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306:, any head of state visiting the academy may ask the Superintendent to grant amnesty to members of the Corps of Cadets with outstanding punishment tours, freeing the restricted cadets from further punishment tours. In the past this was for all offenses, but in recent times only cadets with minor offenses (company board) are eligible for amnesty, while cadets with major offenses (regimental or higher board) are ineligible.
146:, as in the case of China's gun restrictions, or the Kansas City ban on pit bulls. Advantages of using amnesty may include avoiding expensive prosecutions (especially when massive numbers of violators are involved), prompting violators to come forward who might otherwise have eluded authorities, and promoting reconciliation between offenders and society. An example of the latter was the amnesty that was granted to
288:. Some observers contend that the word amnesty is improperly applied here. One reason is that the proposals under consideration include financial penalties for illegal immigrants. Another reason is that the government's current practice is generally to deport but not prosecute illegal immigrants and so there is sometimes no legal adjudication of "guilt" to be forgiven.
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An amnesty may be extended when the authority decides that bringing citizens into compliance with a law is more important than punishing them for past offenses. Amnesty after a war helps end a conflict. While laws against treason, sedition, etc. are retained to discourage future traitors during
82:, were formerly usual on coronations and similar occasions, but are chiefly exercised towards associations of political criminals, and are sometimes granted absolutely, though more frequently there are certain specified exceptions. Thus, in the case of the earliest recorded amnesty, that of
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is also any initiative where individuals are encouraged to turn over illicit items to the authorities, on the understanding that they will not be prosecuted for having been in possession of those items. A common use of such amnesties is to reduce the number of firearms or other weapons in
122:(1861–1865), in 1868, and the French amnesty of 1905. Amnesty in U.S. politics in 1872 meant restoring the right to vote and hold office to ex-Confederates, which was achieved by act of Congress. Those were true amnesties, pardoning past violations without changing the laws violated.
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A controversial issue in the United States is whether undocumented immigrants should be granted some form of amnesty. It is proposed that undocumented immigrants be able to come forward and immediately receive probationary status. California
Republican Governor
191:. But scholars have suggested that there should be room for amnesties which were imperative necessities to achieve peace and accompanied by effective Truth and Reconciliation Commissions. One particular case was in Uruguay: the controversial
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has a similar definition, an amnesty constitutes more than a pardon, in so much as it obliterates all legal remembrance of the offense. Amnesty is increasingly used to express the idea of "freedom" and to refer to when prisoners can go free.
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extended by the government to a group or class of people, usually for a political offense; the act of a sovereign power officially forgiving certain classes of people who are subject to trial but have not yet been convicted." Though the term
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would be ill-advised today. "It backfired big-time. It sent the wrong message: You come here illegally, and then we go and give you amnesty. So then, the next million come and they say, 'Hey, we get amnesty, this is really terrific'."
174:, in hopes that further bloodshed would be avoided. David Smock noted, "The downside of it is the impunity that it implies; that people can commit atrocities and say that they will only stop if they are given amnesty..."
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future conflicts, it makes sense to forgive past offenders, after the enemy no longer exists which had attracted their support but a significant number remains in flight from authorities. In 1718, when a
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Prosecutor v. Furundžija, Trial
Chamber Judgment. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 2002, 121 International Law Reports 213 (2002)
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Special Court for Sierra Leone: Prosecutor v. Kallon and Kamara, Appeals
Chamber: Decision on Challenge to Jurisdiction: Lome Accord Amnesty
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Controversies also raise towards amnesties given to alleged perpetrators of the most serious crimes of international law (or crimes of the
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which include genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and aggression). Courts have rejected amnesties for such crimes, such as the
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Amnesty can at times raise questions of justice. An example was the
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exempts a select group of people, usually military leaders and government leaders, from criminal liability for crimes committed.
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M. Cherif
Bassiouni. 1998. International Crimes: Jus Cogens and Obligatio Erga Omnes, Law & Contemporary Problems, 59: 63–74
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by the
British, its advocates hoped it would dissuade recipients from entering Spanish service while the countries were at
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did not extend to those who had taken part in the execution of his father. Other famous amnesties include:
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on
November 6, 1986—granted amnesty to about 3 million undocumented immigrants in the United States.
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where people can return late library books and they will not be charged a fine for having them out.
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Antonio
Cassesse. 2003. International Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 315–316
537:"A Deal with the Devil: Issues in Offering Joseph Kony Amnesty to Resolve the Conflict in Uganda"
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Robert W. Burg, "Amnesty, Civil Rights, and the
Meaning of Liberal Republicanism, 1862–1872".
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circulation. Several public schools with a zero-tolerance policy on drugs or weapons have an "
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Calendar of State Papers, Colonial series. America and West Indies, August 1717–Dec. 1718
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Bryan A. Gardner (ed.). 2009. Blacks Law
Dictionary (9th ed.). St. Paul, MN: West, p. 99
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Schwarzenegger, A. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2010, from Government Press:
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amnesty of August 10, 1840; the general amnesty proclaimed by the Emperor
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pretended to put an end to unsolved issues deriving from 12 years of
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to heal war wounds, given that both the war and the draft were over.
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International Center for Transitional Justice, Criminal Justice page
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Legalization or Amnesty? : Immigrants' Rights : AFSC
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was used in South Africa, during the 1990s, as part of the
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British Royal Proclamations Relating to America 1603–1783
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Law on the Expiration of the Punitive Claims of the State
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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
489:"Pit bull amnesty convinces some owners to abide by ban"
507:"Online NewsHour: Remembering Vietnam: Carter's Pardon"
61: 'forgetfulness, passing over') is defined as "A
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like the one the federal government undertook in 1986
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Amnesty is often used to encourage people to turn in
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which confirmed the law by 56% of the popular vote.
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302:, United States Air Force Academy, and the
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685:November 21, 2010, at the
412:Brigham, Clarence (1911).
282:illegal immigration debate
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446:. 1964. pp. 398–399.
334:"What is GENERAL PARDON?"
262:Truth and Reconciliation
236:Related uses of the term
227:said an amnesty program
108:Franz Josef I of Austria
74:Amnesties, which in the
32:Amnesty (disambiguation)
385:Encyclopædia Britannica
291:Many libraries have an
148:conscientious objectors
708:July 12, 2007, at the
691:Crimes of War Project
656:"Immigration Amnesty"
631:"La ley de caducidad"
225:Arnold Schwarzenegger
92:Charles II of England
689:By William Bourdon,
629:(28 February 2009).
30:For other uses, see
517:on 28 February 2007
422:. pp. 178–180.
154:in the wake of the
102:, were exempt; the
627:Francisco Gallinal
452:, 9 December 1718)
338:The Law Dictionary
201:referendum in 1989
120:American Civil War
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344:31 December
270:amnesty law
248:amnesty box
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166:Controversy
156:Vietnam War
84:Thrasybulus
748:Categories
693:, The Book
640:30 October
561:2008-04-08
311:References
180:Jus Cogens
144:contraband
100:Talleyrand
80:Parliament
40:(from
473:April 23,
241:The term
769:Impunity
706:Archived
683:Archived
521:19 March
467:BBC News
187:and the
126:Purposes
104:Prussian
96:Napoleon
56:amnēstía
49:ἀμνηστία
732:amnesty
680:Amnesty
635:El País
380:Amnesty
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298:At the
286:amnesty
280:In the
254:Amnesty
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38:Amnesty
754:Pardon
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88:Athens
63:pardon
555:(PDF)
540:(PDF)
440:Vaduz
340:. n.d
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642:2010
523:2018
475:2010
346:2021
211:The
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