Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)

1503:) was established in late 1942, in cooperation with church groups. The organisation saved thousands. Emphasis was placed on protecting children, as it was nearly impossible to intervene directly against the heavily guarded transports. The Germans implemented several different laws to separate Poles and Jews in the ghettos with Poles living on the "Aryan Side" and the Jews living on the "Jewish Side", despite the risk of death many Poles risked their lives by forging "Aryan Papers" for Jews to make them appear as non-Jewish Poles so they could live on the Aryan side and avoid Nazi persecution. Another law implemented by the Germans was that Poles were forbidden from buying from Jewish shops in which, if they did, they were subject to execution. Jewish children were also distributed among safe houses and church networks. Jewish children were often placed in church orphanages and convents. 1559: 935: 56: 1473: 1469:

agriculture, where many thousands died. Poles were also conscripted for labour in Poland, and were held in labour camps all over the country, again with a high death rate. There was a general shortage of food, fuel for heating and medical supplies, and there was a high death rate among the Polish population as a result. Finally, thousands of Poles were killed as reprisals for resistance attacks on German forces or for other reasons. In all, about three million Poles died as a result of the German occupation, more than 10% of the pre-war population. When this is added to the three million Polish Jews who were killed as a matter of policy by the Germans, Poland lost about 22% of its population, the highest proportion of any European country in World War II.

340: 82: 455: 8502: 1139: 531: 1026:. To that end, numerous cultural and educational institutions were closed or destroyed, from schools and universities, through monuments and libraries, to laboratories and museums. Many employees of said institutions were arrested and executed as part of wider persecutions of the Polish intellectual elite. Schooling of Polish children was curtailed to a few years of elementary education, as outlined by Himmler's May 1940 memorandum: "The sole goal of this schooling is to teach them simple arithmetic, nothing above the number 500; writing one's name; and the doctrine that it is divine law to obey the Germans. ... I do not think that reading is desirable". 1408: 2002: 1035: 811: 5662:, last retrieved on 14 March 2006, Polish language) to over two million (mostly World War II estimates by the underground). The earlier number is based on records made by the NKVD and does not include roughly 180,000 prisoners of war, also in Soviet captivity. Most modern historians estimate the number of all people deported from areas taken by the Soviet Union during this period at between 800,000 and 1,500,000. For example R. J. Rummel gives the number of 1,200,000, Tony Kushner and Katharine Knox give 1,500,000 in their 799: 11820: 1751: 154: 115: 1640: 835: 1935: 481:("living space") for the Germans in Central and Eastern Europe. The goal of the occupation was to turn the former territory of Poland into ethnically German "living space", by deporting and exterminating the non-German population, or relegating it to the status of slave laborers. The goal of the German state under Nazi leadership during the war was the complete destruction of the Polish people and nation. The fate of the Polish people, as well as the fate of many other 787: 659:

German characteristics. Group Three included individuals of alleged German stock who had become "Polonized", but whom it was believed, could be won back to Germany. This group also included persons of non-German descent married to Germans or members of non-Polish groups who were considered desirable for their political attitude and racial characteristics. Group Four consisted of persons of German stock who had become politically merged with the Poles.

1869:. Ordinary soldiers who were ethnic minorities living in the territories that the Soviet Union planned to annex were released and allowed to go home. Those who lived in the German zone of occupation were transferred to the Germans. "Military settlers" were excluded from home release. About 23,000 of POWs were separated from the rest and sent to construct a highway, with a planned release in December 1939. Thousands of others would fall victim to 3041:

at the extermination of those nations which stood in the way of the consolidation of its power.... The policy of extermination was in the first place directed against the Jewish and Polish nations.... This criminal organization did not reject any means of furthering their aim of destroying the Jewish nation. The wholesale extermination of Jews and also of Poles had all the characteristics of genocide in the biological meaning of this term.'"

495:(General Plan for Settlement). Over a period of 30 years, approximately 12.5 million Germans would be resettled in the Slavic areas, including Poland; with some versions of the plan requiring the resettlement of at least 100 million Germans over a century. The Slavic inhabitants of those lands would be eliminated as the result of genocidal policies; and the survivors would be resettled further east, in less hospitable areas of 703: 1636:

arrested and imprisoned about 500,000 Poles during 1939–1941, including former officials, officers, and natural "enemies of the people" like the clergy, but also noblemen and intellectuals. The Soviets also executed about 65,000 Poles. Soldiers of the Red Army and their officers behaved like conquerors, looting and stealing Polish treasures. When Stalin was told about it, he answered: "If there is no ill will, they can be pardoned".

574:. The expulsions continued in 1941, with another 45,000 Poles forced to move eastwards, but following the German invasion of the Soviet Union, the expulsions slowed down, as more and more trains were diverted for military logistics, rather than being made available for population transfers. Nonetheless, in late 1942 and 1943, large-scale expulsions also took place in the General Government, affecting at least 110,000 Poles in the 626: 1187: 663:

constituted treason because "German blood must not be utilized in the interest of a foreign nation," and such people were sent to concentration camps. Persons ineligible for the List were classified as stateless, and all Poles from the occupied territory, that is from the Government General of Poland, as distinct from the incorporated territory, were classified as non-protected.

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Offsetting this was the German campaign of extermination of the Polish intelligentsia and other elements thought likely to resist (e.g. Operation Tannenberg). From 1941, disease and hunger also began to reduce the population. Poles were deported in large numbers to work as forced labour in Germany: eventually about a million were deported, and many died in Germany.

2790:, p. 331: "The Nazis' intent was to maintain the Polish population in a state of such cultural backwardness that they would never have the capacity to gain any self-awareness, any comprehension of their identity or their condition, or any understanding that they would, over the mid- and long-term, be exploited like livestock to serve German economic needs." 1947:

wave in June–July 1940 totaled more than 240,000; the fourth occurred in June 1941, deporting 300,000. Upon resumption of Polish-Soviet diplomatic relations in 1941, it was determined based on Soviet information that more than 760,000 of the deportees had died – a large part of those dead being children, who had comprised about a third of deportees.

252:. Over 90% of the deaths were non-military losses, because most civilians were deliberately targeted in various actions which were launched by the Germans and Soviets. Overall, during German occupation of pre-war Polish territory, 1939–1945, the Germans murdered 5,470,000–5,670,000 Poles, including 3,000,000 Jews in what was described during the 1987:

on exploitation of the working people and ethnic minorities. Soviet propaganda claimed that unfair treatment of non-Poles by the Second Polish Republic was a justification of its dismemberment. Soviet officials openly incited mobs to perform killings and robberies. The death toll of the initial Soviet-inspired terror campaign remains unknown.

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fördernden Zustände, die zum Tode von Kindern führten. Heutzutage würde die Justiz in solchen Fällen vermutlich Tötungsdelikte „durch Unterlassen" gegeben sehen. However, it was the conditions promoting illness that led to the death of children . Nowadays, the judiciary would presumably regard such cases as homicides "by neglect".]

2222:: Terminal horror suffered by so many millions of innocent Jewish, Slavic, and other European peoples as a result of this meeting of evil minds is an indelible stain on the history and integrity of Western civilization, with all of its humanitarian pretensions. "This meeting" refers to the most famous third (Zakopane) conference). 1111:), a German campaign during World War II aimed at Polish leaders and the intelligentsia, including many university professors, teachers and priests. In the spring and summer of 1940, more than 30,000 Poles were arrested by the German authorities of German-occupied Poland. Several thousands were executed outside Warsaw, in the 293:. The size of these annexed territories was approximately 92,500 square kilometres (35,700 sq mi) with approximately 10.5 million inhabitants. The remaining block of territory, of about the same size and inhabited by about 11.5 million, was placed under a German administration called the 1799:, Dialectical and Historical Materialism aimed at strengthening of the Soviet ideology were opened as well. Polish literature and language studies ware dissolved by Soviet authorities. Forty-five new faculty members were assigned to it and transferred from other institutions of Soviet Ukraine, mainly the 1946:

In 1940 and the first half of 1941, the Soviets deported more than 1,200,000 Poles, most in four mass deportations. The first deportation took place 10 February 1940, with more than 220,000 sent to northern European Russia; the second on 13 April 1940, sending 320,000 primarily to Kazakhstan; a third

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and many other schools were reopened soon but they were restarted anew as Soviet institutions rather than continuing their old legacy. Lwow University was reorganized in accordance with the Statute Books for Soviet Higher Schools. The tuition, that along with the institution's Polonophile traditions,

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states that Soviet terror in the occupied eastern Polish lands was as cruel and tragic as the Nazis' in the west. Soviet authorities brutally treated those who might oppose their rule, deporting by 10 November 1940 around 10% of total population of Kresy, with 30% of those deported dead by 1941. They

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There were large groups of prewar Polish citizens, notably Jewish youth and, to a lesser extent, the Ukrainian peasants, who saw the Soviet power as an opportunity to start political or social activity outside their traditional ethnic or cultural groups. Their enthusiasm however faded with time as it

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Almost immediately after the invasion, Germans began forcibly conscripting laborers. Jews were drafted to repair war damage as early as October, with women and children 12 or older required to work; shifts could take half a day and with little compensation. The labourers, Jews, Poles and others, were

2046:

The official Polish government report prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war deaths out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses. However some historians in Poland now believe that Polish war losses were at least two million

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The Soviet Union had ceased to recognize the Polish state at the start of the invasion. As a result, the two governments never officially declared war on each other. The Soviets therefore did not classify Polish military prisoners as prisoners of war but as rebels against the new legal government of

1538:) were established inside Polish territory. Many Poles died in German camps. The first non-German prisoners at Auschwitz were Poles who were the majority of inmates there until 1942 when the systematic killing of the Jews began. The first killing by poison gas at Auschwitz involved 300 Poles and 700 1269:

racial characteristics. An estimated total of 50,000 children, majority taken from orphanages and foster homes in the annexed lands, but some separated from their parents, were taken into a special Germanization program. Polish women deported to Germany as forced labourers and who bore children were

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estimates that "no more than 15 per cent" of Polish workers volunteered to go to work in Germany. A total of 2.3 million Polish citizens, including 300,000 POWs, were deported to Germany as forced laborers. They tended to have to work longer hours for lower wages than their German counterparts.

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Polish citizens into four groups of people with ethnic Germanic heritage. Group One included so-called ethnic Germans who had taken an active part in the struggle for the Germanization of Poland. Group Two included those ethnic Germans who had not taken such an active part, but had "preserved" their

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who had been taken from their parents, were permitted to remain, and if they resisted it, they were to be sent to concentration camps, because "German blood must not be utilized in the interest of a foreign nation". By the end of 1940, at least 325,000 Poles from annexed lands were forced to abandon

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Poles comprised an overwhelming majority the population of the territories that came under the control of Germany, in contrast the areas annexed by the Soviet Union contained a diverse array of peoples, the population being split into bilingual provinces, some of which had large ethnic Ukrainian and

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Das Projekt „Krieg gegen Kinder" resümiert in diesem Zusammenhang: „Die Anweisung Himmlers, die Kinder möglichst wenige Tage nach der Geburt von den Müttern zu trennen und in 'Ausländerpflegestätten einfachster Art' unterzubringen, kam einer Mordempfehlung gleich". Wohl aber waren es die Krankheit

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The Tribunal accepted these contentions and in its judgment against Amon Goeth stated the following: 'His criminal activities originated from general directives that guided the criminal Fascist-Hitlerite organization, which under the leadership of Adolf Hitler aimed at the conquest of the world and

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In addition, the Soviets exploited past ethnic tension between Poles and other ethnic groups, inciting and encouraging violence against Poles calling the minorities to "rectify the wrongs they had suffered during twenty years of Polish rule". Pre-war Poland was portrayed as a capitalist state based

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The Red Army had originally sowed confusion among the locals by claiming that they were arriving to save Poland from the Nazis. Their advance surprised Polish communities and their leaders, who had not been advised how to respond to a Bolshevik invasion. Polish and Jewish citizens may at first have

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gives the following numbers in regards to the ethnic composition of these areas: 38% Poles (ca. 5.1 million people), 37% Ukrainians, 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans. There were also 336,000 refugees from areas occupied by Germany, most of them Jews (198,000). Areas

527:, the net effect of which would ensure that the conquered territories would take on an irrevocably German character. Over a longer period of time, only about 3–4 million Poles, all of whom were considered suitable for Germanization, would be allowed to reside in the former territory of Poland. 3060:

They conducted deliberate and systematic genocide, viz., the extermination of racial and national groups, against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people and national, racial, or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles,

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Similar policies were applied to the civilian population as well. The Soviet authorities regarded service for the pre-war Polish state as a "crime against revolution" and "counter-revolutionary activity", and subsequently started arresting large numbers of Polish intelligentsia, politicians, civil

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Initially the Soviet occupation gained support among some members of the linguistic minorities who had chafed under the nationalist policies of the Second Polish Republic. Much of the Ukrainian population initially welcomed the unification with the Soviet Ukraine because twenty years earlier their

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Approximately 100,000 former Polish citizens were arrested during the two years of Soviet occupation. The prisons soon got severely overcrowded. with detainees suspected of anti-Soviet activities and the NKVD had to open dozens of ad hoc prison sites in almost all towns of the region. The wave of

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and other, smaller religions. Nazi policy towards the Catholic Church was at its most severe in the territories it annexed to Greater Germany, where they set about systematically dismantling the Church – arresting its leaders, exiling its clergymen, closing its churches, monasteries and convents.

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which were used as a legal basis for foreign labourers in Germany. The decrees required Poles to wear identifying purple P's on their clothing, made them subject to a curfew, and banned them from using public transportation as well as many German "cultural life" centres and "places of amusement"

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at first, which was meant to make the formation of any organized top-down resistance more difficult. Further, the populace of occupied territories was to be relegated to the role of an unskilled labour-force for German-controlled industry and agriculture. This was in spite of racial theory that

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By the end of the invasion, the Soviet Union had taken over 51.6% of the territory of Poland (about 201,000 square kilometres (78,000 sq mi)), with over 13,200,000 people. The ethnic composition of these areas was as follows: 38% Poles (~5.1 million people), 37% Ukrainians, 14.5%

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The Polish civilian population suffered under German occupation in many ways. Large numbers were expelled from land intended for German colonisation, and forced to resettle in the General-Government area. Hundreds of thousands of Poles were deported to Germany for forced labour in industry and

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After registration in the List, individuals from Groups One and Two automatically became German citizens. Those from Group Three acquired German citizenship subject to revocation. Those from Group Four received German citizenship through naturalization proceedings; resistance to Germanization

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in 1941, most of the Polish territories annexed by the Soviets were attached to the enlarged General Government. The end of the war saw the USSR occupy all of Poland and most of eastern Germany. The Soviets gained recognition of their pre-1941 annexations of Polish territory; as compensation,

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in 1942–1943. This led to the increased use of prisoners as forced labourers in German industries. Following the German invasion and occupation of Polish territory, at least 1.5 million Polish citizens, including teenagers, became labourers in Germany, few by choice. Historian Jan Gross

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The population in the General Government's territory was initially about 12 million in an area of 94,000 square kilometres (36,000 sq mi), but this increased as about 860,000 Poles and Jews were expelled from the German-annexed areas and "resettled" in the General Government.

4633:, pp. 177–259: How are we ... to explain the phenomenon of Ukrainians rejoicing and collaborating with the Soviets? Who were these Ukrainians? That they were Ukrainians is certain, but were they communists, Nationalists, unattached peasants? The Answer is "yes" – they were all three" 2936:

The provisions of the Plan stated that 80–85 per cent of the Poles would have to be deported from the German area of settlement – to regions in the East. This, according to German calculations, would involve about 20 million people. About 3–4 million – all of them peasants – suitable for

1978:, automatically acquired Soviet citizenship. However, actual conferral of citizenship still required the individual's consent and the residents were strongly pressured for such consent. The refugees who opted out were threatened with repatriation to Nazi controlled territories of Poland. 1323:

included private and public art collections, artefacts, precious metals, books, and personal possessions. Hitler and Göring in particular were interested in acquiring looted art treasures from occupied Europe, the former planning to use the stolen art to fill the galleries of the planned

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of the area. Immediately after their conquest of eastern Poland, the Soviet authorities started a campaign of Sovietization of the newly acquired areas. No later than several weeks after the last Polish units surrendered, on 22 October 1939, the Soviets organized staged elections to the

2012:

Around six million Polish citizens – nearly 21.4% of the pre-war population of the Second Polish Republic — died between 1939 and 1945. Over 90% of the death toll involved non-military losses, as most civilians were targets of various deliberate actions by the Germans and Soviets.

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became Litzmannstadt, and so on). All manner of Polish enterprises, up to small shops, were taken over, with prior owners rarely compensated. Signs posted in public places prohibited non-Germans from entering these places warning: "Entrance is forbidden to Poles, Jews, and dogs.", or

695:, were forcefully enrolled into the Deutsche Volksliste, as a measure to compensate for the losses in the Wehrmacht (unlike Poles, Deutsche Volksliste members were eligible for military conscription). In addition, Germans encouraged Ukrainians and Poles to kill each other during the 4815:[Investigation into the murder on September 22, 1939, near the town of Sopoćkinie, of Brigadier General of the Polish Army Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński and his adjutant Captain Mieczysław Strzemski by soldiers of the former Soviet Union. (S 6/02/Zk)] (in Polish). Archived from 519:("Big Plan"), covered actions which would be undertaken after the war was won. The plan envisaged that different percentages of the various conquered nations would undergo Germanization, be expelled and deported to the depths of Russia, and suffer other gruesome fates, including 1159:, Hlond wrote: "Hitlerism aims at the systematic and total destruction of the Catholic Church in the... territories of Poland which have been incorporated into the Reich...". The smaller Evangelical churches of Poland also suffered. The entirety of the Protestant clergy of the 1086:. As a result, tens of thousands of people found "guilty" of being educated (members of the intelligentsia, from clergymen to government officials, doctors, teachers and journalists) or wealthy (landowners, business owners, and so on) were either executed on spot, sometimes in 1459:

against the German army on 1 August 1944. The uprising, receiving little assistance from the nearby Soviet forces, eventually failed, significantly reducing the Home Army's power and position. About 200,000 Poles, most of them civilians, lost their lives in the Uprising.

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The extermination of the Polish elites was the first stage of the Nazis' plan to destroy the Polish nation and its culture. The disappearance of the Poles' leadership was seen as necessary to the establishment of the Germans as the Poles' sole leaders. Proscription lists

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and redistributing all private and state-owned Polish property. During the two years following the annexation, they arrested approximately 100,000 Polish citizens and deported between 350,000 and 1,500,000, of whom between 150,000 and 1,000,000 died, mostly civilians.

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In August 2009, the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead (including Polish Jews) at between 5.47 and 5.67 million (due to German actions) and 150,000 (due to Soviet), or around 5.62 and 5.82 million total.

4813:"Śledztwo w sprawie zabójstwa w dniu 22 września 1939 r. w okolicach miejscowości Sopoćkinie generała brygady Wojska Polskiego Józefa Olszyny-Wilczyńskiego i jego adiutanta kapitana Mieczysława Strzemskiego przez żołnierzy b. Związku Radzieckiego. (S 6/02/Zk)" 193:

in May 1945. Throughout the entire course of the occupation, the territory of Poland was divided between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union (USSR), both of which intended to eradicate Poland's culture and subjugate its people. In the summer-autumn of 1941, the

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Poland had a large Jewish population, and according to Davies, more Jews were both killed and rescued in Poland, than in any other nation, the rescue figure usually being put at between 100,000 and 150,000. Thousands of Poles have been honoured as

1380:), secondary and higher-level education, and supported various cultural activities such as publishing of newspapers and books, underground theatres, lectures, exhibitions, concerts and safeguarded various works of art. It also dealt with providing 1330:(Leader's Museum), and the latter for his personal collection. Göring, having stripped almost all of occupied Poland of its artworks within six months of Germany's invasion, ultimately grew a collection valued at over 50 million Reichsmarks. 1273:

At least 4,454 children were given new German names, forbidden to use the Polish language, and reeducated in Nazi institutions. Few were ever reunited with their original families. Those deemed as unsuitable for Germanization for being "not

2031:, the treatment of Polish citizens by occupiers included 350,000 deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940–41 and about 100,000 Poles were killed in 1943–44 in Ukraine. Of the 100,000 Poles killed in Ukraine, 80,000 perished during the 1247:— the Nazis aimed for a complete "Germanization", i.e. full cultural, political, economic and social assimilation. The Polish language was forbidden to be taught even in elementary schools; landmarks from streets to cities were renamed 860:

were established on German-controlled territories, many of them in occupied Poland, including one of the largest and most infamous, Auschwitz (Oświęcim). Those camps were officially designed as labor camps, and many displayed the motto

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or PPR), though significantly less numerous than the Home Army. In February 1942, when AK was formed, it numbered about 100,000 members. In the beginning of 1943, it had reached a strength of about 200,000. In the summer of 1944, when

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by German forces, the Nazi regime attempted to destroy Polish culture. As part of that policy, the Nazis confiscated Polish national heritage assets and much private property. Acting on the legal decrees of 19 October and 16 December

683:. With regards to the remainder, 15% were Ukrainians, 8.5% Jews, 4.7% Belarusians, and 2.2% Germans. Germans intended to exploit the fact that the Second Polish Republic was an ethnically diverse territory, and their policy aimed to " 309:, was appointed Governor-General of this occupied area on 12 October 1939. Most of the administration outside strictly local level was replaced by German officials. Non-German population on the occupied lands were subject to forced 7087: 1686:; but the Soviets broke them off again in 1943 after the Polish government demanded an independent examination of the recently discovered Katyn burial pits. The Soviets then lobbied the Western Allies to recognize the pro-Soviet 1705:, the Soviet Union secured almost all Polish territory east of the line of the rivers Pisa, Narew, Western Bug and San. This amounted to about 200,000 square kilometres of land, inhabited by 13.5 million Polish citizens. 336:

Belarusian minorities, many of whom welcomed the Soviets due in part to communist agitation by Soviet emissaries. Nonetheless Poles still comprised a plurality of the population in all territories annexed by the Soviet Union.

6355: 772:(race defilement) under penalty of death. To keep them segregated from the German population, they were often housed in segregated barracks behind barbed wire. Nonetheless, many Polish women were sexually enslaved in German 1814:

Simultaneously, Soviet authorities attempted to remove the traces of Polish history of the area by eliminating much of what had any connection to the Polish state or even Polish culture in general. On 21 December 1939, the

7685: 2835:, p. 158: Since the ultimate destination of those who would be displaced remained unclear, "natural wastage" on a vast scale must have been assumed, so genocide was implicit in Generalplan Ost from the very beginning 8251: 1151:

Many clergymen and nuns were murdered or sent to concentration and labor camps. Already in 1939, 80% of the Catholic clergy of the Warthegau region had been deported to concentration camps. Primate of Poland, Cardinal

898:, approximately 140,000–150,000 Poles went through Auschwitz, with about half of them perishing there due to executions, medical experiments, or due to starvation and disease. About 100,000 Poles were imprisoned in 1434:

began almost at once. The Armia Krajowa, loyal to the Polish government in exile in London and a military arm of the Polish Underground State, was formed from a number of smaller groups in 1942. There was also the

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family. Initially aimed primarily at possible political opponents, by January 1940 the NKVD aimed its campaign also at its potential allies, including the Polish communists and socialists. Among the arrested were

7690: 687:" the ethnically diverse population of the occupied Polish territory, to prevent any unified resistance from forming. One of the attempts to divide the Polish nation was a creation of a new ethnicity called " 7715: 1667:, who was captured, interrogated and shot on 22 September, were executed during the campaign itself. On 24 September, the Soviets killed 42 staff and patients of a Polish military hospital in the village of 1521:

Aside from being sent to Nazi concentration camps, most ethnic Poles died through shelling and bombing campaigns, mass executions, forced starvation, revenge murder, ill health, and slave labour. Along with

361: 5471:

Out of the original group of Polish prisoners of war sent in large number to the labour camps were some 25,000 ordinary soldiers separated from the rest of their colleagues and imprisoned in a work camp in

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By the end of the initial invasion of Poland (the "Polish Defensive War"), the Soviet Union took over 52.1% of Poland's territory (~200,000 km), with over 13,700,000 people. The estimates vary; Prof.

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Germanization as far as "racial values" were concerned – would be allowed to remain. They would be distributed as slave laborers among the German majority and Germanized within a single generation (...)

2778:

The ultimate goal of Nazi policy was to destroy the Polish nation on Polish soil as a whole, regardless of whether it was annexed by the Reich or whether it was incorporated into the Government General.

7720: 7700: 4908: 263:(IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead (including Polish Jews) at between 5.47 and 5.67 million (due to German actions) and 150,000 (due to Soviet), or around 5.62 and 5.82 million total. 356:

Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians, and 0.6% Germans. There were also 336,000 refugees, mostly Jews (198,000), who fled from areas occupied by Germany. All territory invaded by the Red Army was

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a common victim of this policy, with their infants regularly taken. If the child passed the battery of racial, physical and psychological tests, they were sent on to Germany for "Germanization".

7725: 4013:

Die Sterberate war in dem Heim sehr hoch. Mangelernährung, bewusste Vernachlässigung und die unzureichende Hygiene führten in den primitiven Örtlichkeiten zu einer „schnellen" Sterblichkeit.

7803: 7680: 7710: 1090:, or imprisoned, some destined for the concentration camps. Some of the mass executions were reprisal actions for actions of the Polish resistance, with German officials adhering to the 602:

falsely regarded most Polish leaders as actually being of "German blood", and partly because of it, on the grounds that German blood must not be used in the service of a foreign nation.

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servants and scientists, but also ordinary people suspected of posing a threat to the Soviet rule. Among the arrested members of the Polish intelligentsia were former prime ministers

1364:. The main role of the civilian branch of the Underground State was to preserve the continuity of the Polish state as a whole, including its institutions. These institutions included 451:

regarding Hitler's claims about the treatment Germans were receiving in Poland; he came to the conclusion all the claims by Hitler and the Nazis were exaggerations or false claims.

272: 5095: 4582:(1994). "Szanse i trudności bilansu demograficcznego Polski w latach 1939–1945" [Opportunities and difficulties of Poland's demographic balance in the years 1939–1945]. 3945: 2426: 1819:

was withdrawn from circulation without any exchange to the newly introduced rouble, which meant that the entire population of the area lost all of their life savings overnight.

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in 1939. The Russian text reads "Long Live the great theory of Marx, Engels, Lenin-Stalin" and contains a spelling error. Such welcomings were organized by the activists of the

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most of their property and forcibly resettled in the General Government district. There were numerous fatalities among the very young and very old, many of whom either perished

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Heiber, Helmut (1957). "Denkschrift Himmler Uber die Behandlung der Fremdvolkischen im Osten" [Himmler’s memorandum on the treatment of foreign nationals in the East].

8211: 8030: 7935: 1317:), several German agencies began the process of looting Polish museums and other collections, ostensibly considered necessary for the "securing" of German national interests. 617:

concluded that the aim of German policies in Poland – the extermination of Poles and Jews – had "all the characteristics of genocide in the biological meaning of this term."

6532: 1497:– constituting the largest national contingent. When AK Home Army Intelligence discovered the true fate of transports leaving the Jewish Ghetto, the council to Aid Jews ( 10391: 6447:"Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 10136: 12577: 12461: 9744: 553:

from the annexed lands in order to make room for German colonizers. Only those Poles who had been selected for Germanization, approximately 1.7 million including

12029: 11742: 9760: 8226: 2512:, pp. 43, 294: Among the population of Eastern territories were circa 38% Poles, 37% Ukrainians, 14.5% Belarusians, 8.4% Jews, 0.9% Russians and 0.6% Germans." 12582: 8061: 7638: 7499: 7489: 7454: 1660: 1452:

begun AK reached its highest membership numbers. Estimates of AK membership in the first half of 1944 and summer that year vary, with about 400,000 being common.

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Piotrowski argues that from the very beginning, it was Stalin's aim to ensure that an independent Poland would never reemerge in the postwar period. The prisons,

1597: 12214: 9683: 9655: 8799: 2661: 1176: 12239: 11721: 10400: 10087: 9221: 7793: 1356:

Despite the military defeat of the Polish Army in September 1939, the Polish government itself never surrendered, instead evacuating West, where it formed the

4916: 1542:. Many Poles and other Central and Eastern Europeans were also sent to concentration camps in Germany: over 35,000 to Dachau, 33,000 to the camp for women at 10703: 10066: 9375: 9000: 8426: 8096: 7479: 1575: 1787:

kept the university inaccessible to most of the rural Ukrainophone population, was abolished and several new chairs were opened, particularly the chairs of

1646:

propaganda poster addressed to the Ukrainian population residing within Polish borders. The text reads "Electors of the working people! Vote for joining of

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and aimed to destroy them. Before Operation Barbarossa, Germany and the Soviet Union coordinated their Poland-related policies, most visibly in the four

158:

Changes in administration of occupied Polish territories following German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. The map shows district divisions in 1944

8695: 5922: 2032: 1865:, they were denied the status of prisoners of war and instead almost all of the captured officers were then murdered (see Katyn massacre) or sent to a 1224: 458: 4844: 742:

employed in SS-owned enterprises (such as the German Armament Works, Deutsche Ausrustungswerke, DAW), but also in many private German firms – such as

12516: 12481: 10059: 9506: 9382: 8479: 8170: 7449: 7328: 2591: 2116: 1697:

On 28 September 1939, the Soviet Union and Germany had changed the secret terms of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact. They moved Lithuania into the Soviet

1581: 1147: 534: 195: 11873: 9359: 8739: 8313: 7965: 2523: 1172: 394: 9796: 9108: 7055: 5903: 2204:

and 'were clearly aimed at the total extermination of Poland's citizens, both Jews and Christians. Both regimes endorsed a systematic program of

2005: 1372:. By the final years of the war, the civilian structure of the Underground State included an underground parliament, administration, judiciary ( 798: 12546: 12352: 12322: 12305: 9615: 8917: 8501: 377: 11614: 12567: 12347: 10407: 10370: 10347: 9868: 8790: 8760: 7837: 7338: 2806:

The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Studies and Sources on the Destruction of the Jews in the Nazi-Occupied Territories of the USSR, 1941–1945

1278:

enough" were sent to orphanages or even to concentration camps like Auschwitz, where many were murdered, often by intracardiac injections of

1234: 10122: 4754: 12280: 12145: 10500: 10356: 10340: 10312: 9560: 8767: 8308: 4379: 1558: 465:

From the beginning, the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany was intended as fulfilment of the future plan of the German Reich described by

12362: 11257: 10324: 10236: 10180: 10143: 9425: 8374: 5478: 5092: 1964: 871:(or death camps), was mass murder of the undesirable minorities; officially the prisoners were used in enterprises such as production of 12009: 549:

Those plans began to be implemented almost immediately after German troops took control of Poland. As early as October 1939, many Poles

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preferred a Soviet regime to a German one, but the Soviets soon proved as hostile and destructive towards the Polish people and their

1070:

They were aided by some regular German army units and "self-defense" forces composed of members of the German minority in Poland, the

431:

For months prior to the beginning of World War II in 1939, German newspapers and leaders had carried out a national and international

11735: 10363: 8753: 8711: 7860: 2405: 1262:("Only for Germans"), commonly found on many public utilities and places such as trams, parks, cafes, cinemas, theaters, and others. 1942:(then under British rule). This photo shows a memorial to the refugees who died in Karachi and were buried at the Karachi graveyard. 1782:

Subsequently, all institutions of the dismantled Polish state were closed down and reopened under the Soviet appointed supervisors.

1202: 12476: 11584: 9403: 9177: 8940: 8806: 8617: 8383: 8337: 7872: 7106: 5846: 5354: 4944: 2927: 2769: 957: 943: 777: 567: 357: 277:

In September 1939, Poland was invaded and occupied by two powers: Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, acting in accordance with the

3990: 2984: 2599: 12331: 10479: 10276: 9313: 8813: 8725: 8661: 8484: 8101: 8081: 8005: 7705: 4207: 4135: 1388:). Through the Directorate of Civil Resistance (1941–1943) the civil arm was also involved in lesser acts of resistance, such as 1369: 1361: 1243:

In the territories annexed to Nazi Germany, in particular with regards to the westernmost incorporated territories—the so-called

1216: 7822: 4729: 4718: 4707: 4321: 3052:"The trial of German major war criminals : proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany" 11901: 10682: 10194: 9044: 8582: 8438: 8076: 8071: 7950: 7780: 5690: 1827: 934: 17: 7798: 2016:

Both occupiers wanted not only to gain Polish territory, but also to destroy Polish culture and the Polish nation as a whole.

1701:

and shifted the border in Poland to the east, giving Germany more territory. By this arrangement, often described as a fourth

1430:

In response to the occupation, Poles formed one of the largest underground movements in Europe. Resistance to the Nazi German

1061:

leaders who were deemed unfriendly to Germany. Already during the 1939 German invasion, dedicated units of SS and police (the

12219: 11278: 11183: 10710: 10456: 10331: 9417: 9391: 9248: 8954: 8871: 7827: 7817: 7695: 7026: 6991: 6942: 6906: 6856: 6832: 6784: 6738: 6717: 6696: 6671: 6650: 6629: 6570: 6522: 6479: 6414: 6393: 6306: 6285: 6221: 6080: 6059: 6038: 4780: 4443: 4347: 4244: 4185: 4094: 3790: 3397: 3314: 3174: 2814: 2571: 2101: 1397: 418: 38: 5765: 5675: 5667: 3953: 2770:"Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe: Selections from Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski Poland Under Nazi Occupation" 1099: 890:. Within a year the Polish inmate population was in thousands, and begun to be exterminated, including in the first gassing 11866: 11511: 10918: 10804: 9969: 9436: 9432: 9410: 9014: 8419: 8025: 7915: 7865: 6846: 5043: 4700: 4646: 2928:"Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe Selections from Janusz Gumkowski and Kazimierz Leszczynski Poland Under Nazi Occupation" 1472: 1220: 773: 727:(SS), wrote: "We need to divide the East's different ethnic groups up into as many parts and splinter groups as possible". 290: 8111: 5252: 3902: 244:

Around six million Polish citizens—nearly 21.4% of Poland's population—died between 1939 and 1945 as a result of the

12155: 11426: 10890: 10222: 10208: 9421: 8443: 8137: 7960: 7575: 4812: 2111: 1613: 903: 389: 6917: 1518:). The vast majority of those killed were civilians, mostly killed by the actions of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. 1360:. The government in exile was represented in the occupied Poland by the Government Delegation for Poland, headed by the 324:

A small strip of land, about 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) with 200,000 inhabitants that had been part of

55: 12434: 12310: 11921: 11635: 11504: 11382: 10960: 10675: 10626: 10384: 9939: 9191: 9030: 8878: 8732: 8409: 3622: 3584: 1510:

citizens perished during the course of the war, over two million of whom were ethnic Poles (the remainder being mostly

1155:, submitted an official account of the persecutions of the Polish Church to the Vatican. In his final observations for 1023: 1013: 550: 426: 81: 7643: 7494: 6663:

When Angels Wept: The Rebirth and Dismemberment of Poland and Her People in the Early Decades of the Twentieth Century

6536: 4956: 3478: 12531: 12456: 12402: 12382: 12150: 12092: 12059: 11983: 11916: 11751: 10633: 10605: 10422: 10004: 9723: 9690: 8456: 8414: 8106: 7832: 6970: 6883: 6811: 6761: 6608: 6589: 6562:

Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947

6546: 6501: 6454: 6435: 6372: 6349: 6328: 6264: 6177: 6158: 6139: 6120: 6101: 6006: 5978: 5953: 5860: 5810: 5775: 5745: 5706: 5655: 5560: 5528: 5486: 5456: 5412: 5380: 5364: 5298: 5171: 5142: 4972: 4830: 4660: 4419: 4025: 3743: 3714: 1996: 1477: 1292: 373: 260: 31: 8906: 8298: 4324:. Translated by Bohdanowicz, Antoni. London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Archived from 3707:

Action against university professors (Kraków, November 6, 1939) and the fate of those arrested during the occupation

1543: 1282:. For Polish forced laborers, in some cases if an examination of the parents suggested that the child might not be " 1082:. This included not only those resisting actively, but also those simply capable of doing so by the virtue of their 968:, held near Berlin, new plans were outlined for the total genocide of the Jews, known as the "Final Solution of the 960:

by Nazi Germany. The ghetto system was unsustainable, as by the end of 1941 the Jews had no savings left to pay the

339: 12488: 12224: 12172: 12162: 11788: 10946: 10883: 10018: 9854: 8977: 8015: 7129: 7041: 6556: 5907: 4550: 2024: 1601: 1393: 907: 454: 218: 90: 12422: 9531: 7811: 7065: 6867: 1833:

All organized religions were persecuted. All enterprises were taken over by the state, while agriculture was made

867:("Work brings freedom"). Only high-ranking officials knew that one of the purposes of some of the camps, known as 12177: 11859: 11312: 11153: 11142: 10978: 10737: 10696: 10589: 10527: 9914: 9184: 9053: 9021: 8404: 8367: 8020: 7990: 5645:

The actual number of deported in the period of 1939–1941 remains unknown and various estimates vary from 350,000

4650: 3775: 1771: 1687: 1628:

became clear that the Soviet repressions were aimed at all groups equally, regardless of their political stance.

1377: 1365: 606: 12357: 9701: 9269: 7312: 5230: 2671: 1481: 1138: 886:

Auschwitz received the first contingent of 728 Poles on 14 June 1940, transferred from an overcrowded prison at

12572: 12511: 12466: 12049: 12039: 11698: 11670: 11548: 11341: 10578: 10029: 9955: 9751: 9122: 8841: 8746: 8631: 8529: 8175: 8000: 7945: 7277: 7010: 6963:

Sovietization of educational system in the eastern part of Lesser Poland under the Soviet occupation, 1939–1941

6243: 5585: 4757:[Note of the Soviet government to the Polish government on 17 September 1939, refused by Polish ambassador 2023:

has provided a reassessment of Poland's losses in World War II. Polish war dead included 5,150,000 victims of

1967:. Altogether roughly a million people were sent to the east in four major waves of deportations. According to 1132: 12199: 12184: 12107: 12077: 12054: 11896: 11758: 11691: 11642: 11573: 11398: 10904: 10855: 10619: 10612: 10215: 9976: 9767: 8820: 8522: 8056: 8051: 7672: 7560: 7371: 5611:[Repressions 1939–41: Arrested on the Eastern Borderlands] (in Polish). Ośrodek Karta. Archived from 1890: 1668: 1664: 1605: 915: 310: 249: 245: 190: 67: 7633: 5698: 1001: 12526: 12407: 12397: 12387: 12275: 12123: 12097: 12087: 11973: 11832: 11728: 11103: 11064: 9983: 9818: 9803: 9730: 9709: 9527: 9205: 8991: 8984: 8968: 8679: 8638: 8610: 8491: 8469: 8221: 8216: 8206: 8116: 7925: 7920: 7895: 7788: 5649: 5417: 5385: 4990: 4905: 4852: 4785: 4352: 3999: 2121: 1167:, Dachau and Oranienburg. Protestant clergy leaders who perished in those purges included charity activist 234: 6956: 5512: 4122:

Polityka III Rzeszy w okupowanej Polsce, Tom II (Politics of the Third Reich in Occupied Poland, Part Two)

2603: 2039:. Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews; 2,000,000 ethnic Poles; 500,000 Ukrainians and Belarusians. 1822:

All the media became controlled by Moscow. Soviet authorities implemented a political regime similar to a

821:

Labor shortages in the German war economy became critical especially after German defeat in the battle of

786: 530: 12417: 12377: 12372: 12102: 12034: 11795: 11119: 11071: 10689: 10661: 10514: 10129: 10108: 9629: 9292: 9198: 8688: 8535: 8450: 8180: 8091: 7391: 4597: 2020: 1870: 1747:. The result of the staged voting was to become a legitimization of Soviet annexation of eastern Poland. 1527: 1494: 880: 587: 278: 124: 6188: 12493: 12451: 12439: 12412: 12367: 12300: 12044: 12019: 11946: 11931: 11926: 11593: 11089: 11008: 10953: 10841: 10797: 10447: 10073: 9997: 9899: 9776: 9648: 9641: 9601: 9574: 9306: 9239: 8834: 8645: 8575: 8360: 8190: 8185: 7910: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7514: 7424: 6955:(1998) . Bonusiak, Włodzimierz; Ciesielski, Stanisław Jan; Mańkowski, Zygmunt; Iwanow, Mikołaj (eds.). 6753: 2106: 1407: 1357: 1124: 1043: 989: 891: 766:(this included churches and restaurants). Sexual relations between Germans and Poles were forbidden as 211: 4612: 3814: 2001: 1142:

Public execution of Polish priests and civilians in Bydgoszcz's Old Market Square on 9 September 1939.

12429: 12194: 12014: 11968: 11495: 11412: 11197: 11057: 11029: 10862: 10767: 10557: 9990: 9064: 8718: 8474: 8121: 7807: 5682: 4755:"1939 wrzesień 17, Moskwa Nota rządu sowieckiego nie przyjęta przez ambasadora Wacława Grzybowskiego" 4522: 3703:

Aktion gegen Universitäts-Professoren (Kraków, 6 listopada 1939 roku) i okupacyjne losy aresztowanych

1974:

According to the Soviet law, all residents of the annexed area, dubbed by the Soviets as citizens of

1899: 1854: 1775: 1767: 1683: 1305: 1053: 985: 923: 707: 614: 440: 9262: 7050: 3888:

Lebensraum, Aryanization, Germanization and Judenrein, Judenfrei: concepts in the holocaust or shoah

3515: 12444: 12229: 12204: 12133: 12004: 11234: 11211: 10463: 10264: 10257: 9921: 9581: 9553: 9546: 8933: 7905: 7332: 7242: 7227: 4940: 4554: 2036: 1971:, almost half of them were dead by the time the Sikorski-Mayski Agreement had been signed in 1941. 1621: 1617: 1526:, the main six extermination camps in occupied Poland were used predominantly to exterminate Jews. 1440: 1296:), where many were murdered through calculated malnourishment, neglect, and unhygienic conditions. 1094:

principle and holding entire communities responsible for the actions of unidentified perpetrators.

1039: 857: 9278: 9255: 5278: 761:

Forced labourers were subject to harsh discriminatory measures. Announced on 8 March 1940 was the

597:; the non-Jewish majority's extermination was planned for the long term and initiated through the 12471: 12392: 12342: 12337: 12327: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12270: 12260: 11961: 11941: 11882: 11656: 11600: 11470: 11330: 11015: 10668: 10564: 10470: 10038: 9906: 9876: 9840: 9825: 9697: 9589: 9567: 9513: 9499: 9481: 9145: 8926: 8654: 8603: 8398: 8010: 7955: 7930: 6965:] (in Polish). Kielce: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego. pp. 43, 294. 5737: 5134: 3413: 3197: 2096: 1726:

While Germans enforced their policies based on racism, the Soviet administration justified their

1539: 1436: 947: 938:

1941 announcement of death penalty for Jews caught outside the Ghetto, and for Poles helping Jews

875:, as was the case of a plant owned by IG Farben, whose laborers came from Auschwitz III camp, or 422: 11851: 6952: 4389: 3097: 1849:

and other Soviet agencies. The first victims of the new order were approximately 250,000 Polish

1588: 1057:), prepared before the war started, identified more than 61,000 members of the Polish elite and 590:. By 1942, the number of new German arrivals in pre-war Poland had already reached two million. 12128: 12082: 11999: 11951: 11348: 11241: 11043: 10994: 10897: 10790: 10760: 10543: 10431: 10157: 9948: 9539: 9520: 9490: 9037: 9007: 8550: 7661: 7262: 7061:

Testimonies concerning German occupation of Poland in testimony database 'Chronicles of Terror'

6511:

Noble, Thomas F. X.; Strauss, Barry; Osheim, Duane; Neuschel, Kristen; Accampo, Elinor (2007).

5920:

This revision of estimated war losses was the topic of articles in the Polish academic journal

5444: 5164:

Sovietization of the Eastern Borderlands of the Second Polish Republic after September 17, 1939

3608: 1632: 444: 222: 6932: 6822: 6728: 6707: 6682: 6661: 6640: 6619: 6560: 6512: 6469: 6404: 6383: 6296: 6275: 6211: 6049: 5490: 5068:[Repressions 1939–41: Arrested on the Eastern Borderlands] (in Polish). Archived from 4433: 3387: 582:

region. Tens of thousands of the expelled, with no place to go, were simply imprisoned in the

198:

were overrun by Germany in the course of the initially successful German attack on the USSR ("

12234: 12209: 12167: 11936: 11906: 11839: 11562: 11405: 11301: 11271: 11227: 10967: 10932: 10925: 10848: 10746: 10187: 10164: 10011: 9622: 9159: 8899: 8885: 8568: 8516: 7842: 7404: 7376: 6981: 6254: 6070: 5544: 4084: 3304: 2804: 2561: 1826:,</ref> based on terror. All Polish parties and organizations were disbanded. Only the 1523: 719:

In a top-secret memorandum, "The Treatment of Racial Aliens in the East", dated 25 May 1940,

9457: 3612: 12244: 11663: 11518: 11169: 11126: 11096: 11022: 10832: 10811: 9737: 9214: 8892: 8334: 8293: 8256: 7985: 7766: 7419: 7381: 7302: 7297: 7217: 5816: 5800: 5612: 5069: 4882: 4086:

Libricide: The Regime-Sponsored Destruction of Books and Libraries in the Twentieth Century

3600: 3461: 3446: 2091: 1309: 1283: 1079: 1034: 281:. Germany acquired 48.4% of the former Polish territory. Under the terms of two decrees by 199: 128: 94: 86: 71: 7399: 4758: 4117: 2409: 2196:, deprivation, hunger, disease, and exposure all testify to the 'inhuman policies of both 1886: 1343: 507:. At the plan's fulfillment, no Slavs or Jews would remain in Central and Eastern Europe. 8: 11781: 11555: 11433: 11389: 10911: 10045: 9811: 9338: 9168: 9152: 9101: 8066: 7593: 7504: 7409: 7197: 7182: 7172: 5927: 5731: 5122: 4579: 2594:["Elections" to the People's Assemblies of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus]. 1702: 1698: 1671:, near Zamość. The Soviets also executed all the Polish officers they captured after the 1431: 1128: 879:. Laborers from concentration camps were literally worked to death. in what was known as 868: 650: 643: 594: 120: 3783:

The Holocaust and the Christian World: Reflections on the Past Challenges for the Future

2931: 2773: 2693: 2065:

Prisoner of war deaths totaled 250,000; in Germany (120,000) and in the USSR (130,000).

1258: 630: 11774: 11607: 11532: 11486: 11456: 11364: 11204: 10869: 10753: 10647: 10598: 10536: 10292: 10243: 10052: 9676: 9331: 9129: 8462: 8153: 7750: 7585: 7469: 7414: 7222: 7162: 6928: 6465: 5852: 5792: 4289: 4281: 2992: 2181: 1882: 1834: 1800: 1792: 1675:, on 28 September. Over 20,000 Polish military personnel and civilians perished in the 977: 973: 965: 747: 672: 511:, essentially a grand plan to commit ethnic cleansing, was divided into two parts, the 348: 294: 186: 7598: 5848:

A Century of Ambivalence: The Jews of Russia and the Soviet Union, 1881 to the Present

5314:

Thompson-Dutton, Craig (1950). "The Police State & The Police and the Judiciary".

4211: 4139: 2662:"German newspaper editor outlining the claims of Polish atrocities against minorities" 11956: 11765: 11649: 11539: 11479: 11440: 11373: 11355: 11321: 11264: 11218: 11162: 10987: 10725: 10717: 10654: 10507: 10101: 9633: 9094: 9073: 8783: 8261: 7287: 7212: 7006: 6987: 6966: 6938: 6902: 6879: 6852: 6842: 6828: 6807: 6790: 6780: 6757: 6734: 6713: 6692: 6667: 6646: 6625: 6604: 6585: 6566: 6542: 6518: 6497: 6475: 6450: 6431: 6410: 6389: 6368: 6345: 6324: 6302: 6281: 6260: 6239: 6217: 6213:

Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany 1930–1945

6173: 6154: 6135: 6116: 6097: 6076: 6055: 6034: 6002: 5974: 5949: 5856: 5806: 5771: 5741: 5702: 5680:

Marek Wierzbicki; Tadeusz M. Płużański (March 2001). "Wybiórcze traktowanie źródeł".

5556: 5524: 5452: 5360: 5294: 5167: 5138: 4726: 4715: 4704: 4656: 4439: 4415: 4384: 4325: 4293: 4240: 4181: 4090: 3906: 3786: 3739: 3710: 3618: 3580: 3393: 3310: 3306:

Forgotten Voices: The Expulsion of the Germans from Eastern Europe after World War II

3170: 3128: 2810: 2567: 1682:

The Poles and the Soviets re-established diplomatic relations in 1941, following the

1449: 1373: 1017: 952:

Following the invasion of Poland in 1939, most of the approximately 3.5 million

863: 598: 538: 230: 7167: 6051:

Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-occupied Poland, 1939–1941

5712: 3684:

Sonderaktion Krakau. Die Verhaftung der Krakauer Wissenschaftler am 6. November 1939

1878: 1420: 1384:, including to the destitute Jewish population (through the council to Aid Jews, or 11911: 11684: 11677: 11621: 11285: 11050: 11036: 10939: 10876: 10827: 10640: 10493: 10440: 10250: 10201: 10115: 9345: 9322: 8855: 8329: 7207: 7177: 7095: 6489: 6425: 6316: 6231: 5931: 4994: 4703:, German ambassador to the Soviet Union, from Moscow to the German Foreign Office: 4273: 4061: 4056: 3771: 3120: 2185: 2166: 2157: 1796: 1788: 1691: 1116: 1091: 895: 872: 839: 720: 610: 448: 436: 384:

for several months and subsequently annexed by the Soviet Union in the form of the

253: 8864: 5691:"Formy, skala i konsekwencje sowieckich represji wobec Polaków w latach 1939–1941" 5229:. НА СТАРОНКАХ КАМУНІКАТУ, Biełaruski histaryczny zbornik: 186–188. Archived from 4877: 4790: 4357: 3604: 2134: 1811:

University was reopened and started to teach in accordance with Soviet curricula.

1730:

policies by appealing to the Soviet ideology, which in reality meant the thorough

1424: 515:("Small Plan"), covered actions which would be undertaken during the war, and the 12189: 11707: 11419: 11334: 11292: 11190: 11133: 11001: 10783: 10774: 10303: 9885: 9861: 9115: 7995: 7613: 7603: 7232: 7121: 6921: 6899:

Poland 1939–1945. Personal losses and victims of repression under two occupations

6341:

Hitler's foreign workers: enforced foreign labor in Germany under the Third Reich

6196:

Stanisław Leszczycki Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Monographies

6091: 5659: 5099: 4741: 4733: 4722: 4711: 4234: 4210:. London Branch of the Polish Home Army Ex-Servicemen Association. Archived from 3872: 3856: 3688:

Special Operation Krakow. The arrest of the Krakow scientists on November 6, 1939

3496: 2430: 1919: 1850: 1808: 1804: 1783: 1672: 1659:

Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia. The Soviets killed tens of thousands of

1647: 1592:

occupied by the USSR were annexed to Soviet territory, with the exception of the

1456: 1416: 1381: 1287: 1180: 1160: 1067:) were tasked with arresting or outright killing of those resisting the Germans. 1000:

were added to the Majdanek concentration camp in March 1942 and at Auschwitz and

969: 684: 676: 487: 11819: 7900: 6427:

Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939–1945

3163: 3115:

Snyder, Timothy (2003). "The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943".

3032:

Law-Reports of Trials of War Criminals, the United Nations War Crimes Commission

1816: 1750: 1326: 11714: 11250: 11176: 9228: 9087: 8035: 7970: 7608: 7429: 5994: 5256: 4737: 4277: 2698: 2189: 1907: 1903: 1736: 1710: 1676: 1651: 1389: 1087: 1063: 1058: 762: 696: 680: 500: 385: 365: 325: 4816: 3845:. Washington D.C.: National Catholic Welfare Conference. 1942. pp. 34–51. 1439:(AL) (Polish People's Army), backed by the Soviet Union and controlled by the 12561: 11525: 9450: 9299: 9138: 8086: 7975: 7292: 7282: 7252: 7237: 7192: 6958:

Sowietyzacja oświaty w Małopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecką okupacją 1939–1941

6914: 6794: 6365:

Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah: Reoccupying the Territories of Silence

5726: 5520: 3132: 3124: 2201: 2069: 2059: 2028: 1968: 1911: 1731: 1643: 1563: 1530:

was used for mass extermination of Poles. A number of civilian labour camps (

1485: 1401: 1230: 1156: 1083: 1071: 964:

for food deliveries and no chance to earn their own keep. At 20 January 1942

768: 743: 724: 369: 318: 314: 226: 7056:

Research guide to biographical sources for victims of World War II in Poland

3690:] (in German). Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, HIS Verlagsgesellschaft GmbH. 3051: 1127:. Mass arrests and shootings of Polish intellectuals and academics included 1078:'s policy of murdering or suppressing the ethnic Polish elites was known as 153: 114: 12317: 11824: 11628: 9928: 9833: 9464: 8827: 8591: 7940: 7307: 7152: 7097: 7060: 6871: 5842: 5761: 5221:[Polish-Belarusian relations under Soviet occupation (1939–1941)]. 4645: 3887: 3482: 2592:""Wybory" do Zgromadzeń Ludowych Zachodniej Ukrainy i Zachodniej Białorusi" 2197: 2173: 1960: 1938:

During 1942–1945, nearly 30,000 Poles were deported by the Soviet Union to

1915: 1862: 1823: 1759: 1714: 1639: 1412: 1320: 1168: 1152: 919: 834: 711: 702: 466: 182: 178: 174: 5652: 5422: 5390: 4976: 2821:

General Plan Ost, which provided for the liquidation of the Slavic peoples

1934: 1845:

An inherent part of the Sovietization was a rule of terror started by the

1252: 1191: 11463: 11449: 11111: 9787: 9608: 9593: 8947: 8246: 7267: 7202: 4264:

Garliński, Józef (April 1975). "The Polish Underground State 1939–1945".

3736:

Execution of Lviv professors - July 1941 / studies, reports and documents

3732:

Kaźń profesorów lwowskich – lipiec 1941 / studia oraz relacje i dokumenty

3364: 2193: 1721: 1515: 1315:

Verordnung über die Beschlagnahme Kunstgegeständen im Generalgouvernement

1290:. Infants who did not pass muster would be removed to a state orphanage ( 1266: 1075: 993: 953: 911: 688: 575: 520: 435:

campaign accusing Polish authorities of organizing or tolerating violent

7980: 6895:

Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami

3521:. Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies. 10818: 10571: 10550: 9443: 8776: 8704: 8549:

indicate countries occupied while the Soviet Union was a member of the

8288: 7272: 7257: 7157: 6207: 5373: 5282: 5166:] (in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna. p. 441. 3966:

If they met racial guidelines, they were taken; one girl got back home.

2666: 2270:

Hughes, James (2011). Cordell, Karl; Wolff, Stefan (eds.). "Genocide".

2177: 1553: 1511: 1244: 1164: 822: 692: 477: 471: 432: 400: 306: 62: 5517:

A World Apart: Imprisonment in a Soviet Labor Camp During World War II

5185: 5183: 5160:

Sowietyzacja Kresów Wschodnich II Rzeczypospolitej po 17 września 1939

4285: 3614:

War, Pacification, and Mass Murder, 1939: The Einsatzgruppen in Poland

12265: 12138: 11081: 10486: 10283: 10094: 9892: 9847: 8352: 7354: 7187: 7147: 3709:] (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. 2079: 1894: 1727: 1238: 1196: 992:. In addition to the Reinhard camps, mass killing facilities such as 981: 843: 755: 583: 562:

or perished in makeshift transit camps such as those in the towns of

542: 405: 381: 207: 127:; division of Polish territories in the years 1939–1941 prior to the 9368: 6256:

Less Than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation

5679: 3738:] (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. 3577:

The reports of the Einsatzgruppen from Poland 1939. Complete edition

3573:

Die Berichte der Einsatzgruppen aus Polen 1939. Vollständige Edition

3481:. The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism. Archived from 3354: 3352: 3350: 1861:). As the Soviet Union did not sign any international convention on 1385: 887: 679:

as their mother tongue, and most of the Polish native speakers were

635: 593:

The Nazi plans also called for Poland's 3.3 million Jews to be

302: 9352: 9080: 8432: 8303: 7247: 5767:

From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941

5449:

Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947

5180: 2205: 2074: 1763: 1112: 997: 899: 876: 625: 563: 329: 221:

argues that both occupying powers were hostile to the existence of

203: 6598: 4652:

From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia and the World, 1939–1941

3781:. In Rittner, Carol; Smith, Stephen D.; Steinfeldt, Irena (eds.). 3238: 3236: 3234: 2140: 1955:, Polish civil servants, forest workers, university professors or 1951:

arrests led to forced resettlement of large categories of people (

1830:

was allowed to exist along with organizations subordinated to it.

1455:

With the imminent arrival of the Soviet army, the AK launched the

571: 11881: 3347: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2047:

ethnic Poles and three million Jews as a result of the war.

1956: 1939: 1163:

were arrested and deported to concentration camps at Mauthausen,

816:

Notice of death penalty for Poles refusing to work during harvest

804:

Poster in German and Polish listing decrees of labour obligations

751: 504: 496: 273:

Administrative division of Polish territories during World War II

248:, half of whom were ethnic Poles and the other half of whom were 4681: 4669: 2869: 2563:

Katyn and the Soviet Massacre of 1940: Truth, Justice and Memory

599:

mass murder of its political, religious, and intellectual elites

9962: 8560: 7735: 5219:"Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką (1939–1941)" 3946:"Stolen: The Story of a Polish Child 'Germanized' by the Nazis" 3665: 3663: 3631: 3231: 3030:"Case no. 37: The Trial of Haupturmfuhrer Amon Leopold Goeth". 2999: 2618: 1507: 1499: 1279: 1120: 675:, out of a prewar population of 35 million, 66% spoke the 579: 524: 344: 286: 282: 6983:

The German Question Since 1919: An Analysis with Key Documents

6777:

The Lviv Professor Murder and the Holocaust in Eastern Galicia

6773:

Der Lemberger Professorenmord und der Holocaust in Ostgalizien

6514:

Western Civilization: Beyond Boundaries, Volume II: Since 1560

5316:

The Police State: What You Want to Know about the Soviet Union

4028:[Himmler's "Foster Homes" Brought Death to Children]. 3650: 3648: 3646: 2534: 2479: 2457: 2455: 461:, with Poles led to the trains under German army escort, 1939. 393:

substantial portions of eastern Germany were ceded to Poland,

10150: 5473: 4491: 3877:(in Polish). Alma Mater, Issue 64. November 2004. p. 46. 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2055: 1952: 1866: 1755: 1593: 1275: 926:, and tens of thousands perished in other camps and prisons. 902:

camp, with similar fatality rate. About 30,000 Poles died at

482: 237:, where the occupiers discussed their plans to deal with the 5790: 5012: 4236:

Polskie Państwo Podziemne: z dziejów walki cywilnej, 1939–45

3993:[Historical and Memorial Plaque in Nordholz-Spieka] 3837: 3835: 3776:"The Catholic Church in Poland and the Holocaust, 1939–1945" 3660: 3260: 3248: 2908: 2750: 2738: 2714: 1265:

The Nazis kept an eye out for Polish children who possessed

1186: 5672:

Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917

5024: 3971: 3643: 3542: 3540: 3221: 3219: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2452: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 1846: 1567: 37:"Occupation of Poland" redirects here. For other uses, see 6706:

Rozett, Dr Robert; Spector, Dr Shmuel (26 November 2013).

6510: 6172:. West Publishing Company, College & School Division. 6072:

Between Giants: The Battle for the Baltics in World War II

5322: 4452: 4322:"The Polish Underground State and The Home Army (1939–45)" 3370: 2886: 2884: 2803:

Dobroszycki, Lucjan; Gurock, Jeffrey S. (1 January 1993).

2642: 2630: 2244: 189:

in September 1939, and it was formally concluded with the

30:

For the general history of Poland during that period, see

6681:

Rapta, Michał; Tupta, Wojciech; Moskal, Grzegorz (2009).

4545: 4543: 4503: 4469: 4467: 4159: 4157: 3832: 3100:[Just like in the days of Jarema and Krzywonos]. 2408:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from 2313: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 1338: 1190:

Boys' roll call at main children's concentration camp in

210:

out of the USSR and crossed into Poland from the rest of

6189:"Political Migrations on Polish Territories (1939–1950)" 6048:

Barkan, Elazar; Cole, Elizabeth A.; Struve, Kai (2007).

5479:"Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre" 5200: 5198: 3537: 3525: 3335: 3323: 3272: 3216: 2952: 2838: 2798: 2796: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2225: 829: 299:

Generalgouvernement für die besetzten polnischen Gebiete

6750:

The Politics of Economic Stagnation in the Soviet Union

4124:(in Polish), Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, p. 122 3925: 3913: 3552: 3284: 2940: 2881: 1392:, although in 1943 this department was merged with the 1177:

Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland

9222:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

4540: 4479: 4464: 4154: 3599: 3139: 2726: 2290: 1722:

Removal of Polish governmental and social institutions

6730:

Approaches to Auschwitz: The Holocaust and Its Legacy

6298:

Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared

5823: 5334: 5195: 5066:"Represje 1939–41. Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich" 4833:. Internet Archive, 16.10.03. Retrieved 16 July 2007. 4412:

Destroy Warsaw! Hitler's punishment, Stalin's revenge

4301: 2793: 2467: 2435: 2278: 1965:

exile settlements in remote areas of the Soviet Union

1873:

in mid-1941, after Germany invaded the Soviet Union.

291:

large areas of western Poland were annexed by Germany

6236:

Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany

5946:

Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik

5881: 5869: 5639: 5609:"Represje 1939–41 Aresztowani na Kresach Wschodnich" 5000: 4555:"Project InPosterum: Poland World War II Casualties" 3389:

Out of Chaos: Hidden Children Remember the Holocaust

3077: 2857: 2491: 2062:

dead in addition to three million Polish Jews.

1859:

Polish prisoners of war in Soviet Union (after 1939)

1554:

Treatment of Polish citizens under Soviet occupation

1546:, 30,000 to Mauthausen and 20,000 to Sachsenhausen. 491:(General Plan for the East) and the closely related 401:

Treatment of Polish citizens under German occupation

6538:

The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939–1953

6494:

Cruel World: The Children of Europe in the Nazi Web

6277:

Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East

6168:Duiker, William J.; Spielvogel, Jackson J. (1997). 5805:(in Polish) (2nd ed.). Warsaw: Ośrodek KARTA. 5598:

Assembly of Captive European Nations, First Session

4026:"Himmlers "Pflegestätten" brachten Kindern den Tod" 2896: 1123:prison. Most of the remainder were sent to various 1097:One of the most infamous German operations was the 852:

German camps in occupied Poland during World War II

737:

Forced labour under German rule during World War II

6893:Szarota, Tomasz; Materski, Wojciech, eds. (2009). 6689:The dark secrets of the "Tereska" villa: 1939–1945 5734:. A History of Poland, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present 5627: 5569: 5511: 4649:; Schramm, Gottfried (1997). Wegner, Bernd (ed.). 4609:"Atlas of the Holocaust" by Martin Gilbert (1982). 4208:"The Polish Government-in-Exile's Home Delegature" 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3752: 3571:Lehnstaedt, Stephan; Böhler, Jochen, eds. (2013). 3509: 3507: 3162: 3160: 2033:massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 2019:Tadeusz Piotrowski, Professor of Sociology at the 1981: 1463: 1342:Earliest World War II partisan unit, commanded by 846:, volunteered to die in place of another prisoner. 395:whose borders were significantly shifted westwards 12220:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo 7584: 7051:'Et Papa tacet': the genocide of Polish Catholics 3991:"Geschichts und Erinnerungstafel Nordholz Spieka" 3903:"Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe" 3011: 2802: 2117:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946) 1582:Soviet annexation of Eastern Galicia and Volhynia 1576:Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946) 894:in September 1941. According to Polish historian 12559: 6801: 6680: 6167: 6047: 6031:The Social History of the Third Reich: 1933–1945 5291:War memories; September 22, 1939 – April 5, 1945 4687: 4675: 3637: 3570: 3445:, Holocaust and Genocide Studies, archived from 3161:Burleigh, Michael; Wippermann, Wolfgang (1991). 3005: 2624: 537:of Polish civilians randomly caught in a street 12583:German occupation of Poland during World War II 6927: 6892: 6865: 6093:The Law of Blood: Thinking and Acting as a Nazi 5914: 5898: 5896: 5476:, where they were forced to build a road. See: 5383:[Soviet occupation in Poland 1939–41]. 5313: 5189: 5106: 4909:"The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field" 3799: 3504: 3169:. Cambridge University Press. pp. (337–). 2485: 2257: 2006:Monument to the Fallen and Murdered in the East 1024:a concentrated effort to destroy Polish culture 328:before 1938, was ceded by Germany to its ally, 6727:Rubenstein, Richard L.; Roth, John K. (2003). 6726: 6337: 5754: 5555:] (in Polish). Lublin: Test. p. 540. 5293:] (in Polish). Kraków: ZNAK. p. 364. 4870: 4641: 4639: 4259: 4257: 4180:. New York: Overlook Press. pp. 377–378. 3513: 3392:. Northwestern University Press. p. 275. 3358: 3242: 2553: 1225:Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany (1939–1944) 12578:Soviet occupation of Eastern Poland 1939–1941 11883:History of World War II by region and country 11867: 8576: 8368: 7081: 6705: 6463: 6054:. Leipziger Universitätsverlag. p. 155. 5908:"Review of Piotrowski's "Poland's Holocaust"" 5465: 5437: 5271: 5151: 5093:Polish experts lower nation's WWII death toll 4497: 3897: 3895: 3669: 2985:"Chapter XIII – Germanization and Spoliation" 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2744: 2654: 1235:Kidnapping of Polish children by Nazi Germany 131:, German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 8151: 7352: 7127: 7119: 6824:'Crimes Against Peace' and International Law 5893: 5443: 5277: 4693: 3764: 2585: 2583: 2526:[Soviet aggression against Poland]. 1566:prisoners massacred by Soviet secret police 980:set up specifically for Operation Reinhard; 666: 6951: 6599:Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2014). 5791:Ciesielski, Stanisław; Materski, Wojciech; 5719: 5505: 5346: 5287:Wspomnienia wojenne; 22 IX 1939 – 5 IV 1945 5115: 4965: 4936: 4934: 4636: 4590: 4254: 4232: 4057:"Review of Piotrowski's Poland's Holocaust" 4054: 3459: 3438: 2547: 2509: 2155: 2151: 2149: 972:". The extermination program was codenamed 11874: 11860: 8583: 8569: 8375: 8361: 7088: 7074: 7031:Bibliography of Poland during World War II 6684:Mroczne sekrety willi "Tereska": 1939–1945 6617: 6579: 6555: 6338:Herbert, Ulrich; Templer, William (1997). 5352: 5253:"Ivan Franko National University of L'viv" 5216: 5121: 4836: 4630: 4598:"Full Listing of Camps in occupied Poland" 4549: 4509: 4458: 4425: 4226: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4089:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 86. 3892: 3381: 3379: 3341: 3309:. Transaction Publishers. pp. 85–86. 3296: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 2964: 2875: 2521: 2238: 1853:captured by the USSR during and after the 1352:Polish resistance movement in World War II 1029: 321:, and slow but progressive extermination. 6931:; Kováč, Dušan; Brown, Martin D. (2011). 6621:Odilo Globocnik, Hitler's Man in the East 6385:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945 6230: 6186: 6089: 6028: 5835: 5695:Okupacja sowiecka ziem polskich 1939–1941 5483:Institute of National Remembrance website 5210: 5084: 5063: 4263: 4116: 3700: 3558: 3546: 3531: 3453: 3329: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3204:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2958: 2914: 2826: 2787: 2756: 2720: 2648: 2636: 2589: 2580: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2319: 2307: 1299: 443:living in Poland. British ambassador Sir 343:German and Soviet soldiers stroll around 256:as a deliberate and systematic genocide. 7000: 6638: 6488: 6110: 5968: 5943: 5841: 5688: 5592: 4931: 4898: 4843:Zamojski, Tygodnik (15 September 2004). 4842: 4372: 4319: 4307: 3977: 3931: 3919: 3843:The Nazi War Against the Catholic Church 3770: 3495:From diary of Reich Propaganda Minister 3406: 3095: 2946: 2461: 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2219: 2146: 2000: 1933: 1778:, delegalized in both countries by 1938. 1762:) assembled to greet the arrival of the 1749: 1638: 1557: 1471: 1406: 1337: 1185: 1148:persecuted the Catholic Church in Poland 1137: 1033: 944:Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland 933: 833: 701: 624: 529: 453: 338: 6820: 6748:Rutland, Peter (1992). "Introduction". 6747: 6659: 6618:Poprzeczny, Joseph (19 February 2004). 6603:. Washington, D.C.: Dale Street Books. 6531: 6274:Fritz, Stephen G. (13 September 2011). 6252: 5993: 5575: 5537: 5405: 5359:. Transaction Publishers. p. 310. 5340: 5328: 5307: 5245: 4805: 4340: 4272:(2). Sage Publications, Ltd.: 219–259. 4194: 3654: 3617:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 3376: 3225: 3183: 2559: 2515: 2284: 2213: 2141:Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2014 1713:as the Nazis. They began confiscating, 620: 447:sent four statements in August 1939 to 202:"). After a few years of fighting, the 196:lands which were annexed by the Soviets 14: 12560: 10430: 10408:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8382: 7743: 7568: 7364: 7140: 6868:"Stalinist Forced Relocation Policies" 6841: 6770: 6639:Prete, Roy A.; Ion, A. Hamish (1984). 6402: 6381: 6362: 6148: 6129: 6068: 5784: 5760: 5725: 5601: 5543: 5036: 5018: 4578: 4485: 4473: 4435:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction 4239:. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. 4175: 4163: 3861:. Instytut Zachodni. 1989. p. 48. 3812: 3758: 3729: 3681: 3460:Vogelsang, Peter; Larsen, Brian B.M., 3439:Vogelsang, Peter; Larsen, Brian B.M., 3386:Fox, Elaine Saphier (31 August 2013). 3302: 3290: 3145: 3114: 3089: 2890: 2473: 2446: 2269: 706:Polish teachers guarded by members of 459:Expulsion of Poles from western Poland 305:. A German lawyer and prominent Nazi, 289:'s agreement (8 and 12 October 1939), 11855: 11279:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 10711:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 10357:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 10313:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 9418:Rape during the occupation of Germany 8564: 8536:Northern half of the Korean Peninsula 8356: 7069: 7027:Bibliography of the history of Poland 6979: 6444: 6423: 6315: 6294: 6273: 5887: 5875: 5829: 5633: 5204: 5157: 5030: 5006: 4747: 4431: 4082: 3083: 3017: 2863: 2851: 2832: 2732: 2497: 2325: 2272:Routledge Handbook of Ethnic Conflict 2102:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation 1807:universities. On 15 January 1940 the 1398:Directorate of Underground Resistance 1206:, for Polish girls as young as eight. 1042:, published in London in 1942 by the 830:Concentration and extermination camps 419:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation 39:Occupation of Poland (disambiguation) 10401:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 9433:Rape during the liberation of France 6848:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 6206: 5653:'Okupacja Sowiecka w Polsce 1939–41' 5381:"Okupacja Sowiecka w Polsce 1939–41" 4781:"Olszyna-Wilczyński Józef Konstanty" 4647:Militargeschichtliches Forschungsamt 4404: 4313: 4055:Olsak-Glass, Judith (January 1999). 3943: 3937: 3476: 3470: 3165:The racial state: Germany, 1933–1945 3148:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 2902: 2156:Olsak-Glass, Judith (January 1999). 1221:Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany 1007: 6471:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 6238:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5987: 5962: 5937: 5576:Gizella, Jerzy (10 November 2001). 4997:, mid-2006. Retrieved 16 July 2007. 4904: 3385: 3066: 2989:fundamentalbass.home.mindspring.com 2112:Polish minority in the Soviet Union 1217:Germanisation in Poland (1939–1945) 390:German invasion of the Soviet Union 24: 10627:German invasion of the Netherlands 8907:Weather events during World War II 7020: 6851:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 5689:Głowacki, Albin (September 2003). 4915:(Winter 1999–2000). Archived from 4655:. Berghahn Books. pp. 47–79. 4613:"Stutthof: History & Overview" 4414:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 4205: 4178:Hitler and the Power of Aesthetics 3952:. Associated Press. Archived from 3785:. New Leaf Press. pp. 74–78. 1415:captured by the Poles during 1944 1100:Außerordentliche Befriedungsaktion 1014:Polish culture during World War II 427:Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany 25: 12594: 11258:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 7523:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe 7035: 6804:Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar 6151:Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw 5902: 5487:Institute of National Remembrance 4831:Institute of National Remembrance 4432:Jones, Adam (27 September 2006). 3303:Merten, Ulrich (15 August 2013). 3096:Kiriczuk, Jurij (23 April 2003). 1997:World War II casualties of Poland 1840: 266: 261:Institute of National Remembrance 12568:Occupation of Poland (1939–1945) 11818: 8590: 8500: 8427:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 8011:Serbia (Commissioner Government) 7042:A review of the Piotrowski book 6876:Demography and National Security 6866:Stanton Russell, Sharon (2001). 6802:Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2003). 6779:] (in German). Bonn: Dietz. 6406:The History of Poland Since 1863 6280:. University Press of Kentucky. 5057: 5048: 4949: 4773: 4624: 4572: 4515: 4169: 4128: 3466:, Holocaust and Genocide Studies 3420:. United States Holocaust Museum 3073:Powszechny Spis Ludnosci r. 1921 2406:"Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era" 2058:, lists 1.8 to 1.9 million 2052:Poles as Victims of the Nazi Era 2025:Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles 1394:Directorate of Covert Resistance 1210: 929: 809: 797: 785: 730: 605:After Germany lost the war, the 485:, was outlined in the genocidal 388:on 3 August 1940. Following the 152: 113: 80: 54: 27:Occupation of Poland during WWII 7991:Norway (Administrative Council) 6733:. Westminster John Knox Press. 6645:. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. 6601:The German Occupation of Poland 6022: 5971:The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies 5223:Białoruskie Zeszyty Historyczne 4989:(September Campaign 1939) from 4266:Journal of Contemporary History 4233:Salmonowicz, Stanisław (1994). 4110: 4076: 4048: 4018: 3983: 3950:StarNewsOnline (Wilmington, NC) 3881: 3865: 3849: 3723: 3694: 3675: 3593: 3564: 3432: 3154: 3108: 3044: 3023: 2920: 2781: 2762: 2686: 2503: 2184:, roundups, mass deportations, 1982:Exploitation of ethnic tensions 1772:Communist Party of West Belarus 1464:Effect on the Polish population 607:International Military Tribunal 191:defeat of Germany by the Allies 11505:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 9215:Territorial changes of Germany 9123:Indonesian National Revolution 7005:. New York: Hippocrene Books. 6986:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 6937:. Cambridge University Press. 6827:. Cambridge University Press. 6496:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 6430:. New York: Hippocrene Books. 6409:. Cambridge University Press. 6388:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 6344:. Cambridge University Press. 6301:. Cambridge University Press. 5693:. In Piotr Chmielowiec (ed.). 5664:Refugees in an Age of Genocide 5353:Kravchenko, Victor A. (1988). 5103:, expatica.com, 30 August 2009 4958:Collaboration in the Holocaust 3638:Rapta, Tupta & Moskal 2009 2625:Barkan, Cole & Struve 2007 2590:Kozłowski, Bartłomiej (2005). 2560:Sanford, George (7 May 2007). 2424:Poles: Victims of the Nazi Era 2263: 1929: 1600:to Lithuania, although it was 1362:Government Delegate for Poland 634:("For Germans only") sign, on 91:mass murder of Polish townsmen 13: 1: 10905:Japanese invasion of Thailand 10856:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 10620:German invasion of Luxembourg 9001:Mediterranean and Middle East 8016:Serbia (Council of Ministers) 6709:Encyclopedia of the Holocaust 6474:. Columbia University Press. 6253:Ferencz, Benjamin B. (2002). 6202:. Polish Academy of Sciences. 5697:(in Polish). Rzeszów-Warsaw: 5054:Piotrowski, pp. 1, 11–13, 32. 4955:Sanford, p. 127; Martin Dean 4744:. Retrieved 14 November 2006. 4032:(in German). 18 December 2009 3905:. 27 May 2012. Archived from 2486:Teich, Kováč & Brown 2011 2127: 2078:) was 35,000 persons. Jewish 1990: 1959:, for instance) to the Gulag 1614:attempt at self-determination 1423:armored platoon commanded by 1333: 1119:, and inside the city at the 956:were rounded up and put into 32:History of Poland (1939–1945) 10812:Invasion of the Soviet Union 10501:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 9819:Independent State of Croatia 7789:Army Group Rear Area Command 7096:Administrative divisions in 6915:Introduction reproduced here 6259:. Indiana University Press. 6096:. Harvard University Press. 6069:Buttar, Prit (21 May 2013). 4847:[Executed Hospital] 4527:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 4000:German War Graves Commission 3944:Eddy, Melissa (8 May 2007). 3098:"Jak za Jaremy i Krzywonosa" 3006:Duiker & Spielvogel 1997 2524:"Sowiecka agresja na Polskę" 1293:Ausländerkinder-Pflegestätte 792:Polish-forced-workers' badge 588:Majdanek concentration camps 372:, with the exception of the 7: 11796:End of World War II in Asia 11636:Western invasion of Germany 11143:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 11120:Second Battle of El Alamein 10690:Hundred Regiments Offensive 10662:Battle of the Mediterranean 10515:Italian invasion of Albania 8689:Air warfare of World War II 8171:Belgium and Northern France 7794:Belgium and Northern France 6806:. New York: Vintage Books. 6134:. Oxford University Press. 5584:(in Polish). Archived from 5421:(in Polish). Archived from 5389:(in Polish). Archived from 5133:] (in Polish). Warsaw: 5131:History of Poland 1914–1997 4975:(in Polish). Archived from 4851:(in Polish). Archived from 4789:(in Polish). Archived from 4388:(in Polish). Archived from 4356:(in Polish). Archived from 2809:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 36. 2258:Szarota & Materski 2009 2085: 2082:victims totaled 3,000,000. 2021:University of New Hampshire 1871:NKVD massacres of prisoners 1528:Stutthof concentration camp 1506:Some three million gentile 1495:Righteous Among the Nations 1484:on the 'Aryan side' of the 1133:massacre of Lwów professors 881:extermination through labor 358:annexed to the Soviet Union 259:In August 2009, the Polish 185:(1939–1945) began with the 10: 12599: 11722:Naval bombardment of Japan 11090:First Battle of El Alamein 11009:Battle of Christmas Island 10954:Japanese invasion of Burma 10718:Italian invasion of Greece 10634:German invasion of Belgium 10606:German invasion of Denmark 10579:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 10448:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 8712:Comparative military ranks 7673:Civil Administration Areas 7278:Southern Hanover–Brunswick 7024: 6754:Cambridge University Press 6424:Lukas, Richard C. (2001). 6382:Lerski, Jerzy Jan (1996). 6115:. New York, N.Y.: Viking. 6113:Stalin: Breaker of Nations 6090:Chapoutot, Johann (2018). 6029:Ayçoberry, Pierre (2000). 5699:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej 5513:Herling-Grudziński, Gustaw 5413:"Kampania Wrześniowa 1939" 5217:Wierzbicki, Marek (2003). 4973:"Kampania wrześniowa 1939" 4736:of 17 September 1939. The 4438:. Routledge. p. 175. 4278:10.1177/002200947501000202 3359:Rubenstein & Roth 2003 3243:Herbert & Templer 1997 3202:The Holocaust Encyclopedia 2694:"The British War Bluebook" 2530:. NowaHistoria.Interia.pl. 2107:Polish minority in Germany 1994: 1579: 1573: 1358:Polish government in Exile 1349: 1308:in September 1939 and the 1288:forced to have an abortion 1228: 1214: 1125:German concentration camps 1044:Polish government-in-exile 1011: 941: 849: 734: 715:battalion before execution 648:The German People's List ( 641: 416: 270: 239:Polish resistance movement 212:Central and Eastern Europe 36: 29: 12502: 12253: 12116: 12070: 11992: 11889: 11811: 11643:Bratislava–Brno offensive 11583: 11574:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 11311: 11198:Allied invasion of Sicily 11152: 11058:Aleutian Islands campaign 11030:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 10977: 10968:Greek famine of 1941–1944 10863:Second Battle of Changsha 10768:German invasion of Greece 10736: 10613:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 10588: 10526: 10421: 10302: 10028: 9938: 9786: 9489: 9480: 9238: 9063: 8955:North and Central Pacific 8916: 8678: 8671: 8598: 8544: 8509: 8498: 8390: 8322: 8281: 8274: 8239: 8199: 8163: 8150: 8130: 8044: 7888: 7881: 7853: 7779: 7759: 7734: 7671: 7660: 7626: 7559: 7543:North Brabant and Limburg 7538:South Holland and Zeeland 7533:North Holland and Utrecht 7528:Gelderland and Overijssel 7513: 7442: 7390: 7351: 7321: 7118: 7105: 6821:Sellars, Kirsten (2013). 6187:Eberhardt, Piotr (2011). 6111:Conquest, Robert (1991). 5969:Kendrick, Donald (1972). 5318:. Dutton. pp. 88–95. 5158:Sudoł, Adam, ed. (1998). 5127:Historia Polski 1914–1997 4498:Niewyk & Nicosia 2013 4410:Borowiec, Andrew (2001). 4176:Spotts, Frederic (2002). 3701:Paczyńska, Irena (2019). 3670:Rozett & Spector 2013 3499:, dated 12 December 1941. 2745:Niewyk & Nicosia 2013 2566:. Routledge. p. 47. 1776:Communist Party of Poland 1768:Soviet invasion of Poland 1684:Sikorski-Mayski Agreement 1602:soon attached to the USSR 1404:(AK) (Polish Home Army). 1344:Henryk "Hubal" Dobrzański 1306:German invasion of Poland 1161:Cieszyn region of Silesia 1054:Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen 958:newly established ghettos 838:Polish Franciscan, Saint 691:". Some minorities, like 667:Encouraging ethnic strife 615:Supreme National Tribunal 376:taken from Poland, which 364:), and split between the 163: 151: 144: 140: 136: 112: 105: 101: 79: 68:German expulsion of Poles 53: 48: 11235:Allied invasion of Italy 11212:Solomon Islands campaign 10961:Third Battle of Changsha 10558:First Battle of Changsha 10464:Second Sino-Japanese War 9404:German military brothels 9270:United States war crimes 7781:Military administrations 7313:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 6660:Prybyla, Jan S. (2010). 6580:Pogonowski, Iwo (1998). 5944:Erlikman, Vadim (2004). 5853:Indiana University Press 5553:Without the last chapter 5549:Bez ostatniego rozdziału 3730:Albert, Zygmunt (1989). 3038:. London: HMSO: 9. 1948. 2158:"Review of Piotrowski's 2122:Gestapo–NKVD conferences 2037:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 1688:Polish puppet government 1665:Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński 1604:once Lithuania became a 1570:near Tarnopol, July 1941 1445:Polska Partia Robotnicza 1040:The Black Book of Poland 1022:Nazi Germany engaged in 858:Nazi concentration camps 347:after the German-Soviet 235:Gestapo–NKVD conferences 11657:Second Guangxi campaign 11512:Philippines (1944–1945) 11016:Battle of the Coral Sea 10919:Fall of the Philippines 10565:Battle of South Guangxi 10471:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 9877:Italian Social Republic 7001:Zamoyski, Adam (1987). 6920:1 February 2013 at the 6771:Schenk, Dieter (2007). 6691:]. Historia Rabki. 6295:Geyer, Michael (2009). 6149:Davies, Norman (2003). 6130:Davies, Norman (1996). 5802:Indeks represjonowanych 5738:Oxford University Press 5445:Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan 5135:Wydawnictwa Naukowe PWN 4962:Retrieved 15 July 2007. 4913:Studies in Intelligence 4710:7 November 2009 at the 4083:Knuth, Rebecca (2003). 3815:"The Gentile Holocaust" 3682:August, Jochen (1997). 3609:Mallmann, Klaus-Michael 3514:Yad Vashemfile (2013). 3061:and Gypsies and others. 2522:Wiśniewski, T. (2016). 2097:The Holocaust in Poland 1754:Residents of a town in 1661:Polish prisoners of war 1616:failed during both the 1540:Soviet prisoners of war 1197:Kinder-KZ Litzmannstadt 1030:Extermination of elites 948:The Holocaust in Poland 423:The Holocaust in Poland 301:), with its capital at 279:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 125:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 11242:Armistice of Cassibile 11044:Battle of Dutch Harbor 10995:Battle of the Java Sea 10898:Attack on Pearl Harbor 10798:Syria–Lebanon campaign 10791:Battle of South Shanxi 10761:Invasion of Yugoslavia 10544:Battle of the Atlantic 10158:Korean Liberation Army 9871:(until September 1943) 9828:(until September 1944) 9806:(until September 1944) 8551:Allies of World War II 8152: 7882:Puppet administrations 7686:Carinthia and Carniola 7353: 7128: 7120: 7100:and German occupations 6980:Wolff, Stefan (2003). 6541:. Praeger Publishers. 6445:Majer, Diemut (2003). 6403:Leslie, R. F. (1980). 6363:Lenten, Ronit (2000). 6321:Revolution from Abroad 5999:Atlas of the Holocaust 5489:. 2004. Archived from 5279:Lanckorońska, Karolina 5112:Rieber, pp. 14, 32–37. 4845:"Rozstrzelany Szpital" 4725:of 16 September 1939, 4714:of 10 September 1939, 4617:Jewish Virtual Library 4602:Jewish Virtual Library 3858:Polish Western Affairs 3813:Craughwell, Thomas J. 3418:Holocaust Encyclopedia 3125:10.1093/past/179.1.197 2878:, pp. 3, 186–187. 2009: 1943: 1779: 1739:(legislative body) of 1655: 1633:Simon Sebag Montefiore 1571: 1489: 1427: 1366:the police, the courts 1347: 1300:Nazi plunder in Poland 1207: 1143: 1047: 939: 847: 716: 639: 546: 462: 413:and expulsion of Poles 352: 18:German occupied Poland 12573:Jewish Polish history 11406:Second Battle of Guam 11302:Bengal famine of 1943 11272:Second Battle of Kiev 11228:Battle of the Dnieper 10933:Battle of Wake Island 10805:East African campaign 10747:Battle of South Henan 10392:atrocities by Germans 10165:Korean Volunteer Army 9146:Occupation of Germany 8900:Music in World War II 7333:Reichsfestung Belgrad 6953:Trela-Mazur, Elżbieta 6075:. Osprey Publishing. 5658:20 April 2005 at the 5033:, pp. 24, 32–33. 5021:, pp. 1001–1003. 4732:30 April 2007 at the 4721:30 April 2007 at the 4688:Sebag Montefiore 2003 4676:Sebag Montefiore 2003 4621:With archival photos. 4586:(in Polish) (1994/2). 4320:Ney-Krwawicz, Marek. 3442:The Ghettos of Poland 2180:, transit, labor and 2004: 1937: 1753: 1663:. Some, like General 1642: 1580:Further information: 1561: 1524:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 1475: 1441:Polish Workers' Party 1410: 1400:, subordinate to the 1341: 1189: 1171:, theology professor 1141: 1107:in short, German for 1037: 942:Further information: 937: 850:Further information: 837: 735:Further information: 705: 628: 555:thousands of children 533: 521:purposeful starvation 457: 342: 319:economic exploitation 11692:Surrender of Germany 11170:Battle of West Hubei 11127:Guadalcanal campaign 11097:Battle of Stalingrad 11023:Battle of Madagascar 9797:Albania protectorate 9584:(formerly Swaziland) 9293:Wehrmacht war crimes 9109:Expulsion of Germans 8893:Art and World War II 8791:British contribution 8740:Governments in exile 8335:Strength Through Joy 8294:Weather Station Kurt 7996:Norway (Quisling II) 7243:Munich–Upper Bavaria 7228:March of Brandenburg 6642:Armies of Occupation 6517:. Cengage Learning. 5819:on 22 February 2006. 5797:"Represje 1939–1941" 5740:. pp. 449–455. 5683:Tygodnik Solidarność 5190:Stanton Russell 2001 5123:Roszkowski, Wojciech 5098:6 April 2012 at the 4906:Fischer, Benjamin B. 4883:Encyklopedia Interia 3657:, pp. 133, 136. 2462:Prete & Ion 1984 2429:22 June 2019 at the 2190:mobile killing units 2092:Chronicles of Terror 2050:Another assessment, 1900:Władysław Broniewski 1855:Polish Defensive War 1774:affiliated with the 1622:Ukrainian–Soviet War 1618:Polish–Ukrainian War 1589:Elżbieta Trela-Mazur 1482:Marszałkowska Street 1478:Świętokrzyska Street 1310:occupation of Poland 1175:, and Bishop of the 1109:Special Pacification 1080:Operation Tannenberg 621:German People's List 493:Generalsiedlungsplan 223:Poland's sovereignty 200:Operation Barbarossa 171:occupation of Poland 129:Operation Barbarossa 87:Operation Tannenberg 49:Occupation of Poland 12332:Carpathian Ruthenia 11782:Potsdam Declaration 11671:Italy (Spring 1945) 11434:Liberation of Paris 10891:Siege of Sevastopol 9909:(until August 1944) 9812:Wang Jingwei regime 9634:from September 1943 9594:from September 1944 9532:from September 1944 9392:Romanian war crimes 9383:Persecution of Jews 9369:Croatian war crimes 9339:Japanese war crimes 9153:Occupation of Japan 9102:First Indochina War 8814:Military production 8726:Declarations of war 8154:Reichskommissariats 7986:Norway (Quisling I) 7916:Chechnya-Ingushetia 7576:Bohemia and Moravia 7561:Partial annexations 7372:Danzig–West Prussia 6934:Slovakia in History 6557:Piotrowski, Tadeusz 6466:Nicosia, Francis R. 6464:Niewyk, Donald L.; 5910:. UC Santa Barbara. 5793:Paczkowski, Andrzej 5578:"Lwowskie okupacje" 5451:. Lexington Books. 5259:on 10 February 2006 5192:, pp. 308–315. 4559:projectposterum.org 4551:Piotrowski, Tadeusz 3980:, pp. 400–401. 3956:on 13 December 2007 3485:on 27 November 2013 3361:, pp. 195–196. 3269:, pp. 357–358. 3257:, pp. 356–357. 3056:avalon.law.yale.edu 2995:on 3 December 2003. 2917:, pp. 372–377. 2854:, pp. 152–153. 2723:, pp. 326–330. 2550:, pp. 43, 294. 2464:, pp. 135–138. 2182:extermination camps 1891:Stanisław Głąbiński 1741:Western Byelorussia 1703:partition of Poland 1699:sphere of influence 1200:). A sub-camp was 1129:Sonderaktion Krakau 978:extermination camps 869:extermination camps 651:Deutsche Volksliste 644:Deutsche Volksliste 541:in German-occupied 123:– aftermath of the 121:Partition of Poland 11922:French West Africa 11902:British Somaliland 11775:Surrender of Japan 11608:Battle of Iwo Jima 11457:Belgrade offensive 10870:Siege of Leningrad 10754:Battle of Shanggao 10683:British Somaliland 10648:Dunkirk evacuation 10599:Norwegian campaign 10537:Invasion of Poland 10364:Japanese prisoners 9332:Italian war crimes 9263:British war crimes 9178:Soviet occupations 8962:South-West Pacific 8849:Allied cooperation 8807:Military equipment 8485:Western Belorussia 8384:Soviet occupations 7586:General Government 7263:Schleswig-Holstein 7044:Poland's Holocaust 6878:. Berghahn Books. 6843:Shirer, William L. 6666:. Wheatmark, Inc. 6468:(13 August 2013). 6367:. Berghahn Books. 6358:on 7 October 2011. 6033:. New Press (NY). 5715:on 3 October 2003. 5615:on 21 October 2006 5331:, pp. 99–101. 5072:on 21 October 2006 4699:Telegrams sent by 4392:on 1 November 2006 4328:on 3 November 2019 4206:Ostasz, Grzegorz. 4142:on 29 October 2018 4118:Madajczyk, Czesław 3463:Wannsee Conference 3449:on 22 October 2013 3414:"Nazi Camp System" 3117:Past & Present 2759:, p. 349-352. 2160:Poland's Holocaust 2010: 1944: 1924:Marian Czuchnowski 1883:Aleksander Prystor 1780: 1735:Moscow-controlled 1656: 1631:British historian 1572: 1532:Gemeinschaftslager 1490: 1428: 1348: 1286:", the mother was 1208: 1144: 1048: 974:Operation Reinhard 966:Wannsee Conference 940: 848: 717: 685:divide and conquer 673:1931 Polish census 640: 547: 463: 353: 349:invasion of Poland 295:General Government 219:Tadeusz Piotrowski 187:Invasion of Poland 12555: 12554: 12146:Dutch East Indies 11984:Southern Rhodesia 11917:French Somaliland 11849: 11848: 11807: 11806: 11650:Battle of Okinawa 11549:Burma (1944–1945) 11383:Mariana and Palau 11163:Tunisian campaign 10988:Fall of Singapore 10912:Fall of Hong Kong 10655:Battle of Britain 10508:Operation Himmler 10417: 10416: 10081:Dutch East Indies 9724:Southern Rhodesia 9476: 9475: 9376:Genocide of Serbs 9279:German war crimes 9256:Soviet war crimes 9249:Allied war crimes 9095:Division of Korea 9074:Chinese Civil War 8872:Strategic bombing 8784:Manhattan Project 8558: 8557: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8270: 8269: 8240:Other occupations 8235: 8234: 8146: 8145: 7861:Adriatic Littoral 7854:Operational Zones 7775: 7774: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7622: 7621: 7555: 7554: 7551: 7550: 7438: 7437: 7347: 7346: 6993:978-0-275-97269-1 6944:978-1-139-49494-6 6908:978-83-7629-067-6 6858:978-0-671-62420-0 6834:978-1-107-02884-5 6786:978-3-8012-5033-1 6740:978-0-664-22353-3 6719:978-1-135-96950-9 6698:978-83-60817-33-9 6673:978-1-60494-325-2 6652:978-0-88920-156-9 6631:978-0-7864-8146-0 6572:978-0-7864-0371-4 6524:978-1-111-80948-5 6490:Nicholas, Lynn H. 6481:978-0-231-52878-8 6416:978-0-521-27501-9 6395:978-0-313-26007-0 6317:Gross, Jan Tomasz 6308:978-0-521-89796-9 6287:978-0-8131-4050-6 6232:Gellately, Robert 6223:978-1-135-04481-7 6132:Europe: A History 6082:978-1-4728-0288-0 6061:978-3-86583-240-5 6040:978-1-56584-635-7 5588:on 27 April 2006. 5545:Anders, Władysław 4819:on 7 January 2005 4761:] (in Polish) 4759:Wacław Grzybowski 4445:978-1-134-25980-9 4385:Encyklopedia WIEM 4246:978-83-02-05500-3 4187:978-1-58567-345-2 4136:"E28. Jasinski G" 4096:978-0-275-98088-7 3792:978-0-89221-591-1 3772:Libionka, Dariusz 3516:"Aktion Reinhard" 3399:978-0-8101-6661-5 3371:Noble et al. 2007 3316:978-1-4128-5258-6 3293:, pp. 33–34. 3228:, pp. 24–25. 3176:978-0-521-39802-2 2934:on 13 April 2012. 2893:, pp. 59–60. 2816:978-1-56324-173-4 2776:on 13 April 2012. 2735:, pp. 47–48. 2702:. Yale Law School 2651:, pp. 32–34. 2639:, pp. 30–31. 2573:978-1-134-30299-4 2322:, pp. 27–29. 2274:. Routledge: 123. 2186:public executions 2143:, pp. 10–28. 1926:and many others. 1887:Stanisław Grabski 1450:Operation Tempest 1284:racially valuable 1018:Cultural genocide 1008:Cultural genocide 864:Arbeit macht frei 778:military brothels 671:According to the 654:) classified the 167: 166: 16:(Redirected from 12590: 12306:Military history 12060:Native Americans 11876: 11869: 11862: 11853: 11852: 11842: 11835: 11828: 11825:World portal 11823: 11822: 11798: 11791: 11784: 11777: 11768: 11761: 11754: 11745: 11738: 11731: 11724: 11717: 11710: 11701: 11694: 11687: 11685:Prague offensive 11680: 11678:Battle of Berlin 11673: 11666: 11659: 11652: 11645: 11638: 11631: 11624: 11622:Vienna offensive 11617: 11610: 11603: 11601:Battle of Manila 11596: 11576: 11567: 11558: 11551: 11542: 11535: 11528: 11521: 11514: 11507: 11500: 11491: 11482: 11475: 11466: 11459: 11452: 11445: 11436: 11429: 11422: 11415: 11408: 11401: 11394: 11385: 11378: 11369: 11360: 11351: 11344: 11342:Korsun–Cherkassy 11337: 11326: 11304: 11295: 11288: 11281: 11274: 11267: 11260: 11253: 11244: 11237: 11230: 11223: 11214: 11207: 11200: 11193: 11186: 11184:Bombing of Gorky 11179: 11172: 11165: 11145: 11138: 11129: 11122: 11115: 11106: 11099: 11092: 11085: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11053: 11051:Battle of Midway 11046: 11039: 11037:Battle of Gazala 11032: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11004: 10997: 10990: 10970: 10963: 10956: 10949: 10947:Battle of Borneo 10942: 10940:Malayan campaign 10935: 10928: 10921: 10914: 10907: 10900: 10893: 10886: 10884:Bombing of Gorky 10879: 10877:Battle of Moscow 10872: 10865: 10858: 10851: 10844: 10837: 10821: 10814: 10807: 10800: 10793: 10786: 10777: 10770: 10763: 10756: 10749: 10729: 10720: 10713: 10706: 10699: 10692: 10685: 10678: 10671: 10664: 10657: 10650: 10643: 10641:Battle of France 10636: 10629: 10622: 10615: 10608: 10601: 10581: 10574: 10567: 10560: 10553: 10546: 10539: 10517: 10510: 10503: 10496: 10494:Munich Agreement 10489: 10482: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10450: 10443: 10428: 10427: 10410: 10403: 10394: 10387: 10380: 10379:Soviet prisoners 10373: 10366: 10359: 10350: 10343: 10334: 10327: 10320: 10319:German prisoners 10315: 10295: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10267: 10260: 10253: 10246: 10239: 10232: 10225: 10218: 10211: 10204: 10197: 10190: 10183: 10176: 10167: 10160: 10153: 10146: 10139: 10132: 10125: 10118: 10111: 10104: 10097: 10090: 10083: 10076: 10069: 10062: 10055: 10048: 10041: 10021: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9972: 9965: 9958: 9951: 9931: 9924: 9917: 9910: 9902: 9895: 9888: 9879: 9872: 9864: 9857: 9855:French Indochina 9850: 9843: 9836: 9829: 9821: 9814: 9807: 9799: 9779: 9770: 9763: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9719: 9712: 9705: 9702:from August 1944 9693: 9686: 9679: 9672: 9665: 9658: 9651: 9644: 9637: 9625: 9618: 9611: 9604: 9597: 9585: 9577: 9570: 9563: 9556: 9549: 9542: 9535: 9523: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9487: 9486: 9467: 9460: 9453: 9446: 9439: 9428: 9413: 9406: 9399: 9394: 9385: 9378: 9371: 9362: 9355: 9348: 9346:Nanjing Massacre 9341: 9334: 9325: 9323:Nuremberg trials 9316: 9309: 9302: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9208: 9201: 9194: 9187: 9180: 9173: 9164: 9155: 9148: 9141: 9134: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9090: 9083: 9076: 9056: 9047: 9040: 9033: 9024: 9017: 9010: 9003: 8994: 8987: 8980: 8971: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8943: 8936: 8929: 8927:Asia and Pacific 8909: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8858: 8856:Mulberry harbour 8851: 8844: 8837: 8830: 8823: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8770: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8714: 8707: 8698: 8691: 8676: 8675: 8664: 8657: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8606: 8585: 8578: 8571: 8562: 8561: 8504: 8377: 8370: 8363: 8354: 8353: 8279: 8278: 8161: 8160: 8157: 7886: 7885: 7873:Alpine Foothills 7741: 7740: 7691:Gebiet Bialystok 7669: 7668: 7582: 7581: 7566: 7565: 7511: 7510: 7425:Tyrol–Vorarlberg 7388: 7387: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7303:Westphalia-South 7298:Westphalia-North 7218:Magdeburg-Anhalt 7138: 7137: 7133: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7090: 7083: 7076: 7067: 7066: 7049:Michael Phayer, 7016: 6997: 6976: 6948: 6912: 6889: 6862: 6838: 6817: 6798: 6767: 6744: 6723: 6702: 6677: 6656: 6635: 6614: 6595: 6576: 6552: 6533:Parrish, Michael 6528: 6507: 6485: 6460: 6441: 6420: 6399: 6378: 6359: 6354:. Archived from 6334: 6312: 6291: 6270: 6249: 6227: 6203: 6193: 6183: 6164: 6145: 6126: 6107: 6086: 6065: 6044: 6013: 6012: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5941: 5935: 5932:Krystyna Kersten 5923:Dzieje Najnowsze 5918: 5912: 5911: 5900: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5815:. Archived from 5788: 5782: 5781: 5758: 5752: 5751: 5732:God's Playground 5723: 5717: 5716: 5711:. Archived from 5687: 5650:Encyklopedia PWN 5648: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5541: 5535: 5534: 5509: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5469: 5463: 5462: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5418:Encyklopedia PWN 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5393:on 20 April 2005 5386:Encyklopedia PWN 5377: 5371: 5370: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5319: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5255:. Archived from 5249: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5193: 5187: 5178: 5177: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5119: 5113: 5110: 5104: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5004: 4998: 4995:Internet Archive 4991:PWN Encyklopedia 4988: 4986: 4984: 4969: 4963: 4953: 4947: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4919:on 24 March 2010 4902: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4857: 4850: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4809: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4786:Encyklopedia PWN 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4751: 4745: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4643: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4605: 4604:. 2 August 2015. 4594: 4588: 4587: 4584:Dzieje Najnowsze 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4547: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4471: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4429: 4423: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4353:Encyklopedia PWN 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4299: 4297: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4214:on 10 April 2008 4203: 4192: 4191: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4138:. Archived from 4132: 4126: 4125: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4062:Sarmatian Review 4052: 4046: 4045: 4039: 4037: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4010: 4008: 3996: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3899: 3890: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3853: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3819:Catholic Culture 3810: 3797: 3796: 3780: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3658: 3652: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3601:Matthäus, Jürgen 3597: 3591: 3590: 3568: 3562: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3501: 3492: 3490: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3383: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3245:, p. 71-73. 3240: 3229: 3223: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3194: 3181: 3180: 3168: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3048: 3042: 3039: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2991:. 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The chairs of 1789:Russian language 1692:Wanda Wasilewska 1259:Nur für Deutsche 1092:collective guilt 922:each, 10,000 at 914:each, 17,000 at 896:Franciszek Piper 873:synthetic rubber 840:Maximilian Kolbe 813: 801: 789: 721:Heinrich Himmler 638:line-8 streetcar 631:Nur für Deutsche 611:Nuremberg Trials 545:, September 1939 535:Public execution 449:Viscount Halifax 437:ethnic cleansing 254:Nuremberg trials 156: 117: 89:, October 1939, 84: 58: 46: 45: 21: 12598: 12597: 12593: 12592: 12591: 12589: 12588: 12587: 12558: 12557: 12556: 12551: 12547:Pacific Islands 12542:Solomon Islands 12522:Gilbert Islands 12504: 12498: 12477:Channel Islands 12249: 12112: 12066: 11988: 11885: 11880: 11850: 11845: 11838: 11831: 11817: 11815: 11803: 11794: 11787: 11780: 11773: 11764: 11757: 11750: 11741: 11736:Atomic bombings 11734: 11727: 11720: 11713: 11706: 11697: 11690: 11683: 11676: 11669: 11662: 11655: 11648: 11641: 11634: 11627: 11620: 11613: 11606: 11599: 11592: 11579: 11572: 11561: 11554: 11547: 11538: 11531: 11524: 11517: 11510: 11503: 11494: 11485: 11478: 11469: 11462: 11455: 11448: 11439: 11432: 11427:Eastern Romania 11425: 11420:Warsaw Uprising 11418: 11413:Tannenberg Line 11411: 11404: 11399:Western Ukraine 11397: 11388: 11381: 11372: 11363: 11354: 11347: 11340: 11329: 11320: 11307: 11300: 11291: 11284: 11277: 11270: 11263: 11256: 11249: 11240: 11233: 11226: 11217: 11210: 11203: 11196: 11191:Battle of Kursk 11189: 11182: 11175: 11168: 11161: 11148: 11141: 11132: 11125: 11118: 11109: 11102: 11095: 11088: 11079: 11070: 11063: 11056: 11049: 11042: 11035: 11028: 11021: 11014: 11007: 11002:St Nazaire Raid 11000: 10993: 10986: 10973: 10966: 10959: 10952: 10945: 10938: 10931: 10924: 10917: 10910: 10903: 10896: 10889: 10882: 10875: 10868: 10861: 10854: 10847: 10840: 10826: 10817: 10810: 10803: 10796: 10789: 10784:Anglo-Iraqi War 10782: 10775:Battle of Crete 10773: 10766: 10759: 10752: 10745: 10732: 10723: 10716: 10709: 10704:Eastern Romania 10702: 10695: 10688: 10681: 10674: 10667: 10660: 10653: 10646: 10639: 10632: 10625: 10618: 10611: 10604: 10597: 10584: 10577: 10570: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10542: 10535: 10522: 10513: 10506: 10499: 10492: 10485: 10478: 10469: 10462: 10455: 10446: 10439: 10413: 10406: 10399: 10390: 10383: 10378: 10369: 10362: 10355: 10346: 10339: 10330: 10323: 10318: 10311: 10298: 10291: 10282: 10275: 10270: 10265:Western Ukraine 10263: 10256: 10249: 10242: 10235: 10228: 10221: 10214: 10209:Northeast China 10207: 10200: 10193: 10186: 10179: 10172: 10163: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10024: 10017: 10010: 10003: 9996: 9989: 9982: 9975: 9968: 9961: 9954: 9947: 9934: 9927: 9920: 9915:Slovak Republic 9913: 9905: 9898: 9891: 9886:Empire of Japan 9884: 9875: 9867: 9860: 9853: 9846: 9839: 9832: 9824: 9817: 9810: 9802: 9795: 9782: 9775: 9766: 9759: 9750: 9743: 9736: 9729: 9722: 9715: 9708: 9696: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9654: 9647: 9640: 9628: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9600: 9588: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9526: 9519: 9512: 9505: 9498: 9472: 9463: 9456: 9449: 9442: 9431: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9398:Sexual violence 9397: 9390: 9381: 9374: 9367: 9358: 9351: 9344: 9337: 9330: 9321: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9291: 9284: 9277: 9268: 9261: 9254: 9247: 9234: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9204: 9197: 9190: 9183: 9176: 9167: 9158: 9151: 9144: 9137: 9128: 9121: 9116:Greek Civil War 9114: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9079: 9072: 9059: 9052: 9043: 9036: 9029: 9020: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8990: 8983: 8976: 8967: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8941:South-East Asia 8939: 8932: 8925: 8912: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8884: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8854: 8847: 8840: 8833: 8826: 8819: 8812: 8805: 8800:Military awards 8798: 8789: 8782: 8775: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8717: 8710: 8703: 8694: 8687: 8667: 8660: 8653: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8625: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8594: 8589: 8559: 8554: 8540: 8505: 8496: 8480:Western Ukraine 8386: 8381: 8351: 8342: 8338:holiday resorts 8318: 8266: 8231: 8195: 8142: 8126: 8040: 7877: 7849: 7771: 7755: 7730: 7663: 7648: 7618: 7580: 7547: 7509: 7434: 7386: 7343: 7317: 7198:Halle-Merseburg 7183:Electoral Hesse 7173:Eastern Hanover 7110: 7108: 7101: 7094: 7038: 7033: 7025:Main articles: 7023: 7021:Further reading 7013: 6994: 6973: 6945: 6922:Wayback Machine 6909: 6886: 6859: 6835: 6814: 6787: 6764: 6741: 6720: 6699: 6674: 6653: 6632: 6611: 6592: 6573: 6549: 6525: 6504: 6482: 6457: 6438: 6417: 6396: 6375: 6352: 6331: 6309: 6288: 6267: 6246: 6224: 6210:(29 May 2013). 6191: 6180: 6161: 6142: 6123: 6104: 6083: 6062: 6041: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6009: 5995:Gilbert, Martin 5992: 5988: 5981: 5973:. Basic Books. 5967: 5963: 5956: 5942: 5938: 5919: 5915: 5901: 5894: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5855:. p. 116. 5840: 5836: 5828: 5824: 5813: 5789: 5785: 5778: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5724: 5720: 5709: 5686:(2 March 2001). 5660:Wayback Machine 5646: 5644: 5640: 5632: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5597: 5593: 5582:Przegląd polski 5574: 5570: 5563: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5523:. p. 284. 5510: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5493:on 19 July 2006 5477: 5470: 5466: 5459: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5396: 5394: 5379: 5378: 5374: 5367: 5356:I Chose Justice 5351: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5327: 5323: 5312: 5308: 5301: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5250: 5246: 5236: 5234: 5233:on 6 April 2009 5215: 5211: 5203: 5196: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5156: 5152: 5145: 5137:. p. 476. 5120: 5116: 5111: 5107: 5100:Wayback Machine 5089: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5064:Ośrodek Karta. 5062: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5001: 4982: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4966: 4954: 4950: 4939: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4903: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4861: 4859: 4858:on 7 March 2007 4855: 4848: 4841: 4837: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4793:on 6 March 2008 4779: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4742:Yale Law School 4734:Wayback Machine 4723:Wayback Machine 4712:Wayback Machine 4698: 4694: 4686: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4644: 4637: 4631:Piotrowski 1998 4629: 4625: 4611: 4610: 4596: 4595: 4591: 4580:Łuczak, Czesław 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4548: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4510:Pogonowski 1998 4508: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4472: 4465: 4459:Piotrowski 1998 4457: 4453: 4446: 4430: 4426: 4409: 4405: 4395: 4393: 4380:"Armia Krajowa" 4378: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4331: 4329: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4302: 4262: 4255: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4204: 4195: 4188: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4115: 4111: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4053: 4049: 4035: 4033: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4006: 4004: 3994: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3959: 3957: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3909:on 27 May 2012. 3901: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3882: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3855: 3854: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3811: 3800: 3793: 3778: 3769: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3728: 3724: 3717: 3699: 3695: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3661: 3653: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3598: 3594: 3587: 3569: 3565: 3557: 3553: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3505: 3497:Joseph Goebbels 3488: 3486: 3475: 3471: 3458: 3454: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3400: 3384: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3348: 3342:Piotrowski 1998 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3281:, pp. 357. 3277: 3273: 3265: 3261: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3232: 3224: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3196: 3195: 3184: 3177: 3159: 3155: 3144: 3140: 3113: 3109: 3102:Gazeta Wyborcza 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3067: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2983: 2982: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2882: 2876:Poprzeczny 2004 2874: 2870: 2862: 2858: 2850: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2801: 2794: 2786: 2782: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2677: 2675: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2606:on 28 June 2006 2588: 2581: 2574: 2558: 2554: 2546: 2535: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2500:, pp. 4–5. 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2453: 2445: 2436: 2431:Wayback Machine 2415: 2413: 2404: 2403: 2326: 2318: 2314: 2306: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2268: 2264: 2256: 2245: 2239:Piotrowski 1998 2237: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2154: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2088: 1999: 1993: 1984: 1932: 1920:Teodor Parnicki 1843: 1828:Communist Party 1817:Polish currency 1784:Lwow University 1745:Western Ukraine 1737:Supreme Soviets 1724: 1673:Battle of Szack 1648:Western Ukraine 1606:Soviet republic 1598:was transferred 1584: 1578: 1556: 1466: 1457:Warsaw Uprising 1417:Warsaw Uprising 1382:social services 1354: 1336: 1302: 1241: 1227: 1215:Main articles: 1213: 1181:Juliusz Bursche 1146:The Nazis also 1088:mass executions 1032: 1020: 1012:Main articles: 1010: 976:. Three secret 970:Jewish Question 950: 932: 854: 832: 817: 814: 805: 802: 793: 790: 739: 733: 681:Roman Catholics 677:Polish language 669: 646: 623: 586:(Oświęcim) and 509:Generalplan Ost 488:Generalplan Ost 429: 415: 407:Generalplan Ost 403: 378:was transferred 362:rigged election 275: 269: 159: 132: 97: 75: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12596: 12586: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12508: 12506: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12467:British Empire 12462:United Kingdom 12459: 12454: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12435:Basque Country 12427: 12426: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12314: 12313: 12311:Basque Country 12308: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12281:Czechoslovakia 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12257: 12255: 12251: 12250: 12248: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12181: 12180: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12159: 12158: 12153: 12143: 12142: 12141: 12131: 12126: 12120: 12118: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12074: 12072: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11996: 11994: 11990: 11989: 11987: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11965: 11964: 11959: 11949: 11944: 11939: 11934: 11929: 11924: 11919: 11914: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11893: 11891: 11887: 11886: 11879: 11878: 11871: 11864: 11856: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11836: 11829: 11812: 11809: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11792: 11785: 11771: 11770: 11769: 11755: 11752:South Sakhalin 11748: 11747: 11746: 11732: 11725: 11718: 11711: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11688: 11681: 11674: 11667: 11660: 11653: 11646: 11639: 11632: 11625: 11618: 11611: 11604: 11597: 11589: 11587: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11577: 11570: 11569: 11568: 11552: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11529: 11522: 11515: 11508: 11501: 11492: 11483: 11476: 11467: 11460: 11453: 11446: 11437: 11430: 11423: 11416: 11409: 11402: 11395: 11386: 11379: 11370: 11361: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11327: 11317: 11315: 11309: 11308: 11306: 11305: 11298: 11297: 11296: 11289: 11275: 11268: 11261: 11254: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11231: 11224: 11215: 11208: 11201: 11194: 11187: 11180: 11177:Battle of Attu 11173: 11166: 11158: 11156: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11146: 11139: 11130: 11123: 11116: 11107: 11100: 11093: 11086: 11077: 11076: 11075: 11068: 11054: 11047: 11040: 11033: 11026: 11019: 11012: 11005: 10998: 10991: 10983: 10981: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10971: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10943: 10936: 10929: 10926:Battle of Guam 10922: 10915: 10908: 10901: 10894: 10887: 10880: 10873: 10866: 10859: 10852: 10849:Battle of Kiev 10845: 10838: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10808: 10801: 10794: 10787: 10780: 10779: 10778: 10764: 10757: 10750: 10742: 10740: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10730: 10721: 10714: 10707: 10700: 10693: 10686: 10679: 10672: 10665: 10658: 10651: 10644: 10637: 10630: 10623: 10616: 10609: 10602: 10594: 10592: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10575: 10568: 10561: 10554: 10547: 10540: 10532: 10530: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10511: 10504: 10497: 10490: 10476: 10475: 10474: 10467: 10453: 10452: 10451: 10436: 10434: 10425: 10419: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10404: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10388: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10360: 10353: 10352: 10351: 10348:United Kingdom 10344: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10316: 10308: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10289: 10288: 10287: 10280: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10198: 10191: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10161: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10084: 10077: 10070: 10063: 10056: 10049: 10042: 10034: 10032: 10026: 10025: 10023: 10022: 10015: 10008: 10001: 9994: 9987: 9980: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9952: 9944: 9942: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9932: 9925: 9918: 9911: 9903: 9896: 9889: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9865: 9858: 9851: 9844: 9837: 9830: 9822: 9815: 9808: 9800: 9792: 9790: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9780: 9773: 9772: 9771: 9757: 9756: 9755: 9752:British Empire 9745:United Kingdom 9741: 9734: 9727: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9659: 9652: 9645: 9638: 9626: 9619: 9612: 9605: 9598: 9586: 9578: 9571: 9564: 9561:Czechoslovakia 9557: 9550: 9543: 9536: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9495: 9493: 9484: 9478: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9461: 9458:Rape of Manila 9454: 9447: 9440: 9429: 9414: 9407: 9395: 9388: 9387: 9386: 9379: 9365: 9364: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9335: 9328: 9327: 9326: 9319: 9318: 9317: 9310: 9296: 9289: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9244: 9242: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9232: 9229:United Nations 9225: 9218: 9211: 9210: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9174: 9165: 9156: 9149: 9142: 9135: 9126: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9088:Decolonization 9084: 9077: 9069: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9057: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9034: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9018: 9011: 8997: 8996: 8995: 8988: 8974: 8973: 8972: 8965: 8958: 8951: 8944: 8937: 8922: 8920: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8903: 8896: 8889: 8882: 8875: 8868: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8852: 8838: 8831: 8824: 8817: 8810: 8803: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8780: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8764: 8761:United Kingdom 8757: 8743: 8736: 8729: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8684: 8682: 8673: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8650: 8649: 8642: 8635: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8607: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8588: 8587: 8580: 8573: 8565: 8556: 8555: 8545: 8542: 8541: 8539: 8538: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8513: 8511: 8507: 8506: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8482: 8472: 8467: 8466: 8465: 8453: 8448: 8447: 8446: 8444:Transcarpathia 8439:Czechoslovakia 8436: 8429: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8402: 8394: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8380: 8379: 8372: 8365: 8357: 8348: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8332: 8326: 8324: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8285: 8283: 8276: 8272: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8167: 8165: 8158: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8141: 8140: 8134: 8132: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8048: 8046: 8042: 8041: 8039: 8038: 8036:Zuyev Republic 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7926:Czechoslovakia 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7892: 7890: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7850: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7845: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7785: 7783: 7777: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7770: 7769: 7763: 7761: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7747: 7745: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7729: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7677: 7675: 7666: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7590: 7588: 7579: 7578: 7572: 7570: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7519: 7517: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7446: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7396: 7394: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7374: 7368: 7366: 7359: 7349: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7223:Main Franconia 7220: 7215: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7163:Cologne–Aachen 7160: 7155: 7150: 7144: 7142: 7135: 7113: 7107:Administrative 7103: 7102: 7093: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7037: 7036:External links 7034: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7011: 7003:The Polish Way 6998: 6992: 6977: 6971: 6949: 6943: 6929:Teich, Mikuláš 6925: 6907: 6890: 6884: 6863: 6857: 6839: 6833: 6818: 6812: 6799: 6785: 6768: 6762: 6745: 6739: 6724: 6718: 6703: 6697: 6678: 6672: 6657: 6651: 6636: 6630: 6615: 6609: 6596: 6590: 6584:. Hippocrene. 6582:Jews in Poland 6577: 6571: 6553: 6547: 6529: 6523: 6508: 6502: 6492:(9 May 2006). 6486: 6480: 6461: 6455: 6442: 6436: 6421: 6415: 6400: 6394: 6379: 6373: 6360: 6350: 6335: 6329: 6313: 6307: 6292: 6286: 6271: 6265: 6250: 6244: 6228: 6222: 6204: 6184: 6178: 6165: 6159: 6146: 6140: 6127: 6121: 6108: 6102: 6087: 6081: 6066: 6060: 6045: 6039: 6024: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6007: 5986: 5979: 5961: 5954: 5936: 5928:Czesław Łuczak 5913: 5904:Jager, Jessica 5892: 5880: 5868: 5861: 5834: 5832:, p. 188. 5822: 5811: 5783: 5776: 5770:. p. 78. 5753: 5746: 5727:Davies, Norman 5718: 5707: 5638: 5626: 5600: 5591: 5568: 5561: 5536: 5529: 5504: 5464: 5457: 5436: 5404: 5372: 5365: 5345: 5333: 5321: 5306: 5299: 5270: 5244: 5209: 5207:, p. 396. 5194: 5179: 5172: 5150: 5143: 5114: 5105: 5090:AFP/Expatica, 5083: 5056: 5047: 5035: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4964: 4948: 4930: 4897: 4869: 4835: 4804: 4772: 4746: 4738:Avalon Project 4692: 4690:, p. 312. 4680: 4678:, p. 313. 4668: 4661: 4635: 4623: 4589: 4571: 4539: 4514: 4502: 4500:, p. 114. 4490: 4488:, p. 594. 4478: 4476:, p. 200. 4463: 4461:, p. 305. 4451: 4444: 4424: 4403: 4371: 4360:on 12 May 2014 4348:"Armia Ludowa" 4339: 4312: 4300: 4253: 4245: 4225: 4193: 4186: 4168: 4166:, p. 945. 4153: 4127: 4109: 4095: 4075: 4047: 4017: 3982: 3970: 3936: 3934:, p. 249. 3924: 3922:, p. 250. 3912: 3891: 3880: 3864: 3848: 3831: 3798: 3791: 3763: 3751: 3744: 3722: 3715: 3693: 3674: 3672:, p. 101. 3659: 3642: 3640:, p. 104. 3630: 3624:978-1442231412 3623: 3605:Böhler, Jochen 3592: 3586:978-3863311384 3585: 3563: 3559:Eberhardt 2011 3551: 3549:, p. 331. 3547:Chapoutot 2018 3536: 3534:, p. 333. 3532:Chapoutot 2018 3524: 3503: 3469: 3452: 3431: 3405: 3398: 3375: 3373:, p. 880. 3363: 3346: 3334: 3332:, p. 127. 3330:Gellately 2002 3322: 3315: 3295: 3283: 3279:Chapoutot 2018 3271: 3267:Chapoutot 2018 3259: 3255:Chapoutot 2018 3247: 3230: 3215: 3198:"Forced Labor" 3182: 3175: 3153: 3138: 3107: 3088: 3086:, p. 240. 3076: 3065: 3043: 3022: 3010: 3008:, p. 794. 2998: 2963: 2961:, p. 228. 2959:Ayçoberry 2000 2951: 2949:, p. 204. 2939: 2919: 2915:Chapoutot 2018 2907: 2905:, p. 189. 2895: 2880: 2868: 2866:, p. 158. 2856: 2837: 2825: 2815: 2792: 2788:Chapoutot 2018 2780: 2761: 2757:Chapoutot 2018 2749: 2747:, p. 276. 2737: 2725: 2721:Chapoutot 2018 2713: 2699:Avalon Project 2685: 2674:on 2 July 2017 2653: 2649:Eberhardt 2011 2641: 2637:Eberhardt 2011 2629: 2627:, p. 155. 2617: 2579: 2572: 2552: 2533: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2488:, p. 195. 2478: 2476:, p. 158. 2466: 2451: 2449:, p. 216. 2434: 2324: 2320:Eberhardt 2011 2312: 2308:Eberhardt 2011 2289: 2287:, p. 145. 2277: 2262: 2243: 2241:, p. 295. 2224: 2212: 2145: 2132: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2054:, prepared by 1995:Main article: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1931: 1928: 1908:Tadeusz Peiper 1904:Aleksander Wat 1879:Leon Kozłowski 1842: 1841:Rule of terror 1839: 1756:Eastern Poland 1723: 1720: 1677:Katyn massacre 1652:Soviet Ukraine 1574:Main article: 1555: 1552: 1465: 1462: 1421:Batalion Zośka 1396:, forming the 1390:minor sabotage 1350:Main article: 1335: 1332: 1304:Following the 1301: 1298: 1212: 1209: 1173:Edmund Bursche 1064:Einsatzgruppen 1059:intelligentsia 1031: 1028: 1009: 1006: 931: 928: 831: 828: 819: 818: 815: 808: 806: 803: 796: 794: 791: 784: 763:Polish decrees 732: 729: 723:, head of the 697:Volyn massacre 668: 665: 642:Main article: 622: 619: 517:Grosse Planung 513:Kleine Planung 501:Ural Mountains 441:ethnic Germans 414: 404: 402: 399: 386:Lithuanian SSR 366:Belarusian SSR 326:Czechoslovakia 271:Main article: 268: 267:Administration 265: 165: 164: 161: 160: 157: 149: 148: 142: 141: 138: 137: 134: 133: 118: 110: 109: 103: 102: 99: 98: 95:western Poland 85: 77: 76: 72:western Poland 59: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12595: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12565: 12563: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12509: 12507: 12501: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12432: 12431: 12428: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12358:Liechtenstein 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12333: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12258: 12256: 12252: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12147: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12115: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12093:Latin America 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12075: 12073: 12071:South America 12069: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12031: 12030:United States 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11997: 11995: 11993:North America 11991: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11928: 11925: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11897:Belgian Congo 11895: 11894: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11877: 11872: 11870: 11865: 11863: 11858: 11857: 11854: 11841: 11837: 11834: 11830: 11827: 11826: 11821: 11814: 11813: 11810: 11797: 11793: 11790: 11786: 11783: 11779: 11778: 11776: 11772: 11767: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11759:Kuril Islands 11756: 11753: 11749: 11744: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11733: 11730: 11726: 11723: 11719: 11716: 11712: 11709: 11705: 11700: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11689: 11686: 11682: 11679: 11675: 11672: 11668: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11654: 11651: 11647: 11644: 11640: 11637: 11633: 11630: 11626: 11623: 11619: 11616: 11612: 11609: 11605: 11602: 11598: 11595: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11586: 11582: 11575: 11571: 11566: 11565: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11553: 11550: 11546: 11541: 11537: 11536: 11534: 11530: 11527: 11526:Syrmian Front 11523: 11520: 11516: 11513: 11509: 11506: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11493: 11490: 11489: 11484: 11481: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11472:Market Garden 11468: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11447: 11444: 11443: 11438: 11435: 11431: 11428: 11424: 11421: 11417: 11414: 11410: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11392: 11387: 11384: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11371: 11368: 11367: 11362: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11332: 11331:Monte Cassino 11328: 11325: 11324: 11319: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11310: 11303: 11299: 11294: 11290: 11287: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11273: 11269: 11266: 11262: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11248: 11243: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11232: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11216: 11213: 11209: 11206: 11202: 11199: 11195: 11192: 11188: 11185: 11181: 11178: 11174: 11171: 11167: 11164: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11144: 11140: 11137: 11136: 11131: 11128: 11124: 11121: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11108: 11105: 11101: 11098: 11094: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11069: 11066: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11055: 11052: 11048: 11045: 11041: 11038: 11034: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11020: 11017: 11013: 11010: 11006: 11003: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10976: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10958: 10955: 10951: 10948: 10944: 10941: 10937: 10934: 10930: 10927: 10923: 10920: 10916: 10913: 10909: 10906: 10902: 10899: 10895: 10892: 10888: 10885: 10881: 10878: 10874: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10853: 10850: 10846: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10834: 10829: 10825: 10820: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10802: 10799: 10795: 10792: 10788: 10785: 10781: 10776: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10765: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10743: 10741: 10739: 10735: 10728: 10727: 10722: 10719: 10715: 10712: 10708: 10705: 10701: 10698: 10697:Baltic states 10694: 10691: 10687: 10684: 10680: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10659: 10656: 10652: 10649: 10645: 10642: 10638: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10610: 10607: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10587: 10580: 10576: 10573: 10569: 10566: 10562: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10541: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10525: 10516: 10512: 10509: 10505: 10502: 10498: 10495: 10491: 10488: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10477: 10472: 10468: 10465: 10461: 10460: 10458: 10454: 10449: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10420: 10409: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10393: 10389: 10386: 10382: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10361: 10358: 10354: 10349: 10345: 10342: 10341:United States 10338: 10333: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10322: 10321: 10317: 10314: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10294: 10290: 10285: 10281: 10278: 10277:Quốc dân Đảng 10274: 10273: 10269: 10266: 10262: 10259: 10255: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10241: 10238: 10234: 10231: 10227: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10206: 10203: 10199: 10196: 10192: 10189: 10185: 10182: 10178: 10175: 10171: 10166: 10162: 10159: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10148: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10134: 10131: 10127: 10124: 10120: 10117: 10113: 10110: 10106: 10103: 10099: 10096: 10092: 10089: 10085: 10082: 10078: 10075: 10071: 10068: 10064: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10047: 10043: 10040: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10027: 10020: 10016: 10013: 10009: 10006: 10002: 9999: 9995: 9992: 9988: 9985: 9981: 9978: 9977:Liechtenstein 9974: 9971: 9967: 9964: 9960: 9957: 9953: 9950: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9937: 9930: 9926: 9923: 9919: 9916: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9901: 9897: 9894: 9890: 9887: 9883: 9878: 9874: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9831: 9827: 9823: 9820: 9816: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9798: 9794: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9785: 9778: 9774: 9769: 9765: 9764: 9762: 9761:United States 9758: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9742: 9739: 9735: 9732: 9728: 9725: 9721: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9692: 9688: 9685: 9681: 9678: 9674: 9671: 9667: 9664: 9660: 9657: 9653: 9650: 9646: 9643: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9624: 9620: 9617: 9613: 9610: 9606: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9576: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9562: 9558: 9555: 9551: 9548: 9544: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9522: 9518: 9515: 9511: 9508: 9504: 9501: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9479: 9466: 9462: 9459: 9455: 9452: 9451:Comfort women 9448: 9445: 9441: 9438: 9435: / 9434: 9430: 9427: 9424: / 9423: 9420: / 9419: 9415: 9412: 9411:Camp brothels 9408: 9405: 9401: 9400: 9396: 9393: 9389: 9384: 9380: 9377: 9373: 9372: 9370: 9366: 9361: 9357: 9354: 9350: 9347: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9329: 9324: 9320: 9315: 9311: 9308: 9304: 9303: 9301: 9300:The Holocaust 9297: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9286:forced labour 9283: 9282: 9280: 9276: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9257: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9219: 9216: 9212: 9207: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9189: 9186: 9182: 9181: 9179: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9166: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9154: 9150: 9147: 9143: 9140: 9139:Marshall Plan 9136: 9133: 9132: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9055: 9051: 9046: 9042: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9032: 9028: 9023: 9019: 9016: 9012: 9009: 9005: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8993: 8992:Eastern Front 8989: 8986: 8985:Western Front 8982: 8981: 8979: 8975: 8970: 8966: 8963: 8959: 8956: 8952: 8949: 8945: 8942: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8919: 8915: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8879:Puppet states 8876: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8862: 8857: 8853: 8850: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8825: 8822: 8821:Naval history 8818: 8815: 8811: 8808: 8804: 8801: 8797: 8792: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8778: 8774: 8769: 8768:United States 8765: 8762: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8737: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8709: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8677: 8674: 8670: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8636: 8633: 8629: 8628: 8624: 8619: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8608: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8597: 8593: 8586: 8581: 8579: 8574: 8572: 8567: 8566: 8563: 8552: 8548: 8543: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8525: 8524: 8523:Northern Iran 8520: 8518: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8508: 8503: 8493: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8477: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8407: 8406: 8405:Baltic states 8403: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8373: 8371: 8366: 8364: 8359: 8358: 8355: 8339: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8321: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8238: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8149: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8129: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097:Russia (KONR) 8095: 8093: 8092:Russia (ODNR) 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7887: 7884: 7880: 7874: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7862: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7852: 7844: 7841: 7840: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7812:zone réservée 7809: 7808:Atlantic Wall 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7784: 7782: 7778: 7768: 7765: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7733: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7659: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7634:Burgundy (SS) 7632: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7558: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7512: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7441: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7350: 7340: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7324: 7320: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7288:Upper Silesia 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7213:Lower Silesia 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7145: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7131: 7124: 7123: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7104: 7099: 7091: 7086: 7084: 7079: 7077: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7039: 7032: 7028: 7014: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6995: 6989: 6985: 6984: 6978: 6974: 6972:83-7133-100-2 6968: 6964: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6940: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6910: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6885:1-57181-339-X 6881: 6877: 6873: 6872:Weiner, Myron 6869: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6830: 6826: 6825: 6819: 6815: 6813:1-4000-7678-1 6809: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6765: 6763:0-521-39241-1 6759: 6755: 6752:. Cambridge: 6751: 6746: 6742: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6712:. Routledge. 6711: 6710: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6685: 6679: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6664: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6644: 6643: 6637: 6633: 6627: 6624:. McFarland. 6623: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6610:9781941656105 6606: 6602: 6597: 6593: 6591:0-7818-0604-6 6587: 6583: 6578: 6574: 6568: 6565:. McFarland. 6564: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6548:0-275-95113-8 6544: 6540: 6539: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6503:0-679-77663-X 6499: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6458: 6456:0-8018-6493-3 6452: 6449:. JHU Press. 6448: 6443: 6439: 6437:9780781802420 6433: 6429: 6428: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6387: 6386: 6380: 6376: 6374:1-57181-775-1 6370: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6351:0-521-47000-5 6347: 6343: 6342: 6336: 6332: 6330:0-691-09603-1 6326: 6323:. Princeton. 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6272: 6268: 6266:0-253-21530-7 6262: 6258: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6225: 6219: 6216:. Routledge. 6215: 6214: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6179:9780314041845 6175: 6171: 6170:World History 6166: 6162: 6160:9780143035404 6156: 6152: 6147: 6143: 6141:0-19-820171-0 6137: 6133: 6128: 6124: 6122:0-670-84089-0 6118: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6103:9780674660434 6099: 6095: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6046: 6042: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6026: 6020: 6010: 6008:0-688-12364-3 6004: 6000: 5996: 5990: 5982: 5980:0-465-01611-1 5976: 5972: 5965: 5957: 5955:5-93165-107-1 5951: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5897: 5890:, p. 36. 5889: 5884: 5878:, p. 35. 5877: 5872: 5864: 5862:0-253-21418-1 5858: 5854: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5843:Gitelman, Zvi 5838: 5831: 5826: 5818: 5814: 5812:83-88288-31-8 5808: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5787: 5779: 5777:1-57181-882-0 5773: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5762:Wegner, Bernd 5757: 5749: 5747:0-19-925340-4 5743: 5739: 5735: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5708:83-89078-78-3 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5685: 5684: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5642: 5635: 5630: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5595: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5572: 5564: 5562:83-7038-168-5 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5532: 5530:0-14-025184-7 5526: 5522: 5521:Penguin Books 5518: 5514: 5508: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5475: 5468: 5460: 5458:0-7391-0484-5 5454: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5425:on 9 May 2006 5424: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5408: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5368: 5366:0-88738-756-X 5362: 5358: 5357: 5349: 5342: 5337: 5330: 5325: 5317: 5310: 5302: 5300:83-240-0077-1 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5258: 5254: 5248: 5232: 5228: 5225:(in Polish). 5224: 5220: 5213: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5191: 5186: 5184: 5175: 5173:83-7096-281-5 5169: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5146: 5144:83-01-12693-0 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5118: 5109: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5087: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5020: 5015: 5009:, p. 17. 5008: 5003: 4996: 4992: 4979:on 9 May 2006 4978: 4974: 4968: 4961: 4959: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4907: 4901: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4854: 4846: 4839: 4832: 4818: 4814: 4808: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4782: 4776: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4672: 4664: 4662:1-57181-882-0 4658: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4642: 4640: 4632: 4627: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4512:, p. 99. 4511: 4506: 4499: 4494: 4487: 4482: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4460: 4455: 4447: 4441: 4437: 4436: 4428: 4421: 4420:0-275-97005-1 4417: 4413: 4407: 4391: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4375: 4359: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4343: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4308:Zamoyski 1987 4304: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4260: 4258: 4248: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4229: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4189: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4113: 4098: 4092: 4088: 4087: 4079: 4064: 4063: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4014: 4002: 4001: 3992: 3986: 3979: 3978:Nicholas 2006 3974: 3967: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3940: 3933: 3932:Nicholas 2006 3928: 3921: 3920:Nicholas 2006 3916: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3896: 3889: 3884: 3876: 3875: 3868: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3844: 3838: 3836: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3760: 3755: 3747: 3745:83-229-0351-0 3741: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3718: 3716:9788323346326 3712: 3708: 3704: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3666: 3664: 3656: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3639: 3634: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3588: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3561:, p. 46. 3560: 3555: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3528: 3517: 3510: 3508: 3500: 3498: 3484: 3480: 3477:CFCA (2013). 3473: 3465: 3464: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3435: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3401: 3395: 3391: 3390: 3382: 3380: 3372: 3367: 3360: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3344:, p. 22. 3343: 3338: 3331: 3326: 3318: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3263: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3203: 3199: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3178: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3157: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3092: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3069: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2947:Nicholas 2006 2943: 2933: 2929: 2923: 2916: 2911: 2904: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2885: 2877: 2872: 2865: 2860: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2834: 2829: 2822: 2818: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2799: 2797: 2789: 2784: 2775: 2771: 2765: 2758: 2753: 2746: 2741: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2701: 2700: 2695: 2689: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2663: 2657: 2650: 2645: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2605: 2601: 2598:(in Polish). 2597: 2593: 2586: 2584: 2575: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2556: 2549: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2494: 2487: 2482: 2475: 2470: 2463: 2458: 2456: 2448: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2321: 2316: 2310:, p. 25. 2309: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2286: 2281: 2273: 2266: 2259: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2221: 2220:Conquest 1991 2216: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194:death marches 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2089: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2070:Romani people 2066: 2063: 2061: 2060:ethnic Polish 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029:the Holocaust 2026: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1988: 1979: 1977: 1976:former Poland 1972: 1970: 1969:Norman Davies 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1941: 1936: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1912:Leopold Lewin 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1885:, as well as 1884: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1732:Sovietization 1729: 1719: 1716: 1715:nationalising 1712: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:Sovietization 1641: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1583: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1564:ethnic German 1560: 1551: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1534:) for Poles ( 1533: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1487: 1486:Warsaw Ghetto 1483: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1426: 1425:Wacław Micuta 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1402:Armia Krajowa 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1346:, winter 1939 1345: 1340: 1331: 1329: 1328: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231:Germanization 1226: 1222: 1218: 1211:Germanization 1205: 1204: 1203:KZ Dzierżązna 1199: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157:Pope Pius XII 1154: 1149: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1101: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1084:social status 1081: 1077: 1073: 1072:Volksdeutsche 1068: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1027: 1025: 1019: 1015: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 949: 945: 936: 930:The Holocaust 927: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 908:Sachsenhausen 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 865: 859: 856:A network of 853: 845: 841: 836: 827: 824: 812: 807: 800: 795: 788: 783: 782: 781: 779: 775: 771: 770: 769:Rassenschande 764: 759: 757: 753: 749: 745: 744:Messerschmitt 738: 731:Forced labour 728: 726: 725:Schutzstaffel 722: 714: 713: 709: 708:ethnic German 704: 700: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 664: 660: 657: 653: 652: 645: 637: 633: 632: 627: 618: 616: 613:and Poland's 612: 608: 603: 600: 596: 591: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 556: 552: 551:were expelled 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 499:, beyond the 498: 494: 490: 489: 484: 480: 479: 474: 473: 468: 460: 456: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 428: 424: 420: 412: 408: 398: 396: 391: 387: 383: 380:to sovereign 379: 375: 371: 370:Ukrainian SSR 367: 363: 359: 350: 346: 341: 337: 333: 331: 327: 322: 320: 316: 315:Germanization 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 274: 264: 262: 257: 255: 251: 247: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 215: 213: 209: 208:German forces 205: 201: 197: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 162: 155: 150: 147: 143: 139: 135: 130: 126: 122: 116: 111: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 83: 78: 73: 69: 65: 64: 60:Beginning of 57: 52: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 12489:Vatican City 12408:Soviet Union 12156:West Sumatra 12025:Newfoundland 11979:South Africa 11974:Sierra Leone 11952:North Africa 11833:Bibliography 11816: 11629:Project Hula 11594:Vistula–Oder 11563: 11496: 11487: 11471: 11441: 11390: 11374: 11365: 11356: 11322: 11219: 11134: 11110: 11080: 10831: 10724: 10669:North Africa 10371:Soviet Union 10325:Soviet Union 10251:Soviet Union 10019:Vatican City 9929:Vichy France 9834:German Reich 9731:Soviet Union 9717:South Africa 9710:Sierra Leone 9663:Newfoundland 9482:Participants 9465:Marocchinate 9169: 9160: 9130: 9008:North Africa 8969:Indian Ocean 8828:Nazi plunder 8719:Cryptography 8592:World War II 8546: 8528: 8521: 8463:East Prussia 8455: 8431: 8397: 8299:Schatzgräber 7721:West Prussia 7701:Lower Styria 7639:Holland (SS) 7410:Upper Danube 7405:Lower Danube 7208:Hesse-Nassau 7178:East Prussia 7148:Baden-Alsace 7111:Nazi Germany 7109:divisions of 7098:Nazi Germany 7043: 7002: 6982: 6962: 6957: 6933: 6898: 6894: 6875: 6847: 6823: 6803: 6776: 6772: 6749: 6729: 6708: 6688: 6683: 6662: 6641: 6620: 6600: 6581: 6561: 6537: 6513: 6493: 6470: 6446: 6426: 6405: 6384: 6364: 6356:the original 6340: 6320: 6297: 6276: 6255: 6235: 6212: 6199: 6195: 6169: 6150: 6131: 6112: 6092: 6071: 6050: 6030: 6023:Bibliography 6018: 5998: 5989: 5970: 5964: 5945: 5939: 5926:# 2-1994 by 5921: 5916: 5883: 5871: 5847: 5837: 5825: 5817:the original 5801: 5786: 5766: 5756: 5730: 5721: 5713:the original 5694: 5681: 5678:. See also: 5671: 5663: 5641: 5629: 5617:. Retrieved 5613:the original 5603: 5594: 5586:the original 5581: 5571: 5552: 5548: 5539: 5516: 5507: 5495:. Retrieved 5491:the original 5482: 5467: 5448: 5439: 5427:. Retrieved 5423:the original 5416: 5407: 5395:. Retrieved 5391:the original 5384: 5375: 5355: 5348: 5343:, p. 9. 5341:Rutland 1992 5336: 5329:Parrish 1996 5324: 5315: 5309: 5290: 5286: 5273: 5261:. Retrieved 5257:the original 5247: 5235:. Retrieved 5231:the original 5226: 5222: 5212: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5130: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5091: 5086: 5074:. Retrieved 5070:the original 5059: 5050: 5038: 5026: 5014: 5002: 4981:. Retrieved 4977:the original 4967: 4957: 4951: 4921:. Retrieved 4917:the original 4912: 4900: 4888:. Retrieved 4881: 4872: 4860:. Retrieved 4853:the original 4838: 4821:. Retrieved 4817:the original 4807: 4795:. Retrieved 4791:the original 4784: 4775: 4763:. Retrieved 4749: 4695: 4683: 4671: 4651: 4626: 4616: 4606: 4601: 4592: 4583: 4574: 4562:. Retrieved 4558: 4532:25 September 4530:. Retrieved 4526: 4523:"The Żegota" 4517: 4505: 4493: 4481: 4454: 4434: 4427: 4411: 4406: 4394:. Retrieved 4390:the original 4383: 4374: 4362:. Retrieved 4358:the original 4351: 4342: 4330:. Retrieved 4326:the original 4315: 4303: 4298:, p. 220-223 4269: 4265: 4235: 4228: 4216:. Retrieved 4212:the original 4177: 4171: 4144:. Retrieved 4140:the original 4130: 4121: 4112: 4100:. Retrieved 4085: 4078: 4066:. Retrieved 4060: 4050: 4041: 4034:. Retrieved 4030:wendland-net 4029: 4020: 4012: 4005:. Retrieved 3998: 3985: 3973: 3965: 3958:. Retrieved 3954:the original 3949: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3907:the original 3883: 3873: 3867: 3857: 3851: 3842: 3824:25 September 3822:. Retrieved 3818: 3782: 3766: 3754: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3655:Prybyla 2010 3633: 3613: 3595: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3554: 3527: 3494: 3487:. Retrieved 3483:the original 3472: 3462: 3455: 3447:the original 3441: 3434: 3424:25 September 3422:. Retrieved 3417: 3408: 3388: 3366: 3337: 3325: 3305: 3298: 3286: 3274: 3262: 3250: 3226:Ferencz 2002 3208:25 September 3206:. Retrieved 3201: 3164: 3156: 3147: 3141: 3119:(179): 223. 3116: 3110: 3101: 3091: 3079: 3072: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3046: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2993:the original 2988: 2954: 2942: 2932:the original 2922: 2910: 2898: 2871: 2859: 2828: 2820: 2805: 2783: 2774:the original 2764: 2752: 2740: 2728: 2716: 2706:25 September 2704:. Retrieved 2697: 2688: 2676:. Retrieved 2672:the original 2665: 2656: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608:. Retrieved 2604:the original 2595: 2562: 2555: 2527: 2517: 2505: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2414:. Retrieved 2410:the original 2315: 2285:Sellars 2013 2280: 2271: 2265: 2215: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2136: 2073: 2067: 2064: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2018: 2015: 2011: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1961:labour camps 1949: 1945: 1916:Anatol Stern 1875: 1863:rules of war 1844: 1832: 1824:police state 1821: 1813: 1781: 1760:West Belarus 1744: 1740: 1725: 1707: 1696: 1681: 1657: 1630: 1626: 1610: 1596:area, which 1585: 1562:Identifying 1548: 1535: 1531: 1520: 1505: 1498: 1491: 1476:Walling-off 1467: 1454: 1444: 1437:Armia Ludowa 1429: 1413:Panther tank 1355: 1327:Führermuseum 1325: 1321:Nazi plunder 1319: 1314: 1303: 1291: 1272: 1264: 1257: 1248: 1242: 1201: 1195: 1169:Karol Kulisz 1153:August Hlond 1145: 1115:forest near 1108: 1104: 1098: 1096: 1069: 1062: 1052: 1049: 1038:Photos from 1021: 994:gas chambers 961: 951: 920:Ravensbrueck 906:, 20,000 at 885: 862: 855: 820: 767: 760: 740: 718: 712:Selbstschutz 710: 670: 661: 655: 649: 647: 629: 604: 595:exterminated 592: 559: 548: 516: 512: 508: 492: 486: 476: 470: 469:in his book 467:Adolf Hitler 464: 430: 410: 406: 354: 334: 323: 311:resettlement 298: 297:(in German: 276: 258: 243: 217:Sociologist 216: 183:World War II 179:Soviet Union 175:Nazi Germany 170: 168: 145: 106: 61: 43: 12537:New Zealand 12503:Oceania and 12457:Switzerland 12418:Byelorussia 12373:Netherlands 12215:Philippines 12055:Puerto Rico 12010:El Salvador 11564:Bodenplatte 11450:Gothic Line 10676:West Africa 10223:Philippines 10202:Netherlands 10067:Czech lands 10005:Switzerland 9949:Afghanistan 9900:Philippines 9768:Puerto Rico 9684:Philippines 9670:New Zealand 9656:Netherlands 9609:Free France 9360:Prosecution 9161:Osoaviakhim 9031:West Africa 9015:East Africa 8662:Conferences 8517:Afghanistan 8176:Netherlands 7976:Netherlands 7716:Sudetenland 7664:occupations 7500:Vistulaland 7377:Sudetenland 7329:Prinz-Eugen 7233:Mecklenburg 6208:Eley, Geoff 5647:(in Polish) 5619:15 November 5429:10 December 5076:15 November 5019:Davies 1996 4890:28 November 4886:(in Polish) 4862:28 November 4797:14 November 4765:15 November 4701:Schulenburg 4486:Davies 2003 4474:Davies 2003 4364:21 December 4251:, p. 37-46. 4164:Shirer 1960 4003:. July 2021 3759:Schenk 2007 3479:"Holocaust" 3291:Lenten 2000 2891:Buttar 2013 2474:Lerski 1996 2447:Leslie 1980 1930:Deportation 1766:during the 1694:in Moscow. 1544:Ravensbrück 1516:Belarusians 1076:Nazi regime 954:Polish Jews 912:Gross-Rosen 689:Goralenvolk 250:Polish Jews 12562:Categories 12532:New Guinea 12512:Antarctica 12505:Antarctica 12494:Yugoslavia 12413:Azerbaijan 12368:Luxembourg 12151:New Guinea 12050:New Mexico 12040:California 11947:Madagascar 11932:Gold Coast 11927:The Gambia 11664:West Hunan 11497:Pointblank 10833:Silver Fox 10819:Summer War 10572:Winter War 10551:Phoney War 10332:Azerbaijan 10293:Yugoslavia 10188:Luxembourg 10030:Resistance 9777:Yugoslavia 9642:Luxembourg 9444:Sook Ching 9240:War crimes 8842:Technology 8835:Opposition 8777:Lend-Lease 8754:Australian 8747:Home front 8705:Blitzkrieg 8655:Casualties 8646:Commanders 8618:Operations 8309:Bassgeiger 8289:New Swabia 8257:San Marino 8082:Montenegro 8006:Montenegro 7828:Luxembourg 7706:Luxembourg 7490:Vandalland 7455:Beskidland 7382:Wartheland 7355:Reichsgaus 7168:Düsseldorf 7012:0781802008 6245:0192802917 6153:. Viking. 5888:Gross 2005 5876:Gross 2005 5830:Gross 2005 5736:. Oxford: 5634:Gross 2005 5283:"I – Lwów" 5205:Gross 2005 5042:Stachura, 5031:Gross 2005 5007:Gross 2005 4068:24 January 4036:5 February 4007:5 February 3874:Alma Mater 3084:Majer 2003 3018:Lukas 2001 2864:Fritz 2011 2852:Geyer 2009 2833:Fritz 2011 2733:Wolff 2003 2678:9 February 2667:Nizkor.org 2498:Gross 2005 2422:See also: 2178:internment 2128:References 1991:Casualties 1835:collective 1793:literature 1536:Polenlager 1512:Ukrainians 1480:seen from 1432:occupation 1334:Resistance 1245:Wartheland 1229:See also: 1165:Buchenwald 916:Neuengamme 904:Mauthausen 892:experiment 823:Stalingrad 693:Kashubians 503:, such as 478:Lebensraum 472:Mein Kampf 445:H. Kennard 433:propaganda 417:See also: 411:Lebensraum 374:Wilno area 307:Hans Frank 246:occupation 229:, and the 206:drove the 63:Lebensraum 12517:Australia 12482:Gibraltar 12440:Catalonia 12363:Lithuania 12225:Singapore 12173:Indochina 12163:Hong Kong 12139:Manchuria 12108:Venezuela 12078:Argentina 12015:Greenland 11969:Nyasaland 11729:Manchuria 11615:Indochina 11391:Bagration 10842:Lithuania 10487:Anschluss 10284:Viet Minh 10181:Lithuania 10123:Hong Kong 9893:Manchukuo 9848:Azad Hind 9507:Australia 9307:Aftermath 9170:Paperclip 9065:Aftermath 8865:Total war 8733:Diplomacy 8696:In Europe 8530:Manchuria 8420:Lithuania 8330:Nordstern 8314:Edelweiss 8222:Turkestan 8212:Don-Volga 8112:Turkestan 8062:Cossackia 8001:Macedonia 7961:Lithuania 7866:Ljubljana 7751:Bialystok 7736:Districts 7400:Carinthia 7293:Weser-Ems 7283:Thuringia 7253:Pomerania 7238:Moselland 7193:Franconia 6795:839060671 5670:; in his 4945:p. 20–24. 4823:7 January 4422:. p. 179. 4294:159844616 4146:3 October 4102:2 October 3133:0031-2746 2903:Eley 2013 2596:Polska.pl 2080:Holocaust 1895:Baczewski 1728:Stalinist 1669:Grabowiec 1650:into the 1239:Kinder KZ 1105:AB-Aktion 982:Treblinka 844:Auschwitz 756:IG Farben 584:Auschwitz 543:Bydgoszcz 382:Lithuania 360:(after a 146:1941–1945 107:1939–1941 12403:Slovenia 12398:Slovakia 12388:Portugal 12276:Bulgaria 12230:Thailand 12205:Mongolia 12178:Cambodia 12098:Suriname 12088:Colombia 11912:Ethiopia 11840:Category 11789:document 11699:document 11556:Ardennes 11540:Budapest 11488:Crossbow 11366:Overlord 11205:Smolensk 10423:Timeline 10258:Slovakia 10244:Thailand 10095:Ethiopia 10060:Bulgaria 9984:Portugal 9922:Thailand 9804:Bulgaria 9582:Eswatini 9575:Ethiopia 9528:Bulgaria 9353:Unit 731 9314:Response 9131:Keelhaul 9081:Cold War 9054:Americas 9045:timeline 9038:Atlantic 8918:Theaters 8433:Bornholm 8323:Proposed 8304:Holzauge 8207:Caucasia 8200:Proposed 8138:Brittany 8131:Proposed 8122:Wallonia 8107:Slovakia 8057:Bulgaria 8031:Wallonia 8021:Slovakia 7936:Flanders 7818:Slovakia 7767:Brussels 7760:Proposed 7726:Zichenau 7696:Lorraine 7644:Lombardy 7627:Proposed 7515:Westland 7505:Wallonia 7485:Nordmark 7480:Gothland 7470:Flanders 7465:Burgundy 7443:Proposed 7415:Salzburg 7322:Proposed 7308:Westmark 7248:NSDAP/AO 7153:Bayreuth 7130:Altreich 6918:Archived 6845:(1960). 6559:(1998). 6535:(1996). 6319:(2005). 6234:(2002). 5997:(1988). 5845:(2001). 5795:(2002). 5764:(1997). 5729:(1982). 5656:Archived 5547:(1995). 5515:(1996). 5497:15 March 5447:(2004). 5281:(2001). 5263:14 March 5125:(1998). 5096:Archived 4730:Archived 4719:Archived 4708:Archived 4564:15 March 4553:(2005). 4332:14 March 4120:(1970), 3774:(2004). 3611:(2014). 2610:13 March 2427:Archived 2206:genocide 2086:See also 2075:porajmos 2008:, Warsaw 1957:osadniks 1893:and the 1764:Red Army 1620:and the 1443:(Polish 1249:en masse 1131:and the 1113:Kampinos 998:Zyklon B 900:Majdanek 877:Monowitz 564:Potulice 560:en route 368:and the 330:Slovakia 204:Red Army 177:and the 12445:Galicia 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Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)

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