1321:(PPO), another nineteen had only one PPO in each district, and in the remaining twenty-one the party, while better organized, remained ineffective. Despite this, in the period 1982 to 1987 the PDPA did witness an organizational growth; witnessing a growth of PPOs form 443 to 1,331. However, the main problem facing the party was that it was not organized in the small villages scattering Afghanistan; out of an estimated 25,000 villages which existed in Afghanistan, the party was organized in an estimated 2,000. Another daunting problem was that the central party leadership had little contact with lower-level organizations in the provinces or, in general, with the people. In 1987, during Najibullah's rule, village-level party secretaries were appointed to the Central Committee in a bid to strengthen central-local contact. Concurrently, a threefold increase in visits by central party personnel to the provinces occurred, in another bid to strengthen the party's contact with the PDPA's lower-level and non-members alike.
1382:, the vast majority of members either had "graduates of junior colleges or colleges", with many of them either being students or working in the public sector. After the 1973 coup, the Khalqist began recruiting members amongst the Officers Corps, which was proven successful by the takeover of 1978. However, in the aftermath of the coup, membership decreased notably (probably because of the increasing authoritarian policies of the government). By 1979, only the most blatant opportunists would be willing to join the party; the party was at its nadir. After the Soviet intervention, the Soviets forced the PDPA to recruit more members; in 1981 the probationary period for a new member was reduced from one year to six months, and to join a person needed fewer party sponsors. The 1981–83 recruitment drive increased party membership; the majority of the new members worked either in state-owned enterprises, the military. The main problem was that most of these new recruits were "functional
1211:'s ascension to power 25 members were either executed or purged on his orders (76% of the members). He reinstated 14 members (including himself), who had been purged by either Taraki or Amin, appointed 15 newcomers and retained 7 Amin appointees. The Central Committee now contained 36 members. A year later, in June 1981, 10 new members were appointed to the Central Committee (the body now containing a record high 46 members), in a bid to increase the representation of Parchamites. Two years later, in 1983, six more members were appointed, with the Central Committee now containing 52 full members and 27 candidate members. Of these 52 members, only three had held offices continuously through Taraki's, Amin's and Karmal's rule; they were
1362:, and the military. However, at the 1st PDPA Conference, Karmal claimed that the party had 62,820 ordinary and probationary members; this number was exaggerated. The conference reported a growth of 21,700 members since August 1981. From then until a party meeting in 1983, leading party officials claimed the party had between 63,000 and 70,000 members. Half of the members in 1982, were in the armed forces (which was dominated by the Khalqists). In August 1982, Karmal alleged that the PDPA had 20,000 members within the military, and said that "the army party organization forms the greatest part of the PDPA". Earlier that year, in March, Soviet sources stated that the largest concentration of PDPA members were to be found in
53:
357:
756:
362:
3995:
775:, is claimed to have been assassinated by the government and its associates. While the government rejected any claims of having assassinated him, the PDPA members apparently feared that Mohammad Daoud Khan was planning to exterminate them all. Shortly after a massive protest against the government during the funeral ceremonies of Khaibar, most of the leaders of PDPA were arrested by the government. With a number of Afghan military officers supporting the Khalq faction of the PDPA wing,
783:
1022:
3981:
4116:
1260:
from the Amin period were either executed or disappeared, and Karmal turned the
Politburo into a Parcham-dominated body. In the immediate aftermath of the Saur Revolution, there was "almost an even balance" between the Khalqist and the Parchamites in the body, but Khalqist representation was continuously increased under they formed a majority under Amin. The Politburo had one female member throughout its existence;
4131:
1153:
and education of women, which violated traditional customs, religious laws, and the balance of power between Kabul and the rural localities. The radical reform program, class-struggle, anti-imperialistic rhetoric, the signing of a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union, increased presence of Soviet advisers in the country, and support of countries like
1123:
however their ultimate goal was a revolution, and they were aware that it could only be accomplished through violence. The secret party constitution of 1965 called for "expanding and strengthening Afghan-Soviet friendly relations". A party history in 1976 stated, "The party struggles against imperialism, particularly
1344:(in which the government was in complete control) faced a similar problem; the party organization laying dormant. To solve this problem, the PDPA sought to improve the cadres' education by enrolling them to educational institutions within the PDPA, public universities or giving them educational opportunities in the
439:. The PDPA's secret constitution, which was adopted by the party during its founding congress in January 1965 but never publicly released to party cadres, described itself as "the vanguard of the working class and all laborers in Afghanistan" and defined its party ideology as "the practical experience of
1307:
The PDPA Central
Committee had several specialized commissions which handled day-to-day affairs. For instance, the party had the International Relations Commission, responsible for PDPA's relations with other parties, the Organization Commission, responsible for personnel appointments nationwide, and
731:
Both parties were consistently pro-Soviet. There are allegations that they accepted financial and other forms of aid from the Soviet embassy and intelligence organs. However, the
Soviets were close to King Zahir Shah and his cousin Daoud Khan—the first Afghan President—and it could have damaged their
1357:
The PDPA had 5,000 to 7,000 members upon taking power. However, author Bruce
Amstutz believes that PDPA membership probably stood at around 6,000 when Karmal took power. A little over a year later, the membership was estimated to stand between 10,000 and 15,000. By 1984, the party had between 20,000
1259:
Throughout its existence, the body usually had between 7 and 9 members. During Taraki's rule, 10 members had held seats in the PDPA Politburo, this was reduced to seven by Amin (only four members from the Taraki period were retained under Amin), and it was increased back to nine by Karmal. 6 members
798:
The regime of
President Daoud came to a violent end in the early morning hours of 28 April 1978, when military units from the Kabul military base loyal to the Khalq faction of the party stormed the Presidential Palace in Kabul. The coup was also strategically planned for this date because it was the
1386:", which in reality led to an overall decline in the quality of party members. In April 1981, 25–30% of members were "workers, farmers, soldiers, and other toilers"; this increased to 38% (both ordinary and probationary members) in 1982 and in 1983, according to Karmal, 28.4% were ordinary members.
1348:
or the Soviet Union. The Social
Science Institute of the PDPA had a capacity of 2,500 students, and by the end of the 1980s it had given degrees to over 10,000 individuals. Despite all this, the main problem facing the party was the unsafe conditions facing party members serving in the countryside;
695:
Karmal sought, unsuccessfully, to persuade the PDPA Central
Committee to censure Taraki's excessive radicalism. The vote, however, was close, and Taraki in turn tried to neutralize Karmal by appointing new members to the committee who were his own supporters. After this incident, Karmal offered his
1152:
within a secular state. Once in power, however, it became clear that the PDPA was dominated by an urban intelligentsia and lacked any real social base in the overwhelmingly rural and
Islamic communities of Afghanistan. The party launched a programme ranging from land redistribution to emancipation
841:
Once in power, the PDP embarked upon a program of rapid modernization centered on separation of Mosque and State, eradication of illiteracy (which at the time stood at 90%), land reform, emancipation of women, and abolition of feudal practices. A Soviet-style national flag replaced the traditional
996:
After the Soviet Union had leveled most of the villages south and east of Kabul, creating a massive humanitarian disaster, the demise of the PDPA continued with the rise of the
Mujahideen guerrillas, who were trained in Pakistani camps with US support. Between 1982 and 1992, the number of people
727:
The Soviet Union set in Moscow played a major role in the reconciliation of the Khalq faction led by Taraki and the
Parcham faction led by Karmal. In March 1977, a formal agreement on unity was achieved, and in July the two factions held their first joint conclave in a decade. Since the parties
1122:
From its inception in 1965 until at least 1984, the PDPA labeled themselves "national democratic", not communist; however, in its view of international relations, the PDPA was clearly pro-Soviet oriented. The party also publicly asserted that their desired changes could be achieved peacefully,
1136:
orientation", "an avowedly pro-Soviet socialist movement", or reformist "with a socialist bent". The PDPA's party constitution leaked in 1978 explicitly mentioned Marxism-Leninism as the future of Afghanistan and by the end of 1978, Amin declared the Saur revolution as the "continuation of
868:
These new reforms were not well received by the majority of the Afghan population, particularly in rural areas; many Afghans saw them as un-Islamic and as a forced approach to Western culture in Afghan society. Most of the government's new policies clashed directly with the traditional
1256:(CPSU). As in the CPSU, the Politburo was the main executive and legislative body of the PDPA when the congress, conference nor the Central Committee were in session. All decisions of the Politburo were implemented by the Secretariat, a body concurrently in session with the Politburo.
1316:
From 1982 onward, the PDPA experienced an organizational expansion into the countryside. For instance, in 1982 there existed 144 district and sub-district party committees, by mid-1984 it had increased to 205. Out of Afghanistan's fifty-five border districts, fifteen of them lacked a
1202:
In the period April 1978 – September 1979 the Central Committee contained 38 individuals, of these, 12 were either purged, imprisoned or executed on the orders of Taraki after the Saur Revolution. With Taraki's ouster and execution in 1979, another member was removed. During
829:
The divided PDPA succeeded the Daoud regime with a new government under the leadership of Nur Muhammad Taraki of the Khalq faction. In Kabul, the initial cabinet appeared to be carefully constructed to alternate ranking positions between Khalqis and Parchamis. Taraki was
1127:
and its ally, Maoism, and is fighting alongside our brother parties, foremost among them the Leninist party of the Soviet Union." In a 1978 party pamphlet, the PDPA described itself as a "vanguard of the working class" and General Secretary Taraki as an "experienced
470:
dogma and toed a militant revolutionary line, the Parchamis wanted to establish a "common front" with other left-wing parties. In July 1977, Khalq and Parcham factions re-merged into the PDPA after Soviet mediation, with the objective of preparing a coup against
803:, with Major Aslam Watanjar commanding the tank units. With the help of the Afghan air force led by Colonel Abdul Qadir, the insurgent troops overcame the resistance of the Presidential Guard, assassinated Daoud, and killed most members of his family.
790:
On the eve of the coup, the Afghan police did not send Amin to immediate imprisonment, as it did with the three Politburo members and Taraki on 25 April 1978. His imprisonment was postponed for five hours, during which time he was under
526:. Initially, the PDPA was highly represented in the government cabinet, but many PDPA officials were later dismissed as relations between the party and President Daoud Khan worsened. In 1978 the PDPA, with help from members of the
4037:
711:. In 1973 the PDPA assisted Mohammed Daoud Khan with a seizure of power from Zahir Shah in a nearly bloodless military coup. After Daoud had seized power, he established Daoud's Republic of Afghanistan. After the coup, the
17:
4954:
2133:
1373:
While the membership increase did make the PDPA look more powerful than it really was, the increase was concurrently followed with increased indiscipline amongst members (a majority joined because of sheer
459:". PDPA's public platform document published in April 1966 asserted that its political objectives involved the creation of a "democratic national government" as well as the long-term goal of establishing a
1264:. Unlike the Soviet practices the PDPA did not publish the list of Politburo members according to rank, but rather by alphabetical order. There is one exception however, and it was published in the book
684:
from the rural areas in the country. The Parchams supporters mostly came from urban citizens who supported social-economic reforms in the country. The Khalqs accused the Parchams of allegiance to King
3629:
4032:
696:
resignation, which was accepted by the Politburo. Although the split of the PDPA in 1967 into two groups was never publicly announced, Karmal brought with him less than half the members of the
601:, since secularist and anti-monarchist parties were illegal. The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) was officially formed at the unity congress of the different factions of the
4757:
4022:
1328:, rather than the places they were responsible for. Of the 10,000 mid-level cadres in the mid-1980s, 5,000 of them resided in Kabul. For instance, in the period 1982–83 the governor of
1349:
for instance, when the Ghazni Provincial Committee convened for a meeting the participants had to wait for three months to get home (waiting for an armoured column and a helicopter).
2177:
3266:
1029:
The Soviet troop withdrawal in late 1989 changed the political structure that had enabled the PDPA to stay in power all those years. Inner collapse of the government started when
602:
966:
Additionally, some Afghan soldiers who had fought for the socialist government began to defect or leave the army. In May 1986, Karmal was replaced as party general secretary by
873:, making religion one of the only forces capable of unifying the tribally and ethnically divided population against the unpopular new government, and ushering in the advent of
2952:
1370:(with an estimated 1,000 members). In 1983, Karmal claimed that party membership had grown 35% to 90,000, the following year it had allegedly grown 33% to 120,000 members.
4075:
3043:"Interim Leader Agrees to a Rebel-Led Afghanistan : Asia: The acting president pleads for peace. He says new government must represent all factions of the guerrillas"
1247:
4791:
4171:
2102:
2125:
940:
According to photographic evidence, the PDPA established its own tea brand which would be handed out to government employees, contractors and factory workers under
3633:
1216:
1813:
950:
Moscow came to regard Karmal as a failure and blamed him for the problems. Years later, when Karmal's inability to consolidate his government had become obvious,
861:– were banned, and the minimum age of marriage was raised. The government stressed education for both women and men, and launched an ambitious literacy campaign.
1336:
withdrew their troops from the area during those months. Another problem, in Faryab province the PDPA was inactive and the majority of the locals believed that
1220:
5147:
2925:
4390:
3912:
2703:
2635:
2855:
1358:
and 40,000 members (this figure included both ordinary and probationary members), as a result of concerted membership drives in government institutions,
4489:
3802:
947:
The Khalq-Parcham rivalry remained in place. Clashes between members often resulted in fatalities, with rival gangs of each side firing at each other.
609:, elected Taraki as the first party Secretary General and Karmal as Deputy Secretary General, and chose a five-member Central Committee (also called a
903:
Despite accusations and predictions by conservative elements, a year and a half after the coup no restrictions had been placed on religious practice.
5237:
5212:
4095:
238:
5232:
4650:
1063:. All support for the government stopped. In April 1992, the PDPA regime in Afghanistan collapsed after the sudden change of allegiance of General
2485:
1048:. The coup failed and Tanai was forced to flee the country. Najibullah still hung on to the presidency, so in June 1990 he renamed the party the
962:
The main reason that there has been no national consolidation so far is that Comrade Karmal is hoping to continue sitting in Kabul with our help.
735:
Taraki and Karmal maintained close contact with the Soviet Embassy and its personnel in Kabul, and it appears that Soviet Military Intelligence (
546:
talks in 1987, the official name of the country reverted to the "Republic of Afghanistan" (as it was known before 1978). Under the leadership of
5222:
5207:
4770:
4234:
4164:
2332:
3497:
3020:
1520:
1148:, PDPA general secretary Taraki stated that the PDPA were nationalists and revolutionaries but not communists, and declared a commitment to
799:
day before Friday, the Muslim day of worship, and most military commanders and government workers were off duty. Tanks were utilized in the
5182:
4027:
1395:
226:
4080:
5217:
5157:
4747:
4395:
4318:
4298:
4239:
594:
3611:
3258:
2459:
2385:
2242:
2038:
1978:
5172:
3894:
2721:
2310:
1923:
5167:
5152:
4592:
4527:
4263:
4157:
835:
737:
2948:
2681:
1833:
5067:
4564:
4343:
4288:
4180:
377:
5003:
4985:
4364:
2613:
523:
31:
1088:
5162:
4482:
4278:
2826:
1814:
https://www.psa.ac.uk/sites/default/files/conference/papers/2015/PSA%202015%20-%20Paper%20-%20Darren%20Atkinson%20-%20Otago.pdf
1007:, but continued to provide military assistance worth billions of dollars to the PDPA regime until the USSR's collapse in 1991.
2417:
1207:'s short rule, September–December 1979, the Central Committee had at most 33 members, 12 of which were appointed by him. Upon
5177:
5036:
4815:
4333:
3929:
3750:
3597:
3573:
3539:
3377:
3355:
3310:
3242:
3142:
3103:
2764:
2514:
2171:
1584:
991:
971:
543:
1889:
1045:
4989:
4303:
3839:
1859:
1413:
1038:
3201:
Killing Hope. U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II. (Chapter 53: Afghanistan 1979–1992: America's Jihad)
2098:
5022:
4835:
4810:
4359:
4090:
2656:
2271:
2203:
2161:
1253:
955:
812:
708:
618:
5073:
4874:
4513:
4017:
3956:
3940:
3848:
3209:
1252:
The Politburo and Secretariat were elected by a plenum of the Central Committee, exactly as how it was done within the
1004:
824:
808:
539:
499:
stage" of Marxist transformation. In its final years, the party gradually moved away from Marxism–Leninism and towards
414:
410:
191:
1883:"Islamists, Leftists – and a Void in the Center. Afghanistan's Political Parties and where they come from (1902–2006)"
795:. He gave instructions to the Khalqi military officers through his family before being sent to jail on 26 April 1978.
680:. These new divisions started because of ideological and economic reasons. Most of Khalqs supporters came from ethnic
4844:
4725:
4678:
4623:
4475:
4313:
4273:
4135:
3681:
3662:
3178:
3014:
2799:
2549:
2453:
2379:
2304:
2236:
2032:
1972:
1486:
1034:
704:
417:, albeit both before the party was fully legal. For most of its existence, the party was split between the hardline
4739:
4572:
4293:
3962:
1016:
320:
2921:
2578:
4925:
4719:
4338:
4328:
4323:
4206:
2886:
1060:
1993:
1938:
900:. Estimates for the number executed at the prison, between April 1978 and December 1979, are as high as 27,000.
5227:
4859:
4801:
4541:
4431:
4188:
3807:
3773:
3727:
3704:
3085:
732:
relations. There are no facts proving that the Soviets provided financial help to either Khalqis or Parchamis.
2859:
1409:
was formed, which made attempts to register the old name of the PDPA, but the party was refused registration.
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
4933:
4761:
4558:
4283:
4085:
2974:
2354:
2076:
831:
574:
and took over the country's government. The PDPA was subsequently dissolved, with some officials joining the
566:) and much of the party's symbols and policies were altered or removed. The republic lasted until 1992, when
511:
466:
The Khalq-Parcham organizational split erupted within the PDPA in 1967. While the Khalqists adhered to rigid
4947:
3119:
Magnus, Ralph (1988). "The PDPA Regime in Afghanistan". In Chelkowski, Peter J.; Pranger, Robert J. (eds.).
1340:, the president which the communists overthrew in 1978, was still ruling the country. Another case, that of
1099:, the first PDPA General Secretary in 1978, had worked and studied in India in 1932, had met members of the
519:
4964:
4850:
4615:
4042:
575:
496:
452:
315:
256:
52:
4915:
4865:
4630:
1363:
1111:, the second PDPA General Secretary, had seen his leftist beliefs strengthened during his studies in the
998:
356:
4467:
2481:
5058:
5030:
4979:
4906:
4533:
4451:
4369:
3924:
3765:
3493:
3042:
1512:
1406:
1318:
1091:). The thousands of Afghan academic students and military trainees in the USSR were compelled to study
5093:
4685:
4578:
4100:
2722:"The Sickle and the Minaret: Communist Successor Parties in Yemen and Afghanistan after the Cold War"
2407:
Yury V. Bosin (2009). "Afghanistan, 1978 Revolution and Islamic Civil War". In Immanuel Ness (ed.).
4939:
4921:
3832:
3612:"The Ghost of Najibullah: Hezb-e Watan announces (another) relaunch – Afghanistan Analysts Network"
3259:"The Ghost of Najibullah: Hezb-e Watan announces (another) relaunch – Afghanistan Analysts Network"
2791:
1161:
led to the international media and domestic opponents giving the label of "communist" to the PDPA.
1100:
629:
382:
3004:
933:
becoming the new Afghan leader and General Secretary of the PDPA, and marked the beginning of the
5108:
4710:
4669:
4456:
4251:
3900:
372:
274:
2445:
The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers
5007:
3865:
1359:
975:
628:. Eventually, the PDPA was able to get three of its members into parliament, in the first free
3093:
2443:
2369:
2226:
2022:
1962:
30:"Communist Party of Afghanistan" redirects here. For the communist party founded in 2004, see
4308:
4214:
3945:
3883:
3232:
3126:
2294:
987:
488:
436:
299:
2729:
2588:
1915:
1324:
A major problem throughout PDPA's rule was that the majority of mid-level cadres resided in
640:. Later on, Taraki established the first radical newspaper in Afghan history under the name
4609:
4256:
4120:
3935:
3812:
2003:
1948:
1129:
1124:
1092:
1053:
897:
870:
755:
480:
467:
440:
402:
269:
3790:
1071:
agreed on 22 April 1992 to a rebel-led state. The party was banned on May 6, 1992, by the
8:
4219:
3888:
3878:
3825:
3693:
Chinese Marxism in Flux, 1978–84: Essays on Epistemology, Ideology, and Political Economy
1825:
1516:
1379:
1337:
1290:
1272:
1164:
1096:
1064:
1030:
967:
918:
912:
719:
in January 1977. The new constitution alienated Daoud from many of his political allies.
685:
586:
547:
535:
515:
507:
472:
144:
122:
104:
1703:
896:
The new government launched a campaign of repression, which killed thousands, mostly at
880:
The first signs of a rebellion appeared on 20 July 1978 in the far eastern provinces of
4776:
3986:
3148:
1760:
1662:
1563:
1341:
1212:
1138:
703:
As a result of the internal strife within the party, the party's representation in the
500:
495:-dominated PDPA claimed that its government was facilitating what it described as the "
484:
284:
589:
started his political career as an Afghan journalist. On 1 January 1965, Taraki, with
4970:
3918:
3817:
3769:
3746:
3742:
3723:
3700:
3677:
3658:
3238:
3205:
3174:
3152:
3138:
3099:
3047:
3010:
2795:
2770:
2760:
2697:
2629:
2545:
2538:
2449:
2375:
2348:
2300:
2232:
2167:
2028:
1968:
1268:(published after the 6th Plenary Session of the 1st Central Committee in June 1981).
1068:
951:
934:
697:
567:
289:
2823:
800:
646:; the newspaper was eventually forced to stop publishing by the government in 1966.
4385:
4149:
4000:
3130:
3089:
2408:
1752:
1654:
1555:
1367:
1261:
1095:
and the international communist movement; some of them converted to that ideology.
772:
633:
294:
3652:
2616:. En.convdocs.org. 4 November 1978. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013
2510:
4446:
4268:
3950:
3872:
3199:
2830:
1882:
1435:
1329:
1278:
1204:
1145:
1108:
1072:
1041:
858:
804:
776:
750:
716:
624:
The PDPA was known in Afghan society at that time as having strong ties with the
531:
460:
233:
110:
1964:
Not Working: Latina Immigrants, Low-wage Jobs, and the Failure of Welfare Reform
1855:
4068:
3967:
3906:
1756:
1658:
1559:
885:
811:, and Qadir assumed the control of the country from 27 to 30 April 1978 as the
3134:
2652:
2267:
2199:
1916:"Is misery Afghanistan's destiny?: The story of Afghanistan's Saur Revolution"
664:
In 1967 the party divided into several political sects, the biggest being the
5141:
5044:
4784:
4426:
4414:
4224:
2774:
2717:
1448:
1284:
1208:
1116:
1112:
1067:
following President Najibullah's resignation. Post-Najibullah interim leader
930:
926:
637:
590:
361:
139:
116:
3120:
2753:
1266:
Handbook for Party Activists of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
1132:". These descriptions led Western authors to label PDPA as either of "clear
929:
and killed PDPA general secretary Hafizullah Amin. The death of Amin led to
782:
5113:
5016:
4733:
4586:
4246:
4229:
3676:. Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA: Hoover University Press.
2536:
Bradsher, Henry St. Amant; Zeckhauser, Richard F.; Leebaert, Derek (1983).
1345:
1084:
970:, and six months later he was relieved of the presidency. His successor as
792:
673:
625:
433:
834:, Babrak Karmal was senior Deputy Prime Minister, and Hafizullah Amin was
779:
stayed out of prison long enough to organize an uprising with the group.
409:
established on 1 January 1965. Four members of the party won seats in the
5118:
4997:
4898:
4497:
4058:
3719:
3696:
3234:
Afghan Crucible: The Soviet Invasion and the Making of Modern Afghanistan
1375:
1158:
1021:
854:
760:
527:
406:
1764:
1740:
1666:
1642:
1567:
1543:
692:, was tolerated by the king and published from March 1968 to July 1969.
4643:
4419:
1383:
1333:
1119:(the third PDPA General Secretary) were Soviet agents since the 1950s.
862:
712:
221:
2882:
1308:
the Defense and Judicial Commission, responsible for military policy.
432:
The party adhered to Marxist–Leninist ideology and toed a staunch pro-
18:
General Secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
5103:
2335:. Robinsonlibrary.com. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013
2225:
Saikal, Amin; Farhadi, Ravan; Nourzhanov, Kirill (28 November 2006).
1104:
728:
division in 1967 both sides had held contact with Soviet government.
677:
642:
610:
456:
448:
264:
2684:. Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009
4600:
3716:
Dilemmas of Reform in China: Political Conflict and Economic Debate
2978:
2789:
Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century
1741:"Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979"
1643:"Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979"
1544:"Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979"
1087:
had strongly influenced Afghan politics, economy and military (see
922:
881:
874:
681:
447:
terminology, the party refrained from formally branding itself as "
2812:
Soldiers of God: With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan
2072:
605:
on 1 January 1965. Twenty-seven men gathered at Taraki's house in
5098:
5050:
4881:
4408:
4196:
4053:
1133:
941:
768:
669:
659:
492:
444:
425:
865:
was abolished, and men were encouraged to cut off their beards.
3630:"Afghan Biographies – Olumi, Noorulhaq Noor ul Haq Olomi Ulumi"
1708:
1241:
846:
715:
approved Daoud's new constitution, establishing a presidential
614:
343:
60:
1795:
1332:
only visited the province during the winter months, since the
479:
rule from 1978 to 1979, PDPA portrayed itself as advancing a "
429:
factions, each of which claimed to represent the "true" PDPA.
4661:
4404:
4063:
1826:"Afghanistan: Blood-Stained Hands: II. Historical Background"
1416:, which sought to unite former PDPA members, was registered.
1325:
1149:
1033:
withdrew his support for the government. Later in March 1990
850:
665:
655:
606:
571:
476:
419:
187:
3389:
3387:
1624:
1622:
5128:
An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism
5125:
Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state
4827:
4792:
African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde
4753:
4702:
4548:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
1154:
978:. Karmal then moved (or, allegedly, was exiled) to Moscow.
530:, seized power from Daoud Khan in what became known as the
443:". While PDPA's internal documents incorporated explicitly
75:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
2535:
741:– GRU) assisted Khalq's recruitment of military officers.
3384:
2833:
1619:
1248:
Politburo of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
763:
in Kabul, the day after Saur revolution on 28 April 1978.
339:
3604:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3367:
3365:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3055:
1607:
3474:
3453:
3430:
3411:
3324:
3322:
3320:
2224:
1771:
491:
launched by Soviet military forces in December 1979, a
3847:
3654:
Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation
2682:"Women in Afghanistan: Pawns in men's power struggles"
2529:
2228:
Modern Afghanistan: A History of Struggle and Survival
4498:
Current and former ruling parties of communist states
3580:
3546:
3512:
3362:
3334:
3281:
2126:"Man in the News; A Tough Ox For Afghans: Najibullah"
1783:
1685:
1673:
1297:
4955:
Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe
4391:
Liberation Organization of the People of Afghanistan
4179:
3976:
3674:
Afghanistan's two-party communism: Parcham and Khalq
3399:
3317:
2594:
2511:"World: Analysis Afghanistan: 20 years of bloodshed"
2410:
International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest
1720:
1595:
1056:
ideology that had been held previously by the PDPA.
1001:(ISI) agency to join the insurgency topped 100,000.
3739:
War, Politics and Society in Afghanistan, 1978–1992
1960:
1141:", leaving no doubts about the PDPA's orientation.
2752:
2537:
2053:
561:
3813:The Constitution of the People's Democratic Party
2575:Durham: Duke Press Policy Studies, 1983. p. 72-73
2218:
1961:Marchevsky, Alejandra; Theoharis, Jeanne (2006).
5139:
4651:African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde
3762:The Chinese Reassessment of Socialism, 1976–1992
2845:The Economist (London), 11 September 1979, p.44.
2702:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2634:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1389:
597:. In the beginning the party ran under the name
3095:The Mitrokhin Archive II: The KGB and the World
3084:
2977:. Broadleft.org. 1 October 2006. Archived from
2726:The Middle East Review of International Affairs
2647:
2645:
2333:"King Mohammed Zahir Shah and the Soviet Union"
2296:Afghanistan, the Soviet Invasion in Perspective
2163:Afghanistan, the Soviet invasion in perspective
578:, some joining militias, and others deserting.
4549:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola
4096:Democratic Women's Organisation of Afghanistan
2998:
2996:
2814:, New York, Vintage Departures, (2001), p. 115
2159:
1236:
1226:
767:In 1978 a prominent member of the PDPA on the
239:Democratic Women's Organisation of Afghanistan
4483:
4165:
3833:
3164:
3162:
2848:
2716:
2406:
707:decreased from four to only two seats in the
27:Ruling party of Afghanistan from 1978 to 1992
3691:McCarthy, Greg (1985). Brugger, Bill (ed.).
3237:. Oxford University Press. pp. 19, 44.
2642:
1396:Democratic Youth Organization of Afghanistan
1311:
1242:General Secretary, Politburo and Secretariat
632:; these three parliamentarians were Karmal,
227:Democratic Youth Organisation of Afghanistan
66:
4396:National Revolutionary Party of Afghanistan
4319:Progressive Democratic Party of Afghanistan
4299:National Solidarity Movement of Afghanistan
4240:National Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan
4235:People's Islamic Unity Party of Afghanistan
3098:. London: Penguin Books. pp. 386–388.
2993:
2123:
2027:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 106.
786:The day after the Saur revolution in Kabul.
451:" in public, instead using labels such as "
4490:
4476:
4172:
4158:
3840:
3826:
3596:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAmstutz1984 (
3572:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAmstutz1984 (
3538:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAmstutz1984 (
3376:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAmstutz1984 (
3354:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAmstutz1984 (
3309:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAmstutz1984 (
3159:
2880:
2676:
2674:
2484:. Red-army-afghan-war.blogspot.com. 2011.
2435:
2374:Global Vision Publishing Ho. p. 109.
2367:
2361:
2286:
2268:"Daoud's Republic, July 1973 – April 1978"
2099:"The Splinter of Afghanistan's Communists"
2016:
2014:
2012:
1967:. New York University Press. p. 386.
981:
813:Head of the Military Revolutionary Council
555:
81:
51:
4264:Islamic Dawah Organisation of Afghanistan
3736:
3494:"Internal Refugees: Flight to the Cities"
3480:
3468:
3447:
3424:
3002:
2914:
2759:. Harvard University Press. p. 138.
1880:
1513:"Internal Refugees: Flight to the Cities"
5238:Defunct political parties in Afghanistan
5213:Political parties disestablished in 1992
5148:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
4520:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
4401:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
4344:National Solidarity Party of Afghanistan
4289:National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan
3713:
3690:
3171:Afghanistan: The Soviet Union's Last War
3168:
2416:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 13–15.
2262:
2260:
2155:
2153:
2151:
1020:
809:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA)
781:
754:
595:Democratic People's Party of Afghanistan
475:'s regime. During the initial period of
395:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
44:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan
4631:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
4365:Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan
3650:
3591:
3567:
3533:
3496:. Library of Congress Country Studies.
3371:
3349:
3304:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3072:
2911:. University of California Press, 1997.
2671:
2584:
2009:
1999:
1944:
1789:
1691:
1613:
1601:
1505:
1457:Hezb-e dimūkrātĩk-e khalq-e Afghānistān
1444:Da Afghanistān da khalq dimukrātīk gund
1366:(with an estimated 600 members) and at
845:Traditional practices that were deemed
617:by the International Department of the
483:" in Afghanistan. After the ouster and
32:Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan
14:
5140:
4866:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
4279:National Congress Party of Afghanistan
3671:
3405:
3393:
3328:
3118:
3003:Vogelsang, Willem (28 November 2001).
2858:(in Russian). VPK News. Archived from
2600:
2505:
2503:
2441:
2292:
2101:. Newscentralasia.net. 19 April 2012.
2059:
2020:
1801:
1777:
1726:
1714:
1679:
1628:
1579:
1577:
738:Glavnoye Razvedyvatel'noye Upravleniye
5223:1992 disestablishments in Afghanistan
5208:Political parties established in 1965
4971:Seychelles People's Progressive Front
4565:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin
4471:
4334:National Islamic Front of Afghanistan
4153:
3821:
3808:The future and legacy of PDPA members
3500:from the original on 12 December 2012
3230:
3122:Ideology and Power in the Middle East
2955:from the original on 24 December 2013
2874:
2750:
2744:
2710:
2423:from the original on 24 December 2013
2257:
2148:
2105:from the original on 21 December 2013
2079:from the original on 20 December 2013
1874:
1862:from the original on 29 December 2013
1523:from the original on 12 December 2012
1302:
992:National Reconciliation (Afghanistan)
709:Afghan parliamentary election in 1969
4990:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party
4304:National United Party of Afghanistan
3269:from the original on 12 January 2018
3197:
3186:
2946:
2659:from the original on 3 November 2016
2517:from the original on 16 October 2009
2117:
1954:
1913:
1738:
1640:
1541:
1452:
1414:National United Party of Afghanistan
1197:
649:
556:
82:
5233:Afghanistan conflict (1978–present)
5183:Collaborators with the Soviet Union
5023:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
4851:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution
4360:Afghanistan Liberation Organization
4130:
3759:
2755:Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam
2500:
2368:Agwan, A. R.; Singh, N. K. (2008).
2180:from the original on 3 October 2011
1836:from the original on 6 January 2019
1574:
1439:
1254:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1223:(often referred to as a Khalqist).
1089:Soviet–Afghan relations before 1979
619:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
550:in 1990, the party was renamed the
542:which would last until 1987. After
506:While a minority, the party helped
67:
24:
5218:1965 establishments in Afghanistan
5158:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
5074:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
5037:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party
4816:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party
3850:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
3784:
2889:from the original on 22 April 2009
2482:"Storming the Presidential Palace"
2274:from the original on 7 August 2011
2206:from the original on 7 August 2011
2136:from the original on 23 April 2009
1926:from the original on 16 March 2013
1895:from the original on 27 March 2009
1298:Supervisory and Control Commission
1039:Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces
877:participation in Afghan politics.
825:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
744:
540:Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
411:1965 Afghan parliamentary election
25:
5249:
5173:Formerly ruling communist parties
4726:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
4314:Pashtoons Social Democratic Party
4274:National Coalition of Afghanistan
3796:
3651:Amstutz, J. Bruce (1 July 1994).
3173:, Frank Cass, London, p. 6,
3023:from the original on 30 June 2014
2928:from the original on 5 March 2008
2573:Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.
2462:from the original on 30 June 2014
2388:from the original on 30 June 2014
2313:from the original on 30 June 2014
2245:from the original on 30 June 2014
2041:from the original on 30 June 2014
1981:from the original on 30 June 2014
1739:Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986).
1641:Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986).
1542:Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986).
1487:"Миссия в Кабул. Секретный полет"
1010:
1005:The Soviet Union withdrew in 1989
722:
5168:Political history of Afghanistan
5153:Communist parties in Afghanistan
4836:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
4811:Hungarian Working People's Party
4740:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
4294:National Movement of Afghanistan
4181:Political parties in Afghanistan
4129:
4115:
4114:
3993:
3979:
3803:The PDPA and the Soviet invasion
2947:Coll, Steve (29 November 2012).
2540:Afghanistan and the Soviet Union
2488:from the original on 8 June 2013
1653:(3). Sage Publishing: 336, 337.
1554:(3). Sage Publishing: 336, 337.
1440:د افغانستان د خلق دموکراټیک ګوند
954:, then General Secretary of the
360:
355:
321:Union of Left-Democratic Parties
68:د افغانستان د خلق دموکراټیک ګوند
4339:Islamic Movement of Afghanistan
4324:Solidarity Party of Afghanistan
4207:Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
3791:Party Platform and Constitution
3622:
3486:
3251:
3224:
3112:
3078:
3035:
2967:
2940:
2924:(in Persian). BBC News Persia.
2922:"Interviews with Babrak Karmal"
2901:
2839:
2817:
2804:
2781:
2606:
2565:
2474:
2400:
2325:
2192:
2124:John Kifner (2 December 1987).
2091:
2065:
1914:Khan, Lal (13 September 2010).
1907:
1848:
1818:
1807:
1732:
1697:
1378:). Before the 1973 coup led by
1174:
906:
4432:Progressive Youth Organization
4189:Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
2728:. IDC Herzliya. Archived from
2448:. PublicAffairs. p. 119.
1634:
1535:
1479:
1426:
1115:in the late 1950s. Taraki and
818:
717:one-party system of government
603:Socialist Party of Afghanistan
13:
1:
5163:Modern history of Afghanistan
4986:Supreme Revolutionary Council
4284:National Front of Afghanistan
4028:Democratic Youth Organisation
3884:Soviet control and deployment
3743:C. Hurst & Co. Publishers
2231:. I. B. Tauris. p. 181.
1468:
1390:Democratic Youth Organization
1352:
1192:
891:
871:Afghan understanding of Islam
688:because their newspaper, the
512:Prime Minister of Afghanistan
5178:Parties of one-party systems
4926:Polish United Workers' Party
4616:Communist Party of Kampuchea
3616:www.afghanistan-analysts.org
3263:www.afghanistan-analysts.org
2614:"Women's Rights in the PDPA"
2299:. Hoover Press. p. 51.
2160:Anthony Arnold (June 1985).
2021:Runion, Meredith L. (2007).
1473:
1400:
1103:there, and had converted to
1017:Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
599:People's Democratic Tendency
562:
7:
3737:Giustozzi, Antonio (2000).
1888:. Konrad Adenauer Siftung.
1751:(3). Sage Publishing: 339.
1453:حزب دموکراتيک خلق افغانستان
1364:Kabul Polytechnic Institute
1237:Central Committee apparatus
1227:Central Auditing Commission
1179:
1171:in 2004 and again in 2017.
1146:April 1978 PDPA coup d'état
1078:
999:Inter-Services Intelligence
921:, the Soviet special force
807:renamed the country to the
630:elections in Afghan history
83:حزب دموکراتيک خلق افغانستان
10:
5254:
5059:Communist Party of Vietnam
4762:Workers' Party of Ethiopia
4593:African Independence Party
4534:Party of Labour of Albania
4452:Lists of political parties
4370:Watan Party of Afghanistan
3766:Princeton University Press
3643:
2885:(in Russian). Specnaz.ru.
2075:(in Russian). Lib.rus.ec.
2073:"The Setami Milli Faction"
2024:The History of Afghanistan
1757:10.1177/0095327X8601200301
1745:Armed Forces & Society
1659:10.1177/0095327X8601200301
1647:Armed Forces & Society
1560:10.1177/0095327X8601200301
1548:Armed Forces & Society
1407:Watan Party of Afghanistan
1393:
1319:primary party organization
1245:
1231:
1044:tried to seize power in a
1014:
985:
910:
822:
748:
653:
581:
570:rebels seized the capital
485:killing of Hafizullah Amin
413:, reduced to two seats in
29:
5094:List of communist parties
5089:
5066:
5043:
5029:
5015:
5004:National Liberation Front
4996:
4978:
4963:
4946:
4932:
4914:
4896:
4873:
4858:
4843:
4825:
4800:
4783:
4769:
4746:
4732:
4718:
4700:
4686:Congolese Party of Labour
4677:
4659:
4642:
4622:
4608:
4599:
4585:
4579:Bulgarian Communist Party
4571:
4557:
4540:
4526:
4512:
4503:
4442:
4378:
4352:
4205:
4187:
4109:
4048:People's Democratic Party
4010:
3974:
3913:Afghan Airlines shootdown
3857:
3714:Fewsmith, Joseph (1997).
3231:Leake, Elisabeth (2022).
3135:10.1515/9780822381501-014
2544:. Duke University Press.
2353:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1856:"Babrak Karmal Biography"
1717:, pp. xii, 137, 148.
1312:Lower-level organizations
1025:Emblem of the Watan Party
613:). Taraki was invited to
368:
354:
349:
329:
308:
255:
244:
232:
220:
197:
183:
168:
153:
132:
97:
89:
74:
59:
50:
41:
4940:Romanian Communist Party
3672:Arnold, Anthony (1983).
3204:, Common Courage Press,
2975:"Homeland Party-Current"
2792:Cornell University Press
2293:Arnold, Anthony (1985).
1858:. Afghanland.com. 2000.
1804:, pp. 104–108, 133.
1419:
1139:Great October Revolution
1101:Communist Party of India
1052:. The party dropped the
997:recruited by Pakistan's
621:(CPSU) later that year.
157:1 January 1965
4907:Workers' Party of Korea
4711:Communist Party of Cuba
4670:Chinese Communist Party
4457:Politics of Afghanistan
4252:Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
3930:National Reconciliation
3169:Galeotti, Mark (1995),
2824:Kabul's prison of death
2787:Benjamin A. Valentino.
1360:state-owned enterprises
982:National reconciliation
842:black, red, and green.
544:National Reconciliation
524:Republic of Afghanistan
373:Politics of Afghanistan
275:Revolutionary socialism
5008:Yemeni Socialist Party
3941:Parliamentary election
3198:Blum, William (2004),
2856:"Article on Storm-333"
2751:Kepel, Gilles (2002).
2513:. BBC. 26 April 1998.
2442:Tomsen, Peter (2011).
1217:Mohammed Ismail Danesh
1026:
976:Haji Mohammad Chamkani
964:
787:
764:
4948:São Tomé and Príncipe
4922:Polish Workers' Party
4309:New Afghanistan Party
4091:Revolutionary Council
3889:Assassination of Amin
3127:Duke University Press
2655:. Countrystudies.us.
2202:. Countrystudies.us.
1246:Further information:
1024:
960:
785:
758:
300:Left-wing nationalism
5203:1990s in Afghanistan
5198:1980s in Afghanistan
5193:1970s in Afghanistan
5188:1960s in Afghanistan
4257:Hezb-i Islami Khalis
4018:Council of Ministers
3963:Civil War: 1989–1992
3936:Battle for Hill 3234
3657:. DIANE Publishing.
3636:on 15 November 2013.
3009:. Wiley. p. 1.
2949:"Tanai Coup Attempt"
1631:, pp. xii, 149.
1589:publishing.cdlib.org
1221:Saleh Mohammad Zeary
1125:American imperialism
898:Pul-e-Charkhi prison
759:Outside the gate of
528:Afghan National Army
481:socialist revolution
309:National affiliation
172:6 May 1992
4220:Afghan Mellat Party
4086:Heads of government
3925:Battle of Arghandab
3396:, pp. 179–180.
3086:Andrew, Christopher
2862:on 21 February 2009
2829:5 June 2017 at the
2810:Kaplan, Robert D.,
2732:on 20 November 2011
2571:Bradsher, Henry S.
2270:. Country Studies.
1517:Library of Congress
1380:Mohammad Daoud Khan
1338:Mohammad Daoud Khan
1291:Mohammad Najibullah
1273:Nur Muhammad Taraki
1188:2nd Congress (1987)
1185:1st Congress (1967)
1097:Nur Muhammad Taraki
1065:Abdul Rashid Dostum
1031:Gulbuddin Hekmatyar
968:Mohammad Najibullah
919:Operation Storm-333
917:In the 1979 Soviet
913:Operation Storm-333
771:side of the party,
686:Mohammed Zahir Shah
587:Nur Mohammad Taraki
548:Mohammad Najibullah
536:Nur Muhammad Taraki
516:Mohammad Zahir Shah
508:Mohammad Daoud Khan
497:national-democratic
453:national democratic
405:political party in
145:Nur Muhammad Taraki
123:Mohammad Najibullah
105:Nur Muhammad Taraki
98:General Secretaries
4777:New Jewel Movement
3987:Afghanistan portal
3901:Salang Tunnel fire
3265:. 21 August 2017.
2836:, 27 February 2006
2200:"Daoud's Republic"
2130:The New York Times
1767:– via JSTOR.
1669:– via JSTOR.
1570:– via JSTOR.
1491:Телеканал «Звезда»
1342:Nangrahar province
1303:Subordinate bodies
1213:Abdur Rashid Arian
1059:In 1991, the USSR
1027:
788:
765:
593:, established the
534:. The PDPA led by
522:and establish the
501:Afghan nationalism
285:Afghan nationalism
5228:Soviet–Afghan War
5135:
5134:
5084:
5083:
5080:
5079:
4890:
4889:
4694:
4693:
4638:
4637:
4465:
4464:
4329:Truth and Justice
4147:
4146:
4023:Central Committee
3957:Soviet withdrawal
3919:Battles of Zhawar
3760:Sun, Yat (1995).
3752:978-1-85065-396-7
3618:. 21 August 2017.
3244:978-0-19-884601-7
3144:978-0-8223-8150-1
3105:978-0-14-197798-0
3090:Mitrokhin, Vasili
3075:, pp. 31–36.
3048:Los Angeles Times
2951:. Newyorker.com.
2907:Kakar, Mohammad.
2766:978-0-674-01090-1
2173:978-0-8179-8212-6
1780:, pp. 52–56.
1616:, p. 32, 62.
1198:Central Committee
1069:Abdul Rahim Hatif
988:Soviet–Afghan War
952:Mikhail Gorbachev
935:Soviet-Afghan War
705:Afghan parliament
698:Central Committee
672:, as well as the
650:Khalq and Parcham
514:, overthrow King
391:
390:
378:Political parties
290:Islamic socialism
16:(Redirected from
5245:
4957:
4894:
4893:
4794:
4698:
4697:
4653:
4633:
4606:
4605:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4469:
4468:
4386:Khuddamul Furqan
4215:Afghan Hezbollah
4174:
4167:
4160:
4151:
4150:
4138:
4133:
4132:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4003:
4001:Communism portal
3998:
3997:
3996:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3851:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3779:
3756:
3733:
3710:
3687:
3668:
3638:
3637:
3632:. Archived from
3626:
3620:
3619:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3589:
3578:
3577:
3565:
3544:
3543:
3531:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3451:
3445:
3428:
3422:
3409:
3403:
3397:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3347:
3332:
3326:
3315:
3314:
3302:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3195:
3184:
3183:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3053:
3052:
3051:. 22 April 1992.
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2918:
2912:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2881:A. Lyakhovskiy.
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2821:
2815:
2808:
2802:
2794:, 2004. p. 219.
2785:
2779:
2778:
2758:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2720:(2 March 2005).
2714:
2708:
2707:
2701:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2633:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2543:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2290:
2284:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2166:. Hoover Press.
2157:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2018:
2007:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1958:
1952:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1736:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1483:
1462:
1454:
1441:
1430:
1368:Kabul University
1262:Anahita Ratebzad
1130:Marxist–Leninist
1093:Marxism–Leninism
1083:Since 1919, the
1054:Marxist–Leninist
1035:Defense Minister
836:foreign minister
773:Mir Akbar Khyber
634:Anahita Ratebzad
565:
559:
558:
538:established the
468:Marxist–Leninist
441:Marxism–Leninism
403:Marxist–Leninist
364:
359:
338:
335:
295:Anti-imperialism
270:Marxism–Leninism
248:
179:
177:
164:
162:
85:
84:
70:
69:
55:
39:
38:
21:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5085:
5076:
5062:
5048:
5039:
5025:
5011:
4992:
4974:
4959:
4953:
4942:
4928:
4910:
4886:
4869:
4854:
4839:
4821:
4820:
4796:
4790:
4779:
4765:
4742:
4728:
4714:
4690:
4673:
4655:
4649:
4634:
4629:
4618:
4595:
4581:
4567:
4553:
4536:
4522:
4499:
4496:
4466:
4461:
4447:Portal:Politics
4438:
4379:Defunct parties
4374:
4348:
4269:Jamiat-e Islami
4201:
4183:
4178:
4148:
4143:
4136:
4121:
4105:
4101:Women's Council
4006:
3999:
3994:
3992:
3985:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3951:Operation Arrow
3873:Saur Revolution
3853:
3849:
3846:
3799:
3787:
3785:Further reading
3782:
3776:
3753:
3730:
3707:
3684:
3665:
3646:
3641:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3590:
3581:
3571:
3566:
3547:
3537:
3532:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3467:
3454:
3446:
3431:
3423:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3392:
3385:
3375:
3370:
3363:
3353:
3348:
3335:
3327:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3245:
3229:
3225:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3196:
3187:
3181:
3167:
3160:
3145:
3129:. p. 278.
3117:
3113:
3106:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3056:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3017:
3001:
2994:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2879:
2875:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2831:Wayback Machine
2822:
2818:
2809:
2805:
2786:
2782:
2767:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2733:
2715:
2711:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2679:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2627:
2626:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2595:
2583:
2579:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2534:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2382:
2366:
2362:
2346:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2307:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2248:
2246:
2239:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2174:
2158:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2035:
2019:
2010:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1975:
1959:
1955:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1920:www.marxist.com
1912:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1881:Thomas Ruttig.
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1839:
1837:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1583:
1582:
1575:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1355:
1330:Faryab province
1314:
1305:
1300:
1279:Hafizullah Amin
1250:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1205:Hafizullah Amin
1200:
1195:
1182:
1177:
1167:relaunched the
1109:Hafizullah Amin
1081:
1073:Jamiat-i Islami
1042:Shahnawaz Tanai
1019:
1013:
994:
986:Main articles:
984:
915:
909:
894:
859:forced marriage
827:
821:
805:Hafizullah Amin
777:Hafizullah Amin
753:
751:Saur Revolution
747:
745:Saur Revolution
725:
662:
654:Main articles:
652:
584:
532:Saur Revolution
461:socialist state
387:
336:
333:
325:
304:
246:
216:
175:
173:
160:
158:
149:
128:
111:Hafizullah Amin
46:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5251:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5063:
5056:
5054:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5033:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5002:
5000:
4994:
4993:
4984:
4982:
4976:
4975:
4969:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4952:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4938:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4904:
4902:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4831:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4789:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4738:
4736:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4722:
4720:Czechoslovakia
4716:
4715:
4708:
4706:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4683:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4667:
4665:
4657:
4656:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4612:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4561:
4555:
4554:
4546:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4487:
4480:
4472:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4356:
4354:
4353:Banned parties
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4237:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4177:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4154:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4126:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4081:Heads of state
4078:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4069:Settam-e-Melli
4066:
4061:
4056:
4045:
4043:National Front
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
3990:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3968:Siege of Khost
3965:
3959:
3953:
3948:
3946:Geneva Accords
3943:
3938:
3932:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3907:Siege of Urgun
3903:
3897:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3879:Herat uprising
3875:
3869:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3854:
3845:
3844:
3837:
3830:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3797:External links
3795:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3774:
3757:
3751:
3734:
3728:
3711:
3705:
3688:
3682:
3669:
3663:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3621:
3603:
3579:
3545:
3511:
3485:
3481:Giustozzi 2000
3473:
3469:Giustozzi 2000
3452:
3448:Giustozzi 2000
3429:
3425:Giustozzi 2000
3410:
3398:
3383:
3361:
3333:
3316:
3280:
3250:
3243:
3223:
3211:978-1567512526
3210:
3185:
3179:
3158:
3143:
3111:
3104:
3077:
3054:
3034:
3015:
2992:
2981:on 14 May 2011
2966:
2939:
2913:
2900:
2873:
2847:
2838:
2816:
2803:
2780:
2765:
2743:
2709:
2670:
2653:"Secular PDPA"
2641:
2605:
2593:
2577:
2564:
2550:
2528:
2499:
2473:
2454:
2434:
2399:
2380:
2360:
2324:
2305:
2285:
2256:
2237:
2217:
2191:
2172:
2147:
2116:
2090:
2064:
2052:
2033:
2008:
1992:
1973:
1953:
1937:
1906:
1873:
1847:
1817:
1806:
1794:
1792:, pp. 86.
1782:
1770:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1696:
1684:
1682:, p. 149.
1672:
1633:
1618:
1606:
1594:
1573:
1534:
1504:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1446:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1402:
1399:
1394:Main article:
1391:
1388:
1354:
1351:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1080:
1077:
1050:Homeland Party
1015:Main article:
1012:
1011:Homeland Party
1009:
983:
980:
911:Main article:
908:
905:
893:
890:
832:Prime Minister
823:Main article:
820:
817:
749:Main article:
746:
743:
724:
723:Reconciliation
721:
651:
648:
583:
580:
576:new government
552:Homeland Party
437:political line
389:
388:
386:
385:
380:
375:
369:
366:
365:
352:
351:
347:
346:
331:
327:
326:
324:
323:
318:
316:National Front
312:
310:
306:
305:
303:
302:
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
261:
259:
253:
252:
249:
242:
241:
236:
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
215:
214:
208:
201:
199:
195:
194:
185:
181:
180:
170:
166:
165:
155:
151:
150:
148:
147:
142:
136:
134:
130:
129:
127:
126:
120:
114:
108:
101:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
79:
72:
71:
64:
57:
56:
48:
47:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5250:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5046:
5045:North Vietnam
5042:
5038:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4977:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4892:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4861:
4857:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4788:
4786:
4785:Guinea-Bissau
4782:
4778:
4774:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4688:
4687:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4647:
4645:
4641:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4481:
4479:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4427:Shola-e Javid
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4415:Sazman-i Nasr
4413:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4225:Basej-e Milli
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4175:
4170:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4140:
4139:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4112:
4111:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3991:
3988:
3977:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3896:
3895:PIA hijacking
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3831:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3683:0-8179-7792-9
3679:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3664:9780788111112
3660:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3599:
3594:, p. 83.
3593:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3570:, p. 82.
3569:
3564:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3541:
3536:, p. 81.
3535:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3483:, p. 39.
3482:
3477:
3471:, p. 38.
3470:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3450:, p. 37.
3449:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3427:, p. 36.
3426:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3408:, p. 71.
3407:
3402:
3395:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3374:, p. 67.
3373:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3352:, p. 65.
3351:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3331:, p. 62.
3330:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3312:
3307:, p. 64.
3306:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3180:0-7146-4567-2
3176:
3172:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3022:
3018:
3016:9780631198413
3012:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2997:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2910:
2904:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2800:0-8014-3965-5
2797:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2747:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2718:John Ishiyama
2713:
2705:
2699:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2637:
2631:
2615:
2609:
2603:, p. 77.
2602:
2597:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2553:
2551:9780822304968
2547:
2542:
2541:
2532:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2461:
2457:
2455:9781586487812
2451:
2447:
2446:
2438:
2419:
2412:
2411:
2403:
2387:
2383:
2381:9788187746003
2377:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2334:
2328:
2312:
2308:
2306:9780817982126
2302:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2244:
2240:
2238:9781845113162
2234:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2034:9780313337987
2030:
2026:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1974:9780814757109
1970:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1735:
1729:, p. 38.
1728:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1704:Article title
1700:
1694:, p. 34.
1693:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1604:, p. 32.
1603:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1585:"Afghanistan"
1580:
1578:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1458:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1415:
1412:In 2003, the
1410:
1408:
1397:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1309:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:Babrak Karmal
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:Babrak Karmal
1206:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:Pro-Najibists
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1117:Babrak Karmal
1114:
1113:United States
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:military coup
1043:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1023:
1018:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1000:
993:
989:
979:
977:
973:
972:head of state
969:
963:
959:
957:
953:
948:
945:
943:
938:
936:
932:
931:Babrak Karmal
928:
927:Tajbeg Palace
924:
920:
914:
904:
901:
899:
889:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
843:
839:
837:
833:
826:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
796:
794:
784:
780:
778:
774:
770:
762:
757:
752:
742:
740:
739:
733:
729:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
661:
657:
647:
645:
644:
639:
638:Nur Ahmed Nur
635:
631:
627:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:Babrak Karmal
588:
579:
577:
573:
569:
564:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
435:
430:
428:
427:
423:and moderate
422:
421:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
367:
363:
358:
353:
348:
345:
341:
332:
328:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
311:
307:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
262:
260:
258:
254:
250:
243:
240:
237:
235:
231:
228:
225:
223:
219:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
171:
167:
156:
152:
146:
143:
141:
140:Babrak Karmal
138:
137:
135:
131:
124:
121:
118:
117:Babrak Karmal
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
80:
77:
73:
65:
62:
58:
54:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5114:Eastern Bloc
5057:
5049:
5017:Soviet Union
4905:
4897:
4880:
4834:
4826:
4734:East Germany
4709:
4701:
4684:
4668:
4660:
4587:Burkina Faso
4547:
4519:
4400:
4247:Hezbi Islami
4230:Hezbe Wahdat
4128:
4113:
4047:
4033:Constitution
3864:
3761:
3738:
3715:
3692:
3673:
3653:
3634:the original
3624:
3615:
3606:
3592:Amstutz 1984
3568:Amstutz 1984
3534:Amstutz 1984
3502:. Retrieved
3488:
3476:
3401:
3372:Amstutz 1984
3350:Amstutz 1984
3305:Amstutz 1984
3271:. Retrieved
3262:
3253:
3233:
3226:
3215:, retrieved
3200:
3170:
3121:
3114:
3094:
3080:
3073:Amstutz 1994
3046:
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3005:
2983:. Retrieved
2979:the original
2969:
2957:. Retrieved
2942:
2930:. Retrieved
2916:
2908:
2903:
2891:. Retrieved
2876:
2864:. Retrieved
2860:the original
2850:
2841:
2819:
2811:
2806:
2788:
2783:
2754:
2746:
2734:. Retrieved
2730:the original
2725:
2712:
2686:. Retrieved
2661:. Retrieved
2618:. Retrieved
2608:
2596:
2585:Amstutz 1994
2580:
2572:
2567:
2555:. Retrieved
2539:
2531:
2519:. Retrieved
2490:. Retrieved
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2444:
2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2409:
2402:
2390:. Retrieved
2370:
2363:
2337:. Retrieved
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2295:
2288:
2276:. Retrieved
2247:. Retrieved
2227:
2220:
2208:. Retrieved
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2162:
2138:. Retrieved
2129:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2093:
2081:. Retrieved
2067:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2023:
2000:Amstutz 1994
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1963:
1956:
1945:Amstutz 1994
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1919:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1876:
1864:. Retrieved
1850:
1838:. Retrieved
1829:
1820:
1809:
1797:
1790:Amstutz 1994
1785:
1773:
1748:
1744:
1734:
1722:
1710:
1699:
1692:Amstutz 1994
1687:
1675:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1614:Amstutz 1994
1609:
1602:Amstutz 1994
1597:
1588:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1493:(in Russian)
1490:
1481:
1456:
1443:
1428:
1411:
1404:
1372:
1356:
1346:Eastern Bloc
1323:
1315:
1306:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1201:
1175:Organization
1169:Hezb-e Watan
1168:
1163:
1143:
1121:
1085:Soviet Union
1082:
1075:Government.
1058:
1049:
1028:
1003:
995:
965:
961:
949:
946:
939:
925:stormed the
916:
907:Parcham rule
902:
895:
879:
867:
844:
840:
828:
797:
793:house arrest
789:
766:
736:
734:
730:
726:
702:
694:
689:
674:Setami Milli
663:
641:
626:Soviet Union
623:
598:
585:
563:Hezb-e Watan
551:
505:
465:
431:
424:
418:
398:
394:
392:
279:
247:(late 1980s)
234:Women's wing
210:
204:
184:Headquarters
90:Abbreviation
36:
5119:Warsaw Pact
4998:South Yemen
4899:North Korea
4514:Afghanistan
4137:WikiProject
3961:1990–1992:
3720:M.E. Sharpe
3697:M.E. Sharpe
3406:Arnold 1983
3394:Arnold 1983
3329:Arnold 1983
3006:The Afghans
2985:22 December
2959:22 December
2909:Afghanistan
2883:"Baikal-79"
2663:22 December
2620:22 December
2601:Arnold 1983
2492:22 December
2427:22 December
2339:22 December
2210:22 December
2109:22 December
2083:22 December
2060:Arnold 1983
1866:22 December
1830:www.hrw.org
1802:Arnold 1983
1778:Arnold 1983
1727:Arnold 1983
1715:Arnold 1983
1680:Arnold 1983
1629:Arnold 1983
1376:opportunism
1293:, 1986–1992
1287:, 1979–1986
1275:, 1965–1979
1159:North Korea
855:bride price
819:New reforms
801:coup d'état
489:palace coup
407:Afghanistan
280:After 1987:
245:Membership
192:Afghanistan
125:(1986–1992)
119:(1979–1986)
107:(1965–1979)
5142:Categories
5068:Yugoslavia
4965:Seychelles
4875:Mozambique
4845:Madagascar
4644:Cape Verde
4420:Nasr Party
4052:Factions:
4038:Government
3775:0691029989
3729:1563243288
3706:0873323238
3273:12 January
2587:, p.
2002:, p.
1947:, p.
1840:12 January
1527:18 October
1469:References
1384:illiterate
1353:Membership
1334:mujahideen
1193:Conference
1144:After the
892:Repression
863:Sharia Law
849:– such as
713:Loya jirga
568:mujahideen
493:Parchamite
473:Daoud Khan
350:Party flag
222:Youth wing
176:1992-05-06
161:1965-01-01
5109:Comintern
5104:Cominform
4411:factions)
4076:Politburo
3905:1983–84:
3153:242204076
2775:685132509
1474:Citations
1405:In 1997,
1401:Receivers
1105:communism
1061:dissolved
678:Grohi Kar
643:The Khalq
611:Politburo
510:, former
457:socialist
449:communist
383:Elections
265:Communism
198:Newspaper
4860:Mongolia
4748:Ethiopia
4601:Cambodia
4573:Bulgaria
4122:Category
4011:Politics
3866:Timeline
3498:Archived
3267:Archived
3217:30 March
3092:(2006).
3027:15 March
3021:Archived
2953:Archived
2932:21 March
2926:Archived
2893:21 March
2887:Archived
2866:21 March
2827:Archived
2736:21 March
2698:cite web
2688:21 March
2657:Archived
2630:cite web
2557:15 March
2521:15 March
2515:Archived
2486:Archived
2466:15 March
2460:Archived
2418:Archived
2392:15 March
2386:Archived
2349:cite web
2317:15 March
2311:Archived
2278:20 March
2272:Archived
2249:15 March
2243:Archived
2204:Archived
2184:20 March
2178:Archived
2140:20 March
2134:Archived
2103:Archived
2077:Archived
2045:15 March
2039:Archived
1985:15 March
1979:Archived
1930:11 April
1924:Archived
1899:20 March
1890:Archived
1860:Archived
1834:Archived
1765:45304853
1667:45304853
1568:45304853
1521:Archived
1180:Congress
1079:Ideology
958:, said:
923:Spetsnaz
882:Nuristan
875:Islamist
682:Pashtuns
670:Parchams
668:and the
477:Khalqist
401:) was a
257:Ideology
133:Founders
5099:Comecon
5051:Vietnam
4980:Somalia
4934:Romania
4882:FRELIMO
4802:Hungary
4771:Grenada
4528:Albania
4409:Parcham
4197:Taliban
4054:Parcham
3858:History
3644:Sources
1232:Statute
1134:Marxist
944:rule.
942:Parcham
769:Parcham
690:Parcham
660:Parcham
582:History
557:حزب وطن
455:" and "
445:Marxist
426:Parcham
251:160,000
211:Parcham
174: (
159: (
154:Founded
4916:Poland
4542:Angola
4134:
4119:
3955:1989:
3934:1988:
3923:1987:
3917:1986:
3911:1985:
3899:1982:
3893:1981:
3877:1979:
3871:1978:
3772:
3749:
3726:
3703:
3680:
3661:
3504:24 May
3241:
3208:
3177:
3151:
3141:
3102:
3013:
2798:
2773:
2763:
2548:
2452:
2378:
2371:A – E.
2303:
2235:
2170:
2031:
1971:
1763:
1665:
1566:
1497:8 July
1436:Pashto
1281:, 1979
847:feudal
666:Khalqs
615:Moscow
434:Soviet
344:yellow
337:
334:
330:Colors
213:(1969)
207:(1966)
169:Banned
113:(1979)
61:Pashto
4758:COPWE
4679:Congo
4662:China
4559:Benin
4405:Khalq
4064:Khalq
3149:S2CID
2421:(PDF)
2414:(PDF)
1893:(PDF)
1886:(PDF)
1761:JSTOR
1663:JSTOR
1564:JSTOR
1420:Notes
1326:Kabul
1150:Islam
886:Kunar
851:usury
656:Khalq
607:Kabul
572:Kabul
487:in a
420:Khalq
205:Khalq
188:Kabul
5031:Tuva
4828:Laos
4754:Derg
4703:Cuba
4407:and
3770:ISBN
3747:ISBN
3724:ISBN
3701:ISBN
3678:ISBN
3659:ISBN
3598:help
3574:help
3540:help
3506:2014
3378:help
3356:help
3311:help
3275:2018
3239:ISBN
3219:2018
3206:ISBN
3175:ISBN
3139:ISBN
3100:ISBN
3029:2014
3011:ISBN
2987:2013
2961:2013
2934:2009
2895:2009
2868:2009
2796:ISBN
2771:OCLC
2761:ISBN
2738:2009
2704:link
2690:2009
2665:2013
2636:link
2622:2013
2559:2014
2546:ISBN
2523:2009
2494:2013
2468:2014
2450:ISBN
2429:2013
2394:2014
2376:ISBN
2355:link
2341:2013
2319:2014
2301:ISBN
2280:2009
2251:2014
2233:ISBN
2212:2013
2186:2009
2168:ISBN
2142:2009
2111:2013
2085:2013
2047:2014
2029:ISBN
1987:2014
1969:ISBN
1932:2013
1901:2009
1868:2013
1842:2018
1529:2017
1499:2023
1449:Dari
1219:and
1157:and
1155:Cuba
1037:and
990:and
974:was
956:CPSU
884:and
857:and
676:and
658:and
520:1973
415:1969
399:PDPA
393:The
342:and
93:PDPA
78:name
76:Dari
63:name
4624:PRK
4059:Kar
3131:doi
2834:BBC
2589:226
1753:doi
1655:doi
1556:doi
761:Arg
518:in
340:Red
5144::
5006:,
4988:,
4924:,
4760:,
4610:DK
3768:.
3764:.
3745:.
3741:.
3722:.
3718:.
3699:.
3695:.
3614:.
3582:^
3548:^
3514:^
3455:^
3432:^
3413:^
3386:^
3364:^
3336:^
3319:^
3283:^
3261:.
3188:^
3161:^
3147:.
3137:.
3125:.
3088:;
3057:^
3045:.
3019:.
2995:^
2769:.
2724:.
2700:}}
2696:{{
2673:^
2644:^
2632:}}
2628:{{
2502:^
2458:.
2384:.
2351:}}
2347:{{
2309:.
2259:^
2241:.
2176:.
2150:^
2132:.
2128:.
2037:.
2011:^
2004:70
1977:.
1949:65
1922:.
1918:.
1832:.
1828:.
1759:.
1749:12
1747:.
1743:.
1661:.
1651:12
1649:.
1645:.
1621:^
1587:.
1576:^
1562:.
1552:12
1550:.
1546:.
1519:.
1515:.
1489:.
1455:,
1451::
1442:,
1438::
1215:,
1107:.
937:.
888:.
853:,
838:.
815:.
700:.
636:,
560:,
503:.
463:.
190:,
5047:,
5010:*
4973:*
4958:*
4885:*
4868:*
4853:*
4795:*
4764:)
4756:(
4689:*
4654:*
4552:*
4491:e
4484:t
4477:v
4403:(
4173:e
4166:t
4159:v
3841:e
3834:t
3827:v
3778:.
3755:.
3732:.
3709:.
3686:.
3667:.
3600:)
3576:)
3542:)
3508:.
3380:)
3358:)
3313:)
3277:.
3247:.
3155:.
3133::
3108:.
3031:.
2989:.
2963:.
2936:.
2897:.
2870:.
2777:.
2740:.
2706:)
2692:.
2667:.
2638:)
2624:.
2591:.
2561:.
2525:.
2496:.
2470:.
2431:.
2396:.
2357:)
2343:.
2321:.
2282:.
2253:.
2214:.
2188:.
2144:.
2113:.
2087:.
2062:.
2049:.
2006:.
1989:.
1951:.
1934:.
1903:.
1870:.
1844:.
1755::
1657::
1591:.
1558::
1531:.
1501:.
554:(
397:(
178:)
163:)
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
