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English regime in
Scotland, culminating in the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314, to legitimise his kingship and free his kingdom. It was a battle that Robert the Bruce hoped would confirm his place on the throne of Scotland and force Edward II to recognize him King. Bruce also faced internal struggles for the crown of Scotland among the "Balliols, Bruces, and the Scottish political nation in a decades-long contest for the crown". As stated by W. M. Mackenzie, "The victory at Bannockburn is of more than national interest and had other results than those immediately affecting Scotland. With Falkirk and Courtrai (1302), where the flemish footman shattered the chivalry of France—and more than either of these it initiated the change which was to come over the mediaeval art of war, in demonstrating the superiority of infantry properly handled to the mounted
1024:'On Sunday, which was the vigil of St John's day, as they passed by a certain wood and were approaching Stirling Castle, the Scots were seen straggling under the trees as if in flight, and a certain knight, Henry de Boune pursued them with the Welsh to the entrance of the wood. For he had in mind that if he found Robert Bruce there he would either kill him or carry him off captive. But when he had come thither, Robert himself came suddenly out of his hiding-place in the wood, and the said Henry seeing that he could not resist the multitude of Scots, turned his horse with the intention of regaining his companions; but Robert opposed him and struck him on the head with an axe that he carried in his hand. His squire, trying to protect or rescue his lord, was overwhelmed by the Scots.'
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gave Bruce and his foot soldiers an advantage since the
English were very adept at cavalry. The Scots split their army into four divisions and the Bruce commanded the four divisions to form a diamond formation. Bruce covered the rear to the south, Douglas to the east, Randolph to the north (the direction of Stirling), with 500 horsemen under Keith to the west, in reserve. On 23 June 1314 two English cavalry formations advanced. The first was commanded by the
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obvious that the
English would continue their advance on Stirling. In an effort to "rescue" Stirling, Edward II continued to hurry his troops: they marched seventy miles in one week. Many historians criticise Edward II for this move, as he was not acting as a leader of a well-trained army but was instead acting like a pilgrim. This bad decision-making by Edward II led to horses, horsemen, and infantry becoming extremely worn out with toil and hunger.
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battleground. They were moving away from cavalry and more towards the domination of the foot soldier. Another aspect is that this battle was for the rights to
Stirling Castle essentially. Robert the Bruce did not want to give the castle up to the English as it was a major staging point. This is supported by Herbert Maxwell who stated that "Bruce's position was taken up to bar King Edwards access to Stirling."
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of the said two lords. Some of the
English fled to the castle, others to the king's army, which having already left the road through the wood had debouched upon a plain near the water of Forth beyond Bannockburn, an evil, deep, wet marsh, where the said English army unharnessed and remained all night, having sadly lost confidence and being too much disaffected by the events of the day.
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by far the largest ever to invade
Scotland. The Scottish army probably numbered around 7,000 men, including no more than 500 mounted troops. Unlike the English, the Scottish cavalry was probably not equipped for charging enemy lines and suitable only for skirmishing and reconnaissance. The Scottish infantry was likely armed with axes, swords and pikes, and included only a few bowmen.
1492:. Further lands were purchased in 1960 and 1965 to facilitate visitor access. A modern monument was erected in a field above the possible site of the battle, where the warring parties are believed to have camped on the night before the battle. The monument consists of two semicircular walls depicting the opposing parties. Nearby stands the 1960s statue of Bruce by
915:. The Scottish archers used yew-stave longbows and, while these were equal to English longbows in strength, there were probably fewer Scottish archers, possibly only 500 although there is no evidence as to their number. These archers played little part in the battle. There is first-hand evidence in a poem, written just after the battle by the captured
1055:, King Robert's nephew, who was the leader of the Scottish advanced guard, hearing that his uncle had repulsed the advanced guard of the English on the other side of the wood, thought that he must have his share, and issuing from the wood with his division marched across the open ground towards the two afore-named lords.
1198:, where a sizeable party of English nobles, including the Earl of Hereford, had taken refuge. At the same time the Edwardian strongholds of Dunbar and Jedburgh were also being captured. By 1315, only Berwick remained outside of Robert's control. In exchange for the captured nobles, Edward II released Robert's wife
1496:. Although the statue was conceived by Pilkington Jackson he commissioned Thomas Taylor Bowie of the Ontario College of Art in Toronto to create the statue. The monument, and the associated visitor centre, are some of the most popular tourist attractions in the area. The battlefield has been included in the
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operates the
Bannockburn Visitor Centre (previously known as the Bannockburn Heritage Centre), which is open daily from March through October. On 31 October 2012 the original building was closed for demolition and replacement by a new design, inspired by traditional Scottish buildings, by Reiach and
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In the morning the Scots advanced from New Park. Not long after daybreak, Edward was surprised to see the
Scottish pikemen emerge from the cover of the woods and advance towards his position. As Bruce's army drew nearer, they paused and knelt in prayer. Edward reportedly said in surprise, "They pray
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So saying, he spurred in between
Beaumont and Sir William Deyncourt and charged into the thick of the enemy. William was killed, Thomas was taken prisoner, his horse being killed on the pikes, and he himself carried off with the Scots on foot when they marched off, having utterly routed the squadron
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This battle was an attempt by Robert the Bruce to legitimise his kingship through combat. An article by
Medieval Warfare states, "Robert Bruce, King of Scots from 1306 until his death in 1329 aged around 55, was no stranger to the battlefield. He waged war to wear down his Scottish opponents and the
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who marched closer to the River Forth. Both of these detachments marched in front of the main fighting force. These two detachments were tasked with lifting the siege on Stirling. The Hereford-Gloucester force was the first to cross over the Bannockburn and marched toward the woodlands that hid the
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Most medieval battles were short-lived, lasting only a few hours, so the Battle of Bannockburn is unusual in that it lasted two days. Shortly before the battle King Robert picked a flat field flanked by woodland known as New Park to set up camp for the upcoming battle. This was because the woodland
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The English could not ignore this challenge, and prepared and equipped a substantial campaign. Edward II requested from England, Wales and Ireland 2,000 heavily armoured cavalry and 13,000 infantry. It is estimated that no more than half the infantry actually arrived, but the English army was still
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operates the Bannockburn Visitor Centre (previously known as the Bannockburn Heritage Centre). Though the exact location for the battle is uncertain, a modern monument was erected in a field above a possible site of the battlefield, where the warring parties are believed to have camped, alongside a
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enough time to decide whether to move northwards beyond the Forth or westwards up the river into a district of mosses and hills. Robert knew that the latter decision would influence the plans of Edward II and his lords. Given the declared objective and the advancing march the previous week, it was
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The Earl of Gloucester had argued with the Earl of Hereford over who should lead the vanguard into battle. He had also tried to persuade the king that the battle should be postponed. This led the king to accuse him of cowardice. Goaded by the accusation, Gloucester advanced to meet the Scots. Few
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Now Edward II was within reach of Stirling. Edward II and his advisors began to make plans for the upcoming battle. Edward and his advisors knew the places where the Scots were likely to challenge them, and sent orders for their troops to prepare for an enemy established in boggy ground near the
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on the first day of the battle, the English withdrew for the day. That night, Sir Alexander Seton, a Scottish noble serving in Edward's army, defected to the Scottish side and informed King Robert of the English camp's low morale, telling him they could win. Robert Bruce decided to launch a
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upon whom the entire stress of fighting had hitherto been laid. The defeated were quick to learn their lesson and apply it in their own way. This shows the sheer importance of the Scottish spearman on the European stage as many countries began to adapt to this infantry dominated medieval
1168:, from which he took a ship to Berwick. From the carnage of Bannockburn, the rest of the army tried to escape to the safety of the English border, 90 miles (140 km) south. Many were killed by the pursuing Scottish army or by the inhabitants of the countryside they passed through.
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This story is important because it was a reflection of Robert the Bruce's leadership. It is stated in an article by Sidney Dean that "While controversial among his peers, Bruce earned the respect of his soldiers by leading from the front and displaying physical courage."
1164:. King Edward with about 500 men first fled for Stirling Castle where Sir Philip de Moubray, commander of the castle, turned him away as the castle would shortly be surrendered to the Scots. Then, pursued by James Douglas and a small troop of horsemen, Edward fled to
1145:(reputedly the third-best knight in Europe) that the English had lost the battle and Edward II needed at all costs to be led to safety. Seizing the reins of the king's horse, they dragged him away, closely followed by 500 knights of the royal bodyguard.
907:, which was stationed about a mile south of Stirling, near the church of St. Ninian, while the king commanded the rearguard at the entrance to the New Park. His brother Edward led the third division. The fourth division was nominally under the youthful
1520:. The battlefield's new visitor centre—now rebranded as the Bannockburn Visitor Centre—opened in March 2014. One of the attractions created by a £9m redevelopment of the centre and the nearby battlefield memorial is a computerised multiplayer game.
1180:. Weighing the available evidence, Reese concludes that "it seems doubtful if even a third of the foot soldiers returned to England." If his estimate is accurate, of 16,000 English infantrymen, about 11,000 were killed. The English chronicler
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Scots and stood in the way of the English on their way to Stirling. Little did the English know that Bruce had ventured ahead away from his natural protection. King Robert was not then fully armed for combat, but was instead armed for
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The immediate aftermath was the surrender of Stirling Castle, one of Scotland's most important fortresses, to King Robert. He then slighted (razed) it to prevent it from being retaken. Nearly as important was the surrender of
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gave the number of English men-at-arms who were killed as 700, while 500 more men-at-arms were spared for ransom. The Scottish losses appear to have been comparatively light, with only two knights among those killed.
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The precise numerical advantage of the English forces relative to the Scottish forces is unknown, but modern researchers estimate that the Scottish faced English forces one-and-a-half to three times their number.
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had wanted to expand England to prevent a foreign power such as France from capturing territories in the British Isles. But he needed Scotland's allegiance, which led to his campaign to capture Scotland. The
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The exact site of the Battle of Bannockburn has been debated for many years, but most modern historians agree that the traditional site, where a visitor centre and statue have been erected, is not correct.
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the English archers were thrown forward before the line, and the Scottish archers engaged them, a few being killed and wounded on either side; but the King of England's archers quickly put the others to
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Historian Peter Reese wrote that "only one sizeable group of men—all foot soldiers—made good their escape to England." These were a force of Welsh spearmen who were kept together by their commander, Sir
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and (4) one jointly commanded by Sir James Douglas and the young Walter the Steward. Bruce's friend, Angus Og Macdonald, Lord of the Isles, brought thousands of Islesmen to Bannockburn, including
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1214:, and Robert Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow, ending their eight-year imprisonment in England. Following the battle, King Robert rewarded Sir Gilbert Hay of Erroll with the office of hereditary
49:(c. 1440) is the earliest-known image of the battle. King Robert wielding an axe and Edward II fleeing toward Stirling feature prominently, conflating incidents from the two days of battle.
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The English cavalry was hemmed in against the Bannockburn, making it difficult for them to manoeuvre. Unable to hold their formations, they broke rank. It soon became clear to
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In 1313, Bruce demanded the allegiance of all remaining Balliol supporters, under threat of losing their lands. He also demanded the surrender of the English garrison at
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1020:. Bohun charged at Bruce and, when the two passed side by side, Bruce split Bohun's head with his axe. However the Vita Edwardi Secundi gives a different account:
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Sire, your protection was committed to me, but since you are safely on your way, I will bid you farewell for never yet have I fled from a battle, nor will I now.
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full-scale attack on the English forces the next day and to use his schiltrons as offensive units, as he had trained them. This was a strategy his predecessor
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in 1328. Under the treaty, the English crown recognised the independence of the Kingdom of Scotland, and acknowledged Robert the Bruce as the rightful king.
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was crowned as king, but was incapable of providing the determined leadership his father had shown, and the English position soon became more difficult.
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During the night the English forces crossed the stream known as the Bannockburn, establishing their position on the plain beyond it. A Scottish knight,
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On the morning of 23 June 1314 it was still not certain if a battle was going to take place. The armies were still eight miles apart, giving
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between England and Scotland began in 1296. Initially, the English were successful under the command of Edward I: they won victories at the
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Presentation by Stirling Council's Archaeologist Dr Murray Cook on the debates about the location and history of the Battle of Bannockburn
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The Scots then rushed the English forces under Gloucester's and Hereford's command, who retreated, struggling back over the Bannockburn.
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A large number of alternative locations have been considered, but modern researchers believe only two merit serious consideration:
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warriors, and King Robert assigned them the place of honour at his side in his own schiltron with the men of Carrick and Argyll.
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The Carse of Balquhiderock, about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north-east of the traditional site. This location is accepted by the
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715:. It was a decisive victory for Robert Bruce and formed a major turning point in the war, which ended 14 years later with the
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2385:"'Bannockburn: The Triumph of Robert the Bruce'. By David Cornell. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2009. pp. 320.)"
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is one of the most celebrated in Scottish history, and for centuries the battle has been commemorated in verse and art. The
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King Edward II invaded Scotland after Bruce demanded in 1313 that all supporters, still loyal to ousted Scottish king
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for mercy!" "For mercy, yes," one of his attendants replied, "but from God, not you. These men will conquer or die."
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spotted the king so poorly equipped and took advantage. Henry de Bohun charged forward in full combat gear with his
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The second English cavalry force was commanded by Robert Clifford and Henry de Beaumont. Their forces included Sir
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Edward fled with his personal bodyguard and panic spread among the remaining troops, turning their defeat into a
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from the Scottish throne also contributed to the English success. However, the Scots defeated the English at the
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878:, c. 1330: Depiction of a biblical battle, giving an impression of how soldiers were equipped at Bannockburn.
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accompanied Gloucester and, when he reached the Scottish lines, he was quickly surrounded and killed.
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Sir Henry de Beaumont called to his men: "Let us wait a little; let them come on; give them room".
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2651:[W. R. Childs, ed. (2005). Vita Edwardi Secundi. Clarendon Press. p. xxiv-xxv. ISBN 0-19-927594-7.
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3143:"Robert the Bruce on the Eve of Bannockburn Receiving the Sacrament from the Abbot of Inchaffre"
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Webster, Bruce (2015). "Robert I (Robert Bruce)". In Crowcroft, Robert; Cannon, John (eds.).
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Scalacronica; The reigns of Edward I, Edward II and Edward III as Recorded by Sir Thomas Gray
1774:"Battle of Bannockburn: 5 interesting facts and myths about decisive Robert the Bruce battle"
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The defeat of the English opened up the north of England to Scottish raids and allowed the
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Hall Architects. The project is a partnership between the National Trust for Scotland and
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3505:(Second ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom ; New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
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painted a similar theme. A painting by William Findlay depicts Bruce at the battle.
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2999:"Robert the Bruce statue at Bannockburn daubed with Black Lives Matter graffiti"
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to secure diplomatic recognition of Scotland's independence by the Pope, to the
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friar Robert Baston, that one or both sides employed slingers and crossbowmen.
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Once they were clear of the battle d'Argentan turned to the king and said: "
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which resulted in the deaths of several prominent commanders, including the
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1882:, Robert Bruce and The Community of the Realm of Scotland, 1961, at p. 273.
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A History of England from the Landing of Julius Caesar to the Present Day
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Illustration of the parry between Robert the Bruce and Sir Henry de Bohun
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refers to Scotland's victory over Edward and the English at Bannockburn.
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3041:. London, Paris, New York & Melbourne: Cassell and Company. p.
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The Chronicle of Lanercost says that, on the second day of the battle, "
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2973:"Battle of Bannockburn: The Battle of Bannockburn Visitor Centre Opens"
2682:"Scottish profiles in leadership: William Wallace and Robert the Bruce"
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2165:" The Chronicle of Lanercost, 1272–1346: Translated, with notes by Sir
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The following are the notable casualties and captives of the battle.
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The English were gradually pushed back and ground down by the Scots'
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2537:"The Site of the New Park in Relation to the Battle of Bannockburn"
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Robert Lord de Clifford and Henry de Beaumont, with three hundred
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painted Bruce receiving the sacrament on the eve of the battle.
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BBC "In our time" discussion on the battle and its consequences
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1912:"Scotland's First War of Independence: Historical introduction"
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Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict
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Battles that Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict
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Brown, C.A., "Bannockburn 1314", History Press, Stroud, 2008,
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Bannockburn. The Scottish War and the British Isles 1307–1323
2947:"Battle of Bannockburn: Bannockburn : About the project"
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Bannockburn: The Scottish War and the British Isles 1307–1323
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An interpretation of the battle of Bannockburn – second day
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An interpretation of the battle of Bannockburn – first day
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Robert Bruce & The Community of The Realm of Scotland
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in 1297. This was countered by Edward I's victory at the
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1314 battle during the First War of Scottish Independence
3203:"The Liberation of Scotland (The Battle of Bannockburn)"
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released a song, "Blood of Bannockburn", on their album
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Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
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Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
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Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland
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The Battle of Bannockburn: a Study in Mediaeval Warfare
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of The Battle of Bannockburn 700th Anniversary Project
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The Three Edwards: War and State in England, 1272–1377
2917:"Bannockburn Heritage Centre closes before demolition"
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Battle: A visual journey through 5,000 years of combat
1577:. The chorus of Scotland's unofficial national anthem
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In 1932 the Bannockburn Preservation Committee, under
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under the Historic Environment (Amendment) Act 2011.
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seized the Scottish throne and the war was reopened.
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had not employed. The English army was defeated in a
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The Scottish army was divided into four divisions of
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2227:"OS 25-inch map 1892–1949, with Bing opacity slider"
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Robert Bruce and the Community of Realm of Scotland
2436:Transactions of the Glasgow Archaeological Society
2302:The Scottish War of Independence: a Critical Study
1472:Equestrian statue of Robert the Bruce, Bannockburn
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1480:The hemicircle of the modern Bannockburn monument
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3319:Armstrong, Pete (illustrated by Graham Turner),
1894:The Lords of the Isles: a History of Clan Donald
1851:"Scotland's History – The Battle of Bannockburn"
3089:. The Stirling Smith Art Gallery & Museum.
2135:
1801:Mackenzie, p. 88 referencing Walsingham, p. 141
940:An area of peaty ground outside the village of
719:restoration of Scottish independence under the
3615:Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland
3321:Bannockburn 1314: Robert Bruce's Great Victory
1804:
1797:
1795:
1735:
1681:
1594:both painted Bruce's encounter with de Bohun.
1498:Inventory of Historic Battlefields in Scotland
1225:. These finally led, after the failure of the
927:
643:
3027:
1465:
1004:with only a small horse, light armour, and a
836:After the death of Edward I in 1307, his son
629:
338:
3590:Battles of the Wars of Scottish Independence
3409:Bannockburn: The Triumph of Robert the Bruce
3402:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1631:View of the circular walls and the flag pole
1516:, funded by the Scottish Government and the
1308:Malduin (Malcolm) MacGilchrist, 3rd Lord of
3270:. Glasgow: James Maclehose & Sons. 1907
2670:britishbattles.com. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
2188:
2136:Strickland, Matthew; Hardy, Robert (2005).
1792:
1525:George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom
3209:. Glasgow Museums Resource Centre (GMRC).
2855:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 137.
2837:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 231.
2810:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 230.
2307:
636:
622:
345:
331:
2429:
2255:
2249:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1771:
1393:Ralph de Monthermer, 1st Baron Monthermer
280:Up to 11,000 infantry killed upon retreat
3430:Bannockburn: A Study in Medieval Warfare
3386:
3376:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
2784:
2772:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2735:
2432:"The Real Bannockburn, June 23–24, 1314"
2079:10.3366/edinburgh/9780748633326.003.0003
2033:"In Our Time, The Battle of Bannockburn"
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1906:
1891:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1552:
1527:, the statue was defaced with graffiti.
1475:
1252:Gilbert de Clare, 8th Earl of Gloucester
1095:
1043:. The younger Grey described the battle:
973:
870:
741:commanded by (1) Bruce, (2) his brother
269:Light (presumably around 100 casualties)
3502:The Oxford companion to British history
3498:
3406:
3260:
2877:
2865:
2730:
2724:
2480:
2382:
1488:and Kincardine, presented lands to the
1377:Maurice de Berkeley, 2nd Baron Berkeley
1367:Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford
1091:
745:, (3) his nephew, Thomas Randolph, the
3630:National Trust for Scotland properties
3572:
3179:. Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum.
2829:
2802:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2534:
2294:
2271:
2126:Nicholson, Later Middle Ages pp. 87–89
2107:
2030:
2024:
2013:. pp. 71–73. Thames & Hudson Ltd.
1746:
1690:
1573:" is the title of a patriotic poem by
1273:Robert de Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford
969:
3529:on National Trust of Scotland website
3489:
3368:
2847:
2790:
2778:
2758:
2747:
2741:
2237:from the original on 30 November 2012
2060:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2011:The Seventy Great Battles of All Time
1954:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1816:
1416:John Maltravers, 1st Baron Maltravers
1236:
617:
326:
3620:Military and war museums in Scotland
3585:Battles between England and Scotland
3213:from the original on 7 November 2017
3183:from the original on 7 November 2017
3153:from the original on 7 November 2017
3123:from the original on 7 November 2017
3093:from the original on 7 November 2017
2897:from the original on 16 October 2012
2679:
2642:, UK: Sutton Publishing, 1998, p. 38
2592:
2318:Bannockburn: The Story of the Battle
1861:from the original on 6 November 2019
1320:John de Montfort, 2nd Baron Montfort
911:, but actually under the command of
277:500 knights and men-at-arms captured
3363:Robert the Bruce. A life Chronicled
2579:
2401:10.1111/j.1540-6563.2011.00294_47.x
1892:Peterson, Raymond Campbell (2001).
1780:from the original on 5 January 2022
1398:Robert de Umfraville, Earl of Angus
1333:Edmund Hastings, 1st Baron Hastings
789:statue of Robert Bruce designed by
780:The victory against the English at
13:
3625:Museums in Stirling (council area)
3063:The Complete Works of Robert Burns
2927:from the original on 30 March 2019
2712:from the original on 19 April 2022
2049:
2045:from the original on 16 June 2012.
1832:
1155:
1053:Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray
901:Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray
713:First War of Scottish Independence
274:700 knights and men-at-arms killed
31:First War of Scottish Independence
14:
3646:
3520:
3009:from the original on 12 June 2020
2617:from the original on 6 April 2023
1772:Sanderson, Ginny (23 June 2021).
1586:Many artworks depict the battle.
1557:Bruce addresses his troops, from
3149:. Brechin Mechanics' Institute.
1663:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1486:Edward Bruce, 10th Earl of Elgin
1325:Payn Tibetoft, 1st Baron Tibotot
37:
3257:, ed. D. E. R. Watt, 1987–1993.
3245:, trans. A. A. M. Duncan, 1964.
3195:
3165:
3135:
3113:"Robert the Bruce and de Bohun"
3105:
3075:
3056:
3021:
2991:
2965:
2939:
2909:
2883:
2841:
2823:
2814:
2796:
2763:
2673:
2654:
2645:
2629:
2567:from the original on 3 May 2022
2528:
2516:from the original on 2 May 2022
2474:
2462:from the original on 2 May 2022
2423:
2376:
2364:from the original on 2 May 2022
2334:"The faces of Robert the Bruce"
2326:
2219:
2200:"Battle of Bannockburn (47243)"
2172:
2154:
2140:. Stroud: Sutton. p. 162.
2129:
2120:
2108:Barrow, Geoffrey W. S. (1988).
2101:
2063:"The Bannockburn War (1307–13)"
1942:from the original on 2 May 2022
1900:
1885:
1873:
1372:John Segrave, 2nd Baron Segrave
1231:Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton
1216:Lord High Constable of Scotland
1176:. The majority of them reached
721:Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton
3558:"Battle of Bannockburn (BTL4)"
3494:. London: Hutchinson & Co.
3492:Robert the Bruce King of Scots
3479:, Canongate, Edinburgh, 2003,
3450:Scotland-the Later Middle Ages
2975:. 1 March 2014. Archived from
2541:The Scottish Historical Review
2490:The Scottish Historical Review
2277:Barrow, Geoffrey W.S. (1998).
2061:Brown, Michael (2 July 2008),
2031:Watson, F. (3 February 2011).
1765:
1732:, (Biddles Ltd., 1998), 52–54.
1722:
1709:
1655:Statue of Robert the Bruce by
756:After Robert Bruce killed Sir
1:
3554:Historic Environment Scotland
3490:Scott, Ronald McNair (1982).
2383:Cramsie, John (1 June 2011).
2196:Historic Environment Scotland
1675:
1592:Eric Harald Macbeth Robertson
1514:Historic Environment Scotland
955:
807:Wars of Scottish Independence
796:
3313:
2769:Brown, C. (2008) pp. 129–130
2231:National Library of Scotland
1523:On 11 June 2020, during the
1268:John Comyn, Lord of Badenoch
1223:Scottish invasion of Ireland
1188:
7:
3610:History museums in Scotland
3287:, edited and translated by
2486:"The Battle of Bannockburn"
2322:National Trust for Scotland
1535:In 2016 Swedish metal band
1509:National Trust for Scotland
1490:National Trust for Scotland
1359:
1315:William de Vescy of Kildare
1263:John Lovel, 2nd Baron Lovel
1039:, father of the chronicler
928:Location of the battlefield
786:National Trust for Scotland
10:
3651:
3323:, Osprey Publishing, 2002
3233:
3228:
3119:. The Fleming Collection.
3029:Arnold-Foster, Hugh Oakley
2283:Edinburgh University Press
2114:Edinburgh University Press
2071:Edinburgh University Press
1605:
1469:
1466:Bannockburn Visitor Centre
866:
647:Scottish Independence Wars
3543:Medieval Archives Podcast
3527:The Battle of Bannockburn
3411:. Yale University Press.
2661:The Battle of Bannockburn
2430:MacKenzie, W. M. (1910).
1751:. ABC-CLIO. p. 127.
1695:. ABC-CLIO. p. 126.
1460:
1244:
922:
903:, commanded the Scottish
823:Battle of Stirling Bridge
815:Capture of Berwick (1296)
670:Later Anglo-Scottish Wars
655:
364:
317:
307:
299:
290:
286:
263:
250:
149:
132:
58:
36:
28:
23:
3470:The Genesis of Lancaster
3299:, ed. N. D. Young, 1957.
2891:"Inventory battlefields"
1747:Tucker, Spencer (2011).
1719:, DK Publishing, p. 118.
1691:Tucker, Spencer (2011).
1530:
1422:Thomas de Grey of Heaton
1037:Thomas de Grey of Heaton
951:as the most likely site.
827:Battle of Falkirk (1298)
357:of Scottish Independence
181:Sir Gilbert II De la Hay
43:This depiction from the
3407:Cornell, David (2009).
3399:Encyclopædia Britannica
2535:Miller, Thomas (1914).
2009:Black, Jeremy. (2005).
1548:
1227:Declaration of Arbroath
811:Battle of Dunbar (1296)
707:, and the army of King
3444:The Wars of the Bruces
2640:The Warhorse 1250–1600
1670:Close-up of the statue
1566:
1481:
1447:Bartholomew de Enefeld
1101:
1086:
1026:
979:
879:
696:BlĂ r Allt a' Bhonnaich
695:
690:
293:Registered battlefield
150:Commanders and leaders
52:Corpus Christi College
3539:Battle of Bannockburn
3072:at Project Gutenberg.
2893:. Historic Scotland.
2831:Barrow, Geoffrey W.S.
2804:Barrow, Geoffrey W.S.
2680:Dean, Sidney (2016).
2595:"Claim to the Throne"
1643:Alley to the monument
1556:
1518:Heritage Lottery Fund
1479:
1099:
1045:
1022:
977:
884:King Robert the Bruce
874:
683:Battle of Bannockburn
603:Edinburgh–Northampton
264:Casualties and losses
24:Battle of Bannockburn
3600:Edward II of England
3296:Vita Edwardi Secundi
3083:"Bruce and De Bohun"
1715:Grant, R.G. (2008),
1410:Ingram de Umfraville
1329:William de Hastelegh
1299:Sir Robert de Felton
1286:, Marshal of Ireland
1092:Second day of battle
838:Edward II of England
709:Edward II of England
105:56.09333°N 3.93778°W
3393:"Bannockburn"
3284:Lanercost Chronicle
3068:28 May 2007 at the
2923:. 31 October 2012.
2666:5 June 2014 at the
2593:Rees, Owen (2014).
2320:, 1960, Edinburgh:
2233:. Ordnance Survey.
2116:. pp. 225–229.
1545:about this battle.
1351:John de Elsingfelde
1174:Maurice de Berkeley
970:First day of battle
691:BlĂ r Allt nam BĂ nag
510:Invasion of Ireland
504:Ireland (1315–1318)
194:Sir Alexander Seton
139:Kingdom of Scotland
101: /
3307:Historia Anglicana
3303:Walsingham, Thomas
2979:on 8 February 2015
2625:– via JSTOR.
2314:Christison, Philip
2267:: James MacLehose.
2185:, Book XII, p. 371
2073:, pp. 24–47,
1657:Pilkington Jackson
1580:Flower of Scotland
1567:
1563:History of England
1494:Pilkington Jackson
1482:
1432:Giles de Beauchamp
1426:William le Latimer
1382:Thomas de Berkeley
1354:Ralph de Beauchamp
1343:Michael de Poinyng
1337:Miles de Stapleton
1237:Notable casualties
1200:Elizabeth de Burgh
1102:
985:Earl of Gloucester
980:
909:Walter the Steward
880:
849:Scottish Highlands
791:Pilkington Jackson
771:Earl of Gloucester
569:Great Raid of 1322
308:Reference no.
231:Robert de Clifford
189:Angus Og MacDonald
185:Walter the Steward
144:Kingdom of England
110:56.09333; -3.93778
3595:Conflicts in 1314
1702:978-1-59884-429-0
1502:Historic Scotland
1500:and protected by
1454:John de Clavering
1438:Thomas de Ferrers
1182:Thomas Walsingham
1076:Sir Thomas Grey,
997:Henry de Beaumont
913:Sir James Douglas
817:. The removal of
678:
677:
611:
610:
321:
320:
259:20,000–25,000 men
245:Henry de Beaumont
208:Humphrey de Bohun
128:
127:
3642:
3635:Robert the Bruce
3580:1314 in Scotland
3561:
3516:
3495:
3472:, 1307–99, 1913.
3426:Mackenzie, W. M.
3422:
3403:
3395:
3382:Wars of Scotland
3377:
3334:Barrow, G. W. S.
3279:
3277:
3275:
3268:Maxwell, Herbert
3266:. Translated by
3223:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3079:
3073:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3005:. 12 June 2020.
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2949:. Archived from
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2800:
2794:
2788:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2761:
2756:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2686:Medieval Warfare
2677:
2671:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2599:Medieval Warfare
2590:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2482:Maxwell, Herbert
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2344:(1): 4–5. 2017.
2338:Medieval Warfare
2330:
2324:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2257:Mackenzie, W. M.
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2192:
2186:
2176:
2170:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2138:The Great Warbow
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2058:
2047:
2046:
2028:
2022:
2007:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1916:Medieval Warfare
1908:Blumberg, Arnold
1904:
1898:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1880:Barrow, G. W. S.
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1847:
1830:
1827:
1814:
1813:Mackenzie, p. 90
1811:
1802:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1744:
1733:
1730:Scottish Battles
1726:
1720:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1688:
1667:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1435:Gilbert de Bohun
1347:Thomas de Ufford
1290:Edmund de Mauley
1258:Giles d'Argentan
1143:Giles d'Argentan
1139:Aymer de Valence
1132:Sir Robert Keith
1084:
1080:, translated by
989:Earl of Hereford
831:Robert the Bruce
701:Robert the Bruce
698:
650:
648:
638:
631:
624:
615:
614:
359:
347:
340:
333:
324:
323:
256:5,000-10,000 men
239:
226:
218:Gilbert de Clare
213:Aymer de Valence
169:Sir Robert Keith
124:Scottish victory
116:
115:
113:
112:
111:
106:
102:
99:
98:
97:
94:
60:
59:
41:
21:
20:
3650:
3649:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3570:
3569:
3523:
3513:
3448:Nicholson, R.,
3419:
3316:
3273:
3271:
3239:Barbour, John,
3236:
3231:
3226:
3216:
3214:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3094:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3070:Wayback Machine
3061:
3057:
3047:
3045:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2953:on 23 June 2013
2945:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2872:
2864:
2860:
2846:
2842:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2801:
2797:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2678:
2674:
2668:Wayback Machine
2659:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2591:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2517:
2496:(43): 233–251.
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2428:
2424:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2365:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2295:
2276:
2272:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2193:
2189:
2177:
2173:
2167:Herbert Maxwell
2159:
2155:
2148:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2059:
2050:
2029:
2025:
2008:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1905:
1901:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1849:
1848:
1833:
1828:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1745:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1689:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1641:
1632:
1629:
1620:
1617:
1608:
1551:
1533:
1474:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1404:Anthony de Luci
1388:Marmaduke Tweng
1362:
1357:
1284:William Marshal
1247:
1239:
1204:Christina Bruce
1196:Bothwell Castle
1191:
1158:
1156:English retreat
1106:Alexander Seton
1094:
1088:
1085:
1082:Herbert Maxwell
1075:
993:Robert Clifford
972:
958:
930:
925:
869:
845:Stirling Castle
799:
775:Robert Clifford
763:William Wallace
732:Stirling Castle
687:Scottish Gaelic
679:
674:
651:
646:
644:
642:
612:
607:
488:Pass of Brander
421:Stirling Castle
401:Stirling Bridge
360:
356:
353:
351:
295:
243:
235:
222:
193:
187:
183:
179:
177:Thomas Randolph
175:
171:
167:
163:
109:
107:
103:
100:
95:
92:
90:
88:
87:
86:
66:23–24 June 1314
50:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3648:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3550:
3545:
3536:
3530:
3522:
3521:External links
3519:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3496:
3487:
3473:
3463:
3453:
3446:
3442:MacNamee, C.,
3440:
3423:
3418:978-0300145687
3417:
3404:
3390:, ed. (1911).
3388:Chisholm, Hugh
3384:
3378:
3370:Brown, Michael
3366:
3359:
3356:978-0752446004
3348:
3331:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3292:
3280:
3258:
3254:Scotichronicon
3246:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3194:
3164:
3134:
3104:
3074:
3055:
3020:
2990:
2964:
2938:
2908:
2882:
2880:, p. 262.
2870:
2858:
2849:Brown, Michael
2840:
2822:
2813:
2795:
2783:
2771:
2762:
2746:
2734:
2723:
2672:
2653:
2644:
2628:
2578:
2527:
2473:
2422:
2395:(2): 378–379.
2375:
2325:
2306:
2300:Barron, E.M.,
2293:
2270:
2248:
2218:
2187:
2183:Scotichronicon
2171:
2153:
2146:
2128:
2119:
2100:
2088:978-0748633326
2087:
2048:
2023:
1953:
1899:
1884:
1872:
1831:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1764:
1758:978-1598844290
1757:
1734:
1728:Sadler, John,
1721:
1708:
1701:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1550:
1547:
1542:The Last Stand
1532:
1529:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1450:John Cysrewast
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1296:
1294:King's Steward
1287:
1281:
1279:Henry de Bohun
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1235:
1212:Marjorie Bruce
1190:
1187:
1157:
1154:
1093:
1090:
1073:
1010:Henry de Bohun
1002:reconnaissance
971:
968:
957:
954:
953:
952:
949:National Trust
945:
929:
926:
924:
921:
868:
865:
798:
795:
767:pitched battle
758:Henry de Bohun
676:
675:
673:
672:
667:
662:
656:
653:
652:
641:
640:
633:
626:
618:
609:
608:
606:
605:
600:
595:
589:
588:
584:
583:
578:
577:
576:
566:
561:
556:
551:
545:
544:
540:
539:
538:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
506:
505:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
434:
433:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
387:
386:
382:
381:
376:
370:
369:
365:
362:
361:
350:
349:
342:
335:
327:
319:
318:
315:
314:
309:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
282:
281:
278:
275:
270:
266:
265:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
248:
247:
242:
241:
228:
215:
210:
205:
202:King Edward II
197:
195:
192:
191:
155:
152:
151:
147:
146:
141:
135:
134:
130:
129:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
74:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
46:Scotichronicon
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3647:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3512:9780191757150
3508:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3493:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3466:Ramsay, J. H.
3464:
3461:
3457:
3456:Prestwich, M.
3454:
3451:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3361:Brown, C.A.,
3360:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3249:Bower, Walter
3247:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3173:"Bannockburn"
3168:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3078:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3033:"Bannockburn"
3030:
3024:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2820:Reese, p. 176
2817:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2793:, p. 160
2792:
2787:
2781:, p. 159
2780:
2775:
2766:
2760:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2744:, p. 158
2743:
2738:
2732:
2727:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2648:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2547:(45): 60–75.
2546:
2542:
2538:
2531:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2442:(1): 80–102.
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:The Historian
2386:
2379:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2019:9780500251256
2016:
2012:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1896:. p. 22.
1895:
1888:
1881:
1876:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1829:Reese, p. 174
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1712:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1685:
1680:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1571:Scots Wha Hae
1564:
1560:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1473:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:and daughter
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1166:Dunbar Castle
1163:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1125:friendly fire
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1018:single combat
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
994:
990:
986:
976:
967:
964:
950:
946:
943:
942:Balquhiderock
939:
938:
937:
934:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
888:
885:
877:
876:Holkham Bible
873:
864:
860:
856:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
794:
792:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
754:
752:
748:
747:Earl of Moray
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
714:
711:, during the
710:
706:
705:King of Scots
702:
697:
692:
688:
684:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
654:
649:
639:
634:
632:
627:
625:
620:
619:
616:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
593:Auld Alliance
591:
590:
586:
585:
582:
579:
575:
572:
571:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
541:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
511:
508:
507:
503:
502:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
435:
431:
430:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
384:
383:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
367:
366:
363:
358:
348:
343:
341:
336:
334:
329:
328:
325:
316:
313:
310:
306:
303:21 March 2011
302:
298:
294:
289:
285:
279:
276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
267:
262:
258:
255:
254:
249:
246:
240:
238:
232:
229:
227:
225:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
203:
199:
198:
196:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:James Douglas
170:
166:
162:
161:
160:King Robert I
157:
156:
154:
153:
148:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
131:
123:
120:
119:
114:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
53:
48:
47:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3501:
3491:
3476:
3469:
3459:
3449:
3443:
3429:
3408:
3397:
3381:
3373:
3362:
3337:
3320:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3272:. Retrieved
3262:
3252:
3240:
3215:. Retrieved
3206:
3197:
3185:. Retrieved
3176:
3167:
3155:. Retrieved
3146:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3116:
3107:
3095:. Retrieved
3086:
3077:
3058:
3046:. Retrieved
3037:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3003:scotsman.com
3002:
2993:
2981:. Retrieved
2977:the original
2967:
2957:24 September
2955:. Retrieved
2951:the original
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2920:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2885:
2878:Cornell 2009
2873:
2866:Webster 2015
2861:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2765:
2737:
2731:Maxwell 1907
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2692:(2): 51–55.
2689:
2685:
2675:
2656:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2605:(3): 26–33.
2602:
2598:
2569:. Retrieved
2544:
2540:
2530:
2518:. Retrieved
2493:
2489:
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2439:
2435:
2425:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2366:. Retrieved
2341:
2337:
2328:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2278:
2273:
2260:
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2230:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2203:
2190:
2182:
2179:Walter Bower
2174:
2161:
2156:
2137:
2131:
2122:
2109:
2103:
2092:, retrieved
2066:
2036:
2026:
2010:
1944:. Retrieved
1919:
1915:
1902:
1893:
1887:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1854:
1782:. Retrieved
1767:
1748:
1729:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1692:
1600:John Hassall
1596:John Phillip
1585:
1578:
1575:Robert Burns
1568:
1562:
1541:
1534:
1522:
1506:
1483:
1441:Roger Corbet
1429:John Giffard
1240:
1220:
1192:
1170:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1136:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1087:
1078:Scalacronica
1077:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1046:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1023:
981:
959:
935:
931:
889:
881:
861:
857:
853:Edward Bruce
842:
835:
819:John Balliol
800:
779:
755:
743:Edward Bruce
736:
728:John Balliol
725:
716:
682:
680:
497:
463:Loudoun Hill
236:
223:
200:
165:Edward Bruce
158:
133:Belligerents
44:
29:Part of the
18:
3605:Last stands
3477:Bannockburn
3475:Reese, P.,
3380:Brown, M.,
2636:Hyland, Ann
2067:Bannockburn
2038:BBC Radio 4
1588:John Duncan
1444:John Bluwet
1049:men-at-arms
1041:Thomas Grey
987:and by the
963:men-at-arms
893:River Forth
813:and at the
782:Bannockburn
559:2nd Berwick
498:Bannockburn
374:1st Berwick
108: /
78:, south of
76:Bannockburn
54:, Cambridge
3574:Categories
3485:1841954659
3438:1871048036
3346:0852246048
3329:1855326094
3289:H. Maxwell
3274:17 October
3217:5 November
3187:5 November
3157:5 November
3127:5 November
3097:5 November
2983:1 December
2931:31 October
2791:Scott 1982
2779:Scott 1982
2759:Scott 1982
2742:Scott 1982
2290:0852246048
2241:12 October
2147:0750931671
1922:(3): 6–8.
1865:2 December
1676:References
1470:See also:
1340:Simon Ward
1305:, 1st Lord
1208:Mary Bruce
1202:, sisters
1121:schiltrons
1006:battle axe
956:Importance
897:schiltrons
797:Background
751:galloglass
739:schiltrons
574:Old Byland
554:Skaithmuir
515:Moiry Pass
458:Glen Trool
300:Designated
96:03°56′16″W
93:56°05′36″N
3314:Secondary
2698:2211-5129
2553:0036-9241
2502:0036-9241
2448:2398-5755
2417:142588139
2409:0018-2370
2350:2211-5129
1928:2211-5129
1784:5 January
1189:Aftermath
1129:marischal
917:Carmelite
543:1315–1327
483:River Dee
473:Inverurie
453:Turnberry
448:Loch Ryan
432:1306–1314
385:1297–1304
355:First War
3372:(2008).
3340:, 1988,
3242:The Brus
3211:Archived
3181:Archived
3151:Archived
3121:Archived
3091:Archived
3066:Archived
3031:(1907).
3007:Archived
2925:Archived
2921:BBC News
2901:12 April
2895:Archived
2851:(2008).
2833:(1988).
2806:(1988).
2710:Archived
2706:48578559
2664:Archived
2615:Archived
2611:48578352
2565:Archived
2561:25518759
2514:Archived
2510:25518682
2484:(1914).
2460:Archived
2456:44897746
2362:Archived
2358:48578072
2259:(1913).
2235:Archived
2169:. p. 206
2094:16 March
2043:Archived
1940:Archived
1936:48578347
1910:(2014).
1859:Archived
1778:Archived
1360:Captives
1310:Arrochar
1178:Carlisle
1074:—
995:and Sir
905:vanguard
802:Edward I
773:and Sir
587:Treaties
581:Weardale
549:Carlisle
535:Faughart
530:Skerries
493:Roxburgh
426:Earnside
251:Strength
84:Scotland
80:Stirling
71:Location
3533:archive
3452:, 1974.
3291:, 1913.
3234:Primary
3229:Sources
3048:19 June
3013:12 June
2265:Glasgow
2211:2 April
2205:Canmore
2163:flight.
1606:Gallery
1559:Cassell
1537:Sabaton
1303:Litcham
867:Prelude
717:de jure
598:Corbeil
443:Dalrigh
438:Methven
416:Happrew
406:Falkirk
237:†
224:†
3509:
3483:
3462:, 1980
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