Operation Barbarossa

4607: 2842:. After two days of negotiations in Berlin from 12 to 14 November 1940, Ribbentrop presented a draft treaty for a Soviet entry into the Axis. However, Hitler had no intention of allowing the Soviet Union into the Axis and in an order stated, "Political conversations designed to clarify the attitude of Russia in the immediate future have been started. Regardless of the outcome of these conversations, all preparations for the East previously ordered orally are to be continued. directives on that will follow as soon as the basic elements of the army's plan for the operation have been submitted to me and approved by me." There would be no "long-term agreement with Russia" given that the Nazis intended to go to war with them; but the Soviets approached the negotiations differently and were willing to make huge economic concessions to secure a relationship under general terms acceptable to the Germans just a year before. On 25 November 1940, the Soviet Union offered a written counter-proposal to join the Axis if Germany would agree to refrain from interference in the Soviet Union's sphere of influence, but Germany did not respond. As both sides began colliding with each other in Eastern Europe, conflict appeared more likely, although they did sign a 5776: 4809: 3644: 5051: 3380: 5866: 5728: 4924: 4754: 4618:: "... Without a declaration of war, German forces fell on our country, attacked our frontiers in many places ... The Red Army and the whole nation will wage a victorious Patriotic War for our beloved country, for honour, for liberty ... Our cause is just. The enemy will be beaten. Victory will be ours!" By calling upon the population's devotion to their nation rather than the Party, Molotov struck a patriotic chord that helped a stunned people absorb the shattering news. Within the first few days of the invasion, the Soviet High Command and Red Army were extensively reorganised so as to place them on the necessary war footing. Stalin did not address the nation about the German invasion until 3 July, when he also called for a "Patriotic War... of the entire Soviet people". 5256: 4655:

Stalin issued NKO Directive No. 2, which announced the invasion to the Soviet Armed Forces, and called on them to attack Axis forces wherever they had violated the borders and launch air strikes into the border regions of German territory. At around 09:15, Stalin issued NKO Directive No. 3, signed by Timoshenko, which now called for a general counteroffensive on the entire front "without any regards for borders" that both men hoped would sweep the enemy from Soviet territory. Stalin's order, which Timoshenko authorised, was not based on a realistic appraisal of the military situation at hand, but commanders passed it along for fear of retribution if they failed to obey; several days passed before the Soviet leadership became aware of the enormity of the opening defeat.

5481: 5327:. The encirclement of Soviet forces in Kiev was achieved on 16 September. A battle ensued in which the Soviets were hammered with tanks, artillery, and aerial bombardment. After ten days of vicious fighting, the Germans claimed 665,000 Soviet soldiers captured, although the real figure is probably around 220,000. Soviet losses were 452,720 men, 3,867 artillery pieces and mortars from 43 divisions of the 5th, 21st, 26th, and 37th Soviet Armies. Despite the exhaustion and losses facing some German units (upwards of 75 percent of their men) from the intense fighting, the massive defeat of the Soviets at Kiev and the Red Army losses during the first three months of the assault contributed to the German assumption that 5346: 4953:'s 3rd Panzer Group was already involved in the Minsk pocket. On the same day, some of the infantry corps of the 9th and 4th Armies, having sufficiently liquidated the Białystok pocket, resumed their march eastward to catch up with the panzer groups. On 1 July, Bock ordered the panzer groups to resume their full offensive eastward on the morning of 3 July. But Brauchitsch, upholding Hitler's instruction, and Halder, unwillingly going along with it, opposed Bock's order. However, Bock insisted on the order by stating that it would be irresponsible to reverse orders already issued. The panzer groups resumed their offensive on 2 July before the infantry formations had sufficiently caught up. 2760: 5543:

rapidly deteriorated. On 31 October, the German Army High Command ordered a halt to Operation Typhoon while the armies were reorganised. The pause gave the Soviets, far better supplied, time to consolidate their positions and organise formations of newly activated reservists. In little over a month, the Soviets organised eleven new armies that included 30 divisions of Siberian troops. These had been freed from the Soviet Far East after Soviet intelligence assured Stalin that there was no longer a threat from the Japanese. During October and November 1941, over 1,000 tanks and 1,000 aircraft arrived along with the Siberian forces to assist in defending the city.

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production, the centre of the Soviet communications system and an important transport hub. Intelligence reports indicated that the bulk of the remaining Red Army was deployed near Moscow under Timoshenko for the defence of the capital. Guderian was sent to Hitler by Bock and Halder to argue their case for continuing the assault against Moscow, but Hitler issued an order through Guderian (bypassing Bock and Halder) to send Army Group Centre's tanks to the north and south, temporarily halting the drive to Moscow. Convinced by Hitler's argument, Guderian returned to his commanding officers as a convert to the Führer's plan, which earned him their disdain.

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unwieldy, and moreover they were spread out in scattered garrisons, with their subordinate divisions up to 100 kilometres (62 miles) apart. The reorganisation was still in progress and incomplete when Barbarossa commenced. Soviet tank units were rarely well equipped, and they lacked training and logistical support. Units were sent into combat with no arrangements in place for refuelling, ammunition resupply, or personnel replacement. Often, after a single engagement, units were destroyed or rendered ineffective. The Soviet numerical advantage in heavy equipment was thoroughly offset by the superior training and organisation of the

2868: 5493: 238: 5793:, sometimes reluctantly, claiming "military necessity". On the eve of the invasion, German soldiers were informed that their battle "demands ruthless and vigorous measures against Bolshevik inciters, guerrillas, saboteurs, Jews and the complete elimination of all active and passive resistance". Collective punishment was authorised against partisan attacks; if a perpetrator could not be quickly identified, burning villages and mass executions were considered acceptable reprisals. Although the majority of German soldiers accepted these crimes as justified due to Nazi propaganda, which depicted the Red Army as 806: 739: 696: 663: 412: 400: 388: 376: 364: 352: 339: 326: 314: 300: 180: 5624:

the Germans as much by surprise as their own initial attack had the Soviets. Spurred on by the successful defence and in an effort to imitate the Germans, Stalin wanted to begin his own counteroffensive, not just against the German forces around Moscow, but against their armies in the north and south. Anger over the failed German offensives caused Hitler to relieve Brauchitsch of command and in his place, Hitler assumed personal control of the German Army on 19 December 1941, a decision that would progressively prove fatal to Germany's war effort and contribute to its eventual defeat.

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soldiers. May God aid us, especially in this fight!" Later the same morning, Hitler proclaimed to his colleagues, "Before three months have passed, we shall witness a collapse of Russia, the like of which has never been seen in history". Hitler also addressed the German people via the radio, presenting himself as a man of peace, who reluctantly had to attack the Soviet Union. Following the invasion, Goebbels instructed that Nazi propaganda use the slogan "European crusade against Bolshevism" to describe the war; subsequently thousands of

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to come within 30 km (19 mi) of the railway, when the Finnish High Command ordered a stop to all offensive operations in the sector on 17 November. The United States of America applied diplomatic pressure on Finland not to disrupt Allied aid shipments to the Soviet Union, which caused the Finnish government to halt the advance on the Murmansk railway. With the Finnish refusal to conduct further offensive operations and German inability to do so alone, the German-Finnish effort in central and northern Finland came to an end.

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logistical problems with reinforcements and provisions. Operations were now slowed down to allow for resupply; the delay was to be used to adapt strategy to the new situation. In addition to strained logistics, poor roads made it difficult for wheeled vehicles and foot infantry to keep up with the faster armoured spearheads, and shortages in boots and winter uniforms were becoming apparent. Furthermore, all three army groups had suffered 179,500 casualties by 2 August, and had only received 47,000 replacements.

18657: 3342:. In their calculations, they concluded that there was little danger of a large-scale retreat of the Red Army into the Russian interior, as it could not afford to give up the Baltic countries, Ukraine, or the Moscow and Leningrad regions, all of which were vital to the Red Army for supply reasons and would thus, have to be defended. Hitler and his generals disagreed on where Germany should focus its energy. Hitler, in many discussions with his generals, repeated his order of "Leningrad first, the 6073: 3704:

poor performance in Poland and in the Winter War, about 80 percent of the officers dismissed during the Great Purge were reinstated by 1941. Also, between January 1939 and May 1941, 161 new divisions were activated. Therefore, although about 75 percent of all the officers had been in their position for less than one year at the start of the German invasion of 1941, many of the short tenures can be attributed not only to the purge but also to the rapid increase in the creation of military units.

4606: 590: 4988:. Despite these actions the Finnish government insisted via diplomatic channels that they remained a neutral party, but the Soviet leadership already viewed Finland as an ally of Germany. Subsequently, the Soviets proceeded to launch a massive bombing attack on 25 June against all major Finnish cities and industrial centres, including Helsinki, Turku and Lahti. During a night session on the same day the Finnish parliament decided to go to war against the Soviet Union. 2726:), also referring to the imminent battle as the "old struggle of Germans against Slavs" and even stated, "the struggle must aim at the annihilation of today's Russia and must, therefore, be waged with unparalleled harshness." Hoepner also added that the Germans were fighting for "the defence of European culture against Moscovite–Asiatic inundation, and the repulse of Jewish Bolshevism ... No adherents of the present Russian-Bolshevik system are to be spared." 5530:, while the 2nd Army attacked from the west. The Soviet 3rd and 13th Armies were now encircled. To the north, the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies attacked Vyazma, trapping the 19th, 20th, 24th and 32nd Armies. Moscow's first line of defence had been shattered. The pocket eventually yielded over 500,000 Soviet prisoners, bringing the tally since the start of the invasion to three million. The Soviets now had only 90,000 men and 150 tanks left for the defence of Moscow. 56: 1219: 787: 775: 424: 2568: 5026: 1230: 818: 436: 5047:

Motorised Division captured Smolensk on 16 July yet a gap remained between Army Group Centre. On 18 July, the panzer groups came to within ten kilometres (6.2 mi) of closing the gap but the trap did not finally close until 5 August, when upwards of 300,000 Red Army soldiers had been captured and 3,205 Soviet tanks were destroyed. Large numbers of Red Army soldiers escaped to stand between the Germans and Moscow as resistance continued.

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and 662,000 t (652,000 long tons; 730,000 short tons) of meats were sent back to Germany. During the course of the German occupation, some 12 million pigs and 13 million sheep were seized by Nazi forces. The value of this plunder is estimated at 4 billion Reichsmarks. This relatively low number in comparison to the occupied nations of Western Europe can be attributed to the indiscriminate

5768:, quotes Hitler saying, "The giant area must naturally be pacified as quickly as possible; this will happen at best if anyone who just looks funny should be shot". Conveniently for Germany, the fact that the Soviets failed to sign the convention played into their hands as they justified their behavior accordingly. Even if the Soviets had signed, it is highly unlikely that this would have stopped the Nazis' 15284: 4643: 3110:) would only end up as a further economic burden for Germany. It was further argued that the Soviets, in their current bureaucratic form, were harmless and that the occupation would not benefit Germany politically either. Hitler, solely focused on his ultimate ideological goal of eliminating the Soviet Union and Communism, disagreed with economists about the risks and told his right-hand man 5619:, which cited the early onset of winter and the severe cold as the primary reasons for the failed campaign, whereas the main reasons were German military unpreparedness, poor intelligence of actual Soviet strength, extensive logistical difficulties, high levels of attrition and heavy casualties, and overextension of German forces within the vast Soviet territories. On 22 June 1941, the 5300:

and casualties mounted. Hitler, now out of patience, ordered that Leningrad should not be stormed, but rather starved into submission. Along these lines, the OKH issued Directive No. la 1601/41 on 22 September 1941, which accorded Hitler's plans. Deprived of its Panzer forces, Army Group Centre remained static and was subjected to numerous Soviet counterattacks, in particular the

5179:, so it could advance swiftly. The important road junction at Loimola was captured on 14 July. By 16 July, the first Finnish units reached Lake Ladoga at Koirinoja, achieving the goal of splitting the Soviet forces. During the rest of July, the Army of Karelia advanced further southeast into Karelia, coming to a halt at the former Finnish-Soviet border at Mansila. 5929:

Historian Birgit Beck emphasizes that military decrees, which served to authorise wholesale brutality on many levels, essentially destroyed the basis for any prosecution of sexual offenses committed by German soldiers in the East. She also contends that detection of such instances was limited by the fact that sexual violence was often inflicted in the context of

3499:), 7,200–23,435 artillery pieces, 17,081 mortars, about 600,000 motor vehicles and 625,000–700,000 horses. Finland slated 14 divisions for the invasion, and Romania offered 13 divisions and eight brigades over the course of Barbarossa. The entire Axis forces, 3.8 million personnel, deployed across a front extending from the Arctic Ocean southward to the 5304:, in which the Germans suffered their first major tactical defeat since their invasion began; this Red Army victory also provided an important boost to Soviet morale. These attacks prompted Hitler to concentrate his attention back to Army Group Centre and its drive on Moscow. The Germans ordered the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies to break off their 4681:

plausible reason given for the Soviet hesitation to return fire was Stalin's initial belief that the assault was launched without Hitler's authorisation. Significant amounts of Soviet territory were lost along with Red Army forces as a result; it took several days before Stalin comprehended the magnitude of the calamity. The

5458:, fell on 1 October. From there the Army of Karelia moved north along the shores of Lake Onega to secure the remaining area west of Lake Onega, while simultaneously establishing a defensive position along the Svir River. Slowed by winter's onset they nevertheless continued to advance slowly during the following weeks. 4835:

poor coordination. The 22nd Mechanised Corps ran into the 1st Panzer Army's III Motorised Corps and was decimated, and its commander killed. The 1st Panzer Group bypassed much of the 15th Mechanised Corps, which engaged the German 6th Army's 297th Infantry Division, where it was defeated by antitank fire and

3122:, who had produced reports that predicted a net economic drain for Germany in the event of an invasion of the Soviet Union unless its economy was captured intact and the Caucasus oilfields seized in the first blow; Thomas revised his future report to fit Hitler's wishes. The Red Army's ineptitude in the 5437:

Germany had pressured Finland to enlarge its offensive activities in Karelia to aid the Germans in their Leningrad operation. Finnish attacks on Leningrad itself remained limited. Finland stopped its advance just short of Leningrad and had no intentions to attack the city. The situation was different

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At this stage, Hitler ordered the final destruction of Leningrad with no prisoners taken, and on 9 September, Army Group North began the final push. Within ten days it had advanced within 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) of the city. However, the push over the last 10 km (6.2 mi) proved very slow.

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held by six armies. On 6 July, the Soviets launched a massive counter-attack using the V and VII Mechanised Corps of the 20th Army, which collided with the German 39th and 47th Panzer Corps in a battle where the Red Army lost 832 tanks of the 2,000 employed during five days of ferocious fighting. The

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During German-Finnish negotiations, Finland had demanded to remain neutral unless the Soviet Union attacked them first. Germany therefore sought to provoke the Soviet Union into an attack on Finland. After Germany launched Barbarossa on 22 June, German aircraft used Finnish air bases to attack Soviet

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On 29 June, Hitler, through Brauchitsch, instructed Bock to halt the advance of the panzers of Army Group Centre until the infantry formations liquidating the pockets caught up. But Guderian, with the tacit support of Bock and Halder, ignored the instruction and attacked on eastward towards Bobruisk,

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worked with commissars and military commanders to scour possible withdrawal routes of soldiers retreating without military authorisation. Field expedient general courts were established to deal with civilians spreading rumours and military deserters. On 30 June, Stalin relieved Pavlov of his command,

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air attacks. By the night of 25 June, the Soviet counterattack was defeated, and the commander of the 6th Cavalry Corps was captured. The same night, Pavlov ordered all the remnants of the Western Front to withdraw to Slonim towards Minsk. Subsequent counterattacks to buy time for the withdrawal were

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and partly dispersed their tanks to infantry divisions; but following their observation of the German campaign in France, in late 1940 they began to reorganise most of their armoured assets back into mechanised corps with a target strength of 1,031 tanks each. But these large armoured formations were

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also gave Stalin the exact German launch date, but Sorge and other informers had previously given different invasion dates that passed peacefully before the actual invasion. Stalin acknowledged the possibility of an attack in general and therefore made significant preparations, but decided not to run

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During Joseph Stalin's Great Purge in the late 1930s, which had not ended by the time of the German invasion on 22 June 1941, much of the officer corps of the Red Army was executed or imprisoned. Many of their replacements, appointed by Stalin for political reasons, lacked military competence. Of the

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Although the Soviet High Command was alarmed by this, Stalin's belief that Nazi Germany was unlikely to attack only two years after signing the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact resulted in slow Soviet preparation. This fact aside, the Soviets did not entirely overlook the threat of their German neighbor. Well

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to stimulate Germany's overall economy and the expansion of territory to improve Germany's efforts to isolate the United Kingdom. Hitler was further convinced that Britain would sue for peace once the Germans triumphed in the Soviet Union, and if they did not, he would use the resources gained in the

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in 1944, proved to be a decisive success and additional Soviet offensives against the German Army Groups North and South in the autumn of 1944 put the German war machine into further retreat. By January 1945, what had been the Eastern Front was now controlled by the Soviets, whose military might was

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Employing increasingly ambitious and tactically sophisticated offensives, along with making operational improvements in secrecy and deception, by the summer of 1944, the Red Army was eventually able to regain much of the area previously conquered by the Germans. The destruction of Army Group Centre,

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was not equipped for such severe winter warfare. The Soviet army was better adapted to fighting in winter conditions, but faced production shortages of winter clothing. The German forces fared worse, with deep snow further hindering equipment and mobility. Weather conditions had largely grounded the

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With the ground hardening due to the cold weather, the Germans resumed the attack on Moscow on 15 November. Although the troops themselves were now able to advance again, there had been no improvement in the supply situation; only 135,000 of the 600,000 trucks that had been available on 22 June 1941

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For its final attack on Leningrad, the 4th Panzer Group was reinforced by tanks from Army Group Centre. On 8 August, the Panzers broke through the Soviet defences. By the end of August, 4th Panzer Group had penetrated to within 48 kilometres (30 miles) of Leningrad. The Finns had pushed southeast on

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Four weeks into the campaign, the Germans realised they had grossly underestimated Soviet strength. The German troops had used their initial supplies, and General Bock quickly came to the conclusion that not only had the Red Army offered stiff opposition, but German difficulties were also due to the

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against the German 4th Panzer Group with the Soviet 3rd and 12th Mechanised Corps, but the Soviet attack was defeated. On 25 June, the 8th and 11th Armies were ordered to withdraw to the Western Dvina River, where it was planned to meet up with the 21st Mechanised Corps and the 22nd and 27th Armies.

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attacks were carried out against Soviet command and control centres to disrupt the mobilisation and organisation of Soviet forces. In contrast, Soviet artillery observers based at the border area had been under the strictest instructions not to open fire on German aircraft prior to the invasion. One

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At around 01:00 on 22 June 1941, the Soviet military districts in the border area were alerted by NKO Directive No. 1, issued late on the night of 21 June. It called on them to "bring all forces to combat readiness", but to "avoid provocative actions of any kind". It took up to two hours for several

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of 14 million, with at least basic military training, continued to mobilise. The Red Army was dispersed and still preparing when the invasion commenced. Their units were often separated and lacked adequate transportation. While transportation remained insufficient for Red Army forces, when Operation

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on 6 April 1941 until June 1941. Historian Thomas B. Buell indicates that Finland and Romania, which weren't involved in initial German planning, needed additional time to prepare to participate in the invasion. Buell adds that an unusually wet winter kept rivers at full flood until late spring. The

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of an impending attack, they were shot as enemy agents. Some historians believe that Stalin, despite providing an amicable front to Hitler, did not wish to remain allies with Germany. Rather, Stalin might have had intentions to break off from Germany and proceed with his own campaign against Germany

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officers told their soldiers to target people who were described as "Jewish Bolshevik subhumans," the "Mongol hordes," the "Asiatic flood" and the "Red beast." Nazi propaganda portrayed the war against the Soviet Union as an ideological war between German National Socialism and Jewish Bolshevism and

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The citizens of Leningrad were subjected to heavy bombardment and a siege that would last 872 days and starve more than a million people to death, of whom approximately 400,000 were children below the age of 14. The German-Finnish blockade cut off access to food, fuel and raw materials, and rations

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While the Soviet Union had not signed the Geneva Convention, Germany had signed the treaty and was thus obligated to offer Soviet POWs humane treatment according to its provisions (as they generally did with other Allied POWs). According to the Soviets, they had not signed the Geneva Conventions in

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as a whole had 209 divisions at its disposal, 163 of which were offensively capable. On 31 March 1942, less than one year after the invasion of the Soviet Union, the army was reduced to fielding 58 offensively capable divisions. The Red Army's tenacity and ability to counter-attack effectively took

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failed. With Army Norway switching its main effort further south, the front stalemated in this sector. Further south, the Finnish III Corps launched a new offensive towards the Murmansk railway on 30 October, bolstered by fresh reinforcements from Army Norway. Against Soviet resistance, it was able

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was on several occasions forced to halt nearly all aerial operations. The VVS, although faced with the same weather difficulties, had a clear advantage thanks to the prewar experience with cold-weather flying, and the fact that they were operating from intact airbases and airports. By December, the

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by advancing to the western shores of Lake Ladoga. By mid-August the encirclement had succeeded and both towns were taken, but many Soviet formations were able to evacuate by sea. Further west, the attack on Viipuri was launched. With Soviet resistance breaking down, the Finns were able to encircle

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s only squadron of tank-busting aircraft. The 2nd Panzer Group crossed the Dnieper River and closed in on Smolensk from the south while the 3rd Panzer Group, after defeating the Soviet counterattack, closed on Smolensk from the north. Trapped between their pincers were three Soviet armies. The 29th

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On 21 June, at 13:00 Army Group North received the codeword "Düsseldorf", indicating Barbarossa would commence the next morning, and passed down its own codeword, "Dortmund". At around 03:15 on 22 June 1941, the Axis Powers commenced the invasion of the Soviet Union with the bombing of major cities

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into Belorussia, which later proved to be correct. Stalin disagreed, and in October, he authorised the development of new plans that assumed a German attack would focus on the region south of Pripyat Marshes towards the economically vital regions in Ukraine. This became the basis for all subsequent

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paid little attention to politics, culture, and the considerable industrial capacity of the Soviet Union, in favour of a very narrow military view. Hillgruber argued that because these assumptions were shared by the entire military elite, Hitler was able to push through with a "war of annihilation"

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Guderian wrote: "A delay was almost certainly inevitable given that the late spring thaw had swelled and in some cases flooded the major waterways, impeding mobile operations over the sodden ground." Blumentritt: "... the ground was soft and boggy and the roads were covered with mud. Normally

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Barbarossa and the subsequent German defeat changed the political landscape of Europe, dividing it into Eastern and Western blocs. The political vacuum left in the eastern half of the continent was filled by the USSR when Stalin secured his territorial prizes of 1944–1945 and firmly placed the Red

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After the initiation of Operation Barbarossa, Eastern Europe was relentlessly plundered by Nazi German forces. In 1943 alone, 9,000,000 tons of cereals, 2,000,000 t (2,000,000 long tons; 2,200,000 short tons) of fodder, 3,000,000 t (3,000,000 long tons; 3,300,000 short tons) of potatoes,

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of POWs into different camps, contravened the Soviet constitution. Article 82 of the convention specified that "In case, in time of war, one of the belligerents is not a party to the Convention, its provisions shall nevertheless remain in force as between the belligerents who are parties thereto."

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After Kiev, the Red Army no longer outnumbered the Germans and there were no more trained reserves directly available. To defend Moscow, Stalin could field 800,000 men in 83 divisions, but no more than 25 divisions were fully effective. Operation Typhoon, the drive to Moscow, began on 30 September

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The Finnish plan in the south in Karelia was to advance as swiftly as possible to Lake Ladoga, cutting the Soviet forces in half. Then the Finnish territories east of Lake Ladoga were to be recaptured before the advance along the Karelian Isthmus, including the recapture of Viipuri, commenced. The

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attacks. On 26 June, the Soviets launched another counterattack on the 1st Panzer Group from north and south simultaneously with the 9th, 19th and 8th Mechanised Corps, which altogether fielded 1649 tanks, and supported by the remnants of the 15th Mechanised Corps. The battle lasted for four days,

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and 6th Army attacked and broke through the Soviet 5th Army. Starting on the night of 23 June, the Soviet 22nd and 15th Mechanised Corps attacked the flanks of the 1st Panzer Group from north and south respectively. Although intended to be concerted, Soviet tank units were sent in piecemeal due to

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staffs surveyed the wreckage on Soviet airfields, and their original figure proved conservative, as over 2,000 Soviet aircraft were estimated to have been destroyed on the first day of the invasion. In reality, Soviet losses were likely higher; a Soviet archival document recorded the loss of 3,922

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and Hitler's belief that the Red Army would need four years to ready itself. Stalin declared "we must be ready much earlier" and "we will try to delay the war for another two years". As early as August 1940, British intelligence had received hints of German plans to attack the Soviets a week after

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survived Stalin's purge. Tukhachevsky was killed in 1937. Fifteen of 16 army commanders, 50 of the 57 corps commanders, 154 of the 186 divisional commanders, and 401 of 456 colonels were killed, and many other officers were dismissed. In total, about 30,000 Red Army personnel were executed. Stalin

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had finished. By the third week of February 1941, 680,000 German soldiers were gathered in assembly areas on the Romanian-Soviet border. In preparation for the attack, Hitler had secretly moved upwards of 3 million German troops and approximately 690,000 Axis soldiers to the Soviet border regions.

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second, Moscow third;" but he consistently emphasized the destruction of the Red Army over the achievement of specific terrain objectives. Hitler believed Moscow to be of "no great importance" in the defeat of the Soviet Union and instead believed victory would come with the destruction of the Red

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Hitler also utilised the rising tension between the Soviet Union and Germany over territories in the Balkans as one of the pretexts for the invasion. While no concrete plans had yet been made, Hitler told one of his generals in June 1940 that the victories in Western Europe finally freed his hands

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Excludes an additional 395,799 who were deemed unfit for service due to non-combat causes, transported out of their Army Group sectors for treatment, and treated in divisional/local medical facilities. 98% of those 395,799 eventually returned to active duty service, usually after relatively short

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and slowed the German advance on Moscow. Additional snows fell which were followed by more rain, creating a glutinous mud that German tanks had difficulty traversing, which the Soviet T-34, with its wider tread, was better suited to navigate. At the same time, the supply situation for the Germans

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In central Finland, the German-Finnish advance on the Murmansk railway had been resumed at Kayraly. A large encirclement from the north and the south trapped the defending Soviet corps and allowed XXXVI Corps to advance further to the east. In early September it reached the old 1939 Soviet border

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on 24–25 June in hopes of destroying the 3rd Panzer Group. However, the 3rd Panzer Group had already moved on, with its forward units reaching Vilnius on the evening of 23 June, and the Western Front's armoured counterattack instead ran into infantry and antitank fire from the V Army Corps of the

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announced the invasion to the waking nation in a radio broadcast with Hitler's words: "At this moment a march is taking place that, for its extent, compares with the greatest the world has ever seen. I have decided today to place the fate and future of the Reich and our people in the hands of our

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in which he claimed that Stalin had seen the outbreak of war in Western Europe as an opportunity to spread communist revolutions throughout the continent, and that the Soviet military was being deployed for an imminent attack at the time of the German invasion. This view had also been advanced by

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The Soviet Union had around 23,000 tanks available of which 14,700 were combat-ready. Around 11,000 tanks were in the western military districts that faced the German invasion force. Hitler later declared to some of his generals, "If I had known about the Russian tank strength in 1941 I would not

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at the divisional level and below to oversee the political loyalty of the army to the regime. The commissars held a position equal to that of the commander of the unit they were overseeing. But in spite of efforts to ensure the political subservience of the armed forces, in the wake of Red Army's

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in December 1940. Hitler had in July 1937 praised Barbarossa as the emperor who first expressed Germanic cultural ideas and carried them to the outside world through his imperial mission. For Hitler, the name Barbarossa signified his belief that the conquest of the Soviet Union would usher in the

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puts the number of Jews murdered by "mobile killing operations" at 1,400,000. The original instructions to kill "Jews in party and state positions" were broadened to include "all male Jews of military age" and then expanded once more to "all male Jews regardless of age". By the end of July, the

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and then close on Moscow from the south. As the Soviets reacted to their flanks, the 4th Army would attack the centre. In two weeks of fighting, lacking sufficient fuel and ammunition, the Germans slowly crept towards Moscow. In the south, the 2nd Panzer Group was being blocked. On 22 November,

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within the first few hours, paralyzing every level of command from the infantry platoon to the Soviet High Command in Moscow. Moscow failed to grasp the magnitude of the catastrophe that confronted the Soviet forces in the border area, and Stalin's first reaction was disbelief. At around 07:15,

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also told his subordinates that troops should view the war as a "struggle between two different races and act with the necessary severity." Racial motivations were central to Nazi ideology and played a key role in planning for Operation Barbarossa since both Jews and communists were considered

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The failure of Operation Barbarossa reversed the fortunes of Nazi Germany. Operationally, German forces achieved significant victories and occupied some of the most important economic areas of the Soviet Union (mainly in Ukraine) and inflicted, as well as sustained, heavy casualties. The German

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Army in Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and the eastern half of Germany. Stalin's fear of resurgent German power and his distrust of his erstwhile allies contributed to Soviet pan-Slavic initiatives and a subsequent alliance of Slavic states. The historians David Glantz and

3624:

s units, which provided them with supplies such as gasoline and food, they were controlled by the RSHA. The official plan for Barbarossa assumed that the army groups would be able to advance freely to their primary objectives simultaneously, without spreading thin, once they had won the border

6198:

Flooding was so bad that Guderian wrote: "The Balkans Campaign had been concluded with all the speed desired, and the troops there engaged which were now needed for Russia were withdrawn according to plan and very fast. But all the same there was a definite delay in the opening of our Russian

5214:. As the Germans eliminated the pocket, the tanks turned north and crossed the Dnieper. Meanwhile, the 2nd Panzer Group, diverted from Army Group Centre, had crossed the river Desna with 2nd Army on its right flank. The two panzer armies now trapped four Soviet armies and parts of two others. 5928:

relates that in the world of the eastern front, where the German army equated Russia with Communism, everything was "fair game"; thus, rape went unreported unless entire units were involved. Frequently in the case of Jewish women, they were murdered immediately after acts of sexual violence.

5033:

On 2 July and through the next six days, a rainstorm typical of Belarusian summers slowed the progress of the panzers of Army Group Centre, and Soviet defences stiffened. The delays gave the Soviets time to organise a massive counterattack against Army Group Centre. The army group's ultimate

3785:

control, which in the case of a German invasion was tasked to spearhead a Soviet counteroffensive along with the remaining forces of the first echelon. But on 22 June 1941 the first echelon contained 171 divisions, numbering 2.6–2.9 million; and the second strategic echelon contained 57

2854:

was convinced that the overall military strength of the Soviet Union was such that he had nothing to fear and anticipated an easy victory should Germany attack; moreover, Stalin believed that since the Germans were still fighting the British in the west, Hitler would be unlikely to open up a

5062:

Hitler by now had lost faith in battles of encirclement as large numbers of Soviet soldiers had escaped the pincers. He now believed he could defeat the Soviet state by economic means, depriving them of the industrial capacity to continue the war. That meant seizing the industrial centre of

5078:

Halder, Bock, and almost all the German generals involved in Operation Barbarossa argued vehemently in favour of continuing the all-out drive toward Moscow. Besides the psychological importance of capturing the Soviet capital, the generals pointed out that Moscow was a major centre of arms

3954:

wrote books to rebut Suvorov's arguments. The majority of historians believe that Stalin was seeking to avoid war in 1941, as he believed that his military was not ready to fight the German forces. The debate on whether Stalin intended to launch an offensive against Germany in 1941 remains

3822:) held the numerical advantage with a total of approximately 19,533 aircraft, which made it the largest air force in the world in the summer of 1941. About 7,133–9,100 of these were deployed in the five western military districts, and an additional 1,445 were under naval control. 3142:

outlined how entire urban populations of conquered territories were to be starved to death, thus creating an agricultural surplus to feed Germany and urban space for the German upper class. Nazi policy aimed to destroy the Soviet Union as a political entity in accordance with the

5559:

Soviet Siberian units, augmented by the 49th and 50th Soviet Armies, attacked the 2nd Panzer Group and inflicted a defeat on the Germans. The 4th Panzer Group pushed the Soviet 16th Army back, however, and succeeded in crossing the Moscow Canal in an attempt to encircle Moscow.

2910:

of the 1930s had executed many competent and experienced military officers, leaving Red Army leadership weaker than their German adversary. The Nazis often emphasized the Soviet regime's brutality when targeting the Slavs with propaganda. They also claimed that the Red Army was

5889:. At Kharkov, the fourth largest city in the Soviet Union, food was provided only to the small number of civilians who worked for the Germans, with the rest designated to slowly starve. Thousands of Soviets were deported to Germany for use as slave labour beginning in 1942. 2652:

struggle." The main guideline for German troops was "Where there's a partisan, there's a Jew, and where there's a Jew, there's a partisan" or "The partisan is where the Jew is." Many German troops viewed the war in Nazi terms and regarded their Soviet enemies as sub-human.

2425:

as part of their political imagery, though this was really a continuation of the glorification of the famous Crusader king by German nationalists since the 19th century. According to a Germanic medieval legend, revived in the 19th century by the nationalistic tropes of

5271:

The Germans attacked Leningrad in August 1941; in the following three "black months" of 1941, 400,000 residents of the city worked to build the city's fortifications as fighting continued, while 160,000 others joined the ranks of the Red Army. Nowhere was the Soviet

5615:, all German plans for a quick defeat of the Soviet Union had to be revised. The Soviet counter-offensives in December 1941 caused heavy casualties on both sides, but ultimately eliminated the German threat to Moscow. Attempting to explain matters, Hitler issued 6188:

Concerning this strategic mistake, historian David Stone asserts that, "If Hitler's decision to invade Russia in 1941 was his greatest single error of judgement, then his subsequent decision not to strike hard and fast against Moscow was surely a close second."

3572:. Army Group South was deployed in two sections separated by a 198-mile (319 km) gap. The northern section, which contained the army group's only panzer group, was in southern Poland right next to Army Group Centre, and the southern section was in Romania. 5645:(German army) was able to mount another large-scale offensive in June 1942, although on a much reduced front than the previous summer. Hitler, having realised that Germany's oil supply was severely depleted, attempted to utilise Army Group South to capture the 4786:. The 4th Panzer Group had advanced about 450 kilometres (280 mi) since the start of the invasion and was now only about 250 kilometres (160 mi) from its primary objective Leningrad. On 9 July it began its attack towards the Soviet defences along the 3126:

against Finland in 1939–40 also convinced Hitler of a quick victory within a few months. Neither Hitler nor the General Staff anticipated a long campaign lasting into the winter and therefore, adequate preparations such as the distribution of warm clothing and

4920:: one around Białystok and another west of Minsk. The Germans destroyed the Soviet 3rd and 10th Armies while inflicting serious losses on the 4th, 11th and 13th Armies, and reported to have captured 324,000 Soviet troops, 3,300 tanks, 1,800 artillery pieces. 2693:, executions and enslavement of the populations of conquered countries, with very small percentages undergoing Germanisation, expulsion into the depths of Russia or other fates, while the conquered territories would be Germanised. The plan had two parts, the 4829:

posed a serious challenge to the army group's northern and southern sections respectively. On 22 June, only the northern section of Army Group South attacked, but the terrain impeded their assault, giving the Soviet defenders ample time to react. The German

2591:

notes that "In fact, the military commanders were caught up in the ideological character of the conflict, and involved in its implementation as willing participants". Before and during the invasion of the Soviet Union, German troops were indoctrinated with

3743:

traffic. But Stalin's distrust of the British led him to ignore their warnings in the belief that they were a trick designed to bring the Soviet Union into the war on their side. Soviet intelligence also received word of an invasion around 20 June from

3806:—which were superior to all current German tanks, as well as all designs still in development as of the summer 1941, were not available in large numbers at the time the invasion commenced. Furthermore, in the autumn of 1939, the Soviets disbanded their 15336: 3471:

argued that Hitler's Balkan Campaign had delayed the commencement of Barbarossa by several weeks and thereby jeopardised it. Many later historians argue that the 22 June start date was sufficient for the German offensive to reach Moscow by September.

2298:—invaded the western Soviet Union, along a 2,900-kilometer (1,800 mi) front, with 600,000 motor vehicles and over 600,000 horses for non-combat operations. The offensive marked a major escalation of World War II, both geographically and with the 5841:

were also persecuted. According to a post-war report by Prince Veli Kajum Khan, they were imprisoned in concentration camps in terrible conditions, where those deemed to have "Mongolian" features were murdered daily. Asians were also targeted by the

5533:

The German government now publicly predicted the imminent capture of Moscow and convinced foreign correspondents of an impending Soviet collapse. On 13 October, the 3rd Panzer Group penetrated to within 140 km (87 mi) of the capital.

15312: 4877:

and their supporting anti-communist fifth columns operating in the Soviet rear paralyzed the Front's communication lines, which particularly cut off the Soviet 4th Army headquarters from headquarters above and below it. On the same day, the

6178:

It is additionally important that considerable portions of the German General Staff thought of Russia as a "colossus of clay" which was "politically unstable, filled with discontented minorities, ineffectively ruled, and militarily weak."

5668:

By 1943, Soviet armaments production was fully operational and increasingly outproducing the German war economy. The final major German offensive in the Eastern theatre of World War II took place during July–August 1943 with the launch of

3786:

divisions that were still mobilising, most of which were still understrength. The second echelon was undetected by German intelligence until days after the invasion commenced, in most cases only when German ground forces encountered them.

5446:. On 4 September, this new drive was launched on a broad front. Albeit reinforced by fresh reserve troops, heavy losses elsewhere on the front meant that the Soviet defenders of the 7th Army were not able to resist the Finnish advance. 5833:

Germans were regularly killing women and children. On 18 December 1941, Himmler and Hitler discussed the "Jewish question", and Himmler noted the meeting's result in his appointment book: "To be annihilated as partisans". According to

5578:, only about 8 km (5.0 mi) from the Soviet capital. It captured the bridge over the Moscow-Volga Canal as well as the railway station, which marked the easternmost advance of German forces. In spite of the progress made, the 5976:

assert that Barbarossa influenced not only Stalin but subsequent Soviet leaders, claiming it "colored" their strategic mindsets for the "next four decades". As a result, the Soviets instigated the creation of "an elaborate system of

3674:, forwarded a memo to the Kremlin that lobbied for colossal investment in the resources required for the mass production of weapons, pressing the case for "40,000 aircraft and 50,000 tanks." In the early 1930s, a modern operational 4575:, had crossed the lines at 21:00 on 21 June and informed the Soviets that an attack was coming at 04:00. Stalin was informed, but apparently regarded it as disinformation. Liskow was still being interrogated when the attack began. 6291:

reports that before the war came to its conclusion, the Soviets had an artillery advantage over the Germans of seven-to-one and that artillery production was the only area where they doubled U.S. and British manufacturing output.

5968:. More died fighting on the Eastern Front than in all other fighting across the globe during World War II. Damage to both the economy and landscape was enormous, as approximately 1,710 Soviet towns and 70,000 villages were razed. 5136:. The German units had great difficulty dealing with the Arctic conditions. After heavy fighting, Salla was taken on 8 July. To keep the momentum the German-Finnish forces advanced eastwards until they were stopped at the town of 15240: 5837:, "annihilating Jews and solving the so-called 'Jewish question' under the cover of killing partisans was the agreed-upon convention between Hitler and Himmler". In accordance with Nazi policies against "inferior" Asian peoples, 4935:

A Soviet directive was issued on 29 June to combat the mass panic rampant among the civilians and the armed forces personnel. The order stipulated swift, severe measures against anyone inciting panic or displaying cowardice. The

5919:

Rape was a widespread phenomenon in the East as German soldiers regularly committed violent sexual acts against Soviet women. Whole units were occasionally involved in the crime with upwards of one-third of the instances being

3439:

The reasons for the postponement of Barbarossa from the initially planned date of 15 May to the actual invasion date of 22 June 1941 (a 38-day delay) are debated. The reason most commonly cited is the unforeseen contingency of

2552:). Accordingly, it was a partially secret but well-documented Nazi policy to kill, deport, or enslave the majority of Russian and other Slavic populations and repopulate the land west of the Urals with Germanic peoples, under 5322:

Before an attack on Moscow could begin, operations in Kiev needed to be finished. Half of Army Group Centre had swung to the south in the back of the Kiev position, while Army Group South moved to the north from its Dnieper

5893:

reached a low, for the non-working population, of 4 ounces (110 g) (five thin slices) of bread and a little watery soup per day. Starving Soviet civilians began to eat their domestic animals, along with hair tonic and

4916:

launched against the German forces, but all of them failed. On 27 June, the 2nd and 3rd Panzer Groups met near Minsk and captured the city the next day, completing the encirclement of almost all of the Western Front in two

5296:, cutting off all land routes to Leningrad. The Germans severed the railroads to Moscow and captured the railroad to Murmansk with Finnish assistance to inaugurate the start of a siege that would last for over two years. 6209:

May brought a change of conditions; the water receded and movement was less hampered. But 1941 was an exceptional year, and at the end of June the Bug, a Polish river near Brest-Litovsk, was still overflowing its banks."

3798:

have attacked". However, maintenance and readiness standards were very poor; ammunition and radios were in short supply, and many armoured units lacked the trucks for supplies. The most advanced Soviet tank models—the

4847:, which was defended by the Southern Front. Counterattacks by the Front's 2nd Mechanised Corps and 9th Army were defeated, but on 9 July the Axis advance stalled along the defences of the Soviet 18th Army between the 4824:

The northern section of Army Group South faced the Southwestern Front, which had the largest concentration of Soviet forces, and the southern section faced the Southern Front. In addition, the Pripyat Marshes and the

2795:. On 23 August 1939 the rest of the world learned of this pact but were unaware of the provisions to partition Poland. The pact stunned the world because of the parties' earlier mutual hostility and their conflicting 3371:, who believed the decisive victory could only be delivered at Moscow. They were unable to sway Hitler, who had grown overconfident in his own military judgment as a result of the rapid successes in Western Europe. 3776:

In early 1941, Stalin authorised the State Defence Plan 1941 (DP-41), which along with the Mobilisation Plan 1941 (MP-41), called for the deployment of 186 divisions, as the first strategic echelon, in the four

5209:

By mid-July, the German forces had advanced within a few kilometers of Kiev below the Pripyat Marshes. The 1st Panzer Group then went south, while the 17th Army struck east and trapped three Soviet armies near

3081:

and by traditional German stereotypes of Russia as a primitive, backward "Asiatic" country. Red Army soldiers were considered brave and tough, but the officer corps was held in contempt. The leadership of the

5547:

were available by 15 November 1941. Ammunition and fuel supplies were prioritised over food and winter clothing, so many German troops looted supplies from local populations, but could not fill their needs.

3087:

that would be waged in the most inhumane fashion possible with the complicity of "several military leaders," even though it was quite clear that this would be in violation of all accepted norms of warfare.

13479: 6131:

Of the AFVs, Askey reports there were 301 assault guns, 257 tank destroyers and self-propelled guns, 1,055 armoured half-tracks, 1,367 armoured cars, 92 combat engineer and ammunition transport vehicles.

4774:'s LVI Panzer Corps reached the river first and secured a bridgehead across it. The Northwestern Front was forced to abandon the river defences, and on 29 June Stavka ordered the Front to withdraw to the 5587:, preventing large-scale air operations. Newly created Soviet units near Moscow now numbered over 500,000 men, who despite their inexperience, were able to halt the German offensive by 5 December due to 2864:

to be followed by one against the rest of Europe. Other historians contend that Stalin did not plan for such an attack in June 1941, given the parlous state of the Red Army at the time of the invasion.

11839: 5897:. Some desperate citizens resorted to cannibalism; Soviet records list 2,000 people arrested for "the use of human meat as food" during the siege, 886 of them during the first winter of 1941–42. The 15238: 4840:

ending in the defeat of the Soviet tank units. On 30 June Stavka ordered the remaining forces of the Southwestern Front to withdraw to the Stalin Line, where it would defend the approaches to Kiev.

5631:. Nonetheless, the Red Army proved capable of countering the German offensives, particularly as the Germans began experiencing irreplaceable shortages in manpower, armaments, provisions, and fuel. 5538:

was declared in Moscow. Almost from the beginning of Operation Typhoon, however, the weather worsened. Temperatures fell while there was continued rainfall. This turned the unpaved road network

3756:. The Chinese maintain the tipoff helped Stalin make preparations, though little exists to confirm the Soviets made any real changes upon receiving the intelligence. In early 1941, Stalin's own 2811:

that led to the annexation of the eastern part of the country. As a result of the pact, Germany and the Soviet Union maintained reasonably strong diplomatic relations for two years and fostered

3090:

Even so, in autumn 1940, some high-ranking German military officials drafted a memorandum to Hitler on the dangers of an invasion of the Soviet Union. They argued that the eastern territories (

15348: 5680:. Approximately one million German troops confronted a Soviet force over 2.5 million strong. The Soviets, well aware of the attack in advance and fully prepared for it, prevailed in the 3420:, produced a preliminary three-pronged plan of attack for what a German invasion might look like, remarkably similar to the actual attack. Since April 1941, the Germans had begun setting up 3035:, issued by Hitler on 30 March 1941, supplemented the Directive by decreeing that the war against the Soviet Union would be one of annihilation and legally sanctioned the eradication of all 19069: 2516:". On 23 November, once World War II had already started, Hitler declared that "racial war has broken out and this war shall determine who shall govern Europe, and with it, the world". The 2648:

had murdered more than 500,000 Soviet Jews, a figure greater than the number of Red Army soldiers killed in battle by then. German army commanders cast Jews as the major cause behind the "

5775: 5639:

Despite the rapid relocation of Red Army armaments production east of the Urals and a dramatic increase of production in 1942, especially of armour, new aircraft types and artillery, the

5570:

On 2 December, part of the 258th Infantry Division advanced to within 24 km (15 mi) of Moscow. They were so close that German officers claimed they could see the spires of the

5195:. The city itself was taken on 29 August, along with a broad advance on the rest of the Karelian Isthmus. By the beginning of September, Finland had restored its pre-Winter War borders. 6332:

Glantz and House use the expression "The Great Patriotic War", the Soviet name for World War II—but this term represents by and large, the contest between the U.S.S.R. and Nazi Germany.

2763:

The geopolitical disposition of Europe in 1941, immediately before the start of Operation Barbarossa. The grey area represents Nazi Germany, its allies, and countries under its control.

5515:. Russian peasants began fleeing ahead of the advancing German units, burning their harvested crops, driving their cattle away, and destroying buildings in their villages as part of a 5140:

by Soviet resistance. Further south the Finnish III Corps made an independent effort to reach the Murmansk railway through the Arctic terrain. Facing only one division of the Soviet

4991:

Finland was divided into two operational zones. Northern Finland was the staging area for Army Norway. Its goal was to execute a two-pronged pincer movement on the strategic port of

19020: 15239: 5964:, the war's largest theatre, which saw clashes of unprecedented violence and destruction for four years and killed over 26 million Soviet people, including about 8.6 million 3955:

inconclusive but has produced an abundance of scholarly literature and helped to expand the understanding of larger themes in Soviet and world history during the interwar period.

12198: 6199:

Campaign. Furthermore we had had a very wet spring; the Bug and its tributaries were at flood level until well into May and the nearby ground was swampy and almost impassable."

3781:

of the western Soviet Union that faced the Axis territories; and the deployment of another 51 divisions along the Dvina and Dnieper Rivers as the second strategic echelon under

12634: 15101:

Kay, Alex (2012). "The Purpose of the Russian Campaign Is the Decimation of the Slavic Population by Thirty Million". In Kay, Alex J.; Rutherford, Jeff; Stahel, David (eds.).

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of the units subordinate to the Fronts to receive the order of the directive, and the majority did not receive it before the invasion commenced. A German communist deserter,

2192:. It was the largest and costliest land offensive in human history, with around 10 million combatants taking part, and over 8 million casualties by the end of the operation. 14618: 2504:('living space') to ensure the survival of Germany for generations to come. On 10 February 1939, Hitler told his army commanders that the next war would be "purely a war of 3077:, the invasion plans drawn up by the German military elite were substantially coloured by hubris, stemming from the rapid defeat of France at the hands of the "invincible" 4603:

went into action and faced slightly fewer Soviet troops at the border. Accompanying the German forces during the initial invasion were Finnish and Romanian units as well.

2689:, prepared in 1941 and confirmed in 1942, called for a "new order of ethnographical relations" in the territories occupied by Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe. It envisaged 2393:

s diminished forces could no longer attack along the entire Eastern Front, and subsequent operations to retake the initiative and drive deep into Soviet territory—such as

19125: 17228: 13680:"Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 5761: 5714: 4808: 16973: 3643: 18710: 16581: 4664: 12639:. A Paper Presented as the 20th Anniversary Distinguished Lecture at the Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs. Clemson University. Archived from 18579: 16597: 4949:. He also personally conducted an aerial inspection of the Minsk-Białystok pocket on 30 June and concluded that his panzer group was not needed to contain it, since 3021:

had been working on since July 1940, under the codename "Operation Otto." Upon reviewing the plans, Hitler formally committed Germany to the invasion when he issued

1594: 5848:

and were the subjects of lethal medical experiments and murder at a "pathological institute" in Kiev. Hitler received reports of the mass killings conducted by the

3789:

At the start of the invasion, the manpower of the Soviet military force that had been mobilised was 5.3–5.5 million, and it was still increasing as the Soviet

5701:

on 30 April 1945 in order to avoid capture by the Soviets, and the war in Europe finally ended with the total defeat and capitulation of Nazi Germany in May 1945.

16917: 16520: 16492: 15636: 15324: 15077: 6119: 5288:

units, consisting of worker battalions and even schoolboy formations, joined in digging trenches as they prepared to defend the city. On 7 September, the German

2449:, and would awaken in the hour of Germany's greatest need and restore the nation to its former glory. Originally, the invasion of the Soviet Union was codenamed 6102:

Germany's allies, in total, provided a significant number of troops and material to the front. There were also numerous units under German command recruited in

5756:

Despite such mandates, Hitler called for the battle against the Soviet Union to be a "struggle for existence" and emphasized that the Soviet armies were to be "

3476:

wrote in 2012 about the delay caused by German attacks in the Balkans that "most accept that it made little difference" to the eventual outcome of Barbarossa.

2982:, that occupying Western Russia would create "more of a drain than a relief for Germany's economic situation," he anticipated compensatory benefits such as the 19028: 19024: 18558: 17237: 16924: 16058: 5960:

Barbarossa was the largest military operation in history—more men, tanks, guns and aircraft were deployed than in any other offensive. The invasion opened the

2642:

s advance, were to execute all Soviet functionaries who were "less valuable Asiatics, Gypsies and Jews." Six months into the invasion of the Soviet Union, the

4727:

over the battlefields of all the army groups, but was unable to extend this air dominance over the vast expanse of the western Soviet Union. According to the

17540: 16903: 16212: 15837: 5688:, a counter-offensive employing six million men along a 2,400-kilometre (1,500 mi) front towards the Dnieper River as they drove the Germans westwards. 2283: 13829: 11438:

Aitken, Andy, Dave Flitton & James Wignall (directors), Dave Flitton (series producer); Dave Flitton, Andy Aitken & James Wignall (writers) (1996).

5806:

Organised crimes against civilians, including women and children, were carried out on a huge scale by the German police and military forces, as well as the

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pieces of all types. The death or capture of two-thirds of all Southern Front troops in four days unhinged the Front's left flank, allowing the Germans to

15354: 5050: 17010: 16506: 16122: 5182:

With the Soviet forces cut in half, the attack on the Karelian Isthmus could commence. The Finnish army attempted to encircle large Soviet formations at

4999:. Southern Finland was still under the responsibility of the Finnish Army. The goal of the Finnish forces was, at first, to recapture Finnish Karelia at 3479:

The Germans deployed one independent regiment, one separate motorised training brigade and 153 divisions for Barbarossa, which included 104 infantry, 19

2906:

Stalin's reputation as a brutal dictator contributed both to the Nazis' justification of their assault and to their expectations of success, as Stalin's

2871:

1939 German Diplomatic passport with its holder returning after the outbreak of war 2 years later and being evacuated on a special train out of the USSR.

2657: 13175: 11569:

Beck, Birgit (2005). "Sexual Violence and Its Prosecution by Courts Martial of the Wehrmacht". In Roger Chickering; Stig Förster; Bernd Greiner (eds.).

4599:. Meanwhile, ground troops crossed the border, accompanied in some locales by Lithuanian and Ukrainian partisans. Roughly three million soldiers of the 19086: 15532: 5550:

Facing the Germans were the 5th, 16th, 30th, 43rd, 49th, and 50th Soviet Armies. The Germans intended to move the 3rd and 4th Panzer Armies across the

5067:, the Donbas and the oil fields of the Caucasus in the south and the speedy capture of Leningrad, a major centre of military production, in the north. 3163:—later appointed Reich Minister of the Occupied Eastern Territories—suggested that conquered Soviet territory should be administered in the following 3118:, that he would no longer listen to misgivings about the economic dangers of a war with the USSR. It is speculated that this was passed on to General 16896: 16343: 16219: 5807: 5161: 2843: 2754: 13092:

Hillgruber, Andreas (1972). "Die "Endlösung" und das deutsche Ostimperium als Kernstück des rassenideologischen Programms des Nationalsozialismus".

6314:

Significant planning for Finnish participation in the campaign against the Soviet Union was conducted well-before the plan's actual implementation.

5783:

Before the war, Hitler had issued the notorious Commissar Order, which called for all Soviet political commissars taken prisoner at the front to be

3379: 19214: 16196: 15576: 3915:

Historians have debated whether Stalin was planning an invasion of German territory in the summer of 1941. The debate began in the late 1980s when

2830:

Despite the parties' ostensibly cordial relations, each side was highly suspicious of the other's intentions. For instance, the Soviet invasion of

2812: 2279: 1345: 4778:

on the approaches to Leningrad. On 2 July, Army Group North began its attack on the Stalin Line with its 4th Panzer Group, and on 8 July captured

4765:

On 22 June, Army Group North attacked the Soviet Northwestern Front and broke through its 8th and 11th Armies. The Soviets immediately launched a

4739:

by 5 July had lost 491 aircraft with 316 more damaged, leaving it with only about 70 percent of the strength it had at the start of the invasion.

3355:

rivers, and this pervaded the plan for Barbarossa. This belief later led to disputes between Hitler and several German senior officers, including

2855:

two-front war and subsequently delayed the reconstruction of defensive fortifications in the border regions. When German soldiers swam across the

16633: 15945: 3552:, and link up with Finnish forces. Army Group Centre, the army group equipped with the most armour and air power, was to strike from Poland into 2819:

by which the Soviets received German military equipment and trade goods in exchange for raw materials, such as oil and wheat, to help the German

2731:

equivalent enemies of the Nazi state. Nazi imperialist ambitions rejected the common humanity of both groups, declaring the supreme struggle for

1507: 12488: 19291: 18703: 16452: 15754: 14921: 6115: 5357:

After operations at Kiev were successfully concluded, Army Group South advanced east and south to capture the industrial Donbas region and the

2334: 18451: 3495:. These were equipped with 6,867 armoured vehicles, of which 3,350–3,795 were tanks, 2,770–4,389 aircraft (that amounted to 65 percent of the 2408:

s defeat. These Soviet victories ended Germany's territorial expansion and presaged the eventual defeat and collapse of Nazi Germany in 1945.

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on 18 December 1940, where he outlined the precise manner in which the operation was to be carried out. Hitler also renamed the operation to

1587: 1367: 101: 16959: 3416:

referred to the Germans as the Soviet Union's "most important and strongest enemy," and as early as July 1940, the Red Army Chief of Staff,

19296: 17337: 17193: 17177: 17149: 16397: 15604: 5803:

died of starvation during Barbarossa alone. By the end of the war, 58 percent of all Soviet prisoners of war had died in German captivity.

18094: 17161: 17073: 17017: 16980: 16262: 5965: 5157: 4627: 3726:

In the Soviet Union, speaking to his generals in December 1940, Stalin mentioned Hitler's references to an attack on the Soviet Union in

2369:

pushed the Germans about 250 km (160 mi) back. German high command anticipated a quick collapse of Soviet resistance as in the

5418:

fortifications. On 6 September the first defence line at the Voyta River was breached, but further attacks against the main line at the

5148:. Large Red Army reinforcements then prevented further gains on both fronts, and the German-Finnish force had to go onto the defensive. 3926:

former German generals following the war. Suvorov's thesis was fully or partially accepted by a limited number of historians, including

17066: 15798: 14814: 12212: 5599:. The offensive halted on 7 January 1942, after having pushed the German armies back 100–250 km (62–155 mi) from Moscow. The 5175:

Finnish attack was launched on 10 July. The Army of Karelia held a numerical advantage versus the Soviet defenders of the 7th Army and

4676:

reconnaissance units plotted Soviet troop concentrations, supply dumps and airfields, and marked them down for destruction. Additional

3638: 2779:," Soviet Union and Germany would partition Poland in the event of an invasion by Germany, and the Soviets would be allowed to overrun 1761: 1556: 5885:

Burning houses suspected of being partisan meeting places and poisoning water wells became common practice for soldiers of the German

5865: 19235: 18696: 18572: 17200: 15590: 15548: 12640: 2816: 17: 13268:

Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder: Political and Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940–1941

5727: 3794:

Barbarossa kicked off, they possessed some 33,000 pieces of artillery, a number far greater than the Germans had at their disposal.

18735: 18421: 16240: 16014: 15777: 15643: 15454: 14752:

Vogel, Detlef (1995). "The German Attack on Yugoslavia and Greece". In Schreiber, Gerhard; Stegemann, Bernd; Vogel, Detlef (eds.).

5455: 3964: 2771:. A secret protocol to the pact outlined an agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union on the division of the eastern European 1921: 1916: 1580: 12925: 4941:

and on 22 July tried and executed him along with many members of his staff on charges of "cowardice" and "criminal incompetence".

17316: 17113: 16150: 15650: 15562: 15498: 15255: 5432: 4685:

reportedly destroyed 1,489 aircraft on the first day of the invasion and over 3,100 during the first three days. Hermann Göring,

1631: 4923: 4579:

in Soviet-occupied Poland and an artillery barrage on Red Army defences on the entire front. Air-raids were conducted as far as

17519: 17031: 15881: 15419: 11842:[Chancellor Angela Merkel: The Anniversary of Nazi Germany's Attack against the Former Soviet Union is a Day of Shame]. 6222:, the attack against the Soviet Union was part of the struggle against Bolshevism and one of Finland's "traditional enemies". 5653:. Again, the Germans quickly overran great expanses of Soviet territory, but they failed to achieve their ultimate goal of the 3778: 3095: 2244: 1911: 11840:"Kanzlerin Merkel: Jahrestag des Überfalls von Nazi-Deutschland auf die damalige Sowjetunion ist Tag der Scham (19 June 2021)" 4753: 19249: 18115: 18020: 17547: 17293: 17168: 16254: 16228: 16085: 15791: 15708: 15288: 15148: 15110: 15040: 14978: 14879: 14826: 14803: 14784: 14765: 14742: 14723: 14590: 14552: 14530: 14511: 14492: 14419: 14395: 14354: 14333: 14262: 14243: 14200: 14177: 14135: 14096: 14077: 14039: 14020: 14001: 13977: 13958: 13935: 13913: 13875: 13799: 13773: 13744: 13706: 13687: 13668: 13606: 13587: 13542: 13523: 13504: 13430: 13373: 13354: 13335: 13316: 13297: 13141: 13065: 12988: 12914: 12895: 12857: 12835: 12797: 12733: 12657: 12582: 12561: 12458: 12420: 12398: 12323: 12282: 12263: 12241: 12170: 12053: 12034: 12015: 11973: 11933: 11806: 11787: 11730: 11663: 11656:

Warlords: An Extraordinary Re-creation of World War II Through the Eyes and Minds of Hitler, Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin

11644: 11625: 11602: 11578: 11559: 11540: 11492: 11473: 11409: 11390: 11361: 4117: 1899: 14601: 13480:"Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler in 1941? The Historiographical Controversy Surrounding the Origins of the Nazi-Soviet War" 4843:

On 2 July, the southern section of Army Group South—the Romanian 3rd and 4th Armies, alongside the German 11th Army—invaded

3138:, issued in March 1941, laid out the agenda for the next step after the anticipated quick conquest of the Soviet Union. The 18348: 17755: 17641: 16806: 16273: 16269: 16247: 15851: 15167: 14409: 13019: 12809:

Das Reichskommissariat Ostland: Die Kulturpolitik Der Deutschen Verwaltung Zwischen Autonomie Und Gleichschaltung 1941–1944

11828: 5255: 5121: 4503: 4479: 4310: 4306: 4294: 4282: 4265: 4211: 4172: 4129: 3107: 2971:. The report concluded that—once established—this military border would reduce the threat to Germany from attacks by enemy 1756: 1621: 1338: 3031:

in honor of medieval Emperor Friedrich I of the Holy Roman Empire, a leader of the Third Crusade in the 12th century. The

18918: 18913: 18908: 18893: 18888: 18878: 18873: 18868: 18863: 18858: 18263: 17727: 17059: 17045: 16258: 13449: 5480: 4844: 4686: 4491: 4467: 4450: 4420: 4378: 4363: 4348: 4277: 4223: 4179: 3548:. Army Group North was to march through Latvia and Estonia into northern Russia, then either take or destroy the city of 3175:

Administrative subdivisions of conquered Soviet territory as envisaged, and then partially realised, by Alfred Rosenberg

3091: 2931:

was assigned the task of drawing up the initial invasion plans of the Soviet Union. The first battle plans were entitled

2240: 2012: 1722: 1626: 1522: 18688: 5526:, just 121 km (75 mi) south of the Soviet first main defence line. Three days later, the Panzers pushed on to 3491:

to operate in conquered territories, four divisions in Finland and two divisions as reserve under the direct control of

18830: 18472: 18341: 18219: 17797: 17512: 17463: 17221: 16776: 16028: 15867: 15715: 15569: 15202: 15129: 15056: 15002: 14910: 14889: 14665: 14646: 14627: 14571: 14473: 14451: 14373: 14312: 14293: 14158: 14058: 13894: 13856: 13818: 13725: 13561: 13468: 13411: 13392: 13276: 13239: 13122: 12876: 12816: 12755: 12714: 12695: 12676: 12620: 12601: 12542: 12523: 12477: 12439: 12342: 12304: 12149: 12092: 11996: 11372: 5289: 4668: 3942:, and attracted public attention in Germany, Israel, and Russia. It has been strongly rejected by most historians, and 3634: 3099: 2912: 1982: 1561: 1258: 243: 14760:. Vol. III. Translated by McMurry, Dean S.; Osers, Ewald; Willmot, Louise; Falla, P. S. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 14253:

Roberts, Geoffrey (2014). "Stalin's Wartime Vision of the Peace, 1939–1945". In Snyder, Timothy; Brandon, Ray (eds.).

5101:, approached Murmansk directly by crossing the border at Petsamo. However, in mid-July after securing the neck of the 2943:

as the operational objective of any invasion of the Soviet Union. This assault would extend from the northern city of

18588: 17470: 17442: 17259: 16841: 16560: 16527: 15021: 14848: 13042: 11725:. Vol. IV. Translated by McMurry, Dean S.; Osers, Ewald; Willmot, Louise. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press. 11428: 6243: 6007: 5627:

The Soviet Union had suffered heavily from the conflict, losing huge tracts of territory, and vast losses in men and

5595:, and the poor German situation. On 5 December, the Soviet defenders launched a massive counterattack as part of the 4320: 3103: 2824: 2294:). Over the course of the operation, over 3.8 million personnel of the Axis powers—the largest invasion force in the 1987: 1877: 1778: 1007: 15743: 5389:

were isolated and four days later they had been annihilated. The Soviet defeat was total; 106,332 men captured, 212

3560:

and then Moscow. Army Group South was to strike the heavily populated and agricultural heartland of Ukraine, taking

157:

Axis captured approximately 600,000 sq mi (1,600,000 km) of Soviet territory but failed to reach the

18625: 17783: 17720: 16855: 16691: 15814: 14757: 13790:

Menger, Manfred (1997). "Germany and the Finnish 'Separate War' Against the Soviet Union". In Wegner, Bernd (ed.).

13250: 11722: 5646: 5117: 2902:

was the original German plan of attack for Operation Barbarossa, as depicted in a US Government study (March 1955).

1967: 1962: 1732: 1539: 1424: 16368: 5097:

On 29 June, Germany launched its effort to capture Murmansk in a pincer attack. The northern pincer, conducted by

4864: 1655: 1382: 18149: 17990: 17979: 17815: 17574: 17533: 17426: 17364: 16751: 16021: 15890: 15858: 6169:

See for instance the involvement of Latvian and Ukrainian forces in killing Jews cited by historian Raul Hilberg.

5522:

The first blow took the Soviets completely by surprise when the 2nd Panzer Group, returning from the south, took

4100: 3807: 3396: 2885: 2680:

process in Eastern Europe would be complete when "in the East dwell only men with truly German, Germanic blood."

1331: 258: 18774: 16538: 16106: 19074: 18898: 18535: 18507: 18385: 18178: 17415: 16866: 16792: 16588: 15959: 15678: 15583: 15468: 13421:

Kirshin, Yuri (1997). "The Soviet Armed Forces on the Eve of the Great Patriotic War". In Wegner, Bernd (ed.).

12845: 6247: 5224:

s inventory steadily diminished due to combat, demand for air support only increased as the VVS recovered. The

2772: 2709:('large plan'), which covered policies after the war was won, to be implemented gradually over 25 to 30 years. 2038: 1882: 5910: 2676:(dated 25 May 1940), outlined the Nazi plans for the non-German populations in the East. Himmler believed the 19301: 19271: 19228: 18850: 18595: 18528: 18479: 18410: 18235: 17741: 17692: 17456: 17449: 17052: 16813: 16604: 15657: 15300: 14437: 13185: 11379:

Participation of the Royal Hungarian Armed Forces in the attack against the Soviet Union, June–December, 1941

6275: 6267: 6002: 5361:. The Soviet Southern Front launched an attack on 26 September with two armies on the northern shores of the 5345: 4409: 4151: 3488: 3449:

floods may have discouraged an earlier attack, even if they occurred before the end of the Balkans Campaign.

2720:

that the war against the Soviet Union was "an essential part of the German people's struggle for existence" (

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commanders on "the policy of eliminating Jews in Soviet territories, at least in general terms". While the

3316: 3284: 3256: 2839: 2386:

for which the Germans were unprepared. Following the heavy losses and logistical strain of Barbarossa, the

2310: 2072: 1827: 1790: 1695: 1604: 1463: 933: 43: 12975:

Heer, Hannes (2000). "The Logic of the War of Extermination: The Wehrmacht and the Anti-Partisan War". In

5859: 2325:(for Soviet and Axis forces alike), all of which influenced the course of World War II and the subsequent 19221: 19197: 19192: 19107: 18936: 18928: 18748: 18632: 17956: 17908: 17526: 17498: 17351: 16966: 16945: 16466: 16129: 16035: 15525: 13906:

Eroberungen. Sexuelle Gewalttaten und intime Beziehungen deutscher Soldaten in der Sowjetunion, 1941–1945

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found itself struggling to maintain local air superiority. With the onset of bad weather in October, the

3671: 2768: 2580: 2560:(General Plan for the East). The Nazis' belief in their ethnic superiority pervades official records and 2326: 2275: 440: 5438:

in eastern Karelia. The Finnish government agreed to restart its offensive into Soviet Karelia to reach

4650:

The initial momentum of the German ground and air attack completely destroyed the Soviet organisational

3135: 2373:, analogous to the reaction Russia had during World War I, but instead the Red Army absorbed the German 18753: 18743: 18430: 17926: 17845: 17790: 17678: 17634: 17284: 16910: 16834: 16736: 16613: 16485: 16478: 16438: 16411: 16143: 16076: 15671: 15482: 15412: 15392: 15380: 14992: 14938: 14443: 6051: 5466:

fell the next day. On 7 December, Finland halted all offensive operations and went onto the defensive.

5280:

spirit stronger in resisting the Germans than at Leningrad where reserve troops and freshly improvised

5020: 4690: 3760:

and American intelligence gave regular and repeated warnings of an impending German attack. Soviet spy

3598: 3225: 3194: 3018: 2847: 2759: 2287: 2104: 2066: 1832: 1177: 12926:"Too Little, Too Late: An Analysis of Hitler's Failure in August 1942 to Damage Soviet Oil Production" 12765:

Grazhdan, Anna (director); Artem Drabkin & Aleksey Isaev (writers); Valeriy Babich, Vlad Ryashin,

12064: 4906:, the 6th and 11th Mechanised Corps and the 6th Cavalry Corps launched a strong counterstrike towards 3436:

coast included activities such as ship concentrations, reconnaissance flights and training exercises.

19286: 18332: 18249: 18034: 17894: 17866: 17699: 17604: 17394: 16827: 15901: 15555: 15274: 12503: 12204: 6263: 5574:, but by then the first blizzards had begun. A reconnaissance battalion managed to reach the town of 5340: 5113:. Renewed attacks led to nothing, and this front became a stalemate for the remainder of Barbarossa. 5016: 4337: 4185: 3339: 3039:

and intellectual elites in Eastern Europe. The invasion was tentatively set for May 1941, but it was

2834:

in June 1940 went beyond their sphere of influence as agreed with Germany. After Germany entered the

2808: 2800: 2767:

On August 23, 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed a non-aggression pact in Moscow known as the

2099: 1707: 1675: 1650: 1483: 1419: 1377: 16099: 14997:. University of Nebraska Press. Generalplan Ost: The Search for a Final Solution through Expulsion. 5144:

it was able to make rapid headway. On 7 August it captured Kestenga while reaching the outskirts of

4898:. Simultaneously, the German 4th and 9th Armies engaged the Western Front forces in the environs of 4614:

At around noon, the news of the invasion was broadcast to the population by Soviet foreign minister

3022: 18071: 18048: 17300: 17101: 17094: 16758: 16418: 16390: 16383: 15770: 14994:

The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942

13152: 11466:

Operation Barbarossa: The Complete Organisational and Statistical Analysis, and Military Simulation

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1941. In front of Army Group Centre was a series of elaborate defence lines, the first centred on

3723:

Soviet war plans and the deployment of their armed forces in preparation for the German invasion.

3711:

as the most dangerous threat to the Soviet Union, and that in the case of a war with Germany, the

2341:" worked to solve German food shortages and exterminate the Slavic population through starvation. 19048: 19043: 18956: 18903: 18493: 18437: 18307: 18167: 17852: 17505: 17401: 17307: 16875: 16743: 16713: 16677: 16662: 16534: 16426: 16404: 16350: 16336: 16318: 15982: 15763: 15491: 15440: 5799:, a few prominent German officers openly protested against them. An estimated two million Soviet 5718: 5398: 5382: 5141: 4946: 4903: 4706: 4415: 4358: 4343: 4289: 4260: 4206: 4157: 3991: 3504: 3460: 2727: 2604:

ideology via movies, radio, lectures, books, and leaflets. Likening the Soviets to the forces of

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Uldricks, Teddy (Autumn 1999). "The Icebreaker Controversy: Did Stalin Plan to Attack Hitler?".

14274:

Der "Generalplan Ost." Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik

13134:

Trials of War Criminals Before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10

13132:

Himmler, Heinrich (1940). "Reflections on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East".

3678:

for the Red Army was developed and promulgated in the 1936 Field Regulations in the form of the

19242: 18984: 18835: 18185: 18078: 17880: 17831: 17734: 17627: 17597: 17380: 17268: 16994: 16785: 16376: 16357: 16327: 15874: 15844: 12352:

Erickson, J. (1972). "The Soviet Response to Surprise Attack: Three Directives, 22 June 1941".

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states, designed to insulate the Soviet Union from any possible future attack". In the ensuing

5901:

planned to seal off Leningrad, starve out the population, and then demolish the city entirely.

5166: 5092: 4803: 4596: 3819: 3790: 3772:

Army general (later Marshal) Zhukov speaking at a military conference in Moscow, September 1941

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to substantiate their claims that Britain was the real target. These simulated preparations in

2804: 2303: 2299: 1972: 1945: 1822: 1665: 1448: 1397: 19097: 19002: 18979: 18726: 18676: 18399: 18242: 18138: 18108: 18064: 17804: 17769: 17762: 17685: 17583: 17024: 17001: 16848: 16459: 15996: 15736: 15722: 15405: 15078:"Hitler's Quest for Oil: The Impact of Economic Considerations on Military Strategy, 1941–42" 13266: 12135: 5949: 5698: 5516: 5366: 5317: 5106: 5098: 4701:

Soviet aircraft in the first three days against an estimated loss of 78 German aircraft. The

4112: 4095: 4022: 4012: 1950: 1939: 1690: 1453: 1073: 791: 762: 757: 681: 676: 16294: 15178: 13923: 11764: 11714: 11710: 11374:

A Magyar Királyi Honvédség részvétele a Szovjetunió elleni támadásban, 1941. június-december

5603:

had lost the Battle for Moscow, and the invasion had cost the German Army over 830,000 men.

3768: 2656:

After the war began, the Nazis issued a ban on sexual relations between Germans and foreign

19032: 19014: 19010: 18996: 18992: 18988: 18882: 18722: 18500: 18355: 18006: 17963: 17933: 17859: 17669: 16574: 16051: 15729: 15270: 14988: 13552:

Lopez, Jean; Aubin, Nicolas; Bernard, Vincent; Guillerat, Nicolas; Fenby, Jonathan (2019).

13201:

Humpert, David (2005). "Viktor Suvorov and Operation Barbarossa: Tukhachevskii Revisited".

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which were first conveyed to the RSHA, where they were aggregated into a summary report by

5834: 5662: 5283: 5088: 4996: 4826: 4558: 4124: 4085: 4056: 4051: 3921: 3757: 3736: 3707:

Beginning in July 1940, the Red Army General Staff developed war plans that identified the

3659: 2776: 2434: 2200: 2005: 1887: 1838: 1468: 1240: 779: 752: 719: 714: 709: 497: 15337:

Adolf Hitler's Order of the Day to the German Troops on the Eastern Front (2 October 1941)

13758:[Evaluation by the Soviet leadership of the events of World War II in 1939–1941]. 5492: 4799: 1670: 1402: 8: 19276: 19187: 19006: 18718: 18618: 18392: 18270: 18226: 17748: 16882: 16648: 16175: 16005: 15989: 15938: 11740: 11698: 11552:

Wehrmacht und sexuelle Gewalt. Sexualverbrechen vor deutschen Militärgerichten, 1939–1945

11502:

Bar-Joseph, Uri; Levy, Jack S. (Fall 2009). "Conscious Action and Intelligence Failure".

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Swastika over the Acropolis: Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II

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was taken on 5 September. On 7 September, Finnish forward units reached the Svir River.

5401:

Kharkov on 24 October. Kleist's 1st Panzer Army took the Donbas region that same month.

3749: 3017:

Hitler received the final military plans for the invasion on 5 December 1940, which the

3007:

We only have to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down.

2668:('Eastern workers') that included the death penalty for sexual relations with a German. 2571:

Plan of new German settlement colonies (marked with dots and diamonds), drawn up by the

2564:

articles in German periodicals, on topics such as "how to deal with alien populations."

19141: 19092: 19038: 18815: 18611: 18444: 18369: 18323: 18293: 18201: 18041: 17706: 17590: 17484: 17435: 17373: 17129: 17080: 16889: 16513: 16168: 15966: 15061: 14700: 14692: 14604:[Merkel calls the 1941 attack against the Soviet Union an occasion for shame]. 14210:

Roberts, Cynthia (1995). "Planning for War: The Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941".

13947: 13834: 13644: 13218: 13136:. Vol. 13. District of Columbia: US Government Printing Office. pp. 147–150. 13101: 13054: 12956: 12948: 12743: 12160: 12123: 11909: 11901: 11872: 11864: 11816: 11531:

Baudot, Marcel; Bernard, Henri; Foot, Michael R.D.; Jacobsen, Hans-Adolf, eds. (1989).

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Germans defeated this counterattack thanks largely to the coincidental presence of the

4771: 4615: 3951: 3935: 3691: 3679: 3484: 3421: 3417: 3074: 2894: 2465: 2427: 2370: 2349:, carried out by German death squads or willing collaborators, murdered over a million 2295: 2204: 2092: 2053: 2033: 2028: 1926: 1701: 1478: 1218: 900: 786: 774: 510: 484: 423: 404: 200: 14172:. Translated by Michael Idomir Allen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 11949:

Web Genocide Documentation Center – Resources on Genocide, War Crimes and Mass Killing

11847:

Breitman, Richard (1991). "Himmler and the 'Terrible Secret' among the Executioners".

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objective was Smolensk, which commanded the road to Moscow. Facing the Germans was an

4705:

reported the loss of only 35 aircraft on the first day of combat. A document from the

3525:(air fleets, the air force equivalent of army groups) that supported the army groups: 19078: 18941: 18784: 18602: 18486: 18376: 18316: 18277: 18210: 18192: 18158: 18101: 18055: 17999: 17824: 17562: 17554: 17491: 17344: 16938: 16470: 15931: 15910: 15620: 15313:

Adolf Hitler's Letter to Benito Mussolini Explaining the Invasion of the Soviet Union

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855 killed, 2,288 wounded in action, 277 missing and captured, 1,000 sick and injured

5784: 5685: 5670: 5566:

The German position of advances before the start of Operation Typhoon, September 1941

5328: 5102: 4977: 4917: 4434: 4399: 4327: 4234: 4040: 3939: 3675: 3647: 3602: 3512: 3425: 3413: 3032: 2740: 2529: 2431: 2398: 2383: 1977: 1805: 1529: 1500: 1458: 702: 523: 14900: 13031: 12378: 10030: 5275: 3244: 3213: 3111: 368: 18820: 18789: 18779: 18521: 18514: 18458: 18122: 17887: 17873: 17776: 17713: 17664: 17477: 17330: 17277: 17087: 17038: 16952: 16182: 16159: 15692: 15089: 15051: 14836: 14684: 14433: 14231: 14219: 13628: 13575: 13287: 13210: 12940: 12572: 12373: 12361: 12185: 11893: 11856: 11702: 11592: 11511: 11059: 6498: 5735: 5612: 5588: 5562: 5498: 5475: 5301: 5145: 4962: 4891: 4879: 4831: 4817: 4783: 4748: 4079: 4006: 3931: 3663: 3590: 3545: 3516: 3508: 3445: 3202: 3160: 3057: 2979: 2924: 2717: 2690: 2669: 2613: 2561: 2539: 2362: 2131: 2125: 2114: 2087: 2023: 1931: 1784: 1773: 1746: 1738: 1717: 1660: 1544: 1517: 1473: 1407: 1387: 745: 669: 618: 614: 602: 572: 105: 18810: 15701: 14583:

Shattered Genius: The Decline and Fall of the German General Staff in World War II

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whose spy, Yan Baohang, had overheard talk of the plans at a dinner with a German

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and warned the Soviet Union accordingly. Some of this intelligence was based on

3719: 3695: 3667: 3594: 3433: 3384: 3348: 3296: 3166: 2987: 2952: 2916: 2835: 2555: 2520:

portrayed the Soviet Union (and all of Eastern Europe) as populated by non-Aryan

2290:

began planning an invasion of the Soviet Union in July 1940 (under the code-name

2226: 2136: 2043: 1905: 1870: 1795: 1685: 822: 767: 729: 724: 686: 536: 380: 124: 68: 18656: 11985: 11571:

A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945

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On 12 November 1941 the temperature around Moscow was −12 °C (10 °F).

5787:. German soldiers participated in these mass killings along with members of the 3065: 2317:

in human history. The area saw some of history's largest battles, most horrific

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Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941: Total War, Genocide, and Radicalization

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Der Krieg als Kreuzzug: Das Deutsche Reich, Hitlers Wehrmacht und die Endlösung

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a racial war between the disciplined Germans and the Jewish, Romani and Slavic

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In the two years leading up to the invasion, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union

2239:

as well as the agricultural resources of various Soviet territories, including

1849: 1680: 1443: 548: 392: 318: 55: 15376: 15093: 14439:

The Myth of the Eastern Front: The Nazi-Soviet War in American Popular Culture

14223: 13214: 12770: 12365: 11799:

Why Was Barbarossa Delayed? The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean

11439: 11402:

The Eastern Front: Barbarossa, Stalingrad, Kursk, Leningrad, Bagration, Berlin

9584: 6444: 5029:

German advances during the opening phases of Operation Barbarossa, August 1941

5003:

as well as the Karelian Isthmus, which included Finland's second largest city

4610:

Moscovites gather by a loudspeaker to listen to Molotov's speech, 22 June 1941

2459:'s expansive campaigns in Eastern Europe), but Hitler had the name changed to 19265: 19182: 19146: 18960: 18362: 16287: 16136: 15975: 14875: 14613: 14281: 13987: 13656: 13640: 13619:(2003). "Crossing the Rubicon: Soviet Plans for Offensive War in 1940–1941". 13616: 12408: 12229: 12208: 12119: 11588: 11523: 10651: 6554: 6111: 6029: 5870: 5592: 5485: 5129: 4724: 4572: 4563: 3761: 3651: 3473: 3360: 3352: 3128: 2995: 2956: 2851: 2713: 2677: 2523: 2438: 2354: 2337:

3.3 million Soviet prisoners of war, and millions of civilians, as the "

2264: 2232: 1489: 1248: 634: 589: 560: 472: 459: 428: 228: 77: 15258:

was created from a revision of this article dated 10 December 2017

12775:(television documentary). Soviet Storm: World War II in the East. Star Media 11421:

Third Axis Fourth Ally: Romanian Armed Forces in the European War, 1941–1945

10219: 5054:

German mechanized forces pushing east through a rapeseed field, August 1941.

3395:

The Germans had begun massing troops near the Soviet border even before the

1437: 18661: 18465: 16765: 16670: 16301: 15664: 15428: 15384: 14540: 13766:

Stalin's Missed Chance: Soviet Union and the Struggle for Europe, 1939–1941

13084: 13079:(in German). Frankfurt am Main: Bernard & Graefe Verlag für Wehrwesen. 13015: 12630: 12292: 12189: 11926:

Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland

9886: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6151:

treatment, meaning about 8,000 became permanent losses. Askey 2014, p. 178.

6107: 5990: 5982: 5978: 5942: 5829: 5555: 5551: 5451: 5419: 5293: 5192: 4950: 4873:

destroyed the Western Front's air force on the ground, and with the aid of

4244: 4134: 4105: 4066: 4027: 3947: 3946:

is generally considered to be an "anti-Soviet tract" in Western countries.

3534: 3530: 3526: 3368: 3119: 2978:

Although Hitler was warned by many high-ranking military officers, such as

2928: 2899: 2716:

demonstrates the dissemination of the Nazi racial plan, as he informed the

2663: 2605: 2597: 2493: 2483: 2216: 2208: 2189: 2181: 2177: 1800: 1049: 1000: 926: 893: 845: 805: 738: 695: 662: 629: 609: 597: 579: 567: 555: 543: 531: 518: 505: 492: 479: 467: 453: 411: 399: 387: 375: 363: 356: 351: 338: 325: 313: 305: 299: 278: 272: 185: 179: 133: 47: 14971:

The Eastern Front, 1941–45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare

14777:

The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War

13535:

Enduring the Whirlwind: The German Army and the Russo-German War 1941–1943

13442:

Occupied Economies: An Economic History of Nazi-Occupied Europe, 1939–1945

12415:. Translated by Lehrer, Natasha. London: C. Hurst and Co. Publishers Ltd. 9847: 9620: 6542: 4899: 3463:, and Hitler study maps during the early days of Hitler's Soviet Campaign. 2616:

that the "Mongolian race" threatened Europe. Following the invasion, many

1413: 19156: 19064: 18300: 18286: 17948: 16624: 16445: 16430: 15784: 14966: 13262: 12976: 11752: 11706: 10711: 10639: 10411: 5925: 5554:

and envelop Moscow from the northeast. The 2nd Panzer Group would attack

5535: 5519:

designed to deny to the Nazi war machine needed supplies and foodstuffs.

5362: 5133: 5035: 5000: 4775: 3541: 3156: 3144: 3139: 3131:

of important military equipment like tanks and artillery, were not made.

2968: 2944: 2907: 2701:('small plan'), which covered actions to be taken during the war and the 2601: 2547: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2255:(living space) for Germany, and the eventual extermination of the native 2185: 330: 14602:"Überfall auf Sowjetunion 1941: Merkel nennt Jahrestag Anlass für Scham" 14149:

Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion

13887:

The Bread of Affliction: The Food Supply in the USSR During World War II

13756:"Оценка советским руководством событий Второй мировой войны в 1939–1941" 13105: 12335:

Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941

11573:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 317–332. 7159: 6566: 6225: 5369:, which was simultaneously advancing into the Crimea. On 1 October, the 5237:

and was even pressing to achieve air superiority over the battlefields.

1371: 19161: 17655: 17408: 17387: 16280: 15613: 15541: 15358: 15141:

Oil, Illiberalism, and War: An Analysis of Energy and US Foreign Policy

14934: 14867: 14711: 14696: 13811:

Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe

13176:"'The World Will Hold Its Breath': Reinterpreting Operation Barbarossa" 13007: 12828:

The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won

12127: 12103: 12029:. Cambridge and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 11694: 9608: 6839: 6809: 6671: 6219: 6019: 5575: 5539: 5443: 5439: 5324: 4848: 4787: 4588: 3753: 3745: 3568:

of southern USSR to the Volga with the aim of controlling the oil-rich

3553: 3520: 3123: 2948: 2923:

for a "final showdown" with Bolshevism. With the successful end to the

2846:

addressing several open issues in January 1941. According to historian

2820: 2792: 2513: 2499: 2488: 2422: 2250: 1323: 12952: 12728:. Vol. Revised and Expanded Edition. University Press of Kansas. 11905: 11868: 10807: 6486: 5025: 2994:

as a reliable and immense source of agricultural products, the use of

2587:

upholding its honor in the face of Hitler's fanaticism, the historian

18719: 17918: 17323: 17120: 16931: 16729: 16684: 15369: 13868:

Cross of Iron: The Rise and Fall of the German War Machine, 1918–1945

10735: 6014: 5921: 5825: 5821: 5769: 5654: 5650: 5394: 5183: 4728: 4580: 3578: 3549: 3500: 3153: 3036: 2960: 2856: 2567: 2446: 2443:

asleep, along with his knights, in a cave in the Kyffhäuser mountains

2394: 2375: 2318: 2212: 2196: 1816: 1295:

566,852 killed in action (101,471 of whom died in hospital of wounds)

27:

1941–1942 invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and its allies

16205: 14813:

Wegner, Bernd (1990). "Der Krieg gegen die Sowjetunion 1942/43". In

14688: 13761:Упущенный шанс Сталина. Советский Союз и борьба за Европу: 1939–1941 13033:

Perpetrators, Victims, Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe, 1933–1945

12636:

The Soviet-German War 1941–1945: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay

5252:

both sides of Lake Ladoga to reach the old Finnish-Soviet frontier.

3682:. Defence expenditure also grew rapidly from just 12 percent of the 19166: 19115: 16189: 15917: 13792:

From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941

13423:

From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941

12944: 11743:. "Operation Barbarossa as a War of Conquest and Annihilation". In 7970: 5986: 5894: 5838: 5817: 5628: 5512: 5463: 5109:

the German advance was stopped by heavy resistance from the Soviet

4992: 4395:

31 Rifle, 36th Rifle, 49th Rifle, 55th Rifle and 1st Airborne Corps

3569: 3557: 3388: 3268: 2940: 2881: 2860: 2831: 2796: 2330: 2268: 2236: 2173: 158: 15343: 15331: 15319: 15307: 15295: 14068:

Pohl, Dieter (2018). "War and Empire". In Robert Gellately (ed.).

12554:

The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933–1945

11966:

Battle of wits: the complete story of codebreaking in World War II

11354:

Architects of Annihilation: Auschwitz and the Logic of Destruction

10057: 8663: 8399: 6731: 4984:

at the Finnish-Soviet border. Simultaneously Finland proceeded to

2674:

Reflections on the Treatment of Peoples of Alien Races in the East

2211:, put into action Nazi Germany's ideological goals of eradicating 14821:(in German). Vol. VI . Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. 13968:

Nenye, Vesa; Munter, Peter; Wirtanen, Tony; Birks, Chris (2016).

13328:

Finland in the Twentieth Century: A History and an Interpretation

12514:

Förster, Jürgen (2005). "The German Military's Image of Russia".

11767:"The Involvement of Scandinavia in the Plans for Barbarossa". In 9864: 9862: 9671: 9495: 7871: 7039: 6791: 5855: 5527: 5447: 5350: 5187: 5137: 5064: 4895: 3233: 3206: 2991: 2972: 2784: 2780: 2609: 2401:

in 1943—were weaker and eventually failed, which resulted in the

2260: 2220: 1550: 1229: 817: 435: 214: 14754:

The Mediterranean, South-east Europe, and North Africa 1939–1941

13000:

Hitler and Russia: The Third Reich in a Two-Front War, 1937–1943

11221: 10915: 10003: 9113: 8416: 8414: 7642: 6719: 4621:

In Germany, on the morning of 22 June, Nazi propaganda minister

3625:

battles and destroyed the Red Army's forces in the border area.

2235:

for the Axis war effort while acquiring the oil reserves of the

1572: 16799: 15397: 15349:

Adolf Hitler Explains His Reasons for Invading the Soviet Union

15283: 14411:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

12850:

Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945

12065:"Operation Barbarossa: The Biggest of All Time (June 18, 2021)" 10435: 10183: 9835: 9799: 9596: 8300: 7581: 7579: 5930: 5508: 5358: 5004: 4928: 4907: 4874: 4758: 4642: 4584: 3782: 3589:

units) were to operate in conquered territories to counter any

3565: 3480: 3429: 3343: 3043:

to allow for further preparations and possibly better weather.

2788: 15052:"Modern History Sourcebook: The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, 1939" 14346:

A History of Modern Russia: From Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin

12162:

The German Army, 1933–1945: Its Political and Military Failure

11329: 10483: 10207: 10171: 9967: 9859: 9823: 9811: 9001: 8999: 8904: 8902: 8735: 8675: 7946: 6851: 5772:

policies towards combatants, civilians, and prisoners of war.

3556:

and the west-central regions of Russia proper, and advance to

3408:

missions over Soviet territory many months before the attack.

2486:

vaguely declared in his political manifesto and autobiography

16987: 14619:

Neptune: The Allied Invasion of Europe and the D-Day Landings

11101: 11074: 10951: 10783: 10543: 10098: 10096: 9483: 9402: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8651: 8411: 6476: 6474: 5743: 5674: 5523: 5125: 4887: 4779: 4520:

20th Rifle, 45th Rifle, 67th Rifle and 21st Mechanised Corps.

3237: 3048: 2964: 2627:. An 'order from the Führer' stated that the paramilitary SS 2256: 13953:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 13461:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

13060:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 11317: 11269: 11023: 11011: 10771: 10327: 9574: 9572: 9570: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9414: 9368: 9366: 8972: 8723: 8639: 8467: 8465: 8363: 8263: 8261: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7666: 7576: 6979: 5993:, and Western Europe aligned itself with the United States. 4882:

crossed the Bug River, broke through the 4th Army, bypassed

2329:. The German armies eventually captured five million Soviet 14735:

Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia

11305: 11293: 10891: 10867: 10819: 10447: 10423: 10399: 10339: 10279: 10255: 9921: 9919: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9271: 9246: 9244: 9242: 9229: 9227: 8996: 8914: 8899: 8841: 8839: 8795: 8793: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8759: 8273: 8199: 8197: 8102: 7922: 7888: 7886: 7825: 7823: 7513: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7374: 7003: 6863: 6683: 6623: 6598: 6596: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6302: 5810:. Under the command of the Reich Security Main Office, the 5715:

German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war

5658: 5390: 5211: 4937: 4782:, devastating the defences of the Stalin Line and reaching 3803: 3799: 3699:

further underscored his control by reasserting the role of

3561: 3047:

the purpose of the Russian campaign the decimation of the

14658:

Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment

13551: 13404:

Operation Barbarossa: The German Invasion of Soviet Russia

11197: 11149: 11047: 10963: 10927: 10567: 10531: 10495: 10417: 10159: 10147: 10137: 10135: 10108: 10093: 10081: 9943: 9775: 9751: 9727: 9661: 9659: 9644: 9471: 9438: 9050: 8887: 8805: 8489: 8450: 8387: 8339: 8030: 8018: 7934: 7736: 7606: 7596: 7594: 7566: 7564: 7489: 7429: 7402: 7335: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7135: 6967: 6914: 6471: 6461: 6459: 5591:, the presence of skilled and experienced leadership like 5381:

the two attacking Soviet armies. By 7 October, the Soviet

4927:

German mechanised forces staging in preparation to attack

4665:

Axis and Soviet air operations during Operation Barbarossa

3690:

five Marshals of the Soviet Union appointed in 1935, only

1301:

1,336,147 sick or wounded via combat and non-combat causes

18769: 13970:

Finland at War: The Continuation and Lapland Wars 1941–45

13248: 12981:

War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II

12907:

The Secret War: Spies, Ciphers, and Guerrillas, 1939–1945

12489:"Barbarossa Revisited: Strategy and Ideology in the East" 11530: 11449: 11113: 11091: 11089: 11035: 10879: 10855: 10813: 10717: 10657: 10645: 10507: 10351: 10303: 10020: 10018: 9979: 9567: 9555: 9531: 9507: 9450: 9363: 9261: 9259: 9166: 9164: 8984: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8605: 8603: 8578: 8576: 8462: 8329: 8327: 8290: 8288: 8258: 8119: 8117: 7835: 7760: 7714: 7712: 7690: 7618: 7441: 7267: 7207: 7195: 6943: 6779: 6635: 5393:

destroyed or captured in the pocket alone as well as 766

5217:

By August, as the serviceability and the quantity of the

5128:

region for Finland and then proceed eastwards to cut the

5116:

The second pincer attack began on 1 July with the German

5074:

German armoured forces cross the Dnieper, September 1941.

4732: 4696:, distrusted the reports and ordered the figure checked. 3718:

s main attack would come through the region north of the

3492: 3456: 2840:

negotiations about a potential Soviet entry into the pact

15177:

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (20 June 2014).

14817:; Rahn, Werner; Stumpf, Reinhard; Wegner, Bernd (eds.). 13967: 13232:

Believe and Destroy: Intellectuals in the SS War Machine

12869:

Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II

12748:

Grand Delusion: Stalin and the German Invasion of Russia

12613:

Stumbling Colossus: The Red Army on the Eve of World War

11281: 11257: 11245: 11125: 10723: 10603: 10471: 10225: 9955: 9910: 9892: 9874: 9853: 9626: 9590: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9324: 9322: 9239: 9224: 9125: 8875: 8863: 8851: 8836: 8790: 8771: 8711: 8687: 8537: 8525: 8312: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8194: 8090: 7883: 7820: 7808: 7772: 7678: 7549: 7371: 7296: 7294: 7255: 7231: 7123: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6875: 6767: 6593: 6510: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6238:

The four Soviet military districts facing the Axis, the

4820:, inspects a large iron works facility in Ukraine, 1941. 2313:, in which more forces were committed than in any other 19243:

Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust

14191:

The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War

11945:"Evidence for the Implementation of the Final Solution" 11400:

Anderson, Duncan; Clark, Lloyd; Walsh, Stephen (2018).

11233: 10975: 10831: 10747: 10687: 10663: 10579: 10459: 10387: 10363: 10315: 10291: 10267: 10132: 9931: 9683: 9656: 9543: 9295: 9212: 9137: 9091: 9089: 9040: 9038: 8960: 8933: 8931: 8929: 8627: 8588: 8513: 8501: 8351: 8231: 8229: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8042: 7630: 7591: 7561: 7525: 7501: 7359: 7306: 7279: 7027: 6904: 6902: 6743: 6613: 6611: 6583: 6581: 6456: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6388: 6386: 6384: 5308:

and support Army Group Centre in its attack on Moscow.

3061: 16059:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

14255:

Stalin and Europe: Imitation and Domination, 1928–1953

13169:– via Calvin College, German Propaganda Archive. 12707:

Operation Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia 1941

12688:

Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk, Volume 2

12669:

Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk, Volume 1

11185: 11086: 10987: 10903: 10843: 10795: 10699: 10675: 10627: 10615: 10519: 10375: 10243: 10195: 10069: 10045: 10015: 9787: 9739: 9695: 9632: 9519: 9307: 9256: 9161: 8943: 8699: 8600: 8573: 8477: 8438: 8426: 8375: 8324: 8285: 8114: 8006: 7994: 7958: 7859: 7847: 7796: 7784: 7709: 7537: 7390: 7323: 7147: 7099: 7075: 7063: 7015: 6887: 6827: 6532: 6530: 5738:, before her execution by hanging. The placard reads: 15389:

Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East

15195:

Hitler's Stuka Squadrons: The Ju 87 at War, 1936–1945

14545:

Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East

14388:

Hitler's Soldiers: The German Army in the Third Reich

14271: 13499:. College Station: Texas A & M University Press. 12650:

Slaughterhouse: The Encyclopedia of the Eastern Front

11884:

Breitman, Richard (1990). "Hitler and Genghis Khan".

10999: 10939: 10555: 10231: 10120: 9991: 9898: 9763: 9426: 9390: 9378: 9351: 9334: 9319: 9283: 9200: 9176: 9062: 9011: 8615: 8561: 8549: 8241: 8209: 8165: 8153: 8078: 8066: 8054: 7724: 7465: 7291: 7243: 7183: 7171: 7165: 7087: 6955: 6926: 6755: 6647: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6426: 6404: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6049: 5281: 4894:

bypassed most of the 3rd Army and pressed on towards

4451: 4319:, 21st Rifle, 44th Rifle, 47th Rifle, 50th Rifle and 3152:

ideals for the benefit of future generations of the "

2748: 2284:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

2167: 1223:

114,000+ casualties (at least 39,000 dead or missing)

15162:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Amberley Publishing. 14929:. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 14923:

The German Northern Theater of Operations, 1940–1945

14796:

Stalin's Other War: Soviet Grand Strategy, 1939–1941

14504:

Hitler's Germany: Origins, Interpretations, Legacies

14236:

Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953

12726:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

12594:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

11356:. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. 11209: 11173: 11161: 11137: 10759: 10591: 9188: 9149: 9086: 9074: 9035: 9023: 8926: 8226: 8177: 8141: 8129: 7748: 7654: 7419: 7417: 7219: 7111: 6899: 6608: 6578: 6381: 5684:. Following the German defeat, the Soviets launched 4971:

Finnish soldiers crossing the Murmansk Railway, 1941

3503:, were all controlled by the OKH and organised into 2544:('turn to the East') as it did "600 years ago" (see 2496:, asserting that the German people needed to secure 1310:

21,200 aircraft, of which 10,600 were lost to combat

14599: 12535:

Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East

12196: 11616:

Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War

10036: 9101: 7982: 7477: 7453: 7347: 6991: 6695: 6527: 5665:in February 1943 and withdrawal from the Caucasus. 5198: 19087:Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia 14272:Rössler, Mechtild; Schleiermacher, Sabine (1996). 14188: 14146: 14015:. London and New York: W.W. Norton & Company. 13946: 13844: 13843:Miller, Donald L.; Commager, Henry Steele (2001). 13661:Thunder in the East: The Nazi-Soviet War 1941–1945 13053: 13030: 12764: 12377: 11984: 11982: 11674: 11613: 11399: 11227: 11065: 8747: 7051: 7045: 6845: 6725: 6707: 6423: 6362: 6345: 5349:Germans battle Soviet defenders on the streets of 5170:Finnish troops advancing in Karelia in August 1941 2799:. The conclusion of this pact was followed by the 2471: 2421:The theme of Barbarossa had long been used by the 15014:The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin's War with Germany 14841:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 14656:Ueberschär, Gerd R.; Müller, Rolf-Dieter (2008). 14070:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Third Reich 13439: 11437: 9718: 7648: 7414: 5936: 5162:Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus (1941) 3593:activity in areas they controlled, as well as to 3347:Army west of the capital, especially west of the 2915:, and their own invasion was thus presented as a 19263: 15105:. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press. 14712:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (1996). 14655: 14561: 14257:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 14013:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia 13908:(in German). Hamburg: Hamburger Edition Verlag. 13516:Perpetrators: The World of the Holocaust Killers 12256:Operation Barbarossa: The History of a Cataclysm 12182:Soviet Intelligence on the Eve of War, 1939–1941 11983:Burleigh, Michael; Wippermann, Wolfgang (1991). 10921: 9119: 7976: 6815: 5661:, culminating in their disastrous defeat at the 14390:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. 13993:The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Third Reich 13497:Hitler's Death Squads: The Logic of Mass Murder 13311:. New York; London: W.W. Norton & Company. 12027:The Law of Blood: Thinking and Acting as a Nazi 11780:The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life 11637:Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941 11385:(in Hungarian). Szeged: Belvedere Meridionale. 11370: 6677: 6507:, pp. 10–11, 101, 293, states 2.9 million. 6270:, respectively. A fifth military district, the 5634: 5404: 4902:. On the order of the Western Front commander, 3919:published a journal article and later the book 14639:The German Army 1939–45: Eastern Front 1941–43 13949:A War To Be Won: Fighting the Second World War 13945:Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan R. (2000). 13842: 12413:Chinese Spies: From Chairman Mao to Xi Jinping 12275:The Soviet Economy and the Red Army, 1930–1945 12085:Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943 11782:. Portland and London: Frank Cass Publishing. 11501: 11107: 11080: 10009: 8741: 8681: 6305:learned about Liskow only at 03:00 on 22 June. 6254:, at the outbreak of the war were renamed the 6116:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism 5952:pursued by Nazi Germany in the Eastern Front. 5764:. A memorandum from 16 July 1941, recorded by 5697:aimed at the German capital of Berlin. Hitler 3467:The importance of the delay is still debated. 3073:According to a 1978 essay by German historian 2803:on 1 September that triggered the outbreak of 2579:While older histories tended to emphasize the 18704: 15413: 15325:The Führer to the German People: 22 June 1941 15179:"Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War" 14547:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 14428: 14108:"What Was the Turning Point of World War II?" 14032:The German Wars: A Concise History, 1859–1945 13944: 13718:Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe 13596: 13159:The Führer to the German People: 22 June 1941 13154:Der Führer an das deutsche Volk 22. Juni 1941 12236:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. 10189: 9841: 9805: 9677: 9602: 9501: 8657: 6035:Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II 4976:positions. The same day the Germans launched 2660:. There were regulations enacted against the 2437:—who drowned in Asia Minor while leading the 2231:aimed to use some of the conquered people as 2215:, and conquering the western Soviet Union to 1588: 1339: 19215:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 14485:Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin 14170:The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe 13785:– via Russian Military Library Moscow. 13597:Mann, Chris M.; Jörgensen, Christer (2002). 13366:Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group Center 11796: 11653: 8279: 7952: 7904: 7877: 7519: 6810:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1996 5849: 5843: 5811: 5794: 5788: 5331:(the attack on Moscow) could still succeed. 5273: 3612: 3606: 3595:execute captured Soviet political commissars 3584: 3576: 3314: 3282: 3254: 3223: 3192: 3164: 3147: 2738: 2732: 2721: 2702: 2694: 2684: 2661: 2643: 2628: 2622: 2553: 2545: 2537: 2521: 2505: 2497: 2248: 2224: 109:(5 months, 1 week and 6 days) 14819:Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg 14732: 14562:Stockings, Craig; Hancock, Eleanor (2013). 14520: 14501: 14349:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 13930:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 13701:(in German). Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowolt. 13385:Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group South 13347:Operation Barbarossa 1941: Army Group North 12723: 12652:. Garden City, NY: The Military Book Club. 12591: 12470:Tank Warfare on the Eastern Front 1941–1942 11815: 11768: 11756: 11744: 11693: 11672: 11533:The Historical Encyclopedia of World War II 11468:. Vol. (II B). U.S.: Lulu Publishing. 11311: 11053: 10957: 10549: 10537: 10501: 10489: 10453: 10441: 10285: 10114: 10102: 9733: 9650: 9056: 8920: 8908: 8456: 7928: 7495: 6973: 6920: 6641: 6480: 5911:Wartime sexual violence § World War II 5740:We are the partisans who shot German troops 5158:Finnish reconquest of Ladoga Karelia (1941) 4430:7th Rifle, 9th Rifle and 3rd Airborne Corps 3540:Army Norway was to operate in far northern 2188:, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during 18711: 18697: 15420: 15406: 14506:. London; New York: Taylor & Francis. 13903: 13808: 13753: 13494: 13458: 13440:Klemann, Hein; Kudryashov, Sergei (2012). 13249:International Committee of the Red Cross. 13091: 13074: 13051: 12742: 12393:(in German). German Historical Institute. 12046:The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany 11763: 11554:(in German). Paderborn: Schöningh Verlag. 11155: 11119: 11029: 10213: 10177: 9973: 9868: 9829: 9817: 9614: 8633: 7908: 7585: 7447: 7237: 6949: 6689: 6560: 6521: 5955: 5762:war crimes against Soviet prisoners of war 5010: 4869:In the opening hours of the invasion, the 3639:2006 Soviet war documents declassification 2382:s strongest blows and bogged it down in a 1595: 1581: 1346: 1332: 249: 14366:Striving for Military Stability in Europe 14048: 13827: 13794:. Providence and Oxford: Berghahn Books. 13425:. Providence and Oxford: Berghahn Books. 13401: 13382: 13363: 13344: 12551: 12391:Die Südostdeutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 12388: 12313: 12101: 12024: 11963: 11821:Moscow 1941: A City and Its People at War 11634: 11485:The Second World War on the Eastern Front 9880: 9250: 9233: 9005: 8990: 8881: 8869: 8857: 8845: 8799: 8784: 8765: 8306: 7865: 7814: 7624: 7129: 6985: 6857: 6773: 6665: 6602: 6465: 6453:, p. 220, of which 259 assault guns. 6110:or neutral states, including the Spanish 5779:Himmler inspecting a prisoner of war camp 5751:1929 due to Article 9 which, by imposing 4716:s loss at 63 aircraft for the first day. 3731:Hitler informally approved the plans for 3338:German military planners also researched 2986:of entire divisions to relieve the acute 2755:Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941 2536:that Germany's destiny was to follow the 2365:near the end of 1941, and the subsequent 2247:. Their ultimate goal was to create more 234: 191: 15355:Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa 15266:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 15249: 15011: 14835: 14674: 14382: 14086: 14051:The Complete Black Book of Russian Jewry 13739:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 13734: 13655: 13615: 12904: 12885: 12866: 12844: 12806: 12787: 12574:The Second World War: A Complete History 12351: 12291: 12250: 12227: 12134: 12043: 12005: 11942: 11920: 11883: 11846: 11777: 11418: 11323: 11287: 11275: 11263: 11251: 11131: 11017: 11005: 10969: 10933: 10837: 10777: 10741: 10609: 10477: 10333: 9961: 9949: 9937: 9689: 9301: 9277: 9265: 8978: 8729: 8693: 8669: 8645: 8594: 8543: 8369: 8203: 8096: 7892: 7829: 7672: 7636: 7555: 7471: 7384: 7365: 7317: 7285: 7213: 7033: 7009: 6869: 6833: 6737: 6629: 5864: 5774: 5726: 5561: 5491: 5488:flying over German positions near Moscow 5479: 5408: 5344: 5254: 5165: 5069: 5049: 5024: 4966: 4922: 4807: 4752: 4646:German advances from June to August 1941 4641: 4605: 4557: 3965:Order of battle for Operation Barbarossa 3767: 3642: 3451: 3378: 2990:in German industry, the exploitation of 2893: 2866: 2758: 2575:Institute of Agriculture in Berlin, 1942 2566: 1353: 14612: 14523:The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany 14342: 14252: 14230: 14209: 14186: 13884: 13715: 13570: 13532: 13420: 13306: 13200: 13131: 13028: 13014: 12997: 12923: 12724:Glantz, David; House, Jonathan (2015). 12685: 12666: 12592:Glantz, David; House, Jonathan (1995). 12570: 12513: 12486: 12467: 12448: 12429: 12407: 12332: 11928:(1 ed.). New York: HarperCollins. 11739: 11611: 11351: 11299: 11239: 11041: 10981: 10909: 10897: 10873: 10861: 10849: 10825: 10801: 10789: 10681: 10669: 10429: 10405: 10393: 10369: 10345: 10321: 10273: 10261: 10141: 10051: 9665: 9638: 9578: 9561: 9549: 9537: 9489: 9465: 9313: 9170: 9143: 8717: 8705: 8609: 8519: 8507: 8420: 8357: 8333: 8318: 8267: 8123: 8108: 8036: 8024: 7964: 7766: 7742: 7718: 7703: 7600: 7543: 7435: 7408: 7396: 7341: 7329: 7300: 7261: 7249: 7189: 7153: 7141: 7105: 7093: 7081: 7069: 6937: 6893: 6797: 6548: 6450: 6417: 6398: 5433:Finnish invasion of East Karelia (1941) 4793: 3826:Development of the Soviet Armed Forces 1304:2,335,482 missing in action or captured 219: 14: 19264: 19126:Persecution of Soviet prisoners of war 17267: 17245:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 14919: 14898: 14812: 14774: 14636: 14539: 14482: 14404: 14321: 14302: 14029: 13922: 13865: 13789: 13754:Meltyukhov, Mikhail Ivanovich (2000). 13285: 13229: 13174:Hooker, Richard D. Jr. (Spring 1999). 13173: 13150: 12825: 12704: 12647: 12629: 12610: 12158: 12062: 11677:Von Rundstedt: The Soldier and the Man 11654:Berthon, Simon; Potts, Joanna (2007). 11587: 11535:. New York and Oxford: Facts on File. 11335: 11203: 11191: 11095: 10993: 10945: 10729: 10633: 10621: 10573: 10525: 10465: 10381: 10249: 10201: 10165: 10153: 10087: 10075: 10024: 9925: 9904: 9793: 9781: 9769: 9757: 9745: 9701: 9525: 9477: 9444: 9432: 9420: 9408: 9396: 9384: 9357: 9345: 9328: 9289: 9206: 9131: 9107: 9068: 9017: 8954: 8893: 8830: 8621: 8582: 8567: 8555: 8531: 8495: 8483: 8444: 8432: 8405: 8393: 8381: 8345: 8294: 8252: 8220: 8171: 8159: 8084: 8072: 8060: 8012: 8000: 7988: 7940: 7916: 7853: 7802: 7790: 7778: 7684: 7612: 7273: 7201: 7177: 6961: 6785: 6761: 6713: 6653: 6504: 6492: 6375: 4986:remilitarise the neutral Åland Islands 3628: 3575:The German forces in the rear (mostly 3374: 3096:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 3040: 2875: 2282:for strategic purposes. Following the 1127:Frontline strength (22 June 1941) 1092:Frontline strength (22 June 1941) 83:Soviet POWs on the way to prison camps 19292:Military operations involving Finland 19250:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality 18692: 18116:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 17548:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 17194:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 17150:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 16255:Rape during the occupation of Germany 15401: 15157: 14881:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality 14874: 14857: 14793: 14751: 14580: 14460: 14363: 14286:The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union 14280: 14167: 14072:. New York: Oxford University Press. 14010: 13986: 13696: 13677: 13663:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. 13601:. Hersham, UK: Ian Allan Publishing. 13518:. New York: Oxford University Press. 13477: 13325: 13115:The Red Army and the Second World War 13056:The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich 12532: 12518:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 12372: 12082: 11797:Bradley, John; Buell, Thomas (2002). 11751: 11482: 11463: 11215: 10885: 10765: 10753: 10693: 10597: 10585: 10561: 10297: 10237: 10126: 10063: 9997: 9985: 9513: 9372: 9218: 9194: 9182: 9155: 9095: 9080: 9044: 8937: 8753: 8471: 8235: 8188: 8147: 8135: 8048: 7912: 7841: 7754: 7730: 7570: 7483: 7459: 7353: 7225: 7117: 7021: 6997: 6908: 6881: 6701: 6617: 6587: 6572: 6536: 6438: 6356: 5816:killing squads conducted large-scale 4118:Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia 3487:divisions in three army groups, nine 1576: 1327: 17238:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 16270:Rape during the liberation of France 15391:(2009); via the official channel of 14600:Süddeutsche Zeitung (19 June 2021). 14144: 14125: 14105: 14067: 13513: 13112: 13094:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 13021:The Destruction of the European Jews 12974: 12888:Inferno: The World at War, 1939–1945 12577:. New York: Henry Holt and Company. 12272: 12184:(PhD diss.). University of Calgary. 12179: 11568: 11549: 11179: 11167: 11143: 10705: 10513: 10357: 10309: 9029: 8966: 7660: 7531: 7507: 7057: 6821: 6749: 6575:, p. 76, states 9,100 aircraft. 6563:, p. 64, states 9,100 aircraft. 6551:, p. 28, states 7,133 aircraft. 4956: 4591:in the Crimea. At the same time the 3564:before continuing eastward over the 3412:before the German invasion, Marshal 3340:Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia 3108:Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic 2361:offensive came to an end during the 2335:starved to death or otherwise killed 19297:Military operations of World War II 15367:original reports and pictures from 15100: 13768:] (in Russian). Moscow: Veche. 13261: 11987:The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945 11951:. University of the West of England 11837: 7423: 5469: 5413:The front in Finland, December 1941 5082: 4742: 4531:Total number of divisions (22 June) 3662:, a prominent military theorist in 3092:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic 1298:235,339 died from non-combat causes 24: 19236:Hitler's War in the East 1941−1945 17464:German invasion of the Netherlands 15744:Weather events during World War II 15236: 15057:Internet Modern History Sourcebook 14958: 14902:The Ordeal of Total War, 1939–1945 14718:. New York: Macmillan Publishing. 13682:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 13203:Journal of Slavic Military Studies 13117:. UK: Cambridge University Press. 12811:(in German). Hann. Münden: Gauke. 12432:Moscow 1941: Hitler's first defeat 12197:Davidson, Nick (producer) (2009). 12048:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 11755:. "The Conduct of Operations". In 11516:10.1002/j.1538-165X.2009.tb00656.x 5904: 4945:albeit reporting the advance as a 4719:By the end of the first week, the 4669:German-Soviet air war 22 June 1941 4637: 4595:was presented by Foreign Minister 4562:German troops at the Soviet state 3958: 3635:Soviet offensive plans controversy 3100:Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic 2813:an important economic relationship 2749:German-Soviet relations of 1939–40 2302:, which brought the USSR into the 25: 19313: 18095:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 15213: 14715:Historical Atlas of the Holocaust 13870:. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 13330:. University of Minnesota Press. 12451:Leningrad 1941–44: The Epic Siege 12141:The Story of the Second World War 11423:. London: Arms and Armour Press. 11352:Aly, Götz; Heim, Susanne (2002). 7166:Rössler & Schleiermacher 1996 6495:, p. 9, states 2.68 million. 6244:Western Special Military District 6045:Satellite state#Post-World War II 6008:Romanian Navy during World War II 5824:in conquered Soviet territories. 5760:", a mindset that contributed to 5589:superior defensive fortifications 4458:Armies (second strategic echelon) 4106:Royal Hungarian Army Mobile Corps 3739:information obtained from broken 3104:Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic 1602: 80:over German positions near Moscow 19070:Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941 18655: 15427: 15342: 15330: 15318: 15306: 15294: 15282: 15248: 14758:Germany and the Second World War 14442:(Paperback ed.). New York: 13851:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 13828:Middleton, Drew (21 June 1981). 13621:The International History Review 12792:. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. 12537:. University Press of Kentucky. 12516:Russia: War, Peace and Diplomacy 12234:The Oxford Guide to World War II 11723:Germany and the Second World War 11371:Andaházi Szeghy, Viktor (2016). 11228:Anderson, Clark & Walsh 2018 7898: 6846:Anderson, Clark & Walsh 2018 6726:Anderson, Clark & Walsh 2018 6326: 6317: 6308: 6295: 6281: 6212: 6202: 6192: 6182: 6172: 6120:369th Croatian Infantry Regiment 6071: 6059: 5649:in the new offensive, codenamed 5496:German soldier ready to throw a 5199:Offensive towards central Russia 3243: 3212: 2532:conspirators. Hitler claimed in 2455:(alluding to Holy Roman Emperor 1671:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1403:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1257: 1247: 1228: 1217: 1048: 999: 925: 892: 844: 816: 804: 785: 773: 737: 694: 661: 628: 608: 596: 588: 578: 566: 554: 542: 530: 517: 504: 491: 478: 466: 452: 434: 422: 410: 398: 386: 374: 362: 350: 337: 324: 312: 298: 271: 251: 236: 221: 207: 193: 178: 67:German soldiers advance through 54: 19021:Police Regiment Special Purpose 15139:Price-Smith, Andrew T. (2015). 12933:The Journal of Military History 12487:Förster, Jürgen (Winter 1988). 12102:Clairmont, Frederic F. (2003). 11886:Journal of Contemporary History 11849:Journal of Contemporary History 11344: 6163: 6154: 6144: 6135: 5462:was captured on 5 December and 5365:against elements of the German 4101:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group 3686:in 1933 to 18 percent by 1940. 3605:briefed around thirty to fifty 3134:Further to Hitler's Directive, 2913:preparing to attack the Germans 2886:Ural Mountains in Nazi planning 2844:border and commercial agreement 2838:with Japan and Italy, it began 2472:Racial policies of Nazi Germany 18342:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 16052:Territorial changes of Germany 15960:Indonesian National Revolution 15160:Barbarossa Through German Eyes 14973:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 14905:. New York: Harper & Row. 14843:. Cambridge University Press. 14521:Stackelberg, Roderick (2007). 14502:Stackelberg, Roderick (2002). 14195:. New York: Harper Perennial. 13889:. Cambridge University Press. 13478:Kshyk, Christopher J. (2015). 13151:Hitler, Adolf (22 June 1941). 12871:. University Press of Kansas. 12807:Handrack, Hans-Dieter (1981). 12615:. University Press of Kansas. 12596:. University Press of Kansas. 12104:"Stalingrad: Hitler's Nemesis" 12008:The Third Reich: A New History 11991:. Cambridge University Press. 11943:Browning, Christopher (2000). 11719:The Attack on the Soviet Union 7046:Burleigh & Wippermann 1991 6248:Kiev Special Military District 6125: 6096: 5937:Nazi plunder of Eastern Europe 5785:shot immediately without trial 5597:Soviet winter counteroffensive 5334: 4911:German 9th Army, supported by 4757:German forces pushing through 3765:the risk of provoking Hitler. 3051:population by thirty million. 2512:... totally a people's war, a 2367:Soviet winter counteroffensive 2203:("red beard"), a 12th-century 1133:2.6–2.9 million personnel 86:Soviet soldiers fire artillery 13: 1: 17742:Japanese invasion of Thailand 17693:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 17457:German invasion of Luxembourg 15838:Mediterranean and Middle East 14305:The Russo-German War, 1941–45 14276:(in German). Akademie-Verlag. 14034:. Minneapolis: Zenith Press. 13928:Hitler's Wehrmacht, 1935–1945 13633:10.1080/07075332.2003.9641015 13582:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 12826:Hanson, Victor Davis (2017). 12108:Economic and Political Weekly 11673:Blumentritt, Günther (1952). 10814:Geneva Convention, Article 82 7649:Klemann & Kudryashov 2012 6084: 5704: 4858: 3404:operations included numerous 3171:('Reich Commissionerships'): 2823:by circumventing the British 2635:, which closely followed the 2518:racial policy of Nazi Germany 2478:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 2411: 1211:Other involved country losses 1139:7,133–9,100 military aircraft 1110:7,200–23,435 artillery pieces 19121:Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre 18775:Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS 18736:Army Group Rear Area Command 17649:Invasion of the Soviet Union 17338:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 16656:Independent State of Croatia 15082:Journal of Strategic Studies 14884:. Harvard University Press. 14798:. Rowman & Littlefield. 14128:The Holocaust: A New History 13737:Inside Hitler's High Command 13271:. New York: Berghahn Books. 13075:Hillgruber, Andreas (1965). 13037:. New York: Harper Collins. 13024:. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. 12983:. New York: Berghahn Books. 12502:(1/2): 21–36. Archived from 12273:Dunn, Walter S. Jr. (1995). 11635:Bergström, Christer (2007). 11597:. New York: Back Bay Books. 10922:Ueberschär & Müller 2008 10744:, pp. 444–450, 463–467. 10066:, pp. 189–190, 195–197. 9617:, pp. 941–944, 974–980. 9120:Ueberschär & Müller 2008 7977:Stockings & Hancock 2013 6339: 5635:Subsequent German offensives 5606: 5426: 5405:Central and northern Finland 5240: 5191:Viipuri by advancing to the 3970:Order of battle – June 1941 3546:bordering Soviet territories 3317:Reichskommissariat Turkestan 3285:Reichskommissariat Moskowien 3257:Reichskommissariat Kaukasien 3236:, enlarged eastwards to the 2939:). His report advocated the 2672:, in his secret memorandum, 2573:Friedrich Wilhelm University 2309:The operation opened up the 7: 19198:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 19193:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 18937:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski 18633:End of World War II in Asia 18473:Western invasion of Germany 17980:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 17957:Second Battle of El Alamein 17527:Hundred Regiments Offensive 17499:Battle of the Mediterranean 17352:Italian invasion of Albania 15526:Air warfare of World War II 14622:. Oxford University Press. 14130:. New York: PublicAffairs. 14030:Palmer, Michael A. (2010). 13904:Mühlhäuser, Regina (2010). 13809:Mercatante, Steven (2012). 13735:Megargee, Geoffrey (2000). 13495:Langerbein, Helmut (2003). 12924:Hayward, Joel (July 2000). 12852:. Oxford University Press. 12389:Fahlbusch, Michael (1999). 12299:. Arms & Armour Press. 12258:. Oxford University Press. 12165:. New York: Bonanza Books. 11964:Budiansky, Stephen (2001). 11504:Political Science Quarterly 11487:. London: Pearson Longman. 10190:Mann & Jörgensen (2002) 9842:Mann & Jörgensen (2002) 9806:Mann & Jörgensen (2002) 9603:Mann & Jörgensen (2002) 8408:, pp. 10–11, 101, 293. 6272:Leningrad military district 6218:For the Finnish President, 6141:881,788 of which are German 5996: 5915:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 5723:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 5282: 4553: 4452: 3672:Marshal of the Soviet Union 3301:Reichskommissariat Russland 3159:". In 1941, Nazi ideologue 3037:Communist political leaders 2935:(colloquially known as the 2327:history of the 20th century 2168: 1176:medical reports (including 10: 19318: 19229:Hitler's Generals on Trial 18559:Naval bombardment of Japan 17927:First Battle of El Alamein 17846:Battle of Christmas Island 17791:Japanese invasion of Burma 17555:Italian invasion of Greece 17471:German invasion of Belgium 17443:German invasion of Denmark 17416:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 17285:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 15549:Comparative military ranks 15393:Muskegon Community College 15031:Evans, Richard J. (2008). 14733:Vehviläinen, Olli (2002). 14585:. Philadelphia: Casemate. 14444:Cambridge University Press 14325:The German Army, 1933–1945 13830:"Hitler's Russian Blunder" 13459:Krivosheev, G. F. (1997). 13402:Kirchubel, Robert (2013). 13383:Kirchubel, Robert (2003). 13364:Kirchubel, Robert (2007). 13345:Kirchubel, Robert (2005). 13309:Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis 13230:Ingrao, Christian (2013). 13161:] (Speech) (in German) 13052:Hildebrand, Klaus (1973). 12998:Higgins, Trumbull (1966). 12552:Gellately, Robert (1990). 12203:(television documentary). 12025:Chapoutot, Johann (2018). 12006:Burleigh, Michael (2000). 11898:10.1177/002200949002500209 11861:10.1177/002200949102600305 11444:(television documentary). 11108:Miller & Commager 2001 11081:Miller & Commager 2001 10010:Miller & Commager 2001 8742:Bar-Joseph & Levy 2009 8682:Bar-Joseph & Levy 2009 6800:, pp. 58–61, 199–202. 6668:, chpt. "Opposing Armies". 5991:Soviet sphere of influence 5989:, Eastern Europe became a 5940: 5908: 5873:(right) with commander of 5708: 5473: 5454:, the capital city of the 5430: 5338: 5315: 5244: 5202: 5155: 5151: 5086: 5021:Leningrad Operation (1941) 5014: 4960: 4862: 4797: 4746: 4691:Commander-in-Chief of the 4662: 4658: 3982: 3962: 3632: 3599:Reich Security Main Office 3226:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 3195:Reichskommissariat Ostland 2879: 2815:. The countries entered a 2775:between their respective " 2752: 2712:A speech given by General 2475: 1291:Based on Soviet archives: 1273:Total military casualties: 1205:104 assault guns destroyed 1154:Total military casualties: 1098:3.8 million personnel 19206: 19175: 19134: 19106: 19057: 18955: 18927: 18883:Police Battalion (PB) 309 18849: 18798: 18762: 18734: 18648: 18480:Bratislava–Brno offensive 18420: 18411:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 18148: 18035:Allied invasion of Sicily 17989: 17895:Aleutian Islands campaign 17867:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 17814: 17805:Greek famine of 1941–1944 17700:Second Battle of Changsha 17605:German invasion of Greece 17573: 17450:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 17425: 17363: 17258: 17139: 16865: 16775: 16623: 16326: 16317: 16075: 15900: 15792:North and Central Pacific 15753: 15515: 15508: 15435: 15094:10.1080/01402399508437621 14862:. New York: E.P. Dutton. 14858:Werth, Alexander (1964). 14487:. New York: Basic Books. 14238:. Yale University Press. 14224:10.1080/09668139508412322 14087:Rayfield, Donald (2004). 14049:Patterson, David (2003). 13885:Moskoff, William (2002). 13847:The Story of World War II 13554:World War II Infographics 13533:Liedtke, Gregory (2016). 13406:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 13215:10.1080/13518040590914136 12830:. New York: Basic Books. 12750:. Yale University Press. 12366:10.1080/09668137208410829 12318:(in Finnish). Readme.fi. 12314:Enkenberg, Ilkka (2021). 12277:. Westport, CT: Praeger. 12205:World War II in HD Colour 12044:Childers, Thomas (2017). 11801:. Square One Publishing. 9678:Murray & Millett 2000 9502:Murray & Millett 2000 8672:, pp. 631, 633, 636. 8658:Smelser & Davies 2008 6740:, p. xxxvii–xxxviii. 5341:Battle of the Sea of Azov 5036:old Soviet defensive line 5017:Battle of Smolensk (1941) 4886:, and pressed on towards 4865:Battle of Białystok–Minsk 4816:(left), commander of the 4628:volunteers and conscripts 4593:German declaration of war 4529: 4146: 3977: 3974: 3459:commander, Field Marshal 3312: 3280: 3252: 3221: 3190: 2809:Soviet invasion of Poland 2801:German invasion of Poland 2745:('war of annihilation'). 2528:('sub-humans'), ruled by 2492:that he would invade the 2416: 2160: 1612: 1368:German declaration of war 1365: 1239:5,000+ casualties during 1190:655,179 wounded in action 1146: 1084: 643: 288: 168: 93: 53: 41: 36: 18:German invasion of Russia 18763:Commanding organisations 18072:Allied invasion of Italy 18049:Solomon Islands campaign 17798:Third Battle of Changsha 17395:First Battle of Changsha 17301:Second Sino-Japanese War 16241:German military brothels 16107:United States war crimes 15375:"Operation Barbarossa": 15158:Trigg, Jonathan (2023). 15122:Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris 15012:Erickson, John (2003) . 14989:Browning, Christopher R. 14920:Ziemke, Earl F. (1959). 14860:Russia at War, 1941–1945 14779:. Tauris & Company. 14483:Snyder, Timothy (2010). 14414:. Simon & Schuster. 14343:Service, Robert (2005). 14288:. Routledge Publishing. 14187:Roberts, Andrew (2011). 13184:: 150–64. Archived from 13113:Hill, Alexander (2016). 13002:. Macmillan Publishing. 12979:; Klaus Naumann (eds.). 12788:Guderian, Heinz (2002). 12690:. Helion & Company. 12671:. Helion & Company. 12571:Gilbert, Martin (1989). 12468:Forczyk, Robert (2014). 12449:Forczyk, Robert (2009). 12430:Forczyk, Robert (2006). 12333:Ericson, Edward (1999). 12316:Jatkosota Päivä Päivältä 12159:Cooper, Matthew (1984). 12144:. Brassey's Publishing. 12069:The National WWII Museum 11922:Browning, Christopher R. 11778:Brackman, Roman (2001). 11639:. Classic Publications. 8280:Berthon & Potts 2007 7953:Bradley & Buell 2002 7905:Bradley & Buell 2002 7878:Bradley & Buell 2002 7520:Bradley & Buell 2002 6680:, pp. 151–152, 181. 6252:Odessa Military District 6240:Baltic Military District 6089: 5611:With the failure of the 5124:slated to recapture the 3293:Moscow metropolitan area 3041:delayed for over a month 2333:troops and deliberately 2201:Frederick I "Barbarossa" 1236:(26,355 dead) in Karelia 1199:2,827 aircraft destroyed 73:German flamethrower team 19222:Hitler’s Bandit Hunters 19049:2nd SS Infantry Brigade 19044:1st SS Infantry Brigade 18494:Second Guangxi campaign 18349:Philippines (1944–1945) 17853:Battle of the Coral Sea 17756:Fall of the Philippines 17402:Battle of South Guangxi 17308:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 16714:Italian Social Republic 14899:Wright, Gordon (1968). 14525:. New York: Routledge. 14322:Seaton, Albert (1982). 14303:Seaton, Albert (1972). 14126:Rees, Laurence (2017). 14106:Rees, Laurence (2010). 14011:Overy, Richard (2006). 13697:Mayer, Arno J. (1989). 13574:(1989). "Guderian". In 13556:. Thames & Hudson. 13234:. Malden, MA.: Polity. 12705:Glantz, David (2011) . 12686:Glantz, David (2010b). 12667:Glantz, David (2010a). 12533:Fritz, Stephen (2011). 12063:Citino, Robert (2021). 11612:Bellamy, Chris (2007). 11419:Axworthy, Mark (1995). 11338:, pp. 11, 16, 208. 11312:Glantz & House 2015 11054:Glantz & House 1995 10958:Glantz & House 1995 10550:Glantz & House 1995 10538:Glantz & House 1995 10502:Glantz & House 1995 10490:Glantz & House 1995 10454:Glantz & House 2015 10442:Glantz & House 2015 10286:Glantz & House 1995 10115:Glantz & House 2015 10103:Glantz & House 1995 9734:Glantz & House 2015 9651:Glantz & House 2015 8921:Glantz & House 2015 8909:Glantz & House 2015 8457:Glantz & House 1995 6481:Glantz & House 2015 5956:Historical significance 5719:The Holocaust in Russia 5617:Führer Directive No. 39 5311: 5290:20th Motorised Division 5263:(centre), commander of 5011:Further German advances 4947:reconnaissance-in-force 4707:German Federal Archives 3997:Finnish Army of Karelia 3461:Walther von Brauchitsch 3397:campaign in the Balkans 3383:Elements of the German 3325:Central Asian republics 2769:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 2728:Walther von Brauchitsch 2259:by mass deportation to 417:Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb 344:Walther von Brauchitsch 61:Clockwise from top left 18985:Police Regiment Centre 18836:Max von Schenckendorff 18079:Armistice of Cassibile 17881:Battle of Dutch Harbor 17832:Battle of the Java Sea 17735:Attack on Pearl Harbor 17635:Syria–Lebanon campaign 17628:Battle of South Shanxi 17598:Invasion of Yugoslavia 17381:Battle of the Atlantic 16995:Korean Liberation Army 16708:(until September 1943) 16665:(until September 1944) 16643:(until September 1944) 15244: 15220:Listen to this article 15076:Hayward, Joel (1995). 15035:. London: Allen Lane. 15033:The Third Reich at War 14794:Weeks, Albert (2002). 14737:. New York: Palgrave. 14637:Thomas, Nigel (2012). 14466:Last Train from Berlin 14328:. New York: Meridian. 14307:. Praeger Publishers. 14168:Riché, Pierre (1993). 14089:Stalin and his Hangmen 13716:Mazower, Mark (2009). 13678:Majer, Diemut (2003). 13537:. Helion and Company. 13514:Lewy, Guenter (2017). 13255:ihl-databases.icrc.org 13029:Hilberg, Raul (1992). 12905:Hastings, Max (2016). 12886:Hastings, Max (2012). 12867:Hardesty, Von (2012). 12648:Glantz, David (2002). 12611:Glantz, David (1998). 12453:. Oxford, UK: Osprey. 12337:. Praeger Publishing. 12207:. NM Productions (for 11681:. London: Odhams Press 9411:, pp. 43–44, 225. 6104:German-occupied Europe 5882: 5850: 5844: 5812: 5795: 5789: 5780: 5747: 5567: 5503: 5489: 5414: 5354: 5274: 5268: 5171: 5093:Operation Platinum Fox 5075: 5055: 5030: 4972: 4932: 4931:in present-day Belarus 4821: 4804:Battle of Brody (1941) 4767:powerful counterattack 4762: 4647: 4611: 4597:Joachim von Ribbentrop 4567: 3818:The Soviet Air Force ( 3773: 3684:gross national product 3655: 3613: 3607: 3597:and Jews. On 17 June, 3585: 3577: 3464: 3392: 3315: 3283: 3255: 3224: 3193: 3165: 3148: 3071: 3015: 2903: 2872: 2805:World War II in Europe 2764: 2739: 2733: 2722: 2703: 2695: 2685: 2662: 2644: 2629: 2623: 2576: 2554: 2546: 2538: 2522: 2506: 2498: 2300:Anglo-Soviet Agreement 2249: 2225: 2157:Unternehmen Barbarossa 2156: 1313:20,500 tanks destroyed 1104:3,030–3,072 other AFVs 289:Commanders and leaders 147:Axis strategic failure 19098:Nazi security warfare 19003:Police Regiment South 18980:Police Regiment North 18723:Army Group Rear Areas 18243:Second Battle of Guam 18139:Bengal famine of 1943 18109:Second Battle of Kiev 18065:Battle of the Dnieper 17770:Battle of Wake Island 17642:East African campaign 17584:Battle of South Henan 17229:atrocities by Germans 17002:Korean Volunteer Army 15983:Occupation of Germany 15737:Music in World War II 15243: 15120:Kershaw, Ian (2000). 15050:Halsall, Paul (ed.). 14775:Waller, John (1996). 14641:. Osprey Publishing. 14581:Stone, David (2011). 14145:Rich, Norman (1973). 13996:. New York: Penguin. 13866:Mosier, John (2006). 13387:. Osprey Publishing. 13368:. Osprey Publishing. 13349:. Osprey Publishing. 13307:Kershaw, Ian (2001). 13286:Keegan, John (1989). 12890:. New York: Vintage. 12709:. The History Press. 12496:Jewish Social Studies 12384:. New York: Pantheon. 12180:Czak, Steven (2014). 12083:Clark, Lloyd (2012). 11550:Beck, Birgit (2004). 11464:Askey, Nigel (2014). 11441:The Battle for Russia 10792:, pp. 16, 20–23. 9593:, pp. 36, 39–41. 9492:, pp. 29–33, 56. 9423:, pp. 21, 43–44. 8423:, pp. 22–23, 51. 6860:, pp. 2818–2823. 6848:, pp. 48–49, 51. 5950:scorched-earth policy 5933:in civilian housing. 5868: 5778: 5730: 5565: 5517:scorched-earth policy 5495: 5483: 5412: 5348: 5318:Battle of Kiev (1941) 5258: 5169: 5105:and advancing to the 5099:Mountain Corps Norway 5073: 5053: 5028: 5015:Further information: 4970: 4926: 4811: 4790:in Leningrad oblast. 4770:However, on 26 June, 4756: 4645: 4609: 4561: 4504:25th Mechanised Corps 4480:26th Mechanised Corps 4425:18th Mechanised Corps 4390:16th Mechanised Corps 4368:15th Mechanised Corps 4353:22nd Mechanised Corps 4295:14th Mechanised Corps 4283:13th Mechanised Corps 4266:11th Mechanised Corps 4212:12th Mechanised Corps 4173:10th Mechanised Corps 3771: 3758:intelligence services 3646: 3617:were assigned to the 3455: 3382: 3136:Göring's Green Folder 3045: 3005: 2897: 2870: 2762: 2683:The Nazi secret plan 2570: 2169:Operatsiya Barbarossa 1202:2,735 tanks destroyed 1147:Casualties and losses 19302:Invasions of Ukraine 19272:Operation Barbarossa 18947:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 18529:Surrender of Germany 18007:Battle of West Hubei 17964:Guadalcanal campaign 17934:Battle of Stalingrad 17860:Battle of Madagascar 16634:Albania protectorate 16421:(formerly Swaziland) 16130:Wehrmacht war crimes 15946:Expulsion of Germans 15730:Art and World War II 15628:British contribution 15577:Governments in exile 15365:Operation Barbarossa 15291:at Wikimedia Commons 15289:Operation Barbarossa 15275:More spoken articles 14364:Sharp, Jane (2010). 13326:Kirby, D.G. (1980). 13292:. New York: Viking. 13289:The Second World War 12909:. New York: Harper. 12769:(producers) (2011). 12643:on 18 February 2015. 12190:10.11575/PRISM/27837 11594:The Second World War 10516:, pp. 301, 305. 10360:, pp. 255, 265. 10312:, pp. 250, 255. 9690:Dear & Foot 1995 7911:, pp. 506–507; 6678:Andaházi Szeghy 2016 6025:Operation Silver Fox 5835:Christopher Browning 5673:, an assault on the 5663:Battle of Stalingrad 5284:Narodnoe Opolcheniye 5233:VVS had matched the 5089:Operation Silver Fox 4997:Operation Silver Fox 4827:Carpathian Mountains 4794:Ukraine and Moldavia 4687:Minister of Aviation 4492:7th Mechanised Corps 4468:5th Mechanised Corps 4421:2nd Mechanised Corps 4416:9th Independent Army 4379:8th Mechanised Corps 4364:4th Mechanised Corps 4349:9th Mechanised Corps 4278:6th Mechanised Corps 4224:3rd Mechanised Corps 4180:1st Mechanised Corps 3844:Divisions calculated 3701:political commissars 3660:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 3299:; originally called 2963:at the mouth of the 2959:to the port city of 2933:Operation Draft East 2777:spheres of influence 2461:Operation Barbarossa 2435:Frederick Barbarossa 2153:Operation Barbarossa 1562:Air war 22 june 1941 1432:Advance on Leningrad 1357:Operation Barbarossa 1241:Operation Silver Fox 1193:8,000 evacuated sick 1107:2,770–5,369 aircraft 498:Aleksandr Vasilevsky 37:Operation Barbarossa 19282:Invasions of Russia 19188:War of annihilation 18831:Edwin von Rothkirch 18619:Potsdam Declaration 18508:Italy (Spring 1945) 18271:Liberation of Paris 17728:Siege of Sevastopol 16746:(until August 1944) 16649:Wang Jingwei regime 16471:from September 1943 16431:from September 1944 16369:from September 1944 16229:Romanian war crimes 16220:Persecution of Jews 16206:Croatian war crimes 16176:Japanese war crimes 15990:Occupation of Japan 15939:First Indochina War 15651:Military production 15563:Declarations of war 15301:Führer Directive 21 15193:Ward, John (2004). 15016:. London: Cassell. 14606:Süddeutsche Zeitung 14212:Europe-Asia Studies 13924:Müller, Rolf-Dieter 13599:Hitler's Arctic War 13463:. Greenhill Books. 12962:on 14 February 2019 12846:Hartmann, Christian 12744:Gorodetsky, Gabriel 12556:. Clarendon Press. 12200:Hitler Strikes East 12087:. Headline Review. 11968:. London: Penguin. 11817:Braithwaite, Rodric 11765:Ueberschär, Gerd R. 11715:Ueberschär, Gerd R. 11711:Müller, Rolf-Dieter 11483:Baker, Lee (2009). 11326:, pp. 154–155. 11302:, pp. 258–260. 11278:, pp. 152–153. 11206:, pp. 943–944. 11020:, pp. 341–343. 10900:, pp. 507–513. 10888:, pp. 198–199. 10876:, pp. 357–359. 10828:, pp. 355–389. 10780:, pp. 794–812. 10660:, pp. 482–483. 10576:, pp. 181–182. 10444:, pp. 104–108. 10432:, pp. 175–176. 10408:, pp. 174–175. 10348:, pp. 245–246. 10336:, pp. 178–179. 10264:, pp. 241–242. 10228:, pp. 109–132. 10226:Nenye et al. (2016) 10216:, pp. 974–980. 10180:, pp. 941–953. 10168:, pp. 174–178. 10156:, pp. 170–172. 10090:, pp. 328–330. 10038:Hitler Strikes East 9988:, pp. 631–641. 9976:, pp. 455–470. 9893:Nenye et al. (2016) 9871:, pp. 970–974. 9854:Nenye et al. (2016) 9832:, pp. 941–951. 9820:, pp. 941–944. 9784:, pp. 177–178. 9760:, pp. 192–194. 9680:, pp. 123–124. 9627:Nenye et al. (2016) 9591:Nenye et al. (2016) 9516:, pp. 88, 509. 9504:, pp. 122–123. 9480:, pp. 119–125. 9447:, pp. 45, 112. 9375:, pp. 89, 140. 8981:, pp. 526–527. 8896:, pp. 302–303. 8833:, pp. 290–303. 8732:, pp. 819–820. 8648:, pp. 626–627. 8498:, pp. 386–387. 8474:, pp. 225–227. 8396:, pp. 16, 219. 8372:, pp. 110–113. 8348:, pp. 196–198. 8111:, pp. 177–183. 7943:, pp. 829–830. 7880:, p. page 101. 7844:, pp. 490–491. 7675:, pp. 131–134. 7615:, pp. 187–188. 7544:Aly & Heim 2002 7534:, pp. 197–198. 7510:, pp. 328–330. 7438:, pp. 147–148. 7411:, pp. 129–130. 7344:, pp. 259–260. 7276:, pp. 668–669. 7204:, pp. 138–142. 7168:, pp. 270–274. 7144:, pp. 147–150. 7012:, pp. 340–341. 6988:, pp. 241–264. 6884:, pp. 267–269. 6872:, pp. 470–471. 6788:, pp. 175–186. 6752:, pp. 204–221. 6632:, pp. 58, 286. 6289:Victor Davis Hanson 6003:Black Sea campaigns 5875:SS Polizei Division 5808:local collaborators 5734:, a nurse with the 5694:Operation Bagration 5267:, on 20 August 1941 4733:German High Command 4652:command and control 4587:in Bessarabia, and 4338:South-Western Front 4196:North-Western Front 3971: 3827: 3680:Deep Battle Concept 3629:Soviet preparations 3442:invading Yugoslavia 3406:aerial surveillance 3375:German preparations 3176: 3167:Reichskommissariate 3114:, the chief of the 3024:Führer Directive 21 3019:German High Command 2999:East to defeat the 2876:Axis invasion plans 2825:blockade of Germany 2581:myth of the "clean 2466:Thousand-Year Reich 2288:German High Command 2267:, enslavement, and 2161:Операция Барбаросса 1878:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh 1779:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya 1287:Casualties of 1941: 1168:Casualties of 1941: 799:Independent armies: 19142:High Command Trial 19093:Mogilev conference 19039:SS Cavalry Brigade 18851:Security Divisions 18816:Kuno-Hans von Both 18612:Surrender of Japan 18445:Battle of Iwo Jima 18294:Belgrade offensive 17707:Siege of Leningrad 17591:Battle of Shanggao 17520:British Somaliland 17485:Dunkirk evacuation 17436:Norwegian campaign 17374:Invasion of Poland 17201:Japanese prisoners 16169:Italian war crimes 16100:British war crimes 16015:Soviet occupations 15799:South-West Pacific 15686:Allied cooperation 15644:Military equipment 15245: 15197:. MBI Publishing. 15062:Fordham University 14944:on 21 October 2020 14660:. Berghahn Books. 13835:The New York Times 13444:. New York: Berg. 12772:Siege of Leningrad 12380:In Hitler's Shadow 12306:-0-85368-152-X 12252:Dimbleby, Jonathan 11067:Siege of Leningrad 10718:Baudot et al. 1989 10658:Baudot et al. 1989 10646:Baudot et al. 1989 10492:, pp. 85, 87. 9895:, pp. 87–109. 9280:, pp. 8, 390. 8969:, pp. 1, 120. 8039:, pp. 20, 25. 8027:, pp. 20, 34. 7979:, pp. 581–84. 7907:, pp. 35–40; 7745:, pp. 19, 60. 6264:Southwestern Front 6256:Northwestern Front 5883: 5781: 5753:racial segregation 5748: 5746:, 26 October 1941. 5647:oil fields of Baku 5568: 5511:and the second on 5504: 5490: 5456:Karelo-Finnish SSR 5415: 5355: 5353:, 25 October 1941. 5306:Siege of Leningrad 5269: 5247:Siege of Leningrad 5172: 5076: 5056: 5031: 4973: 4933: 4822: 4772:Erich von Manstein 4763: 4648: 4616:Vyacheslav Molotov 4612: 4568: 4541:Romanian : 14 4230:5th Airborne Corps 3969: 3952:Gabriel Gorodetsky 3936:Mikhail Meltyukhov 3825: 3779:military districts 3774: 3692:Kliment Voroshilov 3656: 3519:, alongside three 3489:security divisions 3485:motorised infantry 3465: 3422:Operation Haifisch 3418:Boris Shaposhnikov 3393: 3174: 3075:Andreas Hillgruber 2925:campaign in France 2904: 2873: 2817:trade pact in 1940 2791:and the region of 2765: 2608:, Hitler told the 2577: 2482:As early as 1925, 2441:—was not dead but 2432:Holy Roman Emperor 2428:German Romanticism 2371:invasion of Poland 2347:gassing operations 2296:history of warfare 2205:Holy Roman Emperor 2073:Western Carpathian 2013:2nd Jassy–Kishinev 1983:1st Jassy–Kishinev 1968:Leningrad–Novgorod 1963:Dnieper–Carpathian 1425:Roslavl–Novozybkov 1008:Southwestern Front 901:Northwestern Front 511:Kliment Voroshilov 485:Boris Shaposhnikov 405:Gerd von Rundstedt 19259: 19258: 19135:War crimes trials 19079:Barbarossa Decree 18942:Friedrich Jeckeln 18785:Army Group Centre 18770:Army High Command 18727:German–Soviet War 18686: 18685: 18644: 18643: 18487:Battle of Okinawa 18386:Burma (1944–1945) 18220:Mariana and Palau 18000:Tunisian campaign 17825:Fall of Singapore 17749:Fall of Hong Kong 17492:Battle of Britain 17345:Operation Himmler 17254: 17253: 16918:Dutch East Indies 16561:Southern Rhodesia 16313: 16312: 16213:Genocide of Serbs 16116:German war crimes 16093:Soviet war crimes 16086:Allied war crimes 15932:Division of Korea 15911:Chinese Civil War 15709:Strategic bombing 15621:Manhattan Project 15347:Works related to 15335:Works related to 15323:Works related to 15311:Works related to 15299:Works related to 15287:Media related to 15241: 15150:978-0-262-02906-3 15112:978-1-58046-407-9 15042:978-0-7139-9742-2 14980:978-0-333-94944-3 14837:Weinberg, Gerhard 14828:978-3-42106-233-8 14805:978-0-7425-2191-9 14786:978-1-86064-092-6 14767:978-0-19-822884-4 14744:978-0-333-80149-9 14725:978-0-02897-451-4 14592:978-1-61200-098-5 14554:978-0-521-76847-4 14532:978-0-41530-861-8 14513:978-0-203-00541-5 14494:978-0-46503-147-4 14468:. Phoenix Press. 14434:Davies, Edward J. 14421:978-0-671-72868-7 14397:978-0-30017-903-3 14356:978-0-67401-801-3 14335:978-0-452-00739-0 14264:978-0-19994-558-0 14245:978-0-300-11204-7 14232:Roberts, Geoffrey 14202:978-0-06122-860-5 14179:978-0-81221-342-3 14137:978-1-61039-844-2 14098:978-0-14-100375-7 14091:. Penguin Books. 14079:978-0-19872-828-3 14041:978-0-76033-780-6 14022:978-0-39332-797-7 14003:978-0-14051-330-1 13979:978-1-4728-1526-2 13960:978-0-674-00163-3 13937:978-0-81316-738-1 13915:978-3-86854-220-2 13877:978-0-80507-577-9 13801:978-1-57181-882-9 13775:978-5-7838-0590-5 13746:978-0-70061-015-0 13708:978-3-49804-333-9 13689:978-0-8018-6493-3 13670:978-1-47250-756-3 13608:978-0-7110-2899-9 13589:978-0-297-79462-2 13580:Hitler's Generals 13576:Barnett, Correlli 13544:978-0-313-39592-5 13525:978-0-19066-113-7 13506:978-1-58544-285-0 13484:Inquiries Journal 13432:978-1-57181-882-9 13375:978-1-84603-107-6 13356:978-1-84176-857-1 13337:978-0-8166-5802-2 13318:978-0-393-32252-1 13299:978-0-67082-359-8 13188:on 10 August 2017 13143:978-0-333-94944-3 13077:Hitlers Strategie 13067:978-0-520-02528-8 12990:978-1-57181-232-2 12916:978-0-06225-927-1 12897:978-0-30747-553-4 12859:978-0-19-966078-0 12837:978-0-46506-698-8 12799:978-0-30681-101-2 12735:978-0-70062-121-7 12659:978-0-73943-128-3 12584:978-0-8050-0534-9 12563:978-0-19-820297-4 12509:on 30 March 2016. 12472:. Pen and Sword. 12460:978-1-84908-107-8 12422:978-1-78738-604-4 12400:978-0-375-41086-4 12374:Evans, Richard J. 12325:978-952-373-249-0 12297:The Russian Front 12284:978-0-27594-893-1 12265:978-0-19754-721-2 12243:978-0-19-534096-9 12211:). Archived from 12172:978-0-51743-610-3 12114:(27): 2819–2823. 12055:978-1-45165-113-3 12036:978-0-67466-043-4 12017:978-0-330-47550-1 12010:. Pan Macmillan. 11975:978-0-14-028105-7 11935:978-0-06-099506-5 11823:. Profile Books. 11808:978-0-7570-0160-4 11789:978-0-7146-5050-0 11732:978-0-19-822886-8 11703:Hoffmann, Joachim 11665:978-0-306-81538-6 11658:. Da Capo Press. 11646:978-1-85780-270-2 11627:978-0-375-72471-8 11620:. Vintage Books. 11604:978-0-316-02374-0 11580:978-0-52183-432-2 11561:978-3-50671-726-9 11542:978-0-671-24277-0 11494:978-1-40584-063-7 11475:978-1-31241-326-9 11411:978-1-78274-619-5 11392:978-615-5372-53-7 11363:978-0-69108-938-6 11044:, pp. 54–57. 11032:, pp. 33–34. 10972:, pp. 10–12. 10960:, pp. 56–57. 10936:, pp. 89–94. 10864:, pp. 20–21. 10756:, pp. 87–97. 10732:, pp. 36–41. 10708:, pp. 44–45. 10696:, pp. 57–68. 10588:, pp. 50–56. 10552:, pp. 91–97. 10418:Lopez et al. 2019 10300:, pp. 83–91. 10214:Ueberschär (1998) 10192:, pp. 93–97. 10178:Ueberschär (1998) 10012:, pp. 68–69. 9928:, pp. 12–14. 9869:Ueberschär (1998) 9856:, pp. 67–86. 9844:, pp. 87–93. 9830:Ueberschär (1998) 9818:Ueberschär (1998) 9808:, pp. 81–87. 9720:Battle for Russia 9629:, pp. 38–41. 9615:Ueberschär (1998) 9605:, pp. 74–76. 9581:, pp. 60–62. 9564:, pp. 54–56. 9540:, pp. 56–57. 9468:, pp. 29–33. 9221:, pp. 85–86. 9134:, pp. 31–33. 9008:, pp. 33–34. 8534:, pp. 91–93. 8270:, pp. 21–22. 8051:, pp. 73–74. 7955:, pp. 35–40. 7781:, pp. 32–36. 7769:, pp. 55–60. 7706:, pp. 11–59. 7687:, pp. 59–63. 7588:, pp. 69–70. 7573:, pp. 21–22. 7264:, pp. 56–59. 7216:, pp. 73–74. 7024:, pp. 59–60. 6812:, pp. 50–51. 6692:, pp. 95–98. 5966:Red Army soldiers 5881:, in October 1941 5790:SS-Einsatzgruppen 5736:Soviet resistance 5699:committed suicide 5686:Operation Kutuzov 5671:Operation Citadel 5329:Operation Typhoon 5122:Finnish III Corps 5103:Rybachy Peninsula 4980:and occupied the 4978:Operation Rentier 4957:Northeast Finland 4800:Operation München 4551: 4550: 4546:Soviet : 220 4538:German : 152 4130:Romanian 4th Army 4125:Romanian 3rd Army 4041:Army Group Centre 3940:Vladimir Nevezhin 3913: 3912: 3752:and sent word to 3648:Semyon Timoshenko 3603:Reinhard Heydrich 3513:Army Group Centre 3426:Operation Harpune 3414:Semyon Timoshenko 3387:on the road near 3336: 3335: 3066:Wewelsburg castle 3033:Barbarossa Decree 2741:Vernichtungskrieg 2399:Operation Citadel 2166: 2147: 2146: 1570: 1569: 1322: 1321: 1234:75,000 casualties 1101:3,350–3,795 tanks 703:Army Group Centre 524:Semyon Timoshenko 441:C.G.E. Mannerheim 164: 163: 16:(Redirected from 19309: 19287:June 1941 events 19176:Related articles 18841:Joachim Witthöft 18821:Franz von Roques 18790:Army Group South 18780:Army Group North 18713: 18706: 18699: 18690: 18689: 18679: 18672: 18665: 18662:World portal 18660: 18659: 18635: 18628: 18621: 18614: 18605: 18598: 18591: 18582: 18575: 18568: 18561: 18554: 18547: 18538: 18531: 18524: 18522:Prague offensive 18517: 18515:Battle of Berlin 18510: 18503: 18496: 18489: 18482: 18475: 18468: 18461: 18459:Vienna offensive 18454: 18447: 18440: 18438:Battle of Manila 18433: 18413: 18404: 18395: 18388: 18379: 18372: 18365: 18358: 18351: 18344: 18337: 18328: 18319: 18312: 18303: 18296: 18289: 18282: 18273: 18266: 18259: 18252: 18245: 18238: 18231: 18222: 18215: 18206: 18197: 18188: 18181: 18179:Korsun–Cherkassy 18174: 18163: 18141: 18132: 18125: 18118: 18111: 18104: 18097: 18090: 18081: 18074: 18067: 18060: 18051: 18044: 18037: 18030: 18023: 18021:Bombing of Gorky 18016: 18009: 18002: 17982: 17975: 17966: 17959: 17952: 17943: 17936: 17929: 17922: 17911: 17904: 17897: 17890: 17888:Battle of Midway 17883: 17876: 17874:Battle of Gazala 17869: 17862: 17855: 17848: 17841: 17834: 17827: 17807: 17800: 17793: 17786: 17784:Battle of Borneo 17779: 17777:Malayan campaign 17772: 17765: 17758: 17751: 17744: 17737: 17730: 17723: 17721:Bombing of Gorky 17716: 17714:Battle of Moscow 17709: 17702: 17695: 17688: 17681: 17674: 17658: 17651: 17644: 17637: 17630: 17623: 17614: 17607: 17600: 17593: 17586: 17566: 17557: 17550: 17543: 17536: 17529: 17522: 17515: 17508: 17501: 17494: 17487: 17480: 17478:Battle of France 17473: 17466: 17459: 17452: 17445: 17438: 17418: 17411: 17404: 17397: 17390: 17383: 17376: 17354: 17347: 17340: 17333: 17331:Munich Agreement 17326: 17319: 17310: 17303: 17296: 17287: 17280: 17265: 17264: 17247: 17240: 17231: 17224: 17217: 17216:Soviet prisoners 17210: 17203: 17196: 17187: 17180: 17171: 17164: 17157: 17156:German prisoners 17152: 17132: 17123: 17116: 17109: 17104: 17097: 17090: 17083: 17076: 17069: 17062: 17055: 17048: 17041: 17034: 17027: 17020: 17013: 17004: 16997: 16990: 16983: 16976: 16969: 16962: 16955: 16948: 16941: 16934: 16927: 16920: 16913: 16906: 16899: 16892: 16885: 16878: 16858: 16851: 16844: 16837: 16830: 16823: 16816: 16809: 16802: 16795: 16788: 16768: 16761: 16754: 16747: 16739: 16732: 16725: 16716: 16709: 16701: 16694: 16692:French Indochina 16687: 16680: 16673: 16666: 16658: 16651: 16644: 16636: 16616: 16607: 16600: 16591: 16584: 16577: 16570: 16563: 16556: 16549: 16542: 16539:from August 1944 16530: 16523: 16516: 16509: 16502: 16495: 16488: 16481: 16474: 16462: 16455: 16448: 16441: 16434: 16422: 16414: 16407: 16400: 16393: 16386: 16379: 16372: 16360: 16353: 16346: 16339: 16324: 16323: 16304: 16297: 16290: 16283: 16276: 16265: 16250: 16243: 16236: 16231: 16222: 16215: 16208: 16199: 16192: 16185: 16183:Nanjing Massacre 16178: 16171: 16162: 16160:Nuremberg trials 16153: 16146: 16139: 16132: 16125: 16118: 16109: 16102: 16095: 16088: 16068: 16061: 16054: 16045: 16038: 16031: 16024: 16017: 16010: 16001: 15992: 15985: 15978: 15971: 15962: 15955: 15948: 15941: 15934: 15927: 15920: 15913: 15893: 15884: 15877: 15870: 15861: 15854: 15847: 15840: 15831: 15824: 15817: 15808: 15801: 15794: 15787: 15780: 15773: 15766: 15764:Asia and Pacific 15746: 15739: 15732: 15725: 15718: 15711: 15704: 15695: 15693:Mulberry harbour 15688: 15681: 15674: 15667: 15660: 15653: 15646: 15639: 15630: 15623: 15616: 15607: 15600: 15593: 15586: 15579: 15572: 15565: 15558: 15551: 15544: 15535: 15528: 15513: 15512: 15501: 15494: 15485: 15478: 15471: 15464: 15457: 15450: 15443: 15422: 15415: 15408: 15399: 15398: 15346: 15334: 15322: 15310: 15298: 15286: 15265: 15263: 15252: 15251: 15242: 15232: 15230: 15226: 15221: 15208: 15189: 15187: 15185: 15173: 15169:978-1-398-115514 15154: 15135: 15116: 15097: 15072: 15070: 15068: 15046: 15027: 15008: 14984: 14953: 14951: 14949: 14943: 14937:. Archived from 14928: 14916: 14895: 14871: 14854: 14832: 14809: 14790: 14771: 14748: 14729: 14708: 14671: 14652: 14633: 14609: 14596: 14577: 14558: 14536: 14517: 14498: 14479: 14457: 14425: 14401: 14384:Shepherd, Ben H. 14379: 14360: 14339: 14318: 14299: 14277: 14268: 14249: 14227: 14218:(8): 1293–1326. 14206: 14194: 14183: 14164: 14152: 14141: 14122: 14120: 14118: 14102: 14083: 14064: 14045: 14026: 14007: 13983: 13964: 13952: 13941: 13919: 13900: 13881: 13862: 13850: 13839: 13824: 13805: 13786: 13784: 13782: 13750: 13731: 13712: 13693: 13674: 13652: 13612: 13593: 13572:Macksey, Kenneth 13567: 13548: 13529: 13510: 13491: 13474: 13455: 13436: 13417: 13398: 13379: 13360: 13341: 13322: 13303: 13282: 13258: 13245: 13226: 13197: 13195: 13193: 13170: 13168: 13166: 13147: 13128: 13109: 13088: 13071: 13059: 13048: 13036: 13025: 13011: 12994: 12971: 12969: 12967: 12961: 12955:. Archived from 12930: 12920: 12901: 12882: 12863: 12841: 12822: 12803: 12784: 12782: 12780: 12761: 12739: 12720: 12701: 12682: 12663: 12644: 12626: 12607: 12588: 12567: 12548: 12529: 12510: 12508: 12493: 12483: 12464: 12445: 12426: 12404: 12385: 12383: 12369: 12348: 12329: 12310: 12288: 12269: 12247: 12224: 12222: 12220: 12193: 12176: 12155: 12131: 12098: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12059: 12040: 12021: 12002: 11990: 11979: 11960: 11958: 11956: 11939: 11917: 11892:(2/3): 337–351. 11880: 11855:(3/4): 431–451. 11843: 11834: 11830:978-1-86197774-8 11812: 11793: 11772: 11769:Boog et al. 1998 11760: 11757:Boog et al. 1998 11748: 11745:Boog et al. 1998 11736: 11690: 11688: 11686: 11680: 11669: 11650: 11631: 11619: 11608: 11584: 11565: 11546: 11527: 11498: 11479: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11434: 11415: 11396: 11384: 11367: 11339: 11333: 11327: 11321: 11315: 11309: 11303: 11297: 11291: 11285: 11279: 11273: 11267: 11261: 11255: 11249: 11243: 11237: 11231: 11225: 11219: 11213: 11207: 11201: 11195: 11189: 11183: 11177: 11171: 11165: 11159: 11153: 11147: 11141: 11135: 11129: 11123: 11117: 11111: 11105: 11099: 11093: 11084: 11078: 11072: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11039: 11033: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11009: 11003: 10997: 10991: 10985: 10979: 10973: 10967: 10961: 10955: 10949: 10943: 10937: 10931: 10925: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10895: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10871: 10865: 10859: 10853: 10847: 10841: 10835: 10829: 10823: 10817: 10811: 10805: 10799: 10793: 10787: 10781: 10775: 10769: 10763: 10757: 10751: 10745: 10739: 10733: 10727: 10721: 10715: 10709: 10703: 10697: 10691: 10685: 10679: 10673: 10667: 10661: 10655: 10649: 10643: 10637: 10631: 10625: 10619: 10613: 10607: 10601: 10595: 10589: 10583: 10577: 10571: 10565: 10559: 10553: 10547: 10541: 10535: 10529: 10523: 10517: 10511: 10505: 10499: 10493: 10487: 10481: 10475: 10469: 10463: 10457: 10451: 10445: 10439: 10433: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10349: 10343: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10265: 10259: 10253: 10247: 10241: 10235: 10229: 10223: 10217: 10211: 10205: 10199: 10193: 10187: 10181: 10175: 10169: 10163: 10157: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10091: 10085: 10079: 10073: 10067: 10061: 10055: 10049: 10043: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10013: 10007: 10001: 9995: 9989: 9983: 9977: 9971: 9965: 9959: 9953: 9952:, p. 83–85. 9947: 9941: 9935: 9929: 9923: 9908: 9902: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9857: 9851: 9845: 9839: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9815: 9809: 9803: 9797: 9791: 9785: 9779: 9773: 9767: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9731: 9725: 9716: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9654: 9648: 9642: 9636: 9630: 9624: 9618: 9612: 9606: 9600: 9594: 9588: 9582: 9576: 9565: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9541: 9535: 9529: 9523: 9517: 9511: 9505: 9499: 9493: 9487: 9481: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9412: 9406: 9400: 9394: 9388: 9382: 9376: 9370: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9343: 9332: 9326: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9281: 9275: 9269: 9263: 9254: 9248: 9237: 9231: 9222: 9216: 9210: 9204: 9198: 9192: 9186: 9180: 9174: 9168: 9159: 9153: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9129: 9123: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9060: 9057:Braithwaite 2010 9054: 9048: 9042: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8994: 8988: 8982: 8976: 8970: 8964: 8958: 8952: 8941: 8935: 8924: 8918: 8912: 8906: 8897: 8891: 8885: 8879: 8873: 8867: 8861: 8855: 8849: 8843: 8834: 8828: 8803: 8797: 8788: 8782: 8769: 8768:, p. 26,29. 8763: 8757: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8703: 8697: 8691: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8661: 8655: 8649: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8613: 8607: 8598: 8592: 8586: 8580: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8517: 8511: 8505: 8499: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8409: 8403: 8397: 8391: 8385: 8379: 8373: 8367: 8361: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8331: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8265: 8256: 8250: 8239: 8233: 8224: 8218: 8207: 8201: 8192: 8186: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8112: 8106: 8100: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8004: 7998: 7992: 7986: 7980: 7974: 7968: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7944: 7938: 7932: 7929:Blumentritt 1952 7926: 7920: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7788: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7758: 7752: 7746: 7740: 7734: 7728: 7722: 7716: 7707: 7701: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7670: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7589: 7583: 7574: 7568: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7496:Stackelberg 2007 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7421: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7387:, pp. 9–24. 7382: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7304: 7298: 7289: 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7247: 7241: 7235: 7229: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7169: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7109: 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7025: 7019: 7013: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6977: 6974:Stackelberg 2007 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6924: 6921:Stackelberg 2002 6918: 6912: 6906: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6642:Vehviläinen 2002 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6606: 6600: 6591: 6585: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6525: 6519: 6508: 6502: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6469: 6463: 6454: 6448: 6442: 6436: 6421: 6415: 6402: 6396: 6379: 6373: 6360: 6354: 6333: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6306: 6299: 6293: 6285: 6279: 6236: 6223: 6216: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6176: 6170: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6152: 6148: 6142: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6106:and sympathetic 6100: 6076: 6075: 6074: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6055: 5853: 5847: 5815: 5801:prisoners of war 5798: 5792: 5613:Battle of Moscow 5499:Stielhandgranate 5476:Battle of Moscow 5470:Battle of Moscow 5375:Ewald von Kleist 5302:Yelnya Offensive 5287: 5279: 5223: 5130:Murmansk railway 5083:Northern Finland 5045: 4982:Petsamo Province 4963:Continuation War 4892:3rd Panzer Group 4880:2nd Panzer Group 4832:1st Panzer Group 4818:1st Panzer Group 4814:Ewald von Kleist 4784:Leningrad oblast 4749:Baltic Operation 4743:Baltic countries 4715: 4583:near Leningrad, 4455: 4313:Mechanised Corps 4080:Army Group South 4007:Army Group North 3987:Northern Theatre 3972: 3968: 3932:Joachim Hoffmann 3872:Guns and mortars 3828: 3824: 3808:mechanised corps 3750:military attaché 3717: 3623: 3616: 3610: 3588: 3582: 3517:Army Group South 3509:Army Group North 3327:and territories 3320: 3303:, later renamed 3288: 3260: 3247: 3229: 3216: 3203:Baltic countries 3198: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3161:Alfred Rosenberg 3151: 3069: 3060:'s statement to 3058:Heinrich Himmler 3013: 2980:Friedrich Paulus 2744: 2736: 2725: 2718:4th Panzer Group 2708: 2700: 2691:ethnic cleansing 2688: 2670:Heinrich Himmler 2667: 2647: 2641: 2634: 2626: 2614:Slavko Kvaternik 2612:military leader 2562:pseudoscientific 2559: 2551: 2543: 2540:Drang nach Osten 2530:Jewish Bolshevik 2527: 2511: 2508:Weltanschauungen 2503: 2407: 2392: 2384:war of attrition 2381: 2363:Battle of Moscow 2304:Allied coalition 2276:signed political 2254: 2230: 2184:and many of its 2171: 2165:romanized: 2164: 2162: 2039:Petsamo–Kirkenes 1917:Belgorod-Kharkov 1883:Voronezh–Kharkov 1607: 1597: 1590: 1583: 1574: 1573: 1540:Bombing of Gorky 1360: 1358: 1348: 1341: 1334: 1325: 1324: 1263:4,420 casualties 1262: 1261: 1253:8,700 casualties 1252: 1251: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1222: 1221: 1119:600,000 vehicles 1053: 1052: 1012: 1004: 1003: 930: 929: 897: 896: 849: 848: 821: 820: 809: 808: 790: 789: 778: 777: 746:Army Group South 742: 741: 699: 698: 670:Army Group North 666: 665: 633: 632: 623: 615:Mikhail Kirponos 613: 612: 603:Andrey Yeremenko 601: 600: 592: 583: 582: 573:Fyodor Kuznetsov 571: 570: 559: 558: 547: 546: 535: 534: 526: 522: 521: 509: 508: 500: 496: 495: 483: 482: 471: 470: 457: 456: 439: 438: 427: 426: 415: 414: 403: 402: 391: 390: 379: 378: 367: 366: 355: 354: 346: 342: 341: 329: 328: 317: 316: 303: 302: 276: 275: 261: 257: 255: 254: 246: 242: 240: 239: 231: 227: 225: 224: 213: 211: 210: 203: 199: 197: 196: 183: 182: 125:Northeast Europe 95: 94: 58: 34: 33: 21: 19317: 19316: 19312: 19311: 19310: 19308: 19307: 19306: 19262: 19261: 19260: 19255: 19202: 19171: 19152:Krasnodar Trial 19130: 19102: 19083:Commissar Order 19075:Criminal orders 19053: 18951: 18923: 18845: 18826:Karl von Roques 18806:Erich Friderici 18794: 18758: 18730: 18717: 18687: 18682: 18675: 18668: 18654: 18652: 18640: 18631: 18624: 18617: 18610: 18601: 18594: 18587: 18578: 18573:Atomic bombings 18571: 18564: 18557: 18550: 18543: 18534: 18527: 18520: 18513: 18506: 18499: 18492: 18485: 18478: 18471: 18464: 18457: 18450: 18443: 18436: 18429: 18416: 18409: 18398: 18391: 18384: 18375: 18368: 18361: 18354: 18347: 18340: 18331: 18322: 18315: 18306: 18299: 18292: 18285: 18276: 18269: 18264:Eastern Romania 18262: 18257:Warsaw Uprising 18255: 18250:Tannenberg Line 18248: 18241: 18236:Western Ukraine 18234: 18225: 18218: 18209: 18200: 18191: 18184: 18177: 18166: 18157: 18144: 18137: 18128: 18121: 18114: 18107: 18100: 18093: 18086: 18077: 18070: 18063: 18054: 18047: 18040: 18033: 18028:Battle of Kursk 18026: 18019: 18012: 18005: 17998: 17985: 17978: 17969: 17962: 17955: 17946: 17939: 17932: 17925: 17916: 17907: 17900: 17893: 17886: 17879: 17872: 17865: 17858: 17851: 17844: 17839:St Nazaire Raid 17837: 17830: 17823: 17810: 17803: 17796: 17789: 17782: 17775: 17768: 17761: 17754: 17747: 17740: 17733: 17726: 17719: 17712: 17705: 17698: 17691: 17684: 17677: 17663: 17654: 17647: 17640: 17633: 17626: 17621:Anglo-Iraqi War 17619: 17612:Battle of Crete 17610: 17603: 17596: 17589: 17582: 17569: 17560: 17553: 17546: 17541:Eastern Romania 17539: 17532: 17525: 17518: 17511: 17504: 17497: 17490: 17483: 17476: 17469: 17462: 17455: 17448: 17441: 17434: 17421: 17414: 17407: 17400: 17393: 17386: 17379: 17372: 17359: 17350: 17343: 17336: 17329: 17322: 17315: 17306: 17299: 17292: 17283: 17276: 17250: 17243: 17236: 17227: 17220: 17215: 17206: 17199: 17192: 17183: 17176: 17167: 17160: 17155: 17148: 17135: 17128: 17119: 17112: 17107: 17102:Western Ukraine 17100: 17093: 17086: 17079: 17072: 17065: 17058: 17051: 17046:Northeast China 17044: 17037: 17030: 17023: 17016: 17009: 17000: 16993: 16986: 16979: 16972: 16965: 16958: 16951: 16944: 16937: 16930: 16923: 16916: 16909: 16902: 16895: 16888: 16881: 16874: 16861: 16854: 16847: 16840: 16833: 16826: 16819: 16812: 16805: 16798: 16791: 16784: 16771: 16764: 16757: 16752:Slovak Republic 16750: 16742: 16735: 16728: 16723:Empire of Japan 16721: 16712: 16704: 16697: 16690: 16683: 16676: 16669: 16661: 16654: 16647: 16639: 16632: 16619: 16612: 16603: 16596: 16587: 16580: 16573: 16566: 16559: 16552: 16545: 16533: 16526: 16519: 16512: 16505: 16498: 16491: 16484: 16477: 16465: 16458: 16451: 16444: 16437: 16425: 16417: 16410: 16403: 16396: 16389: 16382: 16375: 16363: 16356: 16349: 16342: 16335: 16309: 16300: 16293: 16286: 16279: 16268: 16253: 16246: 16239: 16235:Sexual violence 16234: 16227: 16218: 16211: 16204: 16195: 16188: 16181: 16174: 16167: 16158: 16149: 16142: 16135: 16128: 16121: 16114: 16105: 16098: 16091: 16084: 16071: 16064: 16057: 16050: 16041: 16034: 16027: 16020: 16013: 16004: 15995: 15988: 15981: 15974: 15965: 15958: 15953:Greek Civil War 15951: 15944: 15937: 15930: 15923: 15916: 15909: 15896: 15889: 15880: 15873: 15866: 15857: 15850: 15843: 15836: 15827: 15820: 15813: 15804: 15797: 15790: 15783: 15778:South-East Asia 15776: 15769: 15762: 15749: 15742: 15735: 15728: 15721: 15714: 15707: 15700: 15691: 15684: 15677: 15670: 15663: 15656: 15649: 15642: 15637:Military awards 15635: 15626: 15619: 15612: 15603: 15596: 15589: 15582: 15575: 15568: 15561: 15554: 15547: 15540: 15531: 15524: 15504: 15497: 15490: 15481: 15474: 15467: 15462: 15453: 15446: 15439: 15431: 15426: 15279: 15278: 15267: 15261: 15259: 15256:This audio file 15253: 15246: 15237: 15234: 15228: 15224: 15223: 15219: 15216: 15211: 15205: 15192: 15183: 15181: 15176: 15170: 15151: 15138: 15132: 15119: 15113: 15075: 15066: 15064: 15049: 15043: 15030: 15024: 15005: 14987: 14981: 14965: 14961: 14959:Further reading 14956: 14947: 14945: 14941: 14926: 14913: 14892: 14851: 14829: 14806: 14787: 14768: 14745: 14726: 14689:10.2307/2697571 14668: 14649: 14630: 14593: 14574: 14555: 14533: 14514: 14495: 14476: 14454: 14430:Smelser, Ronald 14422: 14406:Shirer, William 14398: 14376: 14357: 14336: 14315: 14296: 14265: 14246: 14203: 14180: 14161: 14153:. W.W. Norton. 14138: 14116: 14114: 14099: 14080: 14061: 14053:. Transaction. 14042: 14023: 14004: 13980: 13961: 13938: 13916: 13897: 13878: 13859: 13821: 13802: 13780: 13778: 13776: 13747: 13728: 13709: 13690: 13671: 13609: 13590: 13564: 13545: 13526: 13507: 13471: 13452: 13451:978-0-857850607 13433: 13414: 13395: 13376: 13357: 13338: 13319: 13300: 13279: 13242: 13191: 13189: 13164: 13162: 13144: 13125: 13068: 13045: 12991: 12965: 12963: 12959: 12928: 12917: 12898: 12879: 12860: 12838: 12819: 12800: 12778: 12776: 12758: 12736: 12717: 12698: 12679: 12660: 12623: 12604: 12585: 12564: 12545: 12526: 12506: 12491: 12480: 12461: 12442: 12423: 12401: 12345: 12326: 12307: 12293:Dunnigan, James 12285: 12266: 12244: 12232:, eds. (1995). 12218: 12216: 12215:on 8 March 2020 12173: 12152: 12136:Commager, Henry 12095: 12073: 12071: 12056: 12037: 12018: 11999: 11976: 11954: 11952: 11936: 11831: 11809: 11790: 11741:Förster, Jürgen 11733: 11717:, eds. (1998). 11699:Förster, Jürgen 11684: 11682: 11666: 11647: 11628: 11605: 11581: 11562: 11543: 11495: 11476: 11454: 11452: 11431: 11412: 11404:. Amber Books. 11393: 11382: 11364: 11347: 11342: 11334: 11330: 11322: 11318: 11310: 11306: 11298: 11294: 11286: 11282: 11274: 11270: 11262: 11258: 11250: 11246: 11238: 11234: 11226: 11222: 11214: 11210: 11202: 11198: 11190: 11186: 11178: 11174: 11166: 11162: 11156:Mühlhäuser 2010 11154: 11150: 11142: 11138: 11130: 11126: 11120:Mühlhäuser 2010 11118: 11114: 11106: 11102: 11094: 11087: 11079: 11075: 11064: 11060: 11052: 11048: 11040: 11036: 11030:Langerbein 2003 11028: 11024: 11016: 11012: 11004: 11000: 10992: 10988: 10980: 10976: 10968: 10964: 10956: 10952: 10944: 10940: 10932: 10928: 10920: 10916: 10908: 10904: 10896: 10892: 10884: 10880: 10872: 10868: 10860: 10856: 10848: 10844: 10836: 10832: 10824: 10820: 10812: 10808: 10800: 10796: 10788: 10784: 10776: 10772: 10764: 10760: 10752: 10748: 10740: 10736: 10728: 10724: 10716: 10712: 10704: 10700: 10692: 10688: 10680: 10676: 10668: 10664: 10656: 10652: 10644: 10640: 10632: 10628: 10620: 10616: 10608: 10604: 10596: 10592: 10584: 10580: 10572: 10568: 10560: 10556: 10548: 10544: 10536: 10532: 10524: 10520: 10512: 10508: 10500: 10496: 10488: 10484: 10476: 10472: 10468:, p. 1032. 10464: 10460: 10452: 10448: 10440: 10436: 10428: 10424: 10416: 10412: 10404: 10400: 10392: 10388: 10380: 10376: 10368: 10364: 10356: 10352: 10344: 10340: 10332: 10328: 10320: 10316: 10308: 10304: 10296: 10292: 10284: 10280: 10272: 10268: 10260: 10256: 10248: 10244: 10236: 10232: 10224: 10220: 10212: 10208: 10200: 10196: 10188: 10184: 10176: 10172: 10164: 10160: 10152: 10148: 10140: 10133: 10125: 10121: 10113: 10109: 10101: 10094: 10086: 10082: 10074: 10070: 10062: 10058: 10050: 10046: 10035: 10031: 10023: 10016: 10008: 10004: 9996: 9992: 9984: 9980: 9974:Ueberschär 1998 9972: 9968: 9960: 9956: 9948: 9944: 9936: 9932: 9924: 9911: 9903: 9899: 9891: 9887: 9879: 9875: 9867: 9860: 9852: 9848: 9840: 9836: 9828: 9824: 9816: 9812: 9804: 9800: 9792: 9788: 9780: 9776: 9768: 9764: 9756: 9752: 9744: 9740: 9732: 9728: 9717: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9688: 9684: 9676: 9672: 9664: 9657: 9649: 9645: 9637: 9633: 9625: 9621: 9613: 9609: 9601: 9597: 9589: 9585: 9577: 9568: 9560: 9556: 9548: 9544: 9536: 9532: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9508: 9500: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9476: 9472: 9464: 9451: 9443: 9439: 9431: 9427: 9419: 9415: 9407: 9403: 9395: 9391: 9383: 9379: 9371: 9364: 9356: 9352: 9344: 9335: 9327: 9320: 9312: 9308: 9300: 9296: 9288: 9284: 9276: 9272: 9264: 9257: 9249: 9240: 9232: 9225: 9217: 9213: 9205: 9201: 9193: 9189: 9181: 9177: 9169: 9162: 9154: 9150: 9142: 9138: 9130: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9094: 9087: 9079: 9075: 9067: 9063: 9055: 9051: 9043: 9036: 9028: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9004: 8997: 8989: 8985: 8977: 8973: 8965: 8961: 8953: 8944: 8936: 8927: 8919: 8915: 8907: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8880: 8876: 8868: 8864: 8856: 8852: 8844: 8837: 8829: 8806: 8798: 8791: 8783: 8772: 8764: 8760: 8752: 8748: 8740: 8736: 8728: 8724: 8720:, p. 1326. 8716: 8712: 8704: 8700: 8692: 8688: 8680: 8676: 8668: 8664: 8656: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8634:Meltyukhov 2000 8632: 8628: 8620: 8616: 8608: 8601: 8593: 8589: 8581: 8574: 8566: 8562: 8554: 8550: 8542: 8538: 8530: 8526: 8518: 8514: 8506: 8502: 8494: 8490: 8482: 8478: 8470: 8463: 8455: 8451: 8443: 8439: 8431: 8427: 8419: 8412: 8404: 8400: 8392: 8388: 8380: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8356: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8332: 8325: 8321:, p. 1293. 8317: 8313: 8305: 8301: 8293: 8286: 8278: 8274: 8266: 8259: 8251: 8242: 8234: 8227: 8219: 8210: 8202: 8195: 8187: 8178: 8170: 8166: 8158: 8154: 8146: 8142: 8134: 8130: 8122: 8115: 8107: 8103: 8095: 8091: 8083: 8079: 8071: 8067: 8059: 8055: 8047: 8043: 8035: 8031: 8023: 8019: 8011: 8007: 7999: 7995: 7987: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7951: 7947: 7939: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7915:, p. 483; 7909:Hillgruber 1965 7903: 7899: 7891: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7864: 7860: 7852: 7848: 7840: 7836: 7828: 7821: 7813: 7809: 7801: 7797: 7789: 7785: 7777: 7773: 7765: 7761: 7753: 7749: 7741: 7737: 7729: 7725: 7717: 7710: 7702: 7691: 7683: 7679: 7671: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7647: 7643: 7635: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7599: 7592: 7586:Gorodetsky 2001 7584: 7577: 7569: 7562: 7554: 7550: 7542: 7538: 7530: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7458: 7454: 7448:Hildebrand 1973 7446: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7422: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7383: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7316: 7307: 7299: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7272: 7268: 7260: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7238:Hildebrand 1973 7236: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7176: 7172: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7128: 7124: 7116: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7032: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6950:Hillgruber 1972 6948: 6944: 6936: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6900: 6892: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6868: 6864: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6840: 6832: 6828: 6820: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6690:Krivosheev 1997 6688: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6648: 6640: 6636: 6628: 6624: 6616: 6609: 6601: 6594: 6586: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6561:Mercatante 2012 6559: 6555: 6547: 6543: 6535: 6528: 6522:Mercatante 2012 6520: 6511: 6503: 6499: 6491: 6487: 6479: 6472: 6464: 6457: 6449: 6445: 6437: 6424: 6416: 6405: 6397: 6382: 6374: 6363: 6355: 6346: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6327: 6322: 6318: 6313: 6309: 6300: 6296: 6286: 6282: 6237: 6226: 6217: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6126: 6101: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6072: 6070: 6060: 6058: 6050: 5999: 5958: 5945: 5939: 5917: 5907: 5905:Sexual violence 5860:Heinrich Müller 5725: 5709:Main articles: 5707: 5692:the outcome of 5682:Battle of Kursk 5637: 5609: 5478: 5472: 5435: 5429: 5407: 5377:swept south to 5371:1st Panzer Army 5343: 5337: 5320: 5314: 5259:German general 5249: 5243: 5221: 5207: 5201: 5164: 5156:Main articles: 5154: 5095: 5087:Main articles: 5085: 5043: 5023: 5013: 4965: 4959: 4867: 4861: 4845:Soviet Moldavia 4806: 4796: 4751: 4745: 4713: 4671: 4663:Main articles: 4661: 4640: 4638:Initial attacks 4623:Joseph Goebbels 4556: 4547: 4542: 4539: 4525: 4446: 4440:Black Sea Fleet 4144: 3967: 3961: 3959:Order of battle 3833:1 January 1939 3720:Pripyat Marshes 3715: 3696:Semyon Budyonny 3668:interwar period 3641: 3631: 3621: 3533:for Centre and 3434:English Channel 3385:3rd Panzer Army 3377: 3332: 3321: 3308: 3297:European Russia 3289: 3276: 3265:Southern Russia 3261: 3248: 3230: 3217: 3199: 3070: 3055: 3014: 3011: 2988:labour shortage 2892: 2878: 2757: 2751: 2686:Generalplan Ost 2639: 2556:Generalplan Ost 2480: 2474: 2419: 2414: 2405: 2390: 2379: 2227:Generalplan Ost 2195:The operation, 2150: 2149: 2148: 2143: 2137:Prague uprising 2120:Bratislava–Brno 2110:Moravia–Ostrava 2000:Lvov–Sandomierz 1828:Rzhev–Sychyovka 1656:Białystok–Minsk 1608: 1603: 1601: 1571: 1566: 1383:Białystok–Minsk 1361: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1318: 1307: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1268: 1256: 1246: 1238: 1235: 1227: 1226: 1216: 1208: 1196: 1170: 1164: 1163: 1156: 1142: 1122: 1080: 1047: 998: 997: 924: 891: 843: 840: 839: 829: 823:Army of Karelia 815: 803: 784: 772: 768:1st Panzer Army 736: 730:3rd Panzer Army 725:2nd Panzer Army 693: 687:4th Panzer Army 660: 657: 656: 639: 627: 619: 607: 595: 577: 565: 553: 541: 537:Semyon Budyonny 529: 516: 515: 503: 490: 489: 477: 465: 451: 445: 433: 421: 409: 397: 385: 381:Hans Jeschonnek 373: 361: 349: 336: 335: 323: 311: 297: 284: 270: 264: 252: 250: 237: 235: 222: 220: 208: 206: 194: 192: 177: 153: 139: 138: 108: 106:5 December 1941 89: 69:northern Russia 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19315: 19305: 19304: 19299: 19294: 19289: 19284: 19279: 19274: 19257: 19256: 19254: 19253: 19246: 19239: 19232: 19225: 19218: 19210: 19208: 19207:Historiography 19204: 19203: 19201: 19200: 19195: 19190: 19185: 19179: 19177: 19173: 19172: 19170: 19169: 19164: 19159: 19154: 19149: 19144: 19138: 19136: 19132: 19131: 19129: 19128: 19123: 19118: 19112: 19110: 19104: 19103: 19101: 19100: 19095: 19090: 19072: 19067: 19061: 19059: 19055: 19054: 19052: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19036: 19018: 19000: 18982: 18977: 18970:Einsatzgruppen 18966: 18964: 18953: 18952: 18950: 18949: 18944: 18939: 18933: 18931: 18925: 18924: 18922: 18921: 18916: 18911: 18906: 18901: 18896: 18891: 18886: 18876: 18871: 18866: 18861: 18855: 18853: 18847: 18846: 18844: 18843: 18838: 18833: 18828: 18823: 18818: 18813: 18808: 18802: 18800: 18796: 18795: 18793: 18792: 18787: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18766: 18764: 18760: 18759: 18757: 18756: 18751: 18746: 18740: 18738: 18732: 18731: 18716: 18715: 18708: 18701: 18693: 18684: 18683: 18681: 18680: 18673: 18666: 18649: 18646: 18645: 18642: 18641: 18639: 18638: 18637: 18636: 18629: 18622: 18608: 18607: 18606: 18592: 18589:South Sakhalin 18585: 18584: 18583: 18569: 18562: 18555: 18548: 18541: 18540: 18539: 18525: 18518: 18511: 18504: 18497: 18490: 18483: 18476: 18469: 18462: 18455: 18448: 18441: 18434: 18426: 18424: 18418: 18417: 18415: 18414: 18407: 18406: 18405: 18389: 18382: 18381: 18380: 18366: 18359: 18352: 18345: 18338: 18329: 18320: 18313: 18304: 18297: 18290: 18283: 18274: 18267: 18260: 18253: 18246: 18239: 18232: 18223: 18216: 18207: 18198: 18189: 18182: 18175: 18164: 18154: 18152: 18146: 18145: 18143: 18142: 18135: 18134: 18133: 18126: 18112: 18105: 18098: 18091: 18084: 18083: 18082: 18068: 18061: 18052: 18045: 18038: 18031: 18024: 18017: 18014:Battle of Attu 18010: 18003: 17995: 17993: 17987: 17986: 17984: 17983: 17976: 17967: 17960: 17953: 17944: 17937: 17930: 17923: 17914: 17913: 17912: 17905: 17891: 17884: 17877: 17870: 17863: 17856: 17849: 17842: 17835: 17828: 17820: 17818: 17812: 17811: 17809: 17808: 17801: 17794: 17787: 17780: 17773: 17766: 17763:Battle of Guam 17759: 17752: 17745: 17738: 17731: 17724: 17717: 17710: 17703: 17696: 17689: 17686:Battle of Kiev 17682: 17675: 17661: 17660: 17659: 17645: 17638: 17631: 17624: 17617: 17616: 17615: 17601: 17594: 17587: 17579: 17577: 17571: 17570: 17568: 17567: 17558: 17551: 17544: 17537: 17530: 17523: 17516: 17509: 17502: 17495: 17488: 17481: 17474: 17467: 17460: 17453: 17446: 17439: 17431: 17429: 17423: 17422: 17420: 17419: 17412: 17405: 17398: 17391: 17384: 17377: 17369: 17367: 17361: 17360: 17358: 17357: 17356: 17355: 17348: 17341: 17334: 17327: 17313: 17312: 17311: 17304: 17290: 17289: 17288: 17273: 17271: 17262: 17256: 17255: 17252: 17251: 17249: 17248: 17241: 17234: 17233: 17232: 17225: 17213: 17212: 17211: 17197: 17190: 17189: 17188: 17185:United Kingdom 17181: 17174: 17173: 17172: 17153: 17145: 17143: 17137: 17136: 17134: 17133: 17126: 17125: 17124: 17117: 17105: 17098: 17091: 17084: 17077: 17070: 17063: 17056: 17049: 17042: 17035: 17028: 17021: 17014: 17007: 17006: 17005: 16998: 16984: 16977: 16970: 16963: 16956: 16949: 16942: 16935: 16928: 16921: 16914: 16907: 16900: 16893: 16886: 16879: 16871: 16869: 16863: 16862: 16860: 16859: 16852: 16845: 16838: 16831: 16824: 16817: 16810: 16803: 16796: 16789: 16781: 16779: 16773: 16772: 16770: 16769: 16762: 16755: 16748: 16740: 16733: 16726: 16719: 16718: 16717: 16702: 16695: 16688: 16681: 16674: 16667: 16659: 16652: 16645: 16637: 16629: 16627: 16621: 16620: 16618: 16617: 16610: 16609: 16608: 16594: 16593: 16592: 16589:British Empire 16582:United Kingdom 16578: 16571: 16564: 16557: 16550: 16543: 16531: 16524: 16517: 16510: 16503: 16496: 16489: 16482: 16475: 16463: 16456: 16449: 16442: 16435: 16423: 16415: 16408: 16401: 16398:Czechoslovakia 16394: 16387: 16380: 16373: 16361: 16354: 16347: 16340: 16332: 16330: 16321: 16315: 16314: 16311: 16310: 16308: 16307: 16306: 16305: 16298: 16295:Rape of Manila 16291: 16284: 16277: 16266: 16251: 16244: 16232: 16225: 16224: 16223: 16216: 16202: 16201: 16200: 16193: 16186: 16172: 16165: 16164: 16163: 16156: 16155: 16154: 16147: 16133: 16126: 16112: 16111: 16110: 16103: 16096: 16081: 16079: 16073: 16072: 16070: 16069: 16066:United Nations 16062: 16055: 16048: 16047: 16046: 16039: 16032: 16025: 16011: 16002: 15993: 15986: 15979: 15972: 15963: 15956: 15949: 15942: 15935: 15928: 15925:Decolonization 15921: 15914: 15906: 15904: 15898: 15897: 15895: 15894: 15887: 15886: 15885: 15871: 15864: 15863: 15862: 15855: 15848: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15825: 15811: 15810: 15809: 15802: 15795: 15788: 15781: 15774: 15759: 15757: 15751: 15750: 15748: 15747: 15740: 15733: 15726: 15719: 15712: 15705: 15698: 15697: 15696: 15689: 15675: 15668: 15661: 15654: 15647: 15640: 15633: 15632: 15631: 15617: 15610: 15609: 15608: 15601: 15598:United Kingdom 15594: 15580: 15573: 15566: 15559: 15552: 15545: 15538: 15537: 15536: 15521: 15519: 15510: 15506: 15505: 15503: 15502: 15495: 15488: 15487: 15486: 15479: 15472: 15460: 15459: 15458: 15444: 15436: 15433: 15432: 15425: 15424: 15417: 15410: 15402: 15396: 15395: 15373: 15362: 15352: 15340: 15328: 15316: 15304: 15292: 15268: 15254: 15247: 15235: 15218: 15217: 15215: 15214:External links 15212: 15210: 15209: 15204:978-0760319918 15203: 15190: 15174: 15168: 15155: 15149: 15136: 15131:978-0140133639 15130: 15117: 15111: 15098: 15073: 15047: 15041: 15028: 15022: 15009: 15004:978-0803203921 15003: 14985: 14979: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14954: 14917: 14912:978-0061314087 14911: 14896: 14891:978-0674025776 14890: 14876:Wette, Wolfram 14872: 14855: 14849: 14833: 14827: 14810: 14804: 14791: 14785: 14772: 14766: 14749: 14743: 14730: 14724: 14709: 14683:(3): 626–643. 14672: 14667:978-1845455019 14666: 14653: 14648:978-1782002192 14647: 14634: 14629:978-0199986118 14628: 14614:Symonds, Craig 14610: 14597: 14591: 14578: 14573:978-9004254572 14572: 14559: 14553: 14537: 14531: 14518: 14512: 14499: 14493: 14480: 14475:978-1842122143 14474: 14458: 14453:978-0521712316 14452: 14426: 14420: 14402: 14396: 14380: 14375:978-1134325818 14374: 14361: 14355: 14340: 14334: 14319: 14314:978-0891414919 14313: 14300: 14295:978-1134806027 14294: 14282:Sakwa, Richard 14278: 14269: 14263: 14250: 14244: 14228: 14207: 14201: 14184: 14178: 14165: 14160:978-0233964768 14159: 14142: 14136: 14123: 14103: 14097: 14084: 14078: 14065: 14060:978-1412820073 14059: 14046: 14040: 14027: 14021: 14008: 14002: 13988:Overy, Richard 13984: 13978: 13965: 13959: 13942: 13936: 13920: 13914: 13901: 13896:978-0521522830 13895: 13882: 13876: 13863: 13858:978-0743227186 13857: 13840: 13825: 13820:978-0313395925 13819: 13806: 13800: 13787: 13774: 13751: 13745: 13732: 13727:978-0141011929 13726: 13713: 13707: 13694: 13688: 13675: 13669: 13657:Mawdsley, Evan 13653: 13627:(4): 818–865. 13617:Mawdsley, Evan 13613: 13607: 13594: 13588: 13568: 13563:978-0500022924 13562: 13549: 13543: 13530: 13524: 13511: 13505: 13492: 13475: 13470:978-1853672804 13469: 13456: 13450: 13437: 13431: 13418: 13413:978-1472804709 13412: 13399: 13394:978-1782004257 13393: 13380: 13374: 13361: 13355: 13342: 13336: 13323: 13317: 13304: 13298: 13283: 13278:978-1845451868 13277: 13259: 13246: 13241:978-0745660264 13240: 13227: 13198: 13171: 13148: 13142: 13129: 13124:978-1107020795 13123: 13110: 13100:(2): 133–153. 13089: 13072: 13066: 13049: 13043: 13026: 13012: 12995: 12989: 12972: 12945:10.2307/120868 12939:(3): 769–794. 12921: 12915: 12902: 12896: 12883: 12878:978-0700618286 12877: 12864: 12858: 12842: 12836: 12823: 12818:978-3879980383 12817: 12804: 12798: 12785: 12762: 12757:978-0300084597 12756: 12740: 12734: 12721: 12716:978-0752460703 12715: 12702: 12697:978-1906033903 12696: 12683: 12678:978-1906033729 12677: 12664: 12658: 12645: 12627: 12622:978-0700617890 12621: 12608: 12603:978-1906033729 12602: 12589: 12583: 12568: 12562: 12549: 12544:978-0813134161 12543: 12530: 12525:978-0297849131 12524: 12511: 12484: 12479:978-1781590089 12478: 12465: 12459: 12446: 12441:978-1846030178 12440: 12427: 12421: 12409:Faligot, Roger 12405: 12399: 12386: 12370: 12360:(4): 519–553. 12354:Soviet Studies 12349: 12344:978-0275963378 12343: 12330: 12324: 12311: 12305: 12289: 12283: 12270: 12264: 12248: 12242: 12230:Foot, M. R. D. 12225: 12194: 12177: 12171: 12156: 12151:978-0080410661 12150: 12132: 12099: 12094:978-0755336395 12093: 12080: 12060: 12054: 12041: 12035: 12022: 12016: 12003: 11998:978-0521398022 11997: 11980: 11974: 11961: 11940: 11934: 11918: 11881: 11844: 11835: 11829: 11813: 11807: 11794: 11788: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11761: 11749: 11731: 11691: 11670: 11664: 11651: 11645: 11632: 11626: 11609: 11603: 11589:Beevor, Antony 11585: 11579: 11566: 11560: 11547: 11541: 11528: 11510:(3): 461–488. 11499: 11493: 11480: 11474: 11461: 11435: 11429: 11416: 11410: 11397: 11391: 11368: 11362: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11340: 11328: 11316: 11314:, p. 364. 11304: 11292: 11290:, p. 153. 11280: 11268: 11266:, p. 160. 11256: 11254:, p. 264. 11244: 11242:, p. 236. 11232: 11220: 11208: 11196: 11194:, p. 944. 11184: 11182:, p. 328. 11172: 11170:, p. 327. 11160: 11158:, p. 134. 11148: 11146:, p. 110. 11136: 11134:, p. 285. 11124: 11112: 11100: 11098:, p. 289. 11085: 11073: 11058: 11046: 11034: 11022: 11010: 10998: 10996:, p. 213. 10986: 10984:, p. 767. 10974: 10962: 10950: 10938: 10926: 10924:, p. 246. 10914: 10902: 10890: 10878: 10866: 10854: 10842: 10830: 10818: 10806: 10794: 10782: 10770: 10758: 10746: 10734: 10722: 10720:, p. 483. 10710: 10698: 10686: 10674: 10672:, p. 769. 10662: 10650: 10648:, p. 482. 10638: 10636:, p. 181. 10626: 10624:, p. 792. 10614: 10612:, p. 536. 10602: 10590: 10578: 10566: 10564:, p. 209. 10554: 10542: 10530: 10528:, p. 184. 10518: 10506: 10494: 10482: 10480:, p. 144. 10470: 10458: 10456:, p. 106. 10446: 10434: 10422: 10410: 10398: 10396:, p. 255. 10386: 10384:, p. 203. 10374: 10372:, p. 245. 10362: 10350: 10338: 10326: 10324:, p. 244. 10314: 10302: 10290: 10288:, p. 343. 10278: 10276:, p. 242. 10266: 10254: 10252:, p. 440. 10242: 10240:, p. 215. 10230: 10218: 10206: 10204:, p. 533. 10194: 10182: 10170: 10158: 10146: 10144:, p. 149. 10131: 10129:, p. 145. 10119: 10107: 10092: 10080: 10078:, p. 180. 10068: 10056: 10044: 10029: 10027:, p. 204. 10014: 10002: 10000:, p. 199. 9990: 9978: 9966: 9964:, p. 103. 9954: 9942: 9930: 9909: 9897: 9885: 9881:Enkenberg 2021 9873: 9858: 9846: 9834: 9822: 9810: 9798: 9796:, p. 178. 9786: 9774: 9762: 9750: 9748:, p. 195. 9738: 9726: 9706: 9704:, p. 189. 9694: 9682: 9670: 9668:, p. 240. 9655: 9643: 9631: 9619: 9607: 9595: 9583: 9566: 9554: 9552:, p. 253. 9542: 9530: 9528:, p. 111. 9518: 9506: 9494: 9482: 9470: 9449: 9437: 9425: 9413: 9401: 9389: 9377: 9362: 9350: 9333: 9318: 9306: 9294: 9282: 9270: 9255: 9251:Bergström 2007 9238: 9234:Bergström 2007 9223: 9211: 9199: 9187: 9185:, p. 253. 9175: 9160: 9148: 9146:, p. 156. 9136: 9124: 9122:, p. 244. 9112: 9100: 9085: 9073: 9061: 9049: 9034: 9032:, p. 246. 9022: 9010: 9006:Kirchubel 2007 8995: 8993:, p. 136. 8991:Kirchubel 2013 8983: 8971: 8959: 8957:, p. 287. 8942: 8925: 8923:, p. 367. 8913: 8911:, p. 365. 8898: 8886: 8882:Kirchubel 2005 8874: 8870:Kirchubel 2007 8862: 8858:Kirchubel 2005 8850: 8846:Kirchubel 2005 8835: 8804: 8800:Kirchubel 2007 8789: 8785:Kirchubel 2003 8770: 8766:Kirchubel 2005 8758: 8746: 8744:, p. 477. 8734: 8722: 8710: 8698: 8696:, p. 630. 8686: 8684:, p. 476. 8674: 8662: 8660:, p. 243. 8650: 8638: 8626: 8614: 8599: 8587: 8585:, p. 109. 8572: 8560: 8548: 8546:, p. 140. 8536: 8524: 8522:, p. 456. 8512: 8510:, p. 385. 8500: 8488: 8486:, p. 386. 8476: 8461: 8449: 8447:, p. 107. 8437: 8435:, p. 293. 8425: 8410: 8398: 8386: 8384:, p. 202. 8374: 8362: 8360:, p. 155. 8350: 8338: 8323: 8311: 8307:Budiansky 2001 8299: 8297:, p. 192. 8284: 8272: 8257: 8240: 8225: 8208: 8206:, p. 315. 8193: 8176: 8164: 8152: 8140: 8128: 8113: 8101: 8099:, p. 434. 8089: 8077: 8065: 8053: 8041: 8029: 8017: 8015:, p. 532. 8005: 8003:, p. 158. 7993: 7981: 7969: 7957: 7945: 7933: 7931:, p. 101. 7921: 7897: 7895:, p. 145. 7882: 7870: 7866:Middleton 1981 7858: 7856:, p. 138. 7846: 7834: 7832:, p. 141. 7819: 7815:Bergström 2007 7807: 7805:, p. 175. 7795: 7793:, p. 822. 7783: 7771: 7759: 7747: 7735: 7733:, p. 195. 7723: 7708: 7689: 7677: 7665: 7663:, p. 212. 7653: 7641: 7629: 7627:, p. 562. 7625:Patterson 2003 7617: 7605: 7603:, p. 162. 7590: 7575: 7560: 7558:, p. 110. 7548: 7546:, p. 227. 7536: 7524: 7522:, p. 101. 7512: 7500: 7498:, p. 258. 7488: 7476: 7464: 7452: 7450:, p. 105. 7440: 7428: 7413: 7401: 7399:, p. 127. 7389: 7370: 7368:, p. 629. 7358: 7346: 7334: 7332:, p. 259. 7322: 7320:, p. 199. 7305: 7290: 7288:, p. 341. 7278: 7266: 7254: 7242: 7230: 7228:, p. 120. 7218: 7206: 7194: 7182: 7180:, p. 140. 7170: 7158: 7156:, p. 181. 7146: 7134: 7132:, p. 224. 7130:Gellately 1990 7122: 7120:, p. 180. 7110: 7108:, p. 127. 7098: 7086: 7084:, p. 467. 7074: 7072:, p. 466. 7062: 7050: 7048:, p. 100. 7038: 7036:, p. 512. 7026: 7014: 7002: 6990: 6986:Fahlbusch 1999 6978: 6976:, p. 271. 6966: 6964:, p. 716. 6954: 6952:, p. 140. 6942: 6925: 6923:, p. 188. 6913: 6911:, p. 340. 6898: 6896:, p. 335. 6886: 6874: 6862: 6858:Clairmont 2003 6850: 6838: 6826: 6814: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6776:, p. 272. 6774:Chapoutot 2018 6766: 6764:, p. 416. 6754: 6742: 6730: 6728:, pp. 67. 6718: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6666:Kirchubel 2013 6658: 6656:, p. 184. 6646: 6634: 6622: 6620:, p. 185. 6607: 6605:, p. 117. 6603:Bergström 2007 6592: 6590:, p. 178. 6577: 6565: 6553: 6541: 6526: 6509: 6497: 6485: 6483:, p. 384. 6470: 6468:, p. 129. 6466:Bergström 2007 6455: 6443: 6422: 6420:, p. 220. 6403: 6380: 6361: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6325: 6316: 6307: 6294: 6280: 6276:Northern Front 6268:Southern Front 6224: 6211: 6201: 6191: 6181: 6171: 6162: 6153: 6143: 6134: 6124: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6068: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6040:Final Solution 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6011: 6010: 5998: 5995: 5974:Jonathan House 5957: 5954: 5941:Main article: 5938: 5935: 5906: 5903: 5851:Einsatzgruppen 5845:Einsatzgruppen 5813:Einsatzgruppen 5766:Martin Bormann 5732:Masha Bruskina 5711:Einsatzgruppen 5706: 5703: 5636: 5633: 5608: 5605: 5486:Ilyushin Il-2s 5474:Main article: 5471: 5468: 5460:Medvezhyegorsk 5431:Main article: 5428: 5425: 5406: 5403: 5339:Main article: 5336: 5333: 5316:Main article: 5313: 5310: 5276:levée en masse 5265:Panzer Group 2 5261:Heinz Guderian 5245:Main article: 5242: 5239: 5205:Battle of Uman 5203:Main article: 5200: 5197: 5153: 5150: 5084: 5081: 5012: 5009: 4961:Main article: 4958: 4955: 4884:Brest Fortress 4863:Main article: 4860: 4857: 4795: 4792: 4747:Main article: 4744: 4741: 4660: 4657: 4639: 4636: 4566:, 22 June 1941 4555: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4496: 4495: 4494: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4423: 4410:Southern Front 4405: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4391: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4324: 4314: 4304: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4287: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4270: 4269: 4268: 4250: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4240:Northern Fleet 4237: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4204: 4191: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4160: 4152:Northern Front 4147: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4140: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4121: 4120: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4093: 4091:Panzer Group 1 4088: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4072: 4064: 4062:Panzer Group 2 4059: 4054: 4049: 4047:Panzer Group 3 4036: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4025: 4020: 4018:Panzer Group 4 4015: 4002: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3994: 3992:Army of Norway 3983: 3980: 3979: 3978:Soviet forces 3976: 3963:Main article: 3960: 3957: 3928:Valeri Danilov 3917:Viktor Suvorov 3911: 3910: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3630: 3627: 3614:Einsatzgruppen 3608:Einsatzgruppen 3586:Einsatzgruppen 3469:William Shirer 3376: 3373: 3365:Fedor von Bock 3357:Heinz Guderian 3334: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3322: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3304: 3295:and remaining 3290: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3262: 3253: 3250: 3249: 3242: 3240: 3231: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3211: 3209: 3200: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3112:Hermann Göring 3053: 3009: 3001:British Empire 2984:demobilisation 2890:Lossberg study 2877: 2874: 2848:Robert Service 2753:Main article: 2750: 2747: 2697:Kleine Planung 2645:Einsatzgruppen 2631:Einsatzgruppen 2594:anti-Bolshevik 2589:Jürgen Förster 2476:Main article: 2473: 2470: 2457:Otto the Great 2452:Operation Otto 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2343:Mass shootings 2321:, and highest 2315:theatre of war 2292:Operation Otto 2280:economic pacts 2257:Slavic peoples 2145: 2144: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2129: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2100:East Pomerania 2097: 2090: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2002: 1997: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1867: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1842: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1791:Toropets–Kholm 1788: 1781: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1640: 1639: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1600: 1599: 1592: 1585: 1577: 1568: 1567: 1565: 1564: 1559: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1427: 1411: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1351: 1350: 1343: 1336: 1328: 1320: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1306: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1280: 1279: 1278: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1254: 1244: 1224: 1207: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187:40,157 missing 1185: 1184:186,452 killed 1161: 1160: 1159: 1149: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1130: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1116:600,000 horses 1114: 1113:17,081 mortars 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1057:Southern Front 1045: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 995: 994: 993: 988: 983: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 922: 921: 920: 915: 910: 889: 888: 887: 882: 877: 872: 867: 862: 853:Northern Front 834: 833: 832: 830: 828: 827: 826: 825: 813: 811:Army of Norway 796: 795: 794: 782: 770: 765: 760: 755: 734: 733: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 691: 690: 689: 684: 679: 651: 650: 649: 646: 645: 644:Units involved 641: 640: 638: 637: 625: 605: 593: 575: 563: 551: 549:Pavel Zhigarev 539: 527: 513: 501: 487: 475: 463: 448: 446: 444: 443: 431: 419: 407: 395: 393:Fedor von Bock 383: 371: 369:Hermann Göring 359: 347: 333: 321: 319:Wilhelm Keitel 309: 294: 291: 290: 286: 285: 283: 282: 267: 265: 263: 262: 247: 232: 217: 204: 189: 174: 171: 170: 166: 165: 162: 161: 155: 149: 148: 145: 141: 140: 137: 136: 130: 129:Eastern Europe 127: 122: 121:Central Europe 118: 117: 115: 111: 110: 99: 91: 90: 88: 87: 84: 81: 78:Ilyushin Il-2s 74: 71: 64: 51: 50: 39: 38: 32: 31: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19314: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19293: 19290: 19288: 19285: 19283: 19280: 19278: 19275: 19273: 19270: 19269: 19267: 19252: 19251: 19247: 19245: 19244: 19240: 19238: 19237: 19233: 19231: 19230: 19226: 19224: 19223: 19219: 19217: 19216: 19212: 19211: 19209: 19205: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19183:The Holocaust 19181: 19180: 19178: 19174: 19168: 19165: 19163: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19150: 19148: 19147:Kharkov Trial 19145: 19143: 19140: 19139: 19137: 19133: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19117: 19114: 19113: 19111: 19109: 19105: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19088: 19084: 19080: 19076: 19073: 19071: 19068: 19066: 19063: 19062: 19060: 19056: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19034: 19030: 19026: 19022: 19019: 19016: 19012: 19008: 19004: 19001: 18998: 18994: 18990: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18975: 18971: 18968: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18958: 18954: 18948: 18945: 18943: 18940: 18938: 18935: 18934: 18932: 18930: 18926: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18910: 18907: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18890: 18887: 18884: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18856: 18854: 18852: 18848: 18842: 18839: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18812: 18811:Ludwig Kübler 18809: 18807: 18804: 18803: 18801: 18797: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18767: 18765: 18761: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18741: 18739: 18737: 18733: 18728: 18724: 18721: 18714: 18709: 18707: 18702: 18700: 18695: 18694: 18691: 18678: 18674: 18671: 18667: 18664: 18663: 18658: 18651: 18650: 18647: 18634: 18630: 18627: 18623: 18620: 18616: 18615: 18613: 18609: 18604: 18600: 18599: 18597: 18596:Kuril Islands 18593: 18590: 18586: 18581: 18577: 18576: 18574: 18570: 18567: 18563: 18560: 18556: 18553: 18549: 18546: 18542: 18537: 18533: 18532: 18530: 18526: 18523: 18519: 18516: 18512: 18509: 18505: 18502: 18498: 18495: 18491: 18488: 18484: 18481: 18477: 18474: 18470: 18467: 18463: 18460: 18456: 18453: 18449: 18446: 18442: 18439: 18435: 18432: 18428: 18427: 18425: 18423: 18419: 18412: 18408: 18403: 18402: 18397: 18396: 18394: 18390: 18387: 18383: 18378: 18374: 18373: 18371: 18367: 18364: 18363:Syrmian Front 18360: 18357: 18353: 18350: 18346: 18343: 18339: 18336: 18335: 18330: 18327: 18326: 18321: 18318: 18314: 18311: 18310: 18309:Market Garden 18305: 18302: 18298: 18295: 18291: 18288: 18284: 18281: 18280: 18275: 18272: 18268: 18265: 18261: 18258: 18254: 18251: 18247: 18244: 18240: 18237: 18233: 18230: 18229: 18224: 18221: 18217: 18214: 18213: 18208: 18205: 18204: 18199: 18196: 18195: 18190: 18187: 18183: 18180: 18176: 18173: 18169: 18168:Monte Cassino 18165: 18162: 18161: 18156: 18155: 18153: 18151: 18147: 18140: 18136: 18131: 18127: 18124: 18120: 18119: 18117: 18113: 18110: 18106: 18103: 18099: 18096: 18092: 18089: 18085: 18080: 18076: 18075: 18073: 18069: 18066: 18062: 18059: 18058: 18053: 18050: 18046: 18043: 18039: 18036: 18032: 18029: 18025: 18022: 18018: 18015: 18011: 18008: 18004: 18001: 17997: 17996: 17994: 17992: 17988: 17981: 17977: 17974: 17973: 17968: 17965: 17961: 17958: 17954: 17951: 17950: 17945: 17942: 17938: 17935: 17931: 17928: 17924: 17921: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17906: 17903: 17899: 17898: 17896: 17892: 17889: 17885: 17882: 17878: 17875: 17871: 17868: 17864: 17861: 17857: 17854: 17850: 17847: 17843: 17840: 17836: 17833: 17829: 17826: 17822: 17821: 17819: 17817: 17813: 17806: 17802: 17799: 17795: 17792: 17788: 17785: 17781: 17778: 17774: 17771: 17767: 17764: 17760: 17757: 17753: 17750: 17746: 17743: 17739: 17736: 17732: 17729: 17725: 17722: 17718: 17715: 17711: 17708: 17704: 17701: 17697: 17694: 17690: 17687: 17683: 17680: 17676: 17672: 17671: 17666: 17662: 17657: 17653: 17652: 17650: 17646: 17643: 17639: 17636: 17632: 17629: 17625: 17622: 17618: 17613: 17609: 17608: 17606: 17602: 17599: 17595: 17592: 17588: 17585: 17581: 17580: 17578: 17576: 17572: 17565: 17564: 17559: 17556: 17552: 17549: 17545: 17542: 17538: 17535: 17534:Baltic states 17531: 17528: 17524: 17521: 17517: 17514: 17510: 17507: 17503: 17500: 17496: 17493: 17489: 17486: 17482: 17479: 17475: 17472: 17468: 17465: 17461: 17458: 17454: 17451: 17447: 17444: 17440: 17437: 17433: 17432: 17430: 17428: 17424: 17417: 17413: 17410: 17406: 17403: 17399: 17396: 17392: 17389: 17385: 17382: 17378: 17375: 17371: 17370: 17368: 17366: 17362: 17353: 17349: 17346: 17342: 17339: 17335: 17332: 17328: 17325: 17321: 17320: 17318: 17314: 17309: 17305: 17302: 17298: 17297: 17295: 17291: 17286: 17282: 17281: 17279: 17275: 17274: 17272: 17270: 17266: 17263: 17261: 17257: 17246: 17242: 17239: 17235: 17230: 17226: 17223: 17219: 17218: 17214: 17209: 17205: 17204: 17202: 17198: 17195: 17191: 17186: 17182: 17179: 17178:United States 17175: 17170: 17166: 17165: 17163: 17159: 17158: 17154: 17151: 17147: 17146: 17144: 17142: 17138: 17131: 17127: 17122: 17118: 17115: 17114:Quốc dân Đảng 17111: 17110: 17106: 17103: 17099: 17096: 17092: 17089: 17085: 17082: 17078: 17075: 17071: 17068: 17064: 17061: 17057: 17054: 17050: 17047: 17043: 17040: 17036: 17033: 17029: 17026: 17022: 17019: 17015: 17012: 17008: 17003: 16999: 16996: 16992: 16991: 16989: 16985: 16982: 16978: 16975: 16971: 16968: 16964: 16961: 16957: 16954: 16950: 16947: 16943: 16940: 16936: 16933: 16929: 16926: 16922: 16919: 16915: 16912: 16908: 16905: 16901: 16898: 16894: 16891: 16887: 16884: 16880: 16877: 16873: 16872: 16870: 16868: 16864: 16857: 16853: 16850: 16846: 16843: 16839: 16836: 16832: 16829: 16825: 16822: 16818: 16815: 16814:Liechtenstein 16811: 16808: 16804: 16801: 16797: 16794: 16790: 16787: 16783: 16782: 16780: 16778: 16774: 16767: 16763: 16760: 16756: 16753: 16749: 16745: 16741: 16738: 16734: 16731: 16727: 16724: 16720: 16715: 16711: 16710: 16707: 16703: 16700: 16696: 16693: 16689: 16686: 16682: 16679: 16675: 16672: 16668: 16664: 16660: 16657: 16653: 16650: 16646: 16642: 16638: 16635: 16631: 16630: 16628: 16626: 16622: 16615: 16611: 16606: 16602: 16601: 16599: 16598:United States 16595: 16590: 16586: 16585: 16583: 16579: 16576: 16572: 16569: 16565: 16562: 16558: 16555: 16551: 16548: 16544: 16540: 16536: 16532: 16529: 16525: 16522: 16518: 16515: 16511: 16508: 16504: 16501: 16497: 16494: 16490: 16487: 16483: 16480: 16476: 16472: 16468: 16464: 16461: 16457: 16454: 16450: 16447: 16443: 16440: 16436: 16432: 16428: 16424: 16420: 16416: 16413: 16409: 16406: 16402: 16399: 16395: 16392: 16388: 16385: 16381: 16378: 16374: 16370: 16366: 16362: 16359: 16355: 16352: 16348: 16345: 16341: 16338: 16334: 16333: 16331: 16329: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16316: 16303: 16299: 16296: 16292: 16289: 16288:Comfort women 16285: 16282: 16278: 16275: 16272: / 16271: 16267: 16264: 16261: / 16260: 16257: / 16256: 16252: 16249: 16248:Camp brothels 16245: 16242: 16238: 16237: 16233: 16230: 16226: 16221: 16217: 16214: 16210: 16209: 16207: 16203: 16198: 16194: 16191: 16187: 16184: 16180: 16179: 16177: 16173: 16170: 16166: 16161: 16157: 16152: 16148: 16145: 16141: 16140: 16138: 16137:The Holocaust 16134: 16131: 16127: 16124: 16123:forced labour 16120: 16119: 16117: 16113: 16108: 16104: 16101: 16097: 16094: 16090: 16089: 16087: 16083: 16082: 16080: 16078: 16074: 16067: 16063: 16060: 16056: 16053: 16049: 16044: 16040: 16037: 16033: 16030: 16026: 16023: 16019: 16018: 16016: 16012: 16009: 16008: 16003: 16000: 15999: 15994: 15991: 15987: 15984: 15980: 15977: 15976:Marshall Plan 15973: 15970: 15969: 15964: 15961: 15957: 15954: 15950: 15947: 15943: 15940: 15936: 15933: 15929: 15926: 15922: 15919: 15915: 15912: 15908: 15907: 15905: 15903: 15899: 15892: 15888: 15883: 15879: 15878: 15876: 15872: 15869: 15865: 15860: 15856: 15853: 15849: 15846: 15842: 15841: 15839: 15835: 15830: 15829:Eastern Front 15826: 15823: 15822:Western Front 15819: 15818: 15816: 15812: 15807: 15803: 15800: 15796: 15793: 15789: 15786: 15782: 15779: 15775: 15772: 15768: 15767: 15765: 15761: 15760: 15758: 15756: 15752: 15745: 15741: 15738: 15734: 15731: 15727: 15724: 15720: 15717: 15716:Puppet states 15713: 15710: 15706: 15703: 15699: 15694: 15690: 15687: 15683: 15682: 15680: 15676: 15673: 15669: 15666: 15662: 15659: 15658:Naval history 15655: 15652: 15648: 15645: 15641: 15638: 15634: 15629: 15625: 15624: 15622: 15618: 15615: 15611: 15606: 15605:United States 15602: 15599: 15595: 15592: 15588: 15587: 15585: 15581: 15578: 15574: 15571: 15567: 15564: 15560: 15557: 15553: 15550: 15546: 15543: 15539: 15534: 15530: 15529: 15527: 15523: 15522: 15520: 15518: 15514: 15511: 15507: 15500: 15496: 15493: 15489: 15484: 15480: 15477: 15473: 15470: 15466: 15465: 15461: 15456: 15452: 15451: 15449: 15445: 15442: 15438: 15437: 15434: 15430: 15423: 15418: 15416: 15411: 15409: 15404: 15403: 15400: 15394: 15390: 15386: 15383:, lecture by 15382: 15378: 15374: 15372: 15371: 15366: 15363: 15360: 15356: 15353: 15351:at Wikisource 15350: 15345: 15341: 15339:at Wikisource 15338: 15333: 15329: 15327:at Wikisource 15326: 15321: 15317: 15315:at Wikisource 15314: 15309: 15305: 15303:at Wikisource 15302: 15297: 15293: 15290: 15285: 15281: 15280: 15276: 15272: 15257: 15206: 15200: 15196: 15191: 15180: 15175: 15171: 15165: 15161: 15156: 15152: 15146: 15143:. MIT Press. 15142: 15137: 15133: 15127: 15123: 15118: 15114: 15108: 15104: 15099: 15095: 15091: 15088:(4): 94–135. 15087: 15083: 15079: 15074: 15063: 15059: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15044: 15038: 15034: 15029: 15025: 15023:0-304-36541-6 15019: 15015: 15010: 15006: 15000: 14996: 14995: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14976: 14972: 14968: 14964: 14963: 14940: 14936: 14932: 14925: 14924: 14918: 14914: 14908: 14904: 14903: 14897: 14893: 14887: 14883: 14882: 14877: 14873: 14869: 14865: 14861: 14856: 14852: 14850:0-521-44317-2 14846: 14842: 14838: 14834: 14830: 14824: 14820: 14816: 14811: 14807: 14801: 14797: 14792: 14788: 14782: 14778: 14773: 14769: 14763: 14759: 14755: 14750: 14746: 14740: 14736: 14731: 14727: 14721: 14717: 14716: 14710: 14706: 14702: 14698: 14694: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14677:Slavic Review 14673: 14669: 14663: 14659: 14654: 14650: 14644: 14640: 14635: 14631: 14625: 14621: 14620: 14615: 14611: 14607: 14603: 14598: 14594: 14588: 14584: 14579: 14575: 14569: 14565: 14560: 14556: 14550: 14546: 14542: 14541:Stahel, David 14538: 14534: 14528: 14524: 14519: 14515: 14509: 14505: 14500: 14496: 14490: 14486: 14481: 14477: 14471: 14467: 14463: 14462:Smith, Howard 14459: 14455: 14449: 14445: 14441: 14440: 14435: 14431: 14427: 14423: 14417: 14413: 14412: 14407: 14403: 14399: 14393: 14389: 14385: 14381: 14377: 14371: 14368:. Routledge. 14367: 14362: 14358: 14352: 14348: 14347: 14341: 14337: 14331: 14327: 14326: 14320: 14316: 14310: 14306: 14301: 14297: 14291: 14287: 14283: 14279: 14275: 14270: 14266: 14260: 14256: 14251: 14247: 14241: 14237: 14233: 14229: 14225: 14221: 14217: 14213: 14208: 14204: 14198: 14193: 14192: 14185: 14181: 14175: 14171: 14166: 14162: 14156: 14151: 14150: 14143: 14139: 14133: 14129: 14124: 14113: 14109: 14104: 14100: 14094: 14090: 14085: 14081: 14075: 14071: 14066: 14062: 14056: 14052: 14047: 14043: 14037: 14033: 14028: 14024: 14018: 14014: 14009: 14005: 13999: 13995: 13994: 13989: 13985: 13981: 13975: 13971: 13966: 13962: 13956: 13951: 13950: 13943: 13939: 13933: 13929: 13925: 13921: 13917: 13911: 13907: 13902: 13898: 13892: 13888: 13883: 13879: 13873: 13869: 13864: 13860: 13854: 13849: 13848: 13841: 13837: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13822: 13816: 13812: 13807: 13803: 13797: 13793: 13788: 13777: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13748: 13742: 13738: 13733: 13729: 13723: 13719: 13714: 13710: 13704: 13700: 13695: 13691: 13685: 13681: 13676: 13672: 13666: 13662: 13658: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13634: 13630: 13626: 13622: 13618: 13614: 13610: 13604: 13600: 13595: 13591: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13559: 13555: 13550: 13546: 13540: 13536: 13531: 13527: 13521: 13517: 13512: 13508: 13502: 13498: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13481: 13476: 13472: 13466: 13462: 13457: 13453: 13447: 13443: 13438: 13434: 13428: 13424: 13419: 13415: 13409: 13405: 13400: 13396: 13390: 13386: 13381: 13377: 13371: 13367: 13362: 13358: 13352: 13348: 13343: 13339: 13333: 13329: 13324: 13320: 13314: 13310: 13305: 13301: 13295: 13291: 13290: 13284: 13280: 13274: 13270: 13269: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13247: 13243: 13237: 13233: 13228: 13224: 13220: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13199: 13187: 13183: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13160: 13156: 13155: 13149: 13145: 13139: 13135: 13130: 13126: 13120: 13116: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13099: 13096:(in German). 13095: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13078: 13073: 13069: 13063: 13058: 13057: 13050: 13046: 13044:0-8419-0910-5 13040: 13035: 13034: 13027: 13023: 13022: 13017: 13016:Hilberg, Raul 13013: 13009: 13005: 13001: 12996: 12992: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12973: 12958: 12954: 12950: 12946: 12942: 12938: 12934: 12927: 12922: 12918: 12912: 12908: 12903: 12899: 12893: 12889: 12884: 12880: 12874: 12870: 12865: 12861: 12855: 12851: 12847: 12843: 12839: 12833: 12829: 12824: 12820: 12814: 12810: 12805: 12801: 12795: 12791: 12790:Panzer Leader 12786: 12774: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12759: 12753: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12737: 12731: 12727: 12722: 12718: 12712: 12708: 12703: 12699: 12693: 12689: 12684: 12680: 12674: 12670: 12665: 12661: 12655: 12651: 12646: 12642: 12638: 12637: 12632: 12631:Glantz, David 12628: 12624: 12618: 12614: 12609: 12605: 12599: 12595: 12590: 12586: 12580: 12576: 12575: 12569: 12565: 12559: 12555: 12550: 12546: 12540: 12536: 12531: 12527: 12521: 12517: 12512: 12505: 12501: 12497: 12490: 12485: 12481: 12475: 12471: 12466: 12462: 12456: 12452: 12447: 12443: 12437: 12433: 12428: 12424: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12406: 12402: 12396: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12381: 12375: 12371: 12367: 12363: 12359: 12355: 12350: 12346: 12340: 12336: 12331: 12327: 12321: 12317: 12312: 12308: 12302: 12298: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12280: 12276: 12271: 12267: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12249: 12245: 12239: 12235: 12231: 12226: 12214: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12201: 12195: 12191: 12187: 12183: 12178: 12174: 12168: 12164: 12163: 12157: 12153: 12147: 12143: 12142: 12137: 12133: 12129: 12125: 12121: 12117: 12113: 12109: 12105: 12100: 12096: 12090: 12086: 12081: 12070: 12066: 12061: 12057: 12051: 12047: 12042: 12038: 12032: 12028: 12023: 12019: 12013: 12009: 12004: 12000: 11994: 11989: 11988: 11981: 11977: 11971: 11967: 11962: 11950: 11946: 11941: 11937: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11887: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11845: 11841: 11836: 11832: 11826: 11822: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11804: 11800: 11795: 11791: 11785: 11781: 11776: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11737: 11734: 11728: 11724: 11720: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11700: 11696: 11692: 11679: 11678: 11671: 11667: 11661: 11657: 11652: 11648: 11642: 11638: 11633: 11629: 11623: 11618: 11617: 11610: 11606: 11600: 11596: 11595: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11576: 11572: 11567: 11563: 11557: 11553: 11548: 11544: 11538: 11534: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11486: 11481: 11477: 11471: 11467: 11462: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11442: 11436: 11432: 11430:1-85409-267-7 11426: 11422: 11417: 11413: 11407: 11403: 11398: 11394: 11388: 11380: 11376: 11375: 11369: 11365: 11359: 11355: 11350: 11349: 11337: 11332: 11325: 11324:Hartmann 2013 11320: 11313: 11308: 11301: 11296: 11289: 11288:Hartmann 2013 11284: 11277: 11276:Hartmann 2013 11272: 11265: 11264:Hartmann 2013 11260: 11253: 11252:Weinberg 1994 11248: 11241: 11236: 11229: 11224: 11218:, p. 68. 11217: 11212: 11205: 11200: 11193: 11188: 11181: 11176: 11169: 11164: 11157: 11152: 11145: 11140: 11133: 11132:Shepherd 2016 11128: 11122:, p. 74. 11121: 11116: 11110:, p. 68. 11109: 11104: 11097: 11092: 11090: 11083:, p. 69. 11082: 11077: 11070: 11068: 11062: 11056:, p. 57. 11055: 11050: 11043: 11038: 11031: 11026: 11019: 11018:Breitman 1990 11014: 11007: 11006:Browning 2000 11002: 10995: 10990: 10983: 10978: 10971: 10970:Browning 1998 10966: 10959: 10954: 10948:, p. 48. 10947: 10942: 10935: 10934:Hartmann 2013 10930: 10923: 10918: 10912:, p. 26. 10911: 10906: 10899: 10894: 10887: 10882: 10875: 10870: 10863: 10858: 10852:, p. 31. 10851: 10846: 10840:, p. 10. 10839: 10838:Browning 1998 10834: 10827: 10822: 10815: 10810: 10804:, p. 20. 10803: 10798: 10791: 10786: 10779: 10778:Burleigh 2000 10774: 10768:, p. 98. 10767: 10762: 10755: 10750: 10743: 10742:Shepherd 2016 10738: 10731: 10726: 10719: 10714: 10707: 10702: 10695: 10690: 10684:, p. 70. 10683: 10678: 10671: 10666: 10659: 10654: 10647: 10642: 10635: 10630: 10623: 10618: 10611: 10610:Shepherd 2016 10606: 10600:, p. 54. 10599: 10594: 10587: 10582: 10575: 10570: 10563: 10558: 10551: 10546: 10540:, p. 86. 10539: 10534: 10527: 10522: 10515: 10510: 10504:, p. 87. 10503: 10498: 10491: 10486: 10479: 10478:Commager 1991 10474: 10467: 10462: 10455: 10450: 10443: 10438: 10431: 10426: 10420:, p. 98. 10419: 10414: 10407: 10402: 10395: 10390: 10383: 10378: 10371: 10366: 10359: 10354: 10347: 10342: 10335: 10334:Shepherd 2016 10330: 10323: 10318: 10311: 10306: 10299: 10294: 10287: 10282: 10275: 10270: 10263: 10258: 10251: 10246: 10239: 10234: 10227: 10222: 10215: 10210: 10203: 10198: 10191: 10186: 10179: 10174: 10167: 10162: 10155: 10150: 10143: 10138: 10136: 10128: 10123: 10117:, p. 94. 10116: 10111: 10105:, p. 77. 10104: 10099: 10097: 10089: 10084: 10077: 10072: 10065: 10060: 10054:, p. 11. 10053: 10048: 10041: 10039: 10033: 10026: 10021: 10019: 10011: 10006: 9999: 9994: 9987: 9982: 9975: 9970: 9963: 9962:Hardesty 2012 9958: 9951: 9950:Hardesty 2012 9946: 9940:, p. 84. 9939: 9938:Hardesty 2012 9934: 9927: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9907:, p. 13. 9906: 9901: 9894: 9889: 9883:, p. 70. 9882: 9877: 9870: 9865: 9863: 9855: 9850: 9843: 9838: 9831: 9826: 9819: 9814: 9807: 9802: 9795: 9790: 9783: 9778: 9772:, p. 38. 9771: 9766: 9759: 9754: 9747: 9742: 9736:, p. 86. 9735: 9730: 9723: 9721: 9715: 9713: 9711: 9703: 9698: 9692:, p. 88. 9691: 9686: 9679: 9674: 9667: 9662: 9660: 9653:, p. 70. 9652: 9647: 9641:, p. 63. 9640: 9635: 9628: 9623: 9616: 9611: 9604: 9599: 9592: 9587: 9580: 9575: 9573: 9571: 9563: 9558: 9551: 9546: 9539: 9534: 9527: 9522: 9515: 9510: 9503: 9498: 9491: 9486: 9479: 9474: 9467: 9462: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9454: 9446: 9441: 9435:, p. 45. 9434: 9429: 9422: 9417: 9410: 9405: 9399:, p. 42. 9398: 9393: 9387:, p. 41. 9386: 9381: 9374: 9369: 9367: 9360:, p. 93. 9359: 9354: 9348:, p. 38. 9347: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9331:, p. 37. 9330: 9325: 9323: 9316:, p. 54. 9315: 9310: 9304:, p. 54. 9303: 9302:Hardesty 2012 9298: 9292:, p. 19. 9291: 9286: 9279: 9278:Hardesty 2012 9274: 9267: 9266:Hardesty 2012 9262: 9260: 9253:, p. 23. 9252: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9236:, p. 20. 9235: 9230: 9228: 9220: 9215: 9209:, p. 51. 9208: 9203: 9197:, p. 85. 9196: 9191: 9184: 9179: 9173:, p. 31. 9172: 9167: 9165: 9158:, p. 83. 9157: 9152: 9145: 9140: 9133: 9128: 9121: 9116: 9109: 9104: 9098:, p. 82. 9097: 9092: 9090: 9083:, p. 92. 9082: 9077: 9071:, p. 99. 9070: 9065: 9059:, p. 74. 9058: 9053: 9047:, p. 70. 9046: 9041: 9039: 9031: 9026: 9020:, p. 98. 9019: 9014: 9007: 9002: 9000: 8992: 8987: 8980: 8979:Erickson 1972 8975: 8968: 8963: 8956: 8951: 8949: 8947: 8940:, p. 81. 8939: 8934: 8932: 8930: 8922: 8917: 8910: 8905: 8903: 8895: 8890: 8884:, p. 31. 8883: 8878: 8872:, p. 30. 8871: 8866: 8860:, p. 29. 8859: 8854: 8848:, p. 26. 8847: 8842: 8840: 8832: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8802:, p. 31. 8801: 8796: 8794: 8787:, p. 31. 8786: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8767: 8762: 8755: 8750: 8743: 8738: 8731: 8730:Mawdsley 2003 8726: 8719: 8714: 8708:, p. 72. 8707: 8702: 8695: 8694:Uldricks 1999 8690: 8683: 8678: 8671: 8670:Uldricks 1999 8666: 8659: 8654: 8647: 8646:Uldricks 1999 8642: 8635: 8630: 8624:, p. 13. 8623: 8618: 8612:, p. 28. 8611: 8606: 8604: 8597:, p. 82. 8596: 8595:Dunnigan 1978 8591: 8584: 8579: 8577: 8570:, p. 93. 8569: 8564: 8558:, p. 23. 8557: 8552: 8545: 8544:Hastings 2012 8540: 8533: 8528: 8521: 8516: 8509: 8504: 8497: 8492: 8485: 8480: 8473: 8468: 8466: 8459:, p. 68. 8458: 8453: 8446: 8441: 8434: 8429: 8422: 8417: 8415: 8407: 8402: 8395: 8390: 8383: 8378: 8371: 8370:Hastings 2016 8366: 8359: 8354: 8347: 8342: 8336:, p. 38. 8335: 8330: 8328: 8320: 8315: 8308: 8303: 8296: 8291: 8289: 8282:, p. 47. 8281: 8276: 8269: 8264: 8262: 8255:, p. 15. 8254: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8238:, p. 58. 8237: 8232: 8230: 8223:, p. 22. 8222: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8205: 8204:Rayfield 2004 8200: 8198: 8191:, p. 57. 8190: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8174:, p. 55. 8173: 8168: 8162:, p. 26. 8161: 8156: 8150:, p. 55. 8149: 8144: 8138:, p. 56. 8137: 8132: 8126:, p. 21. 8125: 8120: 8118: 8110: 8105: 8098: 8097:Breitman 1991 8093: 8087:, p. 40. 8086: 8081: 8075:, p. 14. 8074: 8069: 8063:, p. 36. 8062: 8057: 8050: 8045: 8038: 8033: 8026: 8021: 8014: 8009: 8002: 7997: 7990: 7985: 7978: 7973: 7967:, p. 44. 7966: 7961: 7954: 7949: 7942: 7937: 7930: 7925: 7919:, p. 140 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7901: 7894: 7893:Guderian 2002 7889: 7887: 7879: 7874: 7867: 7862: 7855: 7850: 7843: 7838: 7831: 7830:Hastings 2012 7826: 7824: 7817:, p. 12. 7816: 7811: 7804: 7799: 7792: 7787: 7780: 7775: 7768: 7763: 7757:, p. 72. 7756: 7751: 7744: 7739: 7732: 7727: 7721:, p. 18. 7720: 7715: 7713: 7705: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7694: 7686: 7681: 7674: 7673:Megargee 2000 7669: 7662: 7657: 7651:, p. 33. 7650: 7645: 7639:, p. 40. 7638: 7637:Handrack 1981 7633: 7626: 7621: 7614: 7609: 7602: 7597: 7595: 7587: 7582: 7580: 7572: 7567: 7565: 7557: 7556:Megargee 2000 7552: 7545: 7540: 7533: 7528: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7504: 7497: 7492: 7486:, p. 51. 7485: 7480: 7473: 7472:Hardesty 2012 7468: 7462:, p. 60. 7461: 7456: 7449: 7444: 7437: 7432: 7426:, p. 31. 7425: 7420: 7418: 7410: 7405: 7398: 7393: 7386: 7385:Hartmann 2013 7381: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7367: 7366:Uldricks 1999 7362: 7356:, p. 98. 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7319: 7318:Weinberg 1994 7314: 7312: 7310: 7303:, p. 57. 7302: 7297: 7295: 7287: 7286:Brackman 2001 7282: 7275: 7270: 7263: 7258: 7252:, p. 30. 7251: 7246: 7240:, p. 89. 7239: 7234: 7227: 7222: 7215: 7214:Dimbleby 2021 7210: 7203: 7198: 7192:, p. 23. 7191: 7186: 7179: 7174: 7167: 7162: 7155: 7150: 7143: 7138: 7131: 7126: 7119: 7114: 7107: 7102: 7096:, p. 28. 7095: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7071: 7066: 7060:, p. 24. 7059: 7054: 7047: 7042: 7035: 7034:Burleigh 2000 7030: 7023: 7018: 7011: 7010:Breitman 1990 7006: 7000:, p. 59. 6999: 6994: 6987: 6982: 6975: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6951: 6946: 6940:, p. 21. 6939: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6922: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6895: 6890: 6883: 6878: 6871: 6870:Childers 2017 6866: 6859: 6854: 6847: 6842: 6836:, p. 54. 6835: 6834:Mawdsley 2015 6830: 6823: 6818: 6811: 6806: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6746: 6739: 6738:Dimbleby 2021 6734: 6727: 6722: 6715: 6710: 6704:, p. 89. 6703: 6698: 6691: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6667: 6662: 6655: 6650: 6644:, p. 96. 6643: 6638: 6631: 6630:Axworthy 1995 6626: 6619: 6614: 6612: 6604: 6599: 6597: 6589: 6584: 6582: 6574: 6569: 6562: 6557: 6550: 6545: 6539:, p. 76. 6538: 6533: 6531: 6524:, p. 64. 6523: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6506: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6482: 6477: 6475: 6467: 6462: 6460: 6452: 6447: 6441:, p. 80. 6440: 6435: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6419: 6414: 6412: 6410: 6408: 6401:, p. 20. 6400: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6377: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6359:, p. 73. 6358: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6344: 6329: 6320: 6311: 6304: 6298: 6290: 6284: 6277: 6274:, became the 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6260:Western Front 6257: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6221: 6215: 6205: 6195: 6185: 6175: 6166: 6157: 6147: 6138: 6128: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6112:Blue Division 6109: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6030:Order No. 270 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5994: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5962:Eastern Front 5953: 5951: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5927: 5923: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5880: 5879:Walter Krüger 5876: 5872: 5871:Erich Hoepner 5867: 5863: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5802: 5797: 5796:Untermenschen 5791: 5786: 5777: 5773: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5716: 5712: 5702: 5700: 5695: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5666: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5643: 5632: 5630: 5625: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5501: 5500: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5434: 5424: 5421: 5411: 5402: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5285: 5278: 5277: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5231: 5227: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5178: 5168: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5066: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5037: 5027: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4942: 4939: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4904:Dmitry Pavlov 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4761:, summer 1941 4760: 4755: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4725:air supremacy 4723:had achieved 4722: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4694: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4653: 4644: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4617: 4608: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4573:Alfred Liskow 4565: 4564:border marker 4560: 4544: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4528: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4502: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4429: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4394: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4376: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4255:Western Front 4252: 4251: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4004: 4003: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3988: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3973: 3966: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3836:22 June 1941 3835: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3791:reserve force 3787: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3762:Richard Sorge 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3721: 3714: 3710: 3705: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3653: 3652:Georgy Zhukov 3649: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3620: 3615: 3609: 3604: 3601:(RSHA) chief 3600: 3596: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3474:Antony Beevor 3470: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3361:Gerhard Engel 3358: 3354: 3350: 3349:Western Dvina 3345: 3341: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3196: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3129:winterisation 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3012:—Adolf Hitler 3008: 3004: 3002: 2997: 2996:forced labour 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2852:Joseph Stalin 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2773:border states 2770: 2761: 2756: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2735: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2714:Erich Hoepner 2710: 2707: 2706: 2705:Große Planung 2699: 2698: 2692: 2687: 2681: 2679: 2678:Germanisation 2675: 2671: 2666: 2665: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2625: 2624:Untermenschen 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2584: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2550: 2549: 2542: 2541: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2525: 2524:Untermenschen 2519: 2515: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2469: 2467: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2439:Third Crusade 2436: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2389: 2385: 2378: 2377: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2355:the Holocaust 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311:Eastern Front 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2265:Germanisation 2262: 2258: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233:forced labour 2229: 2228: 2223:. The German 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2158: 2154: 2138: 2135: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2017: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2007: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1960: 1956: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1873: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1858:Little Saturn 1855: 1853: 1852: 1848: 1846: 1845:Velikiye Luki 1843: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1616:Naval warfare 1615: 1614: 1611: 1606: 1605:Eastern Front 1598: 1593: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1508:Donbas–Rostov 1506: 1504: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1312: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1242: 1231: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1212: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1172:According to 1169: 1166: 1165: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1129: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1058: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1002: 996: 992: 989: 987: 984: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 938: 937: 936: 935: 934:Western Front 928: 923: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 905: 904: 903: 902: 895: 890: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 857: 856: 855: 854: 847: 842: 841: 837: 836:Soviet armies 831: 824: 819: 814: 812: 807: 802: 801: 800: 797: 793: 788: 783: 781: 776: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 750: 749: 748: 747: 740: 735: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 706: 705: 704: 697: 692: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 674: 673: 672: 671: 664: 659: 658: 654: 648: 647: 642: 636: 635:Ivan Tyulenev 631: 626: 624: 622: 616: 611: 606: 604: 599: 594: 591: 586: 585:Dmitry Pavlov 581: 576: 574: 569: 564: 562: 561:Markian Popov 557: 552: 550: 545: 540: 538: 533: 528: 525: 520: 514: 512: 507: 502: 499: 494: 488: 486: 481: 476: 474: 473:Georgy Zhukov 469: 464: 462: 461: 460:Joseph Stalin 455: 450: 449: 447: 442: 437: 432: 430: 429:Ion Antonescu 425: 420: 418: 413: 408: 406: 401: 396: 394: 389: 384: 382: 377: 372: 370: 365: 360: 358: 353: 348: 345: 340: 334: 332: 327: 322: 320: 315: 310: 308: 307: 301: 296: 295: 293: 292: 287: 281: 280: 274: 269: 268: 266: 260: 248: 245: 233: 230: 218: 216: 205: 202: 190: 188: 187: 181: 176: 175: 173: 172: 167: 160: 156: 151: 150: 146: 143: 142: 135: 131: 128: 126: 123: 120: 119: 116: 113: 112: 107: 103: 100: 97: 96: 92: 85: 82: 79: 75: 72: 70: 66: 65: 62: 57: 52: 49: 45: 44:Eastern Front 40: 35: 30: 19: 19248: 19241: 19234: 19227: 19220: 19213: 19108:Major crimes 18957:Order Police 18670:Bibliography 18653: 18466:Project Hula 18431:Vistula–Oder 18400: 18333: 18324: 18308: 18278: 18227: 18211: 18202: 18193: 18159: 18056: 17971: 17947: 17917: 17668: 17648: 17561: 17506:North Africa 17208:Soviet Union 17162:Soviet Union 17088:Soviet Union 16856:Vatican City 16766:Vichy France 16671:German Reich 16568:Soviet Union 16554:South Africa 16547:Sierra Leone 16500:Newfoundland 16319:Participants 16302:Marocchinate 16006: 15997: 15967: 15845:North Africa 15806:Indian Ocean 15665:Nazi plunder 15556:Cryptography 15429:World War II 15388: 15387:, author of 15385:David Stahel 15368: 15194: 15182:. Retrieved 15159: 15140: 15121: 15102: 15085: 15081: 15065:. Retrieved 15055: 15032: 15013: 14993: 14970: 14967:Bartov, Omer 14946:. Retrieved 14939:the original 14922: 14901: 14880: 14859: 14840: 14818: 14795: 14776: 14753: 14734: 14714: 14680: 14676: 14657: 14638: 14617: 14608:(in German). 14605: 14582: 14563: 14544: 14522: 14503: 14484: 14465: 14438: 14410: 14387: 14365: 14345: 14324: 14304: 14285: 14273: 14254: 14235: 14215: 14211: 14190: 14169: 14148: 14127: 14115:. Retrieved 14111: 14088: 14069: 14050: 14031: 14012: 13992: 13969: 13948: 13927: 13905: 13886: 13867: 13846: 13833: 13810: 13791: 13779:. Retrieved 13765: 13760: 13736: 13717: 13698: 13679: 13660: 13624: 13620: 13598: 13579: 13553: 13534: 13515: 13496: 13487: 13483: 13460: 13441: 13422: 13403: 13384: 13365: 13346: 13327: 13308: 13288: 13267: 13263:Kay, Alex J. 13254: 13231: 13209:(1): 59–74. 13206: 13202: 13190:. Retrieved 13186:the original 13179: 13163:. 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Retrieved 11440: 11420: 11401: 11378: 11373: 11353: 11345:Bibliography 11331: 11319: 11307: 11300:Roberts 2014 11295: 11283: 11271: 11259: 11247: 11240:Moskoff 2002 11235: 11230:, p. 7. 11223: 11211: 11199: 11187: 11175: 11163: 11151: 11139: 11127: 11115: 11103: 11076: 11066: 11061: 11049: 11042:Moskoff 2002 11037: 11025: 11013: 11001: 10989: 10982:Hilberg 1961 10977: 10965: 10953: 10941: 10929: 10917: 10910:Förster 1988 10905: 10898:Förster 1998 10893: 10881: 10874:Kershaw 2001 10869: 10862:Bellamy 2007 10857: 10850:Förster 1988 10845: 10833: 10826:Kershaw 2001 10821: 10809: 10802:Bellamy 2007 10797: 10790:Bellamy 2007 10785: 10773: 10761: 10749: 10737: 10725: 10713: 10701: 10689: 10682:Symonds 2014 10677: 10670:Hayward 2000 10665: 10653: 10641: 10629: 10617: 10605: 10593: 10581: 10569: 10557: 10545: 10533: 10521: 10509: 10497: 10485: 10473: 10461: 10449: 10437: 10430:Roberts 2011 10425: 10413: 10406:Roberts 2011 10401: 10394:Gilbert 1989 10389: 10377: 10370:Gilbert 1989 10365: 10353: 10346:Gilbert 1989 10341: 10329: 10322:Gilbert 1989 10317: 10305: 10293: 10281: 10274:Gilbert 1989 10269: 10262:Gilbert 1989 10257: 10245: 10233: 10221: 10209: 10197: 10185: 10173: 10161: 10149: 10142:Liedtke 2016 10122: 10110: 10083: 10071: 10059: 10052:Forczyk 2009 10047: 10037: 10032: 10005: 9993: 9981: 9969: 9957: 9945: 9933: 9900: 9888: 9876: 9849: 9837: 9825: 9813: 9801: 9789: 9777: 9765: 9753: 9741: 9729: 9719: 9697: 9685: 9673: 9666:Bellamy 2007 9646: 9639:Glantz 2010a 9634: 9622: 9610: 9598: 9586: 9579:Glantz 2010a 9562:Glantz 2010a 9557: 9550:Forczyk 2014 9545: 9538:Glantz 2010a 9533: 9521: 9509: 9497: 9490:Glantz 2010a 9485: 9473: 9466:Glantz 2010a 9440: 9428: 9416: 9404: 9392: 9380: 9353: 9314:Glantz 2010a 9309: 9297: 9285: 9273: 9268:, p. 9. 9214: 9202: 9190: 9178: 9171:Glantz 2010a 9151: 9144:Roberts 2011 9139: 9127: 9115: 9103: 9076: 9064: 9052: 9025: 9013: 8986: 8974: 8962: 8916: 8889: 8877: 8865: 8853: 8761: 8749: 8737: 8725: 8718:Roberts 1995 8713: 8706:Humpert 2005 8701: 8689: 8677: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8610:Glantz 2010a 8590: 8563: 8551: 8539: 8527: 8520:Macksey 1989 8515: 8508:Kirshin 1997 8503: 8491: 8479: 8452: 8440: 8428: 8421:Glantz 2010a 8401: 8389: 8377: 8365: 8358:Roberts 2011 8353: 8341: 8334:Faligot 2019 8319:Roberts 1995 8314: 8309:, Chapter 6. 8302: 8275: 8268:Glantz 2010a 8167: 8155: 8143: 8131: 8124:Glantz 2010a 8109:Hilberg 1961 8104: 8092: 8080: 8068: 8056: 8044: 8037:Glantz 2010a 8032: 8025:Glantz 2010a 8020: 8008: 7996: 7984: 7972: 7965:Forczyk 2006 7960: 7948: 7936: 7924: 7900: 7873: 7861: 7849: 7837: 7810: 7798: 7786: 7774: 7767:Glantz 2010b 7762: 7750: 7743:Glantz 2010b 7738: 7726: 7719:Glantz 2010a 7704:Higgins 1966 7680: 7668: 7656: 7644: 7632: 7620: 7608: 7601:Ericson 1999 7551: 7539: 7527: 7515: 7503: 7491: 7479: 7474:, p. 6. 7467: 7455: 7443: 7436:Roberts 2011 7431: 7409:Ericson 1999 7404: 7397:Ericson 1999 7392: 7361: 7349: 7342:Service 2005 7337: 7330:Service 2005 7325: 7301:Roberts 2006 7281: 7269: 7262:Bellamy 2007 7257: 7250:Roberts 2006 7245: 7233: 7221: 7209: 7197: 7190:Förster 1988 7185: 7173: 7161: 7154:Mazower 2009 7149: 7142:Himmler 1940 7137: 7125: 7113: 7106:Förster 2005 7101: 7094:Förster 1988 7089: 7082:Kershaw 2001 7077: 7070:Kershaw 2001 7065: 7053: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7005: 6993: 6981: 6969: 6957: 6945: 6938:Förster 1988 6916: 6894:Kershaw 2001 6889: 6877: 6865: 6853: 6841: 6829: 6817: 6805: 6798:Hilberg 1992 6793: 6781: 6769: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6661: 6649: 6637: 6625: 6568: 6556: 6549:Glantz 2010a 6544: 6500: 6488: 6451:Liedtke 2016 6446: 6418:Liedtke 2016 6399:Glantz 2010a 6378:, p. 9. 6328: 6319: 6310: 6297: 6283: 6214: 6204: 6194: 6184: 6174: 6165: 6156: 6146: 6137: 6127: 6098: 6078:Soviet Union 5970: 5959: 5946: 5943:Nazi plunder 5924:. Historian 5918: 5898: 5891: 5884: 5830:Raul Hilberg 5820:of Jews and 5805: 5782: 5749: 5739: 5690: 5667: 5640: 5638: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5600: 5584: 5579: 5569: 5552:Moscow Canal 5549: 5545: 5532: 5521: 5505: 5497: 5452:Petrozavodsk 5436: 5420:Verman River 5416: 5356: 5321: 5298: 5294:Shlisselburg 5270: 5250: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5193:Vuoksi River 5181: 5173: 5115: 5096: 5077: 5061: 5057: 5040: 5032: 4990: 4974: 4951:Hermann Hoth 4943: 4934: 4912: 4890:, while the 4870: 4868: 4842: 4836: 4823: 4764: 4736: 4720: 4718: 4710: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4682: 4677: 4673: 4672: 4649: 4631: 4620: 4613: 4600: 4577: 4569: 4530: 4449: 4408: 4336: 4321:4th Airborne 4253: 4245:Baltic Fleet 4194: 4150: 4135: 4078: 4067: 4039: 4028: 4005: 3986: 3975:Axis forces 3948:David Glantz 3943: 3920: 3914: 3817: 3812: 3796: 3788: 3775: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3688: 3664:tank warfare 3657: 3618: 3574: 3539: 3535:Luftflotte 4 3531:Luftflotte 2 3527:Luftflotte 1 3521: 3496: 3478: 3466: 3438: 3410: 3401: 3394: 3369:Franz Halder 3337: 3300: 3145:geopolitical 3133: 3120:Georg Thomas 3115: 3089: 3083: 3078: 3072: 3064:officers at 3046: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3006: 2977: 2936: 2932: 2929:Erich Marcks 2921: 2905: 2859:to warn the 2829: 2766: 2723:Daseinskampf 2711: 2682: 2673: 2664:Ost-Arbeiter 2655: 2636: 2617: 2606:Genghis Khan 2598:anti-Semitic 2582: 2578: 2533: 2494:Soviet Union 2487: 2484:Adolf Hitler 2481: 2460: 2450: 2420: 2402: 2397:in 1942 and 2387: 2374: 2359: 2308: 2273: 2194: 2190:World War II 2182:Nazi Germany 2178:Soviet Union 2152: 2151: 2124: 2105:Lake Balaton 2093: 2078:East Prussia 2067:Vistula–Oder 2065: 2011: 2004: 1992: 1938: 1927:2nd Smolensk 1904: 1888: 1871: 1857: 1850: 1837: 1815: 1783: 1762:Air war 1941 1737: 1700: 1676:1st Smolensk 1644: 1643: 1632:Arctic Ocean 1557:Air war 1941 1549: 1501: 1488: 1436: 1412: 1370: 1355: 1290: 1286: 1272: 1271: 1210: 1209: 1171: 1167: 1153: 1152: 1136:11,000 tanks 1126: 1125: 1091: 1090: 1074:Coastal Army 1055: 1054: 1006: 1005: 932: 931: 899: 898: 851: 850: 835: 798: 744: 743: 701: 700: 668: 667: 652: 620: 458: 357:Franz Halder 306:Adolf Hitler 304: 279:Soviet Union 277: 184: 169:Belligerents 134:Soviet Union 102:22 June 1941 60: 48:World War II 42:Part of the 29: 19157:Minsk Trial 19065:Hunger Plan 18963:Detachments 18725:during the 18401:Bodenplatte 18287:Gothic Line 17513:West Africa 17060:Philippines 17039:Netherlands 16904:Czech lands 16842:Switzerland 16786:Afghanistan 16737:Philippines 16605:Puerto Rico 16521:Philippines 16507:New Zealand 16493:Netherlands 16446:Free France 16197:Prosecution 15998:Osoaviakhim 15868:West Africa 15852:East Africa 15499:Conferences 15124:. Penguin. 14815:Boog, Horst 13813:. Praeger. 13720:. Penguin. 13192:27 November 12977:Hannes Heer 12228:Dear, Ian; 12074:29 December 11695:Boog, Horst 11446:Battlefield 11336:Glantz 2011 11204:Shirer 1990 11192:Shirer 1990 11096:Beevor 2012 10994:Beevor 2012 10946:Glantz 2011 10730:Glantz 2002 10634:Müller 2016 10622:Wegner 1990 10574:Müller 2016 10526:Mosier 2006 10466:Shirer 1990 10382:Keegan 1989 10250:Stahel 2009 10202:Menger 1997 10166:Ziemke 1959 10154:Ziemke 1959 10088:Cooper 1984 10076:Müller 2016 10025:Beevor 2012 9926:Thomas 2012 9905:Thomas 2012 9794:Seaton 1982 9782:Seaton 1982 9770:Wright 1968 9758:Keegan 1989 9746:Keegan 1989 9702:Keegan 1989 9526:Seaton 1972 9478:Seaton 1972 9445:Glantz 2011 9433:Glantz 2011 9421:Glantz 2011 9409:Glantz 2011 9397:Glantz 2011 9385:Glantz 2011 9358:Glantz 2011 9346:Glantz 2011 9329:Glantz 2011 9290:Glantz 2011 9207:Glantz 2011 9132:Glantz 2011 9108:Hitler 1941 9069:Seaton 1972 9018:Seaton 1972 8955:Glantz 2011 8894:Glantz 2011 8831:Glantz 2011 8622:Glantz 1998 8583:Glantz 1998 8568:Seaton 1972 8556:Glantz 2011 8532:Seaton 1972 8496:Hanson 2017 8484:Hanson 2017 8445:Glantz 1998 8433:Glantz 1998 8406:Glantz 1998 8394:Glantz 2011 8382:Waller 1996 8346:Waller 1996 8295:Waller 1996 8253:Glantz 2011 8221:Glantz 2011 8172:Glantz 2011 8160:Glantz 1998 8085:Glantz 2011 8073:Glantz 2011 8061:Glantz 2011 8013:Menger 1997 8001:Beevor 2012 7989:Hooker 1999 7941:Shirer 1990 7917:Stahel 2009 7854:Ziemke 1959 7803:Müller 2016 7791:Shirer 1990 7779:Seaton 1972 7685:Seaton 1972 7613:Palmer 2010 7274:Shirer 1990 7202:Ingrao 2013 7178:Ingrao 2013 6962:Shirer 1990 6786:Snyder 2010 6762:Snyder 2010 6714:Citino 2021 6654:Ziemke 1959 6505:Glantz 1998 6493:Glantz 2001 6376:Glantz 2001 5926:Hannes Heer 5758:annihilated 5536:Martial law 5387:18th Armies 5363:Sea of Azov 5335:Sea of Azov 5134:Kandalaksha 5118:XXXVI Corps 5107:Litsa River 5001:Lake Ladoga 4776:Stalin Line 4729:war diaries 4630:joined the 3542:Scandinavia 3537:for South. 3529:for North, 3522:Luftflotten 3505:Army Norway 3400:Additional 3391:, June 1941 3157:master race 3140:Hunger Plan 3068:, June 1941 2969:Caspian Sea 2945:Arkhangelsk 2937:Marcks Plan 2917:pre-emptive 2908:Great Purge 2900:Marcks Plan 2807:, then the 2602:anti-Slavic 2548:Ostsiedlung 2353:as part of 2351:Soviet Jews 2339:Hunger Plan 2245:Byelorussia 2186:Axis allies 2159:; Russian: 1900:Gorky Blitz 1895:3rd Kharkov 1811:2nd Kharkov 1713:1st Kharkov 1708:Sea of Azov 1496:1st Kharkov 1484:Sea of Azov 1178:Army Norway 1174:German Army 1157:1,000,000+ 653:Axis armies 331:Alfred Jodl 152:Territorial 132:Mainly the 19277:Code names 19266:Categories 19162:Riga Trial 19058:Milestones 18799:Commanders 18501:West Hunan 18334:Pointblank 17670:Silver Fox 17656:Summer War 17409:Winter War 17388:Phoney War 17169:Azerbaijan 17130:Yugoslavia 17025:Luxembourg 16867:Resistance 16614:Yugoslavia 16479:Luxembourg 16281:Sook Ching 16077:War crimes 15679:Technology 15672:Opposition 15614:Lend-Lease 15591:Australian 15584:Home front 15542:Blitzkrieg 15492:Casualties 15483:Commanders 15455:Operations 15359:Yad Vashem 15271:Audio help 15262:2017-12-10 14948:5 November 14935:B0007ETEOM 14868:B0000CMAU7 14112:HistoryNet 13972:. Osprey. 13181:Parameters 13008:B0000CNOQU 12434:. Osprey. 11216:Overy 1996 10886:Wette 2007 10766:Baker 2009 10754:Baker 2009 10694:Baker 2009 10598:Baker 2009 10586:Baker 2009 10562:Fritz 2011 10298:Smith 2000 10238:Stone 2011 10127:Fritz 2011 10064:Werth 1964 9998:Werth 1964 9986:Klink 1998 9514:Fritz 2011 9373:Fritz 2011 9219:Fritz 2011 9195:Fritz 2011 9183:Askey 2014 9156:Clark 2012 9096:Clark 2012 9081:Clark 2012 9045:Clark 2012 8938:Clark 2012 8754:Kshyk 2015 8472:Sakwa 2005 8236:Clark 2012 8189:Clark 2012 8148:Clark 2012 8136:Clark 2012 8049:Clark 2012 7913:Vogel 1995 7842:Overy 2006 7755:Clark 2012 7731:Stone 2011 7571:Wette 2007 7484:Fritz 2011 7460:Overy 1996 7354:Weeks 2002 7226:Kirby 1980 7118:Majer 2003 7022:Evans 1989 6998:Evans 1989 6909:Mayer 1989 6882:Riché 1993 6702:Sharp 2010 6618:Askey 2014 6588:Askey 2014 6573:Clark 2012 6537:Clark 2012 6439:Askey 2014 6357:Clark 2012 6287:Historian 6220:Risto Ryti 6118:, and the 6085:References 6020:Lend-Lease 5909:See also: 5828:historian 5822:communists 5705:War crimes 5655:oil fields 5444:Svir River 5440:Lake Onega 5325:bridgehead 4859:Belorussia 4798:See also: 4788:Luga River 4589:Sevastopol 4136:Luftflotte 4068:Luftflotte 4029:Luftflotte 3944:Icebreaker 3922:Icebreaker 3754:Zhou Enlai 3746:Mao Zedong 3733:Barbarossa 3728:Mein Kampf 3670:and later 3633:See also: 3554:Belorussia 3331:Unrealised 3307:Unrealised 3275:Unrealised 3149:Lebensraum 3124:Winter War 3106:, and the 3029:Barbarossa 2949:Arctic Sea 2927:, General 2880:See also: 2821:war effort 2797:ideologies 2793:Bessarabia 2734:Lebensraum 2583:Wehrmacht, 2534:Mein Kampf 2514:racial war 2500:Lebensraum 2489:Mein Kampf 2423:Nazi Party 2412:Background 2323:casualties 2319:atrocities 2251:Lebensraum 2217:repopulate 2197:code-named 2172:) was the 2024:2nd Baltic 2019:Dukla Pass 2006:Doppelkopf 1978:2nd Crimea 1922:2nd Donbas 1912:1st Donbas 1889:Polar Star 1839:Stalingrad 1723:Sevastopol 1718:1st Crimea 1661:1st Baltic 1645:Barbarossa 1622:Baltic Sea 1535:1st Rostov 1523:Sevastopol 1518:1st Crimea 1469:Petrikowka 1388:1st Baltic 1276:4,500,000 18729:, 1941–45 18720:Wehrmacht 18566:Manchuria 18452:Indochina 18228:Bagration 17679:Lithuania 17324:Anschluss 17121:Viet Minh 17018:Lithuania 16960:Hong Kong 16730:Manchukuo 16685:Azad Hind 16344:Australia 16144:Aftermath 16007:Paperclip 15902:Aftermath 15702:Total war 15570:Diplomacy 15533:In Europe 15370:The Times 15227:hour and 14705:153701270 14566:. Brill. 14284:(2005) . 13649:154940593 13641:1618-4866 13223:143411920 12209:IMG Media 12120:0012-9976 11955:1 October 11914:159541260 11877:159733077 11685:12 August 11524:0032-3195 11180:Beck 2004 11168:Beck 2004 11144:Heer 2000 10706:Dunn 1995 10514:Hill 2016 10358:Hill 2016 10310:Hill 2016 9030:Pohl 2018 8967:Czak 2014 7661:Rich 1973 7532:Rees 2017 7508:Beck 2005 7058:Lewy 2017 6822:Rees 2010 6750:Rich 1973 6340:Citations 6015:Kantokuen 5922:gang rape 5899:Wehrmacht 5826:Holocaust 5818:massacres 5770:genocidal 5651:Case Blue 5607:Aftermath 5601:Wehrmacht 5585:Luftwaffe 5580:Wehrmacht 5395:artillery 5367:11th Army 5241:Leningrad 5235:Luftwaffe 5230:Luftwaffe 5226:Luftwaffe 5219:Luftwaffe 5184:Sortavala 5177:23rd Army 5111:14th Army 5041:Luftwaffe 4913:Luftwaffe 4900:Białystok 4871:Luftwaffe 4837:Luftwaffe 4737:Luftwaffe 4721:Luftwaffe 4711:Luftwaffe 4709:puts the 4703:Luftwaffe 4698:Luftwaffe 4693:Luftwaffe 4683:Luftwaffe 4678:Luftwaffe 4674:Luftwaffe 4632:Waffen-SS 4601:Wehrmacht 4581:Kronstadt 4516:24th Army 4511:22nd Army 4499:21st Army 4487:20th Army 4475:19th Army 4463:16th Army 4386:12th Army 4374:26th Army 4317:2nd Rifle 4302:13th Army 4273:10th Army 4219:11th Army 4202:27th Army 4184:Northern 4168:23rd Army 4163:14th Army 4113:11th Army 4096:17th Army 4023:16th Army 4013:18th Army 3864:5,774,000 3861:2,485,000 3858:Personnel 3839:Increase 3813:Wehrmacht 3713:Wehrmacht 3709:Wehrmacht 3658:In 1930, 3619:Wehrmacht 3579:Waffen-SS 3550:Leningrad 3501:Black Sea 3497:Luftwaffe 3402:Luftwaffe 3116:Luftwaffe 3084:Wehrmacht 3079:Wehrmacht 2961:Astrakhan 2857:Bug River 2836:Axis Pact 2637:Wehrmacht 2618:Wehrmacht 2447:Thuringia 2403:Wehrmacht 2395:Case Blue 2388:Wehrmacht 2376:Wehrmacht 2213:communism 2155:(German: 2049:Gumbinnen 1994:Bagration 1833:Sinyavino 1817:Case Blue 1702:Leningrad 1627:Black Sea 1479:Leningrad 1393:Raseiniai 1281:Breakdown 1162:Breakdown 1069:18th Army 1041:37th Army 1036:26th Army 1031:21st Army 1026:12th Army 991:50th Army 986:40th Army 981:28th Army 976:24th Army 971:22nd Army 966:20th Army 961:19th Army 956:16th Army 951:13th Army 946:10th Army 918:34th Army 913:27th Army 908:11th Army 885:55th Army 880:54th Army 875:52nd Army 870:48th Army 763:17th Army 758:11th Army 682:18th Army 677:16th Army 19167:Ukase 43 19116:Babi Yar 18677:Category 18626:document 18536:document 18393:Ardennes 18377:Budapest 18325:Crossbow 18203:Overlord 18042:Smolensk 17260:Timeline 17095:Slovakia 17081:Thailand 16932:Ethiopia 16897:Bulgaria 16821:Portugal 16759:Thailand 16641:Bulgaria 16419:Eswatini 16412:Ethiopia 16365:Bulgaria 16190:Unit 731 16151:Response 15968:Keelhaul 15918:Cold War 15891:Americas 15882:timeline 15875:Atlantic 15755:Theaters 15273: · 15184:24 March 15067:20 April 14991:(2007). 14969:(2001). 14878:(2007). 14839:(1994). 14616:(2014). 14543:(2009). 14464:(2000). 14436:(2008). 14408:(1990). 14386:(2016). 14234:(2006). 13990:(1996). 13926:(2016). 13781:20 April 13659:(2015). 13265:(2006). 13165:20 April 13106:30197201 13085:6021187M 13018:(1961). 12848:(2013). 12746:(2001). 12633:(2001). 12411:(2019). 12376:(1989). 12295:(1978). 12254:(2021). 12219:19 March 12138:(1991). 11924:(1998). 11819:(2010). 11591:(2012). 11455:19 March 7424:Kay 2006 6266:and the 6250:and the 5997:See also 5987:Cold War 5895:Vaseline 5887:9th Army 5869:General 5839:Turkmens 5629:materiel 5540:into mud 5513:Mozhaysk 5502:24, 1941 5464:Povenets 5442:and the 5379:encircle 5142:7th Army 4995:, named 4993:Murmansk 4855:Rivers. 4853:Dniester 4812:General 4554:Invasion 4359:6th Army 4344:5th Army 4326:Western 4290:4th Army 4261:3rd Army 4207:8th Army 4158:7th Army 4086:6th Army 4057:4th Army 4052:9th Army 3900:Aircraft 3676:doctrine 3591:partisan 3570:Caucasus 3558:Smolensk 3432:and the 3389:Pruzhany 3269:Caucasus 3267:and the 3054:— 3010:— 2951:through 2941:A-A line 2919:strike. 2882:A-A line 2861:Red Army 2832:Bukovina 2737:to be a 2650:partisan 2610:Croatian 2331:Red Army 2269:genocide 2237:Caucasus 2219:it with 2209:Crusader 2174:invasion 2094:Solstice 2054:Budapest 2044:Courland 2034:Debrecen 2029:Belgrade 1951:2nd Kiev 1823:Caucasus 1796:Demyansk 1757:Chechnya 1691:1st Kiev 1454:1st Kiev 1420:Smolensk 1085:Strength 1064:9th Army 1021:6th Army 1016:5th Army 941:3rd Army 865:8th Army 860:7th Army 792:4th Army 780:3rd Army 753:6th Army 720:9th Army 715:4th Army 710:2nd Army 259:Slovakia 159:A-A line 114:Location 18603:Shumshu 18370:Hungary 18317:Estonia 18301:Lapland 18279:Dragoon 18212:Neptune 18194:Ichi-Go 18160:Tempest 18102:Changde 18057:Cottage 17949:Jubilee 17665:Finland 17563:Compass 17269:Prelude 17222:Finland 17108:Vietnam 17074:Romania 16946:Germany 16925:Estonia 16911:Denmark 16890:Belgium 16883:Austria 16876:Albania 16807:Ireland 16793:Andorra 16777:Neutral 16744:Romania 16678:Hungary 16663:Finland 16535:Romania 16427:Finland 16405:Denmark 16351:Belgium 16337:Algeria 16043:Romania 16029:Hungary 15785:Pacific 15509:General 15463:Leaders 15448:Battles 15441:Outline 15381:YouTube 15361:website 15357:on the 15260: ( 15231:minutes 14697:2697571 13578:(ed.). 12966:11 June 12128:4413752 6066:Germany 6052:Portals 5931:billets 5856:Gestapo 5678:salient 5572:Kremlin 5528:Bryansk 5484:Soviet 5448:Olonets 5427:Karelia 5399:capture 5351:Kharkov 5292:seized 5188:Hiitola 5152:Karelia 5138:Kayraly 5065:Kharkov 5005:Viipuri 4918:pockets 4896:Vilnius 4731:of the 4659:Air war 4456:Reserve 4433:Odessa 4233:Baltic 3909:142.8% 3881:110.7% 3878:117,600 3867:132.4% 3853:140.7% 3666:in the 3654:in 1940 3566:steppes 3483:and 15 3353:Dnieper 3271:region 3234:Ukraine 3207:Belarus 2992:Ukraine 2973:bombers 2967:on the 2947:on the 2785:Estonia 2781:Finland 2261:Siberia 2241:Ukraine 2221:Germans 2176:of the 2088:Breslau 2083:Silesia 1988:Karelia 1940:Dnieper 1806:Bamberg 1747:Finland 1696:Tallinn 1551:Air war 1530:Tikhvin 1513:Bryansk 1502:Beowulf 1490:Phase 4 1464:Tallinn 1459:Lypovec 1438:Phase 3 1414:Phase 2 1408:Mogilev 1372:Phase 1 621:† 244:Hungary 215:Finland 201:Romania 186:Germany 154:changes 76:Soviet 19033:PB 320 19029:PB 315 19025:PB 304 19015:PB 314 19011:PB 303 18997:PB 322 18993:PB 316 18989:PB 307 18929:HSS-PF 18749:Centre 18580:Debate 18552:Taipei 18545:Borneo 18123:Tarawa 17317:Europe 17278:Africa 17067:Poland 17053:Norway 17032:Malaya 17011:Latvia 16953:Greece 16939:France 16835:Sweden 16800:Bhutan 16528:Poland 16514:Norway 16486:Mexico 16453:Greece 16439:France 16377:Canada 16358:Brazil 16328:Allies 16274:Serbia 16263:Poland 16036:Poland 16022:Baltic 15815:Europe 15517:Topics 15469:Allied 15201: 15166: 15147: 15128: 15109: 15039: 15020: 15001: 14977: 14933: 14909: 14888: 14866: 14847: 14825: 14802: 14783: 14764: 14741: 14722: 14703: 14695: 14664: 14645: 14626: 14589: 14570: 14551: 14529: 14510: 14491: 14472: 14450: 14418: 14394: 14372: 14353: 14332: 14311: 14292: 14261: 14242: 14199: 14176: 14157: 14134: 14117:8 July 14095: 14076: 14057: 14038: 14019: 14000: 13976: 13957: 13934: 13912: 13893: 13874: 13855: 13817: 13798: 13772: 13743: 13724: 13705: 13686: 13667: 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3906:18,700 3895:21.8% 3892:25,700 3889:21,100 3875:55,800 3783:Stavka 3741:Enigma 3481:panzer 3446:Greece 3430:Norway 3344:Donbas 3154:Nordic 3102:, the 3098:, the 3094:, the 3049:Slavic 2957:Rostov 2888:, and 2789:Latvia 2658:slaves 2464:Nazi " 2430:, the 2417:Naming 2286:, the 2199:after 2132:Prague 2126:Berlin 2115:Vienna 1932:Lenino 1774:Lyuban 1739:Moscow 1728:Rostov 1686:Odessa 1545:Moscow 1474:Yelnya 1449:Odessa 617: 587: 256: 241: 226: 212: 198: 144:Result 19007:PB 45 18919:707th 18914:454th 18909:444th 18904:403rd 18899:286th 18894:285th 18889:281st 18879:221st 18874:213th 18869:207th 18864:203rd 18859:201st 18754:South 18744:North 18356:Leyte 18186:Narva 18172:Anzio 18130:Makin 18088:Burma 17972:Torch 17941:Rzhev 17902:Kiska 16988:Korea 16974:Japan 16967:Italy 16849:Tibet 16828:Spain 16706:Italy 16467:Italy 16460:India 16384:China 16259:Japan 15859:Italy 15771:China 15723:Women 15377:Video 14942:(PDF) 14927:(PDF) 14701:S2CID 14693:JSTOR 13764:[ 13645:S2CID 13490:(11). 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