:
2187:
2169:
2151:
2133:
1758:UNESCO
1209:UNESCO
869:UNESCO
426:y gaer
383:, the
148:Castle
5232:Wales
5193:Wales
5111:SSSIs
4846:Tywyn
4336:Friog
4316:Edern
4281:Dinas
4046:Tywyn
4031:Nefyn
3812:Other
3678:Heneb
3546:Tumps
3497:Atlas
3411:Sites
3206:Wales
2889:Other
2860:Chirk
2794:Flint
2789:Conwy
2436:JSTOR
2395:(PDF)
2370:(PDF)
2355:JSTOR
1852:7 May
1396:1900s
1139:Notes
904:lead.
700:Dover
578:mason
565:Conwy
459:Welsh
312:Wales
291:Welsh
55:Wales
5265:Cadw
4786:Soar
4766:Rhyd
4636:Nebo
4206:Buan
3981:Bala
3780:and
3771:and
3668:Cadw
3245:and
3234:and
3160:and
3122:and
3099:and
3046:and
3027:and
3001:Bath
2875:Holt
2403:2010
2345:ISBN
2327:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2241:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2167:ISBN
2149:ISBN
2131:ISBN
1880:2023
1854:2023
1826:2020
1801:2015
1770:2010
1738:2008
1692:2015
1413:2010
1216:2010
1174:2022
1157:Cadw
1101:GCVO
1006:and
856:Cadw
777:was
702:and
519:keep
513:and
436:caer
411:fort
381:Cadw
272:3814
145:Type
2458:168
2428:doi
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