1187:
regime, who actively attacked student dissidents. In 1972, the controversial
General Education law was passed, which stripped local education councils of their autonomy. Staff members in distinctive armbands began patrolling schools. Security personnel strictly monitored student activities and class discussions. Moreover, the state imposed a stringent syllabus, censored textbooks that attributed all major advancements in Uruguayan history made by civilians to members of the military, and evaluated students' on their ideological attachment to the regime. A computerized system provided students with a simple letter grade (A, B or C) according to their perceived level of loyalty.
1111:
442:
60:
1025:. In a shock to the regime, 57.2% of voters rejected the proposal. The vote marked the start of a negotiated return to democracy. The military's belief that it needed to legitimize their proposed constitution by holding an actual referendum, as opposed to simply falsifying the voting results, was itself an indication that democracy was not quite dead yet in Uruguay. Additionally, a return to civilian rule would take the responsibility of the ailing economy out of the hands of the military.
129:
2352:
46:
680:
400:
375:
1017:, tried to improve the economy by promoting the finance sector and foreign investment. Spending on social services was cut and many state-owned corporations were privatized. The economy continued to deteriorate, by 1980 GDP fell by 20% and unemployment rose to 17%. The state stepped in and bailed out many collapsing businesses and banks. The failure of the regime to improve the economy further weakened its position.
1525:
995:. Uruguay started borrowing money from international lenders, chiefly from the US. Opening of the small local economy to global corporations and financial institutions ruined local Uruguayan companies, who could no longer compete. The regime was forced to borrow even more and cut budget expenditures. By 1981, the country of 3 million people owed US$ 4 billion.
1165:
sources. Censorship was not restricted to news publications; literary works had to comply with the strictest censorship requirements in
Uruguayan history and authors were detained at unprecedented levels. The ultra-conservative political environment forced many influential liberal writers to flee the country to publish their works. Throughout this period,
810:. To coordinate their anti-guerrilla activities, the armed forces created the Joint Chiefs of Staff (Junta de Comandantes en Jefe y el Estado Mayor Conjunto) abbreviated as ESMACO. It was granted complete independence from the Ministry of Defense. Another state of emergency was declared in January 1971 when the Tupamaros kidnapped UK ambassador
115:
1006:, a Colorado and head of the Council of State who, while a relative liberal among the ruling group, canceled the elections that were supposed to take place in 1976. However, he refused to sign a law removing the political rights of thousands of politicians. In his place, on September 1, 1976, a senior politician,
1032:, who was secretary of the National Security Council since 1973 and Commander-in-Chief of Uruguayan Armed forces from 1978 to 1979, assumed the presidency. He began negotiations with civilian politicians about returning power to elected officials. On June 7, 1982, a law allowed the traditional political parties (
118:
117:
116:
798:, other leftist organizations and their newspapers, purged liberal professors from universities, and suppressed labor unions. His repressive policies, as well as economic crisis and high inflation, fueled social conflict and far-left guerrilla activity; the latter of which manifested in the form of the
1164:
as well as a clear statement of its political views and financial sources. Articles or publications which intended to damage the nation's "prestige" were forbidden, especially the publication of news involving the
Tupamaro urban guerrillas that conflicted with or questioned the veracity of government
1233:
On 5 March 2010, Bordaberry was sentenced to 30 years in prison (the maximum allowed under
Uruguayan law) for murder and of being the intellectual author of kidnappings and disappearances of political opponents of the regime. In ill health, Bordaberry was held under house arrest and died in 2011 at
1126:
Around 180 Uruguayans are known to have been killed during the 12-year military rule from 1973 to 1985. Most were killed in
Argentina and other neighbouring countries, with only 36 of them having been killed in Uruguay. Many of those killed were never found, and the missing people have been referred
907:
On
February 8, 1973, Bordaberry tried to assert his authority over the military and appointed a retired general, Antonio Francese, as the new Minister of National Defense. The Navy initially supported the appointment while the Army and Air Force commanders rejected it outright and on February 9 and
1229:
was indicted on charged of human rights abuses during the dictatorship in which he played a prominent role. On
October 22, 2009, he was convicted and sentenced to 25 years in prison for 37 counts of murder and human rights violations; however, he was not in court to hear the verdict as he was ill.
1118:
During the dictatorship, more than 5000 people were arrested for political reasons and almost 10% of
Uruguayans emigrated from the country. Torture extended until the end of Uruguayan dictatorship in 1985. Uruguay had the highest number per capita of political prisoners in the world. Almost 20% of
998:
Bordaberry gradually became even more authoritarian than the military commanders. In June 1976, he proposed a new, corporatist constitution that would have permanently shuttered the parties and codified a permanent role for the military. This was further than even the military wanted to go, and it
867:
After becoming president on March 1, 1972, the inexperienced
Bordaberry had to concentrate on fighting the Tupamaros and chose to continue Pacheco's repressive policies. On April 15, 1972, he declared a state of "internal war" and suspended civil liberties. That was then extended by the National
1101:
The first
Sanguinetti administration implemented economic reforms and consolidated democratization following the country's years under military rule. Nonetheless, Sanguinetti never supported the human rights violations accusations, and his government did not prosecute the military officials who
903:
In late 1972, Bordaberry tried to limit the military's political powers. In an October 19, 1972 meeting with military chiefs, Bordaberry was presented with an eight-point program in which the military demanded the immovability of commanding officers, military participation in state enterprises,
1186:
Apart from censoring intellectual works, the government attempted to restructure the national educational system with the goal of prioritizing "moral and civic education. In 1969, Professor Acosta y Lara took charge of the Secondary Education Council. He had a tight political alliance with the
1177:
As written works critical of the government became increasingly harder to publish, some artists turned to music. As a consequence, the regime began to censoring music and radio stations. The government did not send out public statements banning specific songs or broadcasts. Instead, increased
1156:
infiltrated every facet of society during the dictatorship. Official government censorship of the press and other media outlets began in 1976, although more targeted censorship efforts began several years earlier. For example, in 1968, the government mandated the censorship of all official
885:
On June 22, 1972, the National Assembly decided to investigate allegations of torture and human-rights violations by the military. The military refused to cooperate with this investigation and persuaded Bordaberry to establish a joint military commission that would investigate corruption by
1044:) to resume their activities, but leftist parties remained banned. On November 28, elections were held to elect representatives to political party conventions, which then were expected to select new leaders, who then would be allowed to participate in the presidential elections of 1984.
1020:
In August 1977, the armed forces announced its plan for reorganizing Uruguayan democracy. Only two traditional parties, the Blancos and Colorados, were to exist, and the president would be elected from a single, pre-approved candidate. In 1980, the regime put its plan to a vote via
1202:, the military insisted that it would not compromise on the issues of complete amnesty for all their actions during the dictatorship. Many considered it unacceptable, but the military's refusal to negotiate without such protections led to the controversial enactment in 1986 of the
1056:
with approximately 500,000 people participating representing all political parties, becoming the largest demonstration in the history of the nation. The demonstration was denounced by the military as part of a subversive Marxist plot to destroy democracy led by the Broad Front.
1069:
and in support of political prisoners. On January 13, 1984, the first 24-hour general strike since 1973 was organized. Talks between military leadership and civilian politicians intensified despite the fact that several political leaders were still notable, such as
988:) was the source of the power. By 1977, it consisted of 28 members, mostly army generals, air force brigadiers, and naval admirals. To secure its rule, on December 6, 1976, a new Council of the Nation was created by uniting the Council of the State and the JOG.
919:) was created, consisting of Army, Air Force and Navy commanders as well as ministers of National Defense, Interior, Economics and Foreign Affairs. From now on, they were effectively in control of the country. Bordaberry had saved his post by participating in a
968:
Uruguay's democratically elected Parliament was dismissed on June 27, 1973 for resisting the military regime. Bordaberry created a new Council of State and put the military in control of civilian affairs. The new dictatorship was inspired by the
908:
10 issued public proclamations in which they demanded radical changes in the country's political and economic system. They promised to end unemployment, support local industry, eliminate corruption, implement land reform and end all terrorism.
1169:, a prominent Uruguayan author, lived in exile in Peru, Cuba, and Spain. Through his novels, poems, and plays, Bendetti criticized the strict censorship of the Civic-Military dictatorship and called for non-violent opposition to the regime.
868:
Assembly in September 1972, November 1972, and March 1973. On July 10, 1972, a new State Security law came into force and allowed political prisoners to be tried in military courts. Army officers assumed more responsibilities in government.
113:
1178:
scrutiny by the police led to self-censorship in an attempt to avoid arrest. Songwriters and performers of protest songs were forced to leave the country and some radio stations went so far as to stop broadcasting music altogether.
833:, a coalition of over a dozen left-wing parties. He received 18.3% of the vote, the most of any third-party candidate in that election. Though outlawed in 1973, the Broad Front later put forth candidates such as former presidents
114:
1078:
was signed and restored the constitution of 1967 and allowed the military to advise in security matters and control appointments of senior officers. The military also received blanket amnesty for human rights violations.
824:
was held. One of the proposals, put forward by the Colorado party, would have amended the constitution to allow a sitting president to run for re-election. However, it was rejected. Additionally, presidential candidate
1047:
In 1983, workers and labor unions were allowed to demonstrate on May 1. From May to July 1983, political parties and military officers held negotiations in Park Hotel without any results. On November 27, 1983, a
767:. It resulted in the suppression of all former political activity, including the traditional political parties. Many people were imprisoned and tortured, especially Uruguayans with left-wing sympathies.
806:
became the first student killed by police forces in Uruguay under the Pacheco administration. Another state of emergency was declared in August 1970, after Tupamaros killed US security expert
900:
During the few years when it was granted extraordinary powers, the Uruguayan military had acquired a taste for political power and began to behave independently of the civilian authorities.
911:
Bordaberry bowed to the pressure, and on February 12, in the Air Force headquarters, concluded an agreement with the armed force commanders to provide for their involvement in politics in
1190:
After the return to democracy, some Uruguayan have called for establishing June 27 as a national day of remembrance that will compel citizens to defend truth, justice and transparency.
1066:
763:
The dictatorship was the culmination of an escalation of violence and authoritarianism in a traditionally peaceful and democratic country, and existed within the context of other
1160:
Media outlets faced the constant threat of closure and interrogation. News outlets were required to provide the names of all journalists, editors, and other staff members to the
851:
received the most votes of any individual candidate. However, the combined Colorado vote of 41% exceeded the combined National vote of 40.2% (just over 12,000 votes.) Under the
760:, which distinguished it from dictatorships in other South American countries in which senior military officers immediately seized power and directly served as head of state.
2057:
820:
As a sitting president, Pacheco faced a constitutional ban on consecutive terms under article 152 of the constitution. However, on the same day as the general election, a
2134:
756:
of many Uruguayans. The term "civic-military" refers to the military regime's relatively gradual usurpation of power from civilian presidents who continued to serve as
855:
system in effect at the time, the highest-finishing candidate of the party that won the most votes was elected president. As a result, Pacheco's hand-picked successor
2338:
1278:
1203:
1102:
engaged in repression and torture against either the Tupamaros or the MLN. Instead, he opted for signing an amnesty treaty, called in Spanish "Ley de Amnistía."
3077:
2149:
1161:
3072:
779:
had nine members, six from the majority party and three from the opposition. It provided weak leadership in the midst of a worsening economic situation.
817:
Between 1968 and 1971, expenses on the military doubled from 13.3% of the national budget to 26.2% while expenses on education fell from 24.3% to 16%.
1760:
1941:
1446:
1250:
2982:
2713:
814:. On September 9, 1971, more than 100 Tupamaros escaped from jail, prompting Pacheco to order the army to suppress all guerrilla activities.
790:
was unable to improve economic conditions. He died in December 1967, six months after taking office. His constitutional successor, President
1611:
775:
The slow road to dictatorship started in the late 1960s. Between 1952 and 1967, the country experimented with a collective presidency. The
708:
1980:
1157:
publications made by the University of the Republic after it put out a statement denouncing a warrantless raid of its campus by police.
2241:
476:
2708:
1245:
1049:
1119:
population were arrested for shorter or longer periods. MLN heads were isolated in prisons and subjected to repeated acts of torture.
878:
Torture was effectively used to gather information needed to break up the Tupamaros and against trade union activists, members of the
661:
628:
504:
1820:
2194:
1022:
776:
466:
2065:
1600:
1733:
1890:
1473:
2829:
1678:
1268:
2233:
2652:
2505:
2228:
2997:
1830:
1803:
1793:
471:
2940:
2789:
2718:
2446:
2207:
1900:
1743:
1688:
1456:
1350:
1219:
1215:
2987:
1398:
701:
1273:
895:
741:
618:
267:
3002:
2738:
2462:
2399:
1083:
529:
280:
875:, was imprisoned. Most of the Tupamaro leaders spent 12 years in prison and later became prominent politicians.
2436:
1506:
1408:
1198:
The legacy of the dictatorship still gives rise to debate and controversy. In the negotiations that led to the
441:
802:. On June 13, 1968, Pacheco declared a state of emergency. On August 14, 1968, 28 year old university student
2728:
1128:
970:
651:
456:
2600:
2515:
2187:
2005:
1917:
744:) until March 1, 1985. The dictatorship has been the subject of much controversy due to its violations of
59:
2757:
2520:
2372:
2275:
1704:
694:
524:
421:
1226:
1029:
950:
228:
2894:
2819:
2769:
2605:
2431:
1984:
879:
795:
585:
106:
1014:
2992:
2657:
2559:
2451:
2441:
2411:
2404:
2377:
1539:
821:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2688:
2642:
2569:
2304:
1123:
rose drastically, as large numbers of Uruguayans looked for political asylum throughout the world.
1091:
1071:
1037:
1033:
848:
844:
787:
562:
932:
494:
192:
2809:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2693:
2615:
2595:
2544:
2180:
1761:"Survey Shows That Restrictions on News Media in Major Countries in Latin America Have Increased"
1120:
1095:
308:
65:
1297:
2804:
2683:
2610:
2394:
2270:
1225:
The amnesty did not prevent calls for the prosecution of those covered by it. In December 2007
514:
128:
1340:
859:
became president, even though he personally received around 60,000 fewer votes than Ferreira.
783:
2799:
1959:
1892:
Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives
1534:
Hudson, Rex A.; Meditz, Sandra W., eds. (December 1993). "The Military Government, 1973-85".
1041:
856:
830:
733:
168:
1222:, Uruguayans voted in referendum twice to keep the law, which detractors heavily criticize.
991:
The regime's promises to improve the economy were dashed by the global crisis caused by the
2879:
2874:
2869:
2824:
2743:
2549:
2539:
2510:
2495:
2360:
1136:
1087:
956:
871:
By the end of the year, the army had effectively destroyed the Tupamaros and their leader,
753:
240:
2087:
45:
8:
2904:
2723:
2647:
2637:
2629:
2590:
2585:
2479:
2280:
1543:
1110:
834:
791:
666:
656:
547:
164:
156:
1955:
2933:
2909:
2844:
2733:
2671:
2564:
2500:
2426:
2389:
2312:
2215:
1871:
1243:
Clandestine political activity during the civic-military dictatorship is documented at
595:
567:
430:
1400:
Bounded Missions: Military Regimes and Democratization in the Southern Cone and Brazil
1318:
1007:
944:
216:
2857:
2852:
2703:
1935:
1896:
1875:
1863:
1826:
1799:
1768:
1739:
1684:
1547:
1481:
1452:
1404:
1346:
1003:
938:
904:
independence of military corruption investigation, and military control over police.
204:
2956:
2914:
2899:
2889:
2834:
2814:
2421:
2416:
1855:
1263:
1207:
811:
764:
149:
2031:
1650:
1583:
826:
2947:
2794:
2456:
2351:
1199:
1166:
1075:
992:
51:
1448:
Latin American Dictators of the 20th Century: The Lives and Regimes of 15 Rulers
2961:
2862:
2698:
2554:
2296:
2249:
684:
557:
519:
461:
331:
1859:
872:
838:
2976:
2288:
1867:
1772:
1529:
1485:
757:
730:
590:
552:
346:
161:
2150:"Pobre presidente: el documental Jorge Batlle, entre el cielo y el infierno"
2058:"Fallece el general Gregorio Álvarez, presidente de Uruguay en la dictadura"
803:
2884:
2254:
852:
807:
745:
499:
1565:
1424:
1373:
2113:
1623:
984:
governing body, meeting every week and approving policies while the JOG (
2382:
2262:
1153:
1132:
1053:
509:
139:
2223:
2325:
2154:
920:
799:
613:
2320:
2172:
2118:
1655:
1628:
974:
646:
341:
254:
1601:
A 15 años del Acto del Obelisco. "Por un Uruguay sin exclusiones".
2203:
1584:"Uruguay: voters cast ballots for 'end to military dictatorship'"
1528:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
749:
737:
393:
380:
1551:
782:
After the re-establishment of the Presidency, the new President
1230:
Alvarez died in prison on December 28, 2016, at the age of 91.
841:(2010–2015), a former member of the Tupamaro urban guerrilla.
1612:
A 20 años del comienzo del fin de la dictadura. El espectador
1342:
Life Without Lead: Contamination, Crisis, and Hope in Uruguay
977:
justified the use of all necessary means to defeat the Left.
1127:
to as the "disappeared", or "desaparecidos" in Spanish. The
1677:
Alexander, Robert Jackson; Parker, Eldon M. (2005-01-01).
2088:"Uruguay ex-military ruler Gregorio Alvarez dies aged 91"
1204:
Law on the Expiration of the Punitive Claims of the State
1846:
Delgado, Mario (1979-01-01). "Uruguay: Against reason".
1345:. Oakland: University of California Press. p. 240.
2135:"Former Uruguayan dictator Juan Maria Bordaberry dies"
1795:
Censorship & Cultural Regulation in the Modern Age
935:(1973–1976), democratically elected and later removed.
1212:
Ley de Caducidad de la Pretensión Punitiva del Estado
1758:
1680:
A History of Organized Labor in Uruguay and Paraguay
2114:"Uruguay's ex-ruler Bordaberry jailed for 30 years"
1822:
Repression, Exile, and Democracy: Uruguayan Culture
862:
293:
1474:"WAIT GOES ON FOR URUGUAYAN WHO FELL OUT OF STEP"
1392:
1390:
1086:were held, and following the brief presidency of
1060:
2974:
1889:Lessa, Francesca; Payne, Leigh A. (2012-05-28).
1010:of the National Party, was appointed president.
2064:(in Spanish). December 28, 2016. Archived from
1676:
2032:"BBC News - Uruguay's ex-ruler Alvarez jailed"
1387:
3078:States and territories disestablished in 1985
2188:
702:
99:
78:
26:
1940:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1533:
1440:
1438:
1105:
740:for 12 years, from June 27, 1973 (after the
3073:States and territories established in 1973
2195:
2181:
1888:
1566:"Uruguay - The Military's Economic Record"
1471:
1246:Jorge Batlle: entre el cielo y el infierno
1135:, commemorates those who were murdered or
829:received the backing of the newly created
709:
695:
127:
1981:"A brief history of Uruguay's Expiry Law"
1818:
1435:
1397:Arceneaux, Craig L. (November 22, 2001).
1396:
662:Uruguayan constitutional referendum, 1996
629:Uruguayan constitutional referendum, 1980
1916:Goff, Francesca Lessa, Pierre-Louis Le.
1594:
1109:
2080:
1845:
1338:
1147:
915:role. A new National Security Council (
624:Civic-military dictatorship (1973-1985)
2983:Civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay
2975:
2141:
2132:
1791:
1504:
1444:
1332:
770:
723:civic-military dictatorship of Uruguay
2176:
2147:
2006:"Uruguayan dictator guilty of murder"
1731:
1727:
1725:
1445:Galván, Javier A. (January 1, 2013).
1269:Tupamaro National Liberation Movement
1013:The Minister of Economy and Finance,
2202:
2050:
765:military dictatorships in the region
16:1973–1985 military regime in Uruguay
2148:Lagos, José Gabriel (22 May 2024).
2137:– via www.washingtonpost.com.
2106:
1759:The Associated Press (1972-10-08).
1697:
1624:"New find in Uruguay 'missing' dig"
1374:"URUGUAY - THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT"
13:
1918:"A silent anniversary in Uruguay?"
1909:
1882:
1839:
1812:
1785:
1752:
1722:
1670:
1517:
1172:
14:
3089:
2133:Garces, Raul O. (July 18, 2011).
1651:"Uruguay dig finds 'disappeared'"
1472:Schumacher, Edward (1984-02-13).
1249:, a 2024 documentary directed by
1162:Ministry of Education and Culture
2350:
1915:
1735:Censorship: A World Encyclopedia
1523:
1513:– via www.theguardian.com.
1507:"Juan María Bordaberry obituary"
863:Bordaberry presidency: 1972–1973
678:
440:
398:
373:
111:
58:
44:
2126:
2024:
1998:
1973:
1948:
1643:
1616:
1605:
1576:
1558:
1425:"Uruguay - Pachequism, 1967-72"
1298:"Human Development Report 2014"
1214:), which is still in force: in
963:
889:
1895:. Cambridge University Press.
1819:Sosnowski, Saúl (1993-01-01).
1683:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
1505:Gunson, Phil (July 19, 2011).
1498:
1465:
1417:
1366:
1311:
1290:
1237:
1061:Return to democracy, 1984–1985
1028:On September 1, 1981, General
941:(1976), appointed and removed.
777:National Council of Government
28:República Oriental del Uruguay
1:
1284:
1142:
971:Brazilian military government
926:
725:(1973–85), also known as the
457:Indigenous peoples in Uruguay
1956:"Uruguay Annual Report 2011"
1792:Müller, Beate (2004-01-01).
1193:
1181:
1114:Uruguay's disappeared people
1050:massive street demonstration
986:Junta de Oficiales Generales
23:Oriental Republic of Uruguay
7:
2830:Water supply and sanitation
2276:Treaty of Montevideo (1828)
1732:Jones, Derek (2001-12-01).
1705:"La Universidad Amordazada"
1257:
882:and even regular citizens.
837:(2005–2010, 2015–2020) and
10:
3094:
1985:London School of Economics
1274:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
1098:became the new president.
1067:strikes against the regime
896:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état
893:
880:Communist Party of Uruguay
796:Socialist Party of Uruguay
107:National Anthem of Uruguay
2998:Cold War in Latin America
2927:
2843:
2765:
2756:
2679:
2670:
2628:
2578:
2532:
2491:
2487:
2478:
2368:
2359:
2348:
2305:Revolution of the Lances
2214:
1860:10.1080/03064227908532882
1825:. Duke University Press.
1588:Christian Science Monitor
1540:Federal Research Division
1461:– via Google Books.
1413:– via Google Books.
1106:Oppression and emigration
1074:. On August 3, 1984, the
352:
340:
327:
307:
303:
290:
277:
264:
260:
250:
246:
234:
222:
210:
198:
186:
182:
174:
155:
145:
135:
126:
101:Himno Nacional de Uruguay
94:
79:
74:
40:
35:
21:
1536:Uruguay: A country study
1339:Renfrew, Daniel (2018).
1227:Gregorio Conrado Álvarez
1072:Wilson Ferreira Aldunate
1030:Gregorio Conrado Álvarez
849:Wilson Ferreira Aldunate
563:Revolution of the Lances
2988:20th century in Uruguay
1121:Emigration from Uruguay
1096:Julio Maria Sanguinetti
1015:Alejandro Végh Villegas
953:(1981–1985), appointed.
947:(1976–1981), appointed.
794:(1967–1972) banned the
294:Transition to democracy
224:• 1981–1985
212:• 1976–1981
188:• 1973–1976
3003:Military dictatorships
2709:Science and technology
2271:Thirty-Three Orientals
1211:
1115:
1082:On November 25, 1984,
999:forced him to resign.
752:, and the unexplained
727:Uruguayan Dictatorship
515:Thirty-Three Orientals
489:Fight for Independence
467:Spanish-Portuguese War
336:Nuevo peso (1975−1985)
100:
27:
1960:Amnesty International
1113:
933:Juan María Bordaberry
857:Juan Maria Bordaberry
734:military dictatorship
495:José Gervasio Artigas
193:Juan María Bordaberry
169:military dictatorship
165:presidential republic
146:Common languages
2263:Cisplatina province
2229:Spanish colonization
2068:on December 28, 2016
1403:. Penn State Press.
1319:"History of Uruguay"
1148:Media and literature
1090:, on March 1, 1985,
1088:Rafael Addiego Bruno
1065:In 1984, there were
1002:He was succeeded by
973:, which claimed the
652:Elections in Uruguay
530:Constitution of 1830
525:Treaty of Montevideo
2313:Battle of Masoller
2094:. December 28, 2016
1848:Index on Censorship
1659:. November 30, 2005
1590:. December 3, 1982.
1544:Library of Congress
1129:Museo de la Memoria
980:The COSENA was the
792:Jorge Pacheco Areco
784:Óscar Diego Gestido
771:Political situation
667:Cannabis in Uruguay
657:Politics of Uruguay
505:Portuguese conquest
80:"Libertad o Muerte"
2729:Telecommunications
2242:British invasions
2122:. 11 January 2010.
2038:. October 22, 2009
2012:. October 23, 2009
1765:The New York Times
1632:. December 3, 2005
1478:The New York Times
1139:under the regime.
1116:
959:(1985), appointed.
685:Uruguay portal
568:Battle of Masoller
89:"Freedom or Death"
2970:
2969:
2923:
2922:
2752:
2751:
2666:
2665:
2624:
2623:
2601:Human trafficking
2521:General Assembly
2516:Foreign relations
2506:Political parties
2474:
2473:
2333:(1973–1985)
2307:(1870–1872)
2299:(1864–1870)
2291:(1864–1865)
2283:(1839–1851)
2265:(1821–1828)
2257:(1815–1820)
2244:(1806–1807)
2236:(1776–1814)
1922:www.aljazeera.com
1570:countrystudies.us
1429:countrystudies.us
1042:Civic Union Party
1004:Alberto Demicheli
939:Alberto Demicheli
822:double-referendum
719:
718:
542:Independent State
477:British invasions
414:
413:
410:
409:
406:
405:
386:
385:
286:November 25, 1984
205:Alberto Demicheli
119:
3085:
2993:Authoritarianism
2950:
2943:
2936:
2763:
2762:
2677:
2676:
2524:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2465:
2366:
2365:
2354:
2342:
2334:
2316:
2308:
2300:
2292:
2284:
2266:
2258:
2245:
2237:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1620:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1527:
1526:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1442:
1433:
1432:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1294:
1264:Operation Condor
951:Gregorio Álvarez
812:Geoffrey Jackson
742:1973 coup d'état
711:
704:
697:
683:
682:
681:
619:1973 coup d'etat
591:1933 coup d'etat
472:Treaty of Madrid
444:
434:
416:
415:
402:
401:
390:
389:
377:
376:
370:
369:
354:
353:
323:
322:
314:
229:Gregorio Álvarez
131:
121:
120:
103:
90:
86:
82:
81:
62:
48:
30:
19:
18:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3068:1985 in Uruguay
3063:1984 in Uruguay
3058:1983 in Uruguay
3053:1982 in Uruguay
3048:1981 in Uruguay
3043:1980 in Uruguay
3038:1979 in Uruguay
3033:1978 in Uruguay
3028:1977 in Uruguay
3023:1976 in Uruguay
3018:1975 in Uruguay
3013:1974 in Uruguay
3008:1973 in Uruguay
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2919:
2839:
2820:Public holidays
2748:
2714:State companies
2662:
2620:
2606:Law enforcement
2574:
2560:Nationality law
2528:
2522:
2470:
2461:
2355:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2297:Paraguayan War
2290:
2282:
2264:
2256:
2243:
2235:
2210:
2201:
2171:
2161:
2159:
2146:
2142:
2131:
2127:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2069:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2041:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1933:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1887:
1883:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1730:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1595:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1470:
1466:
1459:
1443:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1395:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1260:
1240:
1234:the age of 83.
1200:Naval Club Pact
1196:
1184:
1175:
1173:Music and radio
1167:Mario Benedetti
1150:
1145:
1108:
1076:Naval Club Pact
1063:
1008:Aparicio Méndez
993:1973 oil crisis
966:
945:Aparicio Méndez
929:
898:
892:
865:
773:
715:
679:
677:
672:
671:
642:
634:
633:
609:
608:Military Regime
601:
600:
581:
573:
572:
543:
535:
534:
490:
482:
481:
452:
432:
425:
399:
374:
335:
320:
319:
318:
312:
296:
283:
270:
237:
225:
217:Aparicio Méndez
213:
201:
189:
122:
112:
104:
88:
87:
84:
70:
69:
68:
63:
55:
54:
49:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2952:
2951:
2944:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2454:
2449:
2447:National parks
2444:
2442:Municipalities
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2412:Extreme points
2409:
2408:
2407:
2405:Climate change
2397:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2302:
2294:
2289:Uruguayan War
2286:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2250:Banda Oriental
2247:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2224:Charrúa people
2220:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2140:
2125:
2105:
2079:
2049:
2023:
1997:
1972:
1947:
1908:
1901:
1881:
1838:
1832:978-0822312680
1831:
1811:
1805:978-9042009882
1804:
1784:
1751:
1744:
1721:
1696:
1689:
1669:
1642:
1615:
1604:
1593:
1575:
1557:
1516:
1497:
1464:
1457:
1434:
1416:
1409:
1386:
1365:
1351:
1331:
1310:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1251:Federico Lemos
1239:
1236:
1195:
1192:
1183:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1107:
1104:
1092:Colorado Party
1062:
1059:
1052:took place in
965:
962:
961:
960:
957:Rafael Addiego
954:
948:
942:
936:
928:
925:
894:Main article:
891:
888:
864:
861:
845:National Party
835:Tabaré Vázquez
788:Colorado Party
772:
769:
754:disappearances
717:
716:
714:
713:
706:
699:
691:
688:
687:
674:
673:
670:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
643:
641:Modern Uruguay
640:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
610:
607:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
593:
588:
582:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
570:
565:
560:
558:Paraguayan War
555:
550:
544:
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
527:
522:
520:Cisplatine War
517:
512:
507:
502:
500:Federal League
497:
491:
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
462:Banda Oriental
459:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
437:
436:
427:
426:
419:
412:
411:
408:
407:
404:
403:
396:
387:
384:
383:
378:
366:
365:
360:
350:
349:
344:
338:
337:
329:
325:
324:
315:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
291:
288:
287:
284:
278:
275:
274:
271:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
252:
251:Historical era
248:
247:
244:
243:
241:Rafael Addiego
238:
235:
232:
231:
226:
223:
220:
219:
214:
211:
208:
207:
202:
199:
196:
195:
190:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
172:
171:
159:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
124:
123:
110:
92:
91:
72:
71:
64:
57:
56:
50:
43:
42:
41:
38:
37:
33:
32:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3090:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Ethnic groups
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Stockbreeding
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
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2681:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
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2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
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2633:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2570:Supreme Court
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
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2535:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
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2371:
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2358:
2353:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2331:Dictatorship
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:Liga Federal
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
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2191:
2186:
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2178:
2175:
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2144:
2136:
2129:
2121:
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2115:
2109:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2062:teinteresa.es
2059:
2053:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1943:
1937:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1904:
1902:9781107025004
1898:
1894:
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1815:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1788:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1747:
1745:9781136798641
1741:
1738:. Routledge.
1737:
1736:
1728:
1726:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1690:9780275977450
1686:
1682:
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1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1530:public domain
1520:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1458:9781476600161
1454:
1451:. McFarland.
1450:
1449:
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1420:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1393:
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1352:9780520295476
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2775:Coat of arms
2739:Trade unions
2694:Central Bank
2616:Prostitution
2596:Human rights
2591:Cannabis use
2579:Legal issues
2545:Constitution
2533:Legal system
2523:(parliament)
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2234:Viceroyalty
2160:. Retrieved
2158:(in Spanish)
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2098:December 31,
2096:. Retrieved
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2072:December 28,
2070:. Retrieved
2066:the original
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2042:December 28,
2040:. Retrieved
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2016:December 31,
2014:. Retrieved
2009:
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1950:
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808:Dan Mitrione
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746:human rights
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596:Neo-Batllism
580:20th Century
363:Succeeded by
362:
357:
236:• 1985
200:• 1976
95:
76:Motto:
75:
66:Coat of arms
2805:Immigration
2684:Agriculture
2611:LGBT rights
2437:Lighthouses
2400:Environment
2395:Departments
2339:Expiry Law
1238:Documentary
1152:Government
1137:disappeared
873:Raúl Sendic
839:José Mujica
831:Broad Front
736:that ruled
431:History of
358:Preceded by
334:(1973−1975)
268:Coup d'état
2977:Categories
2880:Literature
2800:Healthcare
2785:Emigration
2540:Civil Code
2383:Montevideo
2281:Civil War
2010:Al Jazeera
1990:28 October
1965:28 October
1927:2016-10-25
1798:. Rodopi.
1778:2016-10-25
1715:2022-11-11
1663:2011-02-04
1636:2011-02-04
1491:2016-10-25
1410:0271021039
1379:25 October
1324:25 October
1285:References
1279:Expiry Law
1154:censorship
1143:Censorship
1133:Montevideo
1094:candidate
1054:Montevideo
927:Presidents
847:candidate
804:Líber Arce
510:Cisplatina
157:Government
140:Montevideo
2875:Languages
2870:Education
2825:Squatting
2744:Transport
2648:Air Force
2550:Judiciary
2511:Elections
2496:President
2361:Geography
2326:Tupamaros
2155:la diaria
1876:145062050
1868:0306-4220
1773:0362-4331
1486:0362-4331
1194:Aftermath
1182:Education
1084:elections
1038:Colorados
921:self-coup
800:Tupamaros
748:, use of
729:, was an
614:Tupamaros
548:Civil War
281:Elections
175:President
85:(Spanish)
36:1973–1985
2957:Category
2905:Religion
2724:Taxation
2699:Currency
2630:Military
2586:Abortion
2565:Passport
2480:Politics
2321:Batllism
2208:articles
2119:BBC News
2092:BBC News
2036:BBC News
1936:cite web
1656:BBC News
1629:BBC News
1552:92006702
1258:See also
982:de facto
975:Cold War
913:advisory
647:Mercosur
586:Batllism
422:a series
420:Part of
328:Currency
255:Cold War
167:under a
2934:Outline
2910:Smoking
2895:Museums
2858:Cuisine
2845:Culture
2758:Society
2734:Tourism
2689:Banking
2672:Economy
2653:History
2501:Cabinet
2432:Islands
2427:Geology
2390:Climate
2373:Borders
2216:History
2204:Uruguay
2162:30 July
1358:24 June
1208:Spanish
1034:Blancos
786:of the
750:torture
738:Uruguay
433:Uruguay
394:Uruguay
381:Uruguay
292:•
279:•
266:•
162:Unitary
150:Spanish
136:Capital
96:Anthem:
2962:Portal
2853:Cinema
2815:People
2770:Anthem
2704:Energy
2452:Rivers
2378:Cities
2341:(1986)
2315:(1904)
2206:
1899:
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1866:
1829:
1802:
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1709:Marcha
1687:
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1040:, and
917:COSENA
424:on the
321:medium
313:(1980)
311:
178:
98:
83:
2941:Index
2915:Sport
2900:Music
2890:Media
2835:Women
2658:Ranks
2422:Flora
2417:Fauna
1872:S2CID
1301:(PDF)
1131:, in
317:0.658
2885:Mate
2863:Wine
2810:LGBT
2795:Flag
2643:Navy
2638:Army
2457:Time
2164:2024
2100:2016
2074:2016
2044:2016
2018:2016
1992:2013
1967:2013
1942:link
1897:ISBN
1864:ISSN
1827:ISBN
1800:ISBN
1769:ISSN
1740:ISBN
1685:ISBN
1548:LCCN
1482:ISSN
1453:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1381:2015
1360:2020
1347:ISBN
1326:2015
1220:2009
1218:and
1216:1989
721:The
332:Peso
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2555:Law
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