703:
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711:
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a woman, could not inherit the throne. The assemblies of the French barons and prelates and the
University of Paris decided that males who derive their right to inheritance through their mother should be excluded. Thus the nearest heir through male ancestry was Charles IV's first cousin, Philip, Count of Valois, and it was decided that he should be crowned
845:
When France's
Charles IV died in 1328 leaving only daughters, his nearest male relative was Edward III of England, the son of Isabella, the sister of the dead king; but the question arose whether she could legally transmit the inheritance of the throne of France to her son even though she herself, as
564:
Modern historians reject this hypothesis, which is sustained by no archeological evidence. For Juan José Larrea, and Pierre
Bonnassie, "a Vascon expansionism in Aquitany is not proved and is not necessary to understand the historical evolution of this region". This Basque-related culture and race is,
753:
yielded to the outcry and instituted a formal inquiry into Simon's administration. Simon was formally acquitted of the charges, but in August 1252 he was nevertheless dismissed. Henry then himself went to
Gascony, pursuing a policy of conciliation; he arranged the marriage between
565:
whatever the origin, attested in (mainly
Carolingian) Medieval documents, while their exact boundaries remain unclear ("Wascones, qui trans Garonnam et circa Pirineum montem habitant" -- "Wascones, who live across the Garonne and around the Pyrenees mountains", as stated in the
512:
like the rest of southern France. However, Novempopulania was far away from the home base of the Franks in northern France, and was only very loosely controlled by the Franks. During all the troubled and historically obscure period, starting from early 5th-century accounts, the
842:(later Edward III of England). Isabella's negotiations were successful, and it was agreed that the young Prince Edward would perform homage in the king's place, which he did on 24 September and so the duchy was returned to the English crown.
230:
and
Gascony. The region is vaguely defined, and the distinction between Guyenne and Gascony is unclear; by some they are seen to overlap, while others consider Gascony a part of Guyenne. Most definitions put Gascony east and south of
850:. Philip believed that Edward III was in breach of his obligations as vassal, so in May 1337 he met with his Great Council in Paris. It was agreed that Gascony should be taken back into Philip's hands, thus precipitating the
457:
reformed the administrative structures of the Roman Empire, Aquitania was split into three provinces. The territory south of the
Garonne River, corresponding to the original Aquitania, was made a province called
688:
in 982. In turn, the weakened ethnic polity known as Duchy of
Wasconia/Wascones, unable to get around the general spread of feudalization, gave way to a myriad of counties founded by Gascon lords.
684:
Meanwhile, Viking raiders conquered several Gascon towns, among them
Bayonne in 842–844. Their attacks in Gascony may have helped the political disintegration of the duchy until their defeat by
838:, who was sister to the French king, to negotiate a settlement. The Queen departed for France on 9 March 1325, and in September was joined by her son, the heir to the throne, Prince
1953:
561:, on the etymological link between the words "Basque" and "Gascon" – both derived from "Vascones" or "Wasconia", the latter being used to name the whole of Novempopulania.
1406:
1428:
1948:
396:, to the south by the Pyrenees mountain range, and to the west by the Atlantic Ocean. The Romans called this territory Aquitania, either from the Latin word
854:
between
England and France. At the end of the Hundred Years' War, after Gascony had changed hands several times, the English were finally defeated at the
741:
was appointed Governor in the unsettled Duchy of Gascony. Bitter complaints were excited by de Montfort's rigour in suppressing the excesses of both the
428:
was created. Gallia Aquitania was far larger than the original Aquitania, as it extended north of the Garonne, in fact all the way north to the river
1436:
1362:
1325:
1421:
1357:
785:
ceded to Henry land north and east of Gascony. In return, Henry renounced his claim to many of the territories that had been lost by
738:
313:
1662:
731:
402:(meaning "water"), in reference to the many rivers flowing from the Pyrenees through the area, or from the name of the Aquitanian
1943:
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1223:
677:
536:
1889:
1828:
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96:
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834:
declared the duchy forfeit at the end of June 1324, and military action by the French followed. Edward sent his wife
462:(that is, "land of the nine tribes"), while the part of Gallia Aquitania north of the Garonne became the province of
263:
115:
68:
685:
1102:
808:
517:
are often cited, social uprisings against tax exaction and feudalization, largely associated to Vasconic unrest.
1037:
1005:
75:
53:
497:, while other than the region of the Garonne river their actual grip on the area may have been rather loose.
553:
Old historical literature sometimes claims the Basques took control of the whole of Novempopulania in the
134:
A map of Gascony, showing a wide definition of the region. Other definitions may encompass a smaller area.
386:
82:
1562:
1542:
1386:
327:
251:
702:
64:
49:
20:
1833:
317:
1933:
1472:
354:
Typical view of the hilly countryside of Gascony, with the Pyrenees mountains in the far distance
42:
812:
803:, for the lands in Gascony. However, in May 1294, Philip confiscated the lands, initiating the
1818:
1687:
839:
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1853:
1838:
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819:
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723:
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8:
1642:
1592:
1572:
1487:
1444:
855:
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827:
800:
755:
719:
628:). The gradual abandonment of the Basque-related Aquitanian language in favor of a local
370:
247:
211:
1823:
1682:
1462:
1319:
835:
782:
759:
746:
470:. The territory of Novempopulania corresponded quite well to what we call now Gascony.
339:
243:
1512:
1448:
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1294:
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1219:
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to recover Gascony, but Philip was able to retain most of the territory until the
1532:
930:
876:
796:
771:
501:
421:
392:
The Aquitanians inhabited a territory limited to the north and east by the river
302:
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as their federate settlement lands and became part of the Visigoth kingdom of
1922:
1904:
1891:
1597:
1497:
1351:
793:
467:
448:
410:
279:
917:
Current communes and departments included in the ancient province of Gascony
730:
and Gascony. This addition to his already plentiful holdings made Henry the
1057:
767:
629:
541:
463:
414:
1707:
1612:
887:
From the 17th century onwards, the government of Gascony was united with
1747:
1502:
1045:
1025:
985:
950:
298:
1762:
1757:
1742:
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1712:
1527:
1393:
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was not reversed. The replacing local Vulgar Latin evolved into Gascon.
305:
has been spoken, although it is classified as a regional variant of the
1797:
1637:
913:
804:
505:
454:
1098:
949:. The other most important river is Adour, along with its tributaries
1848:
1722:
1717:
1602:
1567:
1467:
727:
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726:
allowed the former to gain control of his new wife's possessions of
293:. The name Gascony comes from the same root as the word Basque (see
31:
1802:
1787:
1777:
1767:
1647:
1632:
1607:
1582:
1507:
976:
926:
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494:
374:
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232:
1492:
1350:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1099:"The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050"
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that inhabited the regions between the rivers Garonne and Loire.
393:
286:
255:
227:
289:-related people who appear to have spoken a language similar to
1772:
1727:
1697:
1627:
1617:
1477:
1381:
1268:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 184.
1029:
1015:
995:
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traditionally call anyone who does not speak Basque a "Gascon".
406:
tribe, in which case Aquitania would mean "land of the Ausci".
130:
1318:
1863:
1858:
1792:
1782:
1732:
1702:
1482:
1033:
899:), with its capital at Bordeaux, lasted until the end of the
634:
It was heavily influenced by the original Aquitanian language
436:
433:
429:
403:
489:
in 407–409. In 416–418, Novempopulania was delivered to the
1065:
964:
766:. Alfonso renounced all claims to Gascony and assisted the
267:
168:
162:
669:
663:
409:
In the 50s BC, Aquitania was conquered by lieutenants of
153:
150:
1954:
States and territories established in the 1st millennium
350:
1366:. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 689–690.
1086:
La Navarre du IVe au XIIe siècle: peuplement et société
858:
on 17 July 1453; Gascony remained French from then on.
676:
Interestingly, the Basques from the French side of the
1243:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 872.
226:(1789–1799), it was part of the combined Province of
165:
159:
156:
745:of the nobility and the contending factions in the
706:
Homage of Edward I (kneeling) to Philip IV (seated)
545:
The Duchy was meant to hold sway over the Basques (
147:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1213:
941:(East) from the Pyrenees to the confluence of the
861:
16:Former province in southwestern France (1453–1789)
1338:
1336:
1329:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). pp. 494–495.
1920:
826:, failed to pay homage to the French king after
1333:
1422:
1238:
657:
420:Later, in 27 BC, during the reign of Emperor
1949:History of Occitania (administrative region)
1293:. Westport CT: Greenwood Press. p. 79.
893:
651:
222:(602–1453). From the 17th century until the
1101:. The Library of Iberian Resources Online.
929:mountains (southern limit); as the area of
645:
397:
1429:
1415:
1143:
557:, founding its claims on the testimony of
1218:. London: Boydell Press. pp. 34–36.
1088:, pp. 123-129, De Boeck Université, 1998.
891:. The government of Guyenne and Gascony (
508:. Novempopulania then became part of the
330:, the eponymous character of the play by
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1266:The Hundred Years War I: Trial by Battle
1263:
1241:The shorter Cambridge Medieval History 2
912:
871:
709:
701:
540:
349:
129:
1207:
1921:
1313:
1288:
973:, with both Basque and Gascon identity
537:Basque people in the Early Middle Ages
373:, the inhabitants of Gascony were the
285:Gascony was historically inhabited by
1410:
1291:Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War
338:, who later became king of France as
197:
184:
1084:Juan José Larrea, Pierre Bonnassie:
238:It is currently divided between the
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
520:
500:The Visigoths were defeated by the
13:
14:
1965:
1374:
1131:from the original on 9 March 2023
691:
1661:
1438:
1392:
1380:
1343:
1216:Fourteenth Century England VI: 6
1214:Chris Given-Wilson, ed. (2010).
1105:from the original on 22 May 2013
807:. Between 1294 and 1298, Edward
504:in 507, and fled into Spain and
442:
143:
30:
1307:
1282:
1257:
862:Province of Guyenne and Gascony
809:sent three expeditionary forces
774:, who had taken control of the
473:The Aquitania Novempopulana or
41:needs additional citations for
1232:
1190:
1173:
1156:
1117:
1091:
1078:
960:The most important towns are:
732:most powerful vassal in France
477:suffered like the rest of the
1:
1944:History of Nouvelle-Aquitaine
1397:The dictionary definition of
1196:Chronicle of Britain, p. 297
1179:Chronicle of Britain, p. 280
1162:Chronicle of Britain, p. 276
1071:
686:William II Sánchez of Gascony
294:
1239:Previte-Orton, C.W. (1978).
908:
358:
7:
1812:Foreign territories in 1789
1671:Minor provinces and regions
1264:Sumption, Jonathan (1991).
758:, his 14-year-old son, and
320:'s character d'Artagnan in
10:
1970:
1939:Former provinces of France
937:(North), and close to the
921:Gascony is limited by the
865:
695:
530:
524:
446:
389:related to modern Basque.
387:non-Indo-European language
362:
345:
18:
1811:
1670:
1659:
1455:
485:tribes, most notably the
326:, as well as the land of
967:, the historical capital
925:(western limit) and the
21:Gascony (disambiguation)
1363:Encyclopædia Britannica
1326:Encyclopædia Britannica
1289:Wagner, John A (2006).
813:Treaty of Paris in 1303
770:against rebels such as
714:Coat of arms of Gascony
592:under the influence of
413:and became part of the
312:Gascony is the land of
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481:from the invasions of
398:
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355:
207:
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181:
135:
1829:Menton and Roquebrune
1125:"History of Vasconia"
1060:, a tributary of the
916:
875:
866:Further information:
822:, in his capacity as
799:before the new king,
718:The 1152 marriage of
713:
705:
567:Royal Frankish Annals
544:
432:, thus including the
353:
334:. It is also home to
133:
1578:Lorraine and Barrois
1445:Historical provinces
1389:at Wikimedia Commons
1052:also belongs to the
933:, it extends to the
820:Edward II of England
724:Eleanor of Aquitaine
636:(for example, Latin
479:Western Roman Empire
466:and the province of
336:Henry III of Navarre
323:The Three Musketeers
262:) and the region of
252:Pyrénées-Atlantiques
214:of the southwestern
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
1901: /
1456:General governments
1044:are crossed by the
1032:are crossed by the
1012:and Gascon identity
895:Guienne et Gascogne
856:Battle of Castillon
848:Philip VI of France
801:Philip IV of France
588:often evolved into
453:In 297, as Emperor
218:that succeeded the
1056:of the Adour. The
919:
885:
783:Louis IX of France
781:In December 1259,
760:Eleanor of Castile
716:
708:
551:
424:, the province of
356:
328:Cyrano de Bergerac
244:Nouvelle-Aquitaine
199:[ɡasˈkuɲɔ]
136:
1884:
1883:
1385:Media related to
1300:978-0-313-32736-0
1275:978-0-8122-1655-4
1250:978-0-521-20963-2
1225:978-1-8438-3530-1
979:, crossed by the
879:, Union Gascona (
852:Hundred Years War
824:Duke of Aquitaine
739:Simon de Montfort
594:Romance languages
555:Early Middle Ages
301:until today, the
297:below). From the
224:French Revolution
216:Kingdom of France
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426:Gallia Aquitania
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385:), who spoke a
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318:Alexandre Dumas
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303:Gascon language
276:Tarn-et-Garonne
274:, southwestern
272:Hautes-Pyrénées
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254:, southwestern
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698:Angevin Empire
696:Main article:
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460:Novempopulania
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1905:44.0°N 0.5°W
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1908: /
1867: [
1854:Sarrewerden
1834:Montbéliard
1503:Bourbonnais
1046:Gave de Pau
951:Gave de Pau
797:paid homage
375:Aquitanians
299:Middle Ages
1923:Categories
1910:44.0; -0.5
1798:Vermandois
1688:Beaujolais
1638:Roussillon
1072:References
832:Charles IV
805:Gascon War
662:, Occitan
656:, Spanish
531:See also:
506:Septimania
455:Diocletian
363:See also:
314:d'Artagnan
106:April 2019
76:newspapers
1849:Salm-Salm
1723:Couserans
1718:Comminges
1708:Cambrésis
1643:Saintonge
1613:Orléanais
1603:Nivernais
1568:Languedoc
1518:Champagne
1468:Angoumois
945:with the
909:Geography
905:in 1792.
828:a dispute
787:King John
764:Alfonso X
751:Henry III
743:seigneurs
737:In 1248,
728:Aquitaine
650:, French
626:Guillaume
602:guarantee
572:The word
491:Visigoths
359:Aquitania
264:Occitanie
208:Gaskoinia
65:"Gascony"
1839:Mulhouse
1819:Créhange
1803:Vivarais
1788:Valromey
1778:Rouergue
1768:Ponthieu
1763:Périgord
1758:Nébouzan
1743:Gévaudan
1738:Gâtinais
1713:Cévennes
1683:Armagnac
1648:Touraine
1633:Provence
1608:Normandy
1583:Lyonnais
1573:Limousin
1533:Flanders
1528:Dauphiné
1513:Burgundy
1508:Brittany
1488:Auvergne
1387:Gascogne
1317:(1911).
1153:, p. 47.
1149:Harvey,
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1103:Archived
1010:Bearnese
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927:Pyrenees
836:Isabella
776:Pyrenees
720:Henry II
610:guardian
598:warranty
582:Gasconia
578:Wasconia
574:Vasconia
547:Vascones
515:bagaudae
495:Toulouse
483:Germanic
422:Augustus
383:Aquitani
365:Vascones
340:Henry IV
295:Wasconia
233:Bordeaux
212:province
210:) was a
195:Gasconha
182:Gascogne
1929:Gascony
1893:44°00′N
1753:Labourd
1693:Bigorre
1678:Agenais
1623:Picardy
1558:Hainaut
1553:Guyenne
1548:Gascony
1523:Corsica
1400:Gascony
1358:Guienne
1354::
1135:9 March
1062:Garonne
1042:Lourdes
1022:Bayonne
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971:Bayonne
943:Garonne
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889:Guyenne
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640:became
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487:Vandals
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346:History
256:Gironde
228:Guyenne
191:Occitan
139:Gascony
90:scholar
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596:; cf.
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434:Celtic
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248:Landes
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1473:Anjou
1034:Adour
671:hòrça
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653:force
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437:Gauls
430:Loire
404:Ausci
379:Latin
97:JSTOR
83:books
1844:Nice
1824:Dabo
1538:Foix
1295:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1245:ISBN
1220:ISBN
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1181:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1137:2023
1111:2010
1066:Auch
1040:and
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