4916:. Russia met its treaty obligations by destroying 1 percent of its chemical agents by the 2002 deadline set out by the Chemical Weapons Convention, but requested an extension on the deadlines of 2004 and 2007 due to technical, financial, and environmental challenges of chemical disposal. Since, Russia has received help from other countries such as Canada which donated C$ 100,000, plus a further C$ 100,000 already donated, to the Russian Chemical Weapons Destruction Program. This money will be used to complete work at Shchuch'ye and support the construction of a chemical weapons destruction facility at Kizner (Russia), where the destruction of nearly 5,700 tons of nerve agent, stored in approximately 2 million artillery shells and munitions, will be undertaken. Canadian funds are also being used for the operation of a Green Cross Public Outreach Office, to keep the civilian population informed on the progress made in chemical weapons destruction activities.
3128:
3219:
1190:
5166:
1285:
3070:
4864:, Ambassador Rogelio Pfirter, welcomed Iraq's decision to join the OPCW as a significant step to strengthening global and regional efforts to prevent the spread and use of chemical weapons. The OPCW announced "The government of Iraq has deposited its instrument of accession to the Chemical Weapons Convention with the Secretary General of the United Nations and within 30 days, on 12 February 2009, will become the 186th State Party to the Convention". Iraq has also declared stockpiles of chemical weapons, and because of their recent accession is the only State Party exempted from the destruction time-line.
5213:, dropping large quantities of Agent Orange in each of those countries. According on one estimate, the U.S. dropped 475,500 US gallons (1,800,000 L) of Agent Orange in Laos and 40,900 US gallons (155,000 L) in Cambodia. Because Laos and Cambodia were officially neutral during the Vietnam War, the U.S. attempted to keep secret its military involvement in these countries. The U.S. has stated that Agent Orange was not widely used and therefore hasn't offered assistance to affected Cambodians or Laotians, and limits benefits American veterans and CIA personnel who were stationed there.
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10879:
12210:
4200:
1640:
12172:
10891:
906:
2883:
12220:
4212:
599:
3261:
12201:
12193:
12185:
3008:
range of gas, making any target within reach of guns vulnerable. Second, gas shells could be delivered without warning, especially the clear, nearly odorless phosgene—there are numerous accounts of gas shells, landing with a "plop" rather than exploding, being initially dismissed as dud high explosive or shrapnel shells, giving the gas time to work before the soldiers were alerted and took precautions.
3032:
1303:
1253:
unfounded: the Allies made comprehensive plans for defensive and retaliatory use of chemical weapons, and stockpiled large quantities. Japanese forces, as part of the Axis, used them more widely, though only against their Asian enemies, as they also feared that using it on
Western powers would result in retaliation. Chemical weapons were frequently used against the
5079:. On April 24, 1997, the Senate gave its consent to ratification of the CWC by a 74–26 vote (satisfying the required two-thirds majority). The U.S. deposited its instrument of ratification at the United Nations on April 25, 1997, a few days before the CWC entered into force. The U.S. ratification allowed the U.S. to participate in the
5063:(unilateral caveats). During the Reagan administration and the George H. W. Bush administration, the U.S. participated in the negotiations toward the CWC. The CWC was concluded on September 3, 1992, and opened for signature on January 13, 1993. The U.S. became one of 87 original state parties to the CWC. President
5025:. In the 1990 agreement, the U.S. and Soviet Union agreed to begin destroying their chemical weapons stockpiles before 1993 and to reduce them to no more than 5,000 agent tons each by the end of 2002. The agreement also provided for exchanges of data and inspections of sites to verify destruction. Following the
1225:. Though largely ineffective over the long run, it decidedly changed the nature of the war. In many cases the gasses used did not kill, but instead horribly maimed, injured, or disfigured casualties. Some 1.3 million gas casualties were recorded, which may have included up to 260,000 civilian casualties.
5131:
in
Kentucky. By May 2021, the U.S. destroyed all of its Category 2 and Category 3 chemical weapons and 96.52% of its Category 1 chemical weapons. The U.S. is scheduled to complete the elimination of all its chemical weapons by the September 2023 deadline. In July 2023 OPCW confirmed the last chemical
5090:
Upon U.S. ratification of the CWC, the U.S. declared a total of 29,918 tons of chemical weapons, and committed to destroying all of the U.S.'s chemical weapons and bulk agent. The U.S. was one of eight states to declare a stockpile of chemical weapons and to commit to their safe elimination. The U.S.
3054:
Thermal dissemination devices, though common, are not particularly efficient. First, a percentage of the agent is lost by incineration in the initial blast and by being forced onto the ground. Second, the sizes of the particles vary greatly because explosive dissemination produces a mixture of liquid
2873:
Although there have been many advances in chemical weapon delivery since World War I, it is still difficult to achieve effective dispersion. The dissemination is highly dependent on atmospheric conditions because many chemical agents act in gaseous form. Thus, weather observations and forecasting are
1806:
Modern doctrine requires very high concentrations almost instantly in order to be effective (one breath should contain a lethal dose of the agent). To achieve this, the primary weapons used would be rocket artillery or bombs and large ballistic missiles with cluster warheads. The contamination in the
1802:
Apart from the agent used, the delivery mode is very important. To achieve a nonpersistent deployment, the agent is dispersed into very small droplets comparable with the mist produced by an aerosol can. In this form not only the gaseous part of the agent (around 50%) but also the fine aerosol can be
5205:
Orange while the Red Cross of
Vietnam estimates that up to one million people were disabled or have health problems associated with Agent Orange. The United States government has described these figures as unreliable. During the war, the U.S. fought the North Vietnamese and their allies in
4299:
For decontaminating equipment and buildings exposed to persistent agents, such as blister agents, VX or other agents made persistent by mixing with a thickener, special equipment and materials might be needed. Some type of neutralizing agent will be needed; e.g. in the form of a spraying device with
2897:
Dispersion is placing the chemical agent upon or adjacent to a target immediately before dissemination, so that the material is most efficiently used. Dispersion is the simplest technique of delivering an agent to its target. The most common techniques are munitions, bombs, projectiles, spray tanks
4284:
is a less common requirement for people than equipment, since people may be immediately affected and treatment is the action required. It is a requirement when people have been contaminated with persistent agents. Treatment and decontamination may need to be simultaneous, with the medical personnel
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This technique eliminates many of the limitations of thermal dissemination by eliminating the flashing effect and theoretically allowing precise control of particle size. In actuality, the altitude of dissemination, wind direction and velocity, and the direction and velocity of the aircraft greatly
2995:
Gas clouds gave plenty of warning, allowing the enemy time to protect themselves, though many soldiers found the sight of a creeping gas cloud unnerving. This made the gas doubly effective, as, in addition to damaging the enemy physically, it also had a psychological effect on the intended victims.
4919:
As of July 2011, Russia has destroyed 48 percent (18,241 tons) of its stockpile at destruction facilities located in Gorny (Saratov Oblast) and
Kambarka (Udmurt Republic) – where operations have finished – and Schuch'ye (Kurgan Oblast), Maradykovsky (Kirov Oblast), Leonidovka (Penza Oblast) whilst
3182:
Detection has been referred to above, as a technical MASINT discipline; specific military procedures, which are usually the model for civilian procedures, depend on the equipment, expertise, and personnel available. When chemical agents are detected, an alarm needs to sound, with specific warnings
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simply opened cylinders of chlorine and allowed the wind to carry the gas across enemy lines. While simple, this technique had numerous disadvantages. Moving large numbers of heavy gas cylinders to the front-line positions from where the gas would be released was a lengthy and difficult logistical
3047:
to deliver chemical agents. This technique, developed in the 1920s, was a major improvement over earlier dispersal techniques, in that it allowed significant quantities of an agent to be disseminated over a considerable distance. Thermal dissemination remains the principal method of disseminating
3007:
Shortly after this "open canister" dissemination, French forces developed a technique for delivery of phosgene in a non-explosive artillery shell. This technique overcame many of the risks of dealing with gas in cylinders. First, gas shells were independent of the wind and increased the effective
1674:
Initially, only well-known commercially available chemicals and their variants were used. These included chlorine and phosgene gas. The methods used to disperse these agents during battle were relatively unrefined and inefficient. Even so, casualties could be heavy, due to the mainly static troop
5204:
and U.S. veterans of the war. The government of
Vietnam says that around 24% of the forests of Southern Vietnam were defoliated and up to four million people in Vietnam were exposed to Agent Orange. They state that as many as three million people have developed illness because of Agent
4812:
The CWC was ratified by the Senate that same month. In the following years, Albania, Libya, Russia, the United States, and India declared over 71,000 metric tons of chemical weapon stockpiles, and destroyed a third of them. Under the terms of the agreement, the United States and Russia agreed to
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ship believes there is a serious threat of chemical, biological, or radiological attack, the crew may be ordered to set Circle
William, which means closing all openings to outside air, running breathing air through filters, and possibly starting a system that continually washes down the exterior
3214:
Collective protection allows continued functioning of groups of people in buildings or shelters, the latter which may be fixed, mobile, or improvised. With ordinary buildings, this may be as basic as plastic sheeting and tape, although if the protection needs to be continued for any appreciable
2869:
The most important factor in the effectiveness of chemical weapons is the efficiency of its delivery, or dissemination, to a target. The most common techniques include munitions (such as bombs, projectiles, warheads) that allow dissemination at a distance and spray tanks which disseminate from
1798:
lose effectiveness after only a few minutes or hours or even only a few seconds. Purely gaseous agents such as chlorine are nonpersistent, as are highly volatile agents such as sarin. Tactically, nonpersistent agents are very useful against targets that are to be taken over and controlled very
1252:
used them only very sparingly. The reason for the lack of use by the Nazis, despite the considerable efforts that had gone into developing new varieties, might have been a lack of technical ability or fears that the Allies would retaliate with their own chemical weapons. Those fears were not
1826:
The droplet size used for persistent delivery goes up to 1 mm increasing the falling speed and therefore about 80% of the deployed agent reaches the ground, resulting in heavy contamination. Deployment of persistent agents is intended to constrain enemy operations by denying access to
4351:
and smoke. Despite this tendency, there have been several attempts to initiate large-scale implementation of poison gas in several wars, but with the notable exception of World War I, the responsible authorities generally rejected the proposals for ethical reasons or fears of retaliation.
5095:, by April 29, 2007), However, at a 2012 conference, the parties to the CWC parties agreed to extend the U.S. deadline to 2023. By 2012, stockpiles had been eliminated at seven of the U.S.'s nine chemical weapons depots and 89.75% of the 1997 stockpile was destroyed. The depots were the
1834:
A special form of persistent agents are thickened agents. These comprise a common agent mixed with thickeners to provide gelatinous, sticky agents. Primary targets for this kind of use include airfields, due to the increased persistency and difficulty of decontaminating affected areas.
1700:
on chemical weapons that falls into four major categories: new and more deadly agents; more efficient methods of delivering agents to the target (dissemination); more reliable means of defense against chemical weapons; and more sensitive and accurate means of detecting chemical agents.
1830:
Possible targets include enemy flank positions (averting possible counterattacks), artillery regiments, command posts or supply lines. Because it is not necessary to deliver large quantities of the agent in a short period of time, a wide variety of weapons systems can be used.
5139:" policy that warns potential adversaries that a chemical or biological attack against the U.S. or its allies will prompt a "overwhelming and devastating" response. The policy deliberately leaves open the question of whether the U.S. would respond to a chemical attempt with
3022:
Over the years, there were some refinements in this technique. In the 1950s and early 1960s, chemical artillery rockets and cluster bombs contained a multitude of submunitions, so that a large number of small clouds of the chemical agent would form directly on the target.
3082:
Aerodynamic dissemination is the non-explosive delivery of a chemical agent from an aircraft, allowing aerodynamic stress to disseminate the agent. This technique is the most recent major development in chemical agent dissemination, originating in the mid-1960s.
4342:
Before 1915 the use of poisonous chemicals in battle was typically the result of local initiative, and not the result of an active government chemical weapons program. There are many reports of the isolated use of chemical agents in individual battles or
3166:
If all the preventive measures fail and there is a clear and present danger, then there is a need for detection of chemical attacks, collective protection, and decontamination. Since industrial accidents can cause dangerous chemical releases (e.g., the
1859:. The agents are organized into several categories according to the manner in which they affect the human body. The names and number of categories varies slightly from source to source, but in general, types of chemical warfare agents are as follows:
2999:
Another disadvantage was that gas clouds had limited penetration, capable only of affecting the front-line trenches before dissipating. Although it produced limited results in World War I, this technique shows how simple chemical weapon dissemination
3102:
Significant research is still being applied toward this technique. For example, by modifying the properties of the liquid, its breakup when subjected to aerodynamic stress can be controlled and an idealized particle distribution achieved, even at
1160:. Both have been used as chemical weapons but phosgene is an important precursor in the manufacture of plastics, and chloropicrin is used as a fumigant. The OPCW must be notified of, and may inspect, any plant producing more than 30 tons per year.
2935:
in
October 1914 went unnoticed by them. Hans Tappen, a chemist in the Heavy Artillery Department of the War Ministry, suggested to his brother, the Chief of the Operations Branch at German General Headquarters, the use of the tear-gases
5005:
were taken from the U.S. Army weapons storage depots such as Miesau and then-classified FSTS (Forward
Storage / Transportation Sites) and transported from Bremerhaven, Germany to Johnston Atoll in the Pacific, a 46-day nonstop journey.
3019:. This was effectively a large-bore mortar, dug into the ground that used the gas cylinders themselves as projectiles – firing a 14 kg cylinder up to 1500 m. This combined the gas volume of cylinders with the range of artillery.
4842:. By 2006, India had destroyed more than 75 percent of its chemical weapons and material stockpile and was granted an extension to complete a 100 percent destruction of its stocks by April 2009. On May 14, 2009, India informed the
3218:
1723:). About 70 different chemicals have been used or stockpiled as chemical warfare agents during the 20th and 21st centuries. These agents may be in liquid, gas or solid form. Liquid agents that evaporate quickly are said to be
3058:
The efficacy of thermal detonation is greatly limited by the flammability of some agents. For flammable aerosols, the cloud is sometimes totally or partially ignited by the disseminating explosion in a phenomenon called
1814:
agents tend to remain in the environment for as long as several weeks, complicating decontamination. Defense against persistent agents requires shielding for extended periods of time. Nonvolatile liquid agents, such as
1096:– Have few, if any, legitimate uses. These may only be produced or used for research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective purposes (i.e. testing of chemical weapons sensors and protective clothing). Examples include
4804:
are not likely to ever constitute a military threat to the United States. The governments we should be concerned about are likely to cheat on the CWC, even if they do participate," reads the letter, published by the
4838:. By 2005, from among six nations that had declared their possession of chemical weapons, India was the only country to meet its deadline for chemical weapons destruction and for inspection of its facilities by the
2705:, in which precursors for chemical warfare agents are automatically mixed in shell to produce the agent just prior to its use, are indicated by a "-2" following the agent's designation (for example, GB-2 and VX-2).
3063:. Explosively disseminated VX will ignite roughly one third of the time. Despite a great deal of study, flashing is still not fully understood, and a solution to the problem would be a major technological advance.
5127:. The U.S. closed each site after the completion of stockpile destruction. In 2019, the U.S. began to eliminate its chemical-weapon stockpile at the last of the nine U.S. chemical weapons storage facilities: the
4755:
prohibited the use of asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases. It was signed by the United States, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy, but France objected to other provisions in the treaty and it never went into
1088:
Under the convention, chemicals that are toxic enough to be used as chemical weapons, or that may be used to manufacture such chemicals, are divided into three groups according to their purpose and treatment:
3202:
and, depending on the nature of the threat, through various levels of protective clothing up to a complete chemical-resistant suit with a self-contained air supply. The US military defines various levels of
1070:(CWC). Under this convention, any toxic chemical, regardless of its origin, is considered a chemical weapon unless it is used for purposes that are not prohibited (an important legal definition known as the
4733:
Concerning the Laws and
Customs of War is signed, specifically forbidding the "employment of poison or poisoned weapons", although the treaty was not adopted by any nation whatsoever and it never went into
5811:
2984:
Stockpiles of cylinders had to be stored at the front line, posing a great risk if hit by artillery shells. Gas delivery depended greatly on wind speed and direction. If the wind was fickle, as at the
5059:
that prohibited the development, production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons, and required the elimination of existing stockpiles. The treaty expressly prohibited state parties from making
3066:
Despite the limitations of central bursters, most nations use this method in the early stages of chemical weapon development, in part because standard munitions can be adapted to carry the agents.
3051:
Most thermal dissemination devices consist of a bomb or projectile shell that contains a chemical agent and a central "burster" charge; when the burster detonates, the agent is expelled laterally.
4308:
There are many instances of the use of chemical weapons in battles documented in Greek and Roman historical texts; the earliest example was the deliberate poisoning of Kirrha's water supply with
1010:
prohibits signatories from acquiring, stockpiling, developing, and using chemical weapons in all circumstances except for very limited purposes (research, medical, pharmaceutical or protective).
6982:"The U.S.'s Toxic Agent Orange Legacy: Washington Has Admitted to the Long-Lasting Effects of Dioxin Use in Vietnam, But Has Largely Sidestepped the Issue in Neighboring Cambodia and Laos"
4296:, in the harbor of Bari, Italy, after a German bombing on December 2, 1943, came when rescue workers, not knowing of the contamination, bundled cold, wet seamen in tight-fitting blankets.
6549:
1764:
causes incapacitation, e.g., through nausea or visual problems. The distinction between lethal and incapacitating substances is not fixed, but relies on a statistical average called the
6497:
6383:
4963:, Operation Chase was scrapped and safer disposal methods for chemical weapons were researched, with the U.S. destroying several thousand tons of sulfur mustard by incineration at the
11921:
4945:
3980:
12146:
5313:
4896:
on
January 13, 1993, and ratified it on November 5, 1995. Declaring an arsenal of 39,967 tons of chemical weapons in 1997, by far the largest arsenal, consisting of blister agents:
4159:
1210:. It was not until the 19th century that the modern conception of chemical warfare emerged, as various scientists and nations proposed the use of asphyxiating or poisonous gasses.
12141:
5584:
4154:
7241:
Adrienne Mayor, "Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World" Overlook-Duckworth, 2003, rev ed with new Introduction 2008
6233:
Adrienne Mayor, "Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World" Overlook-Duckworth, 2003, rev ed with new Introduction 2008
4763:
enters into force, prohibiting the use of "asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases, and of all analogous liquids, materials or devices" and "bacteriological methods of warfare".
1741:
The earliest target of chemical warfare agent research was not toxicity, but development of agents that can affect a target through the skin and clothing, rendering protective
5421:
3011:
The major drawback of artillery delivery was the difficulty of achieving a killing concentration. Each shell had a small gas payload and an area would have to be subjected to
4920:
installations are under construction in Pochep (Bryansk Oblast) and Kizner (Udmurt Republic). As August 2013, 76 percent (30,500 tons) were destroyed, and Russia leaves the
2928:
7959:
5694:
4826:
In June 1997, India declared that it had a stockpile of 1044 tons of sulphur mustard in its possession. India's declaration of its stockpile came after its entry into the
4813:
eliminate the rest of their supplies of chemical weapons by 2012, but ended up taking far longer to do so as shown in the previous and following section of this article.
8040:
5132:
munition of the U.S., and that the last chemical weapon from the stockpiles declared by all States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention was verified as destroyed.
5394:"Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (CWC): Annexes and Original Signatories"
1309:
is considered the "father of chemical warfare" for his years of pioneering work developing and weaponizing chlorine and other poisonous gases during World War I.
6122:
Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedure for NBC Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical (NBC) Protection (FM 3-11.4 / MCWP 3-37.2 / NTTP 3-11.27 / AFTTP(I) 3-2.46)
6895:
3119:
allow an ideal direction, speed, and altitude to be calculated, such that warfare agent of a predetermined particle size can predictably and reliably hit a target.
5836:" The Sarin Gas Attack in Japan and the Related Forensic Investigation. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, June 1, 2001. Web. February 24, 2017.
4960:
5803:
5516:
6185:
Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedure for NBC Defense of Theater Fixed Sites, Ports, and Airfields (FM 3-11.34/MCRP 3-37.5/NWP 3-11.23/AFTTP(I) 3-2.33)
892:
1213:
Multiple international treaties were passed banning chemical weapons based upon the alarm of nations and scientists. This however did not prevent the extensive
4730:
4936:
1667:
Although crude chemical warfare has been employed in many parts of the world for thousands of years, "modern" chemical warfare began during World War I – see
10331:
9670:
9627:
7797:
4741:, which includes a declaration banning the "use of projectiles the object of which is the diffusion of asphyxiating or deleterious gases," enters into force.
4331:
tribes poisoned the wells of their enemies, with Roman jurists having been recorded as declaring "armis bella non venenis geri", meaning "war is fought with
935:
435:
274:
4278:
will dissipate in an open area, but things contaminated with CS powder need to be aired out, washed by people wearing protective gear, or safely discarded.
9596:
7274:
5935:
5080:
4861:
4839:
4831:
4788:
opposed the signing ratification of a treaty banning the use of chemical weapons, a recently unearthed letter shows. In a letter dated April 8, 1997, then
6815:
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neutralizing agents such as Chlorine, Fichlor, strong alkaline solutions or enzymes. In other cases, a specific chemical decontaminant will be required.
6475:
5918:
3127:
574:
7099:
5302:
10724:
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5201:
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of someone building a chemical weapons capability. These include a wide range of intelligence disciplines, such as economic analysis of exports of
2901:
World War I saw the earliest implementation of this technique. The actual first chemical ammunition was the French 26 mm cartouche suffocante
1682:
Germany, the first side to employ chemical warfare on the battlefield, simply opened canisters of chlorine upwind of the opposing side and let the
6928:
6789:
6594:
2595:
There are other chemicals used militarily that are not scheduled by the CWC, and thus are not controlled under the CWC treaties. These include:
1317:
has seen limited, though devastating, use of chemical weapons. Some 100,000 Iranian troops were casualties of Iraqi chemical weapons during the
12159:
10622:
7019:
6523:
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836:
637:
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2656:) because their destructive effects are primarily due to fire or explosive force, and not direct chemical action. Their use is classified as
841:
5146:. Commentators have noted that this policy gives policymakers more flexibility, at the possible cost of decreased strategic unpreparedness.
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6772:
5571:
4292:
for nerve agents. Decontamination is especially important for people contaminated with persistent agents; many of the fatalities after the
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888:
796:
791:
5846:
Detels, Abdool Karim, Baum, Li, H. Leyland, Roger, Quarraisha, Fran, Liming, Alastair; S. Levy, Barry (2022). "Collective violence: war".
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5353:
3171:), these activities are things that civilian, as well as military, organizations must be prepared to carry out. In civilian situations in
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9675:
5030:
4880:. The weapon stock mostly containing sulfur mustard-lewisite mixture. The weapons are classified as abandoned chemical weapons under the
4242:
3930:
816:
801:
761:
751:
746:
5185:, its main purpose is to disrupt agricultural food production and/or to destroy plants which provide cover or concealment to the enemy.
5071:
for ratification on November 23, 1993. Ratification was blocked in the Senate for years, largely as a result of opposition from Senator
4986:
in the Pacific, seven years before the Chemical Weapons Treaty came into effect. In 1986 President Ronald Reagan made an agreement with
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6981:
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6595:"OPCW Director-General Commends Major Milestone as Russia Completes Destruction of Chemical Weapons Stockpile under OPCW Verification"
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4267:), will dissipate from open areas, although powerful exhaust fans may be needed to clear out buildings where they have accumulated.
3160:
2947:
Shells were tested successfully at the Wahn artillery range near Cologne on January 9, 1915, and an order was placed for 15 cm
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10719:
7292:
5108:
4384:
771:
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671:
5335:"The Current State of Customary International Law with regard to the Use of Chemical Weapons in Non-International Armed Conflicts"
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Despite numerous efforts to reduce or eliminate them, some nations continue to research and/or stockpile chemical warfare agents.
12093:
9454:
7166:
6409:
5742:
5262:
5116:
1783:, a measure of the length of time that a chemical agent remains effective after dissemination. Chemical agents are classified as
831:
776:
741:
696:
651:
646:
7305:
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5889:
5372:"Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction"
4884:, and from September 2010 Japan has started their destruction in Nanjing using mobile destruction facilities in order to do so.
1281:, resulting in the overwhelming majority of some three million deaths. This remains the deadliest use of poison gas in history.
7137:
2955:
on January 31, 1915; the liquid failed to vaporize in the cold weather, and again the experiment went unnoticed by the Allies.
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811:
781:
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691:
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666:
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are the civilian equivalent, but go farther to include a fully independent air supply, rather than the filters of a gas mask.
983:, the military acronym for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (warfare or weapons), all of which are considered "
12136:
9860:
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7117:
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5855:
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821:
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686:
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567:
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4974:
The U.S. began stockpile reductions in the 1980s with the removal of outdated munitions and destroying its entire stock of
4375:. The British Ordnance Department rejected the proposal as "as bad a mode of warfare as poisoning the wells of the enemy."
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program that aimed to dispose of chemical weapons by sinking ships laden with the weapons in the deep Atlantic. After the
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in Syria has used chemical weapons against civilian populations, resulting in numerous deadly chemical attacks during the
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produced by living organisms are considered chemical weapons, although the boundary is blurry. Toxins are covered by the
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1149:
1119:
1093:
12154:
12131:
11310:
10970:
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6614:, Case Studies Series, Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, National Defense University (October 2009).
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7250:. Leech Cup Books. A volume in the Army Military History Series published in association with the Army History Unit.
6449:
5447:
Samir S. Patel, "Early Chemical Warfare – Dura-Europos, Syria," Archaeology, Vol. 63, No. 1, January/February 2010,
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7209:
3222:
Members of the Ukrainian Army's 19th Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Battalion practice decontamination drill, at
2951:
shells, designated 'T-shells' after Tappen. A shortage of shells limited the first use against the Russians at the
2630:, rather than Agent Orange itself, have long-term cancer effects and for causing genetic damage leading to serious
1284:
560:
6611:
2870:
low-flying aircraft. Developments in the techniques of filling and storage of munitions have also been important.
11869:
11606:
10996:
10385:
9882:
9855:
9486:
9423:
7646:
5277:
4235:
3945:
3708:
3290:
1807:
target area is only low or not existent and after four hours sarin or similar agents are not detectable anymore.
1710:
1668:
1214:
721:
548:
4339:." Yet the Romans themselves resorted to poisoning wells of besieged cities in Anatolia in the 2nd century BCE.
3069:
2606:
that destroy vegetation, but are not immediately toxic or poisonous to human beings. Their use is classified as
9743:
8904:
8713:
8467:
7288:
6827:
6294:
6026:
5850:(7th ed.). Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 396.
5641:
4800:, that it would be a mistake for America to join the convention. "Those nations most likely to comply with the
2623:
995:
7126:
6716:
6427:
2052:
VX is persistent and a contact hazard; other agents are non-persistent and present mostly inhalation hazards.
1046:
rather than chemical warfare; however, the use of nonliving toxic products produced by living organisms (e.g.
12204:
12179:
11484:
10133:
10039:
9491:
8899:
8147:
7337:
7247:
Chemical Warfare in Australia: Australia's Involvement In Chemical Warfare 1914 – Today, (2nd Edition), 2013.
4773:
4180:
3630:
2679:
862:
7322:
11655:
11404:
11384:
11136:
10786:
10183:
10083:
8499:
8045:
7133:
5871:
5242:
5112:
5026:
5022:
4921:
3718:
3570:
3545:
3340:
3087:
influence particle size. There are other drawbacks as well; ideal deployment requires precise knowledge of
1326:
1245:
7143:
Gerard J Fitzgerald. American Journal of Public Health. Washington: Apr 2008. Vol. 98, Iss. 4; p. 611
1189:
11760:
11414:
10917:
10666:
9865:
9815:
8281:
8225:
8219:
8141:
8116:
8010:
7573:
6694:
6183:
5272:
5257:
5052:
4893:
4881:
4835:
4827:
4801:
3829:
3580:
2920:
2692:
2545:
1364:
1258:
1184:
1067:
1007:
872:
8889:
6918:
12188:
12088:
12011:
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11249:
11079:
10326:
10178:
10153:
9563:
9410:
9120:
8588:
8167:
7914:
7296:
6276:
5282:
5193:
5100:
4228:
3585:
3435:
3135:
Ideal protection begins with nonproliferation treaties such as the CWC, and detecting, very early, the
1735:
1123:
984:
590:
17:
7280:
6255:
1174:
Category 3 – devices and equipment designed to use chemical weapons, without the substances themselves
12243:
11891:
11849:
11811:
11376:
11170:
10796:
10729:
10572:
10304:
10299:
10173:
10003:
9845:
9632:
9378:
8786:
8583:
6527:
5091:
committed in the CWC to destroy its entire chemical arsenal within 10 years of the entry into force (
5044:
4975:
3960:
3925:
3885:
3538:
3505:
3355:
2792:
2421:
1334:
1071:
460:
6054:
3147:) such as diplomatic, refugee, and agent reports; photography from satellites, aircraft and drones (
502:
12248:
11886:
11409:
11350:
11261:
10902:
10791:
10686:
10612:
10439:
10068:
9768:
9470:
9095:
9080:
8688:
8598:
8432:
8245:
8070:
7330:
6116:
4927:
In September 2017, OPCW announced that Russia had destroyed its entire chemical weapons stockpile.
4873:
4745:
4738:
3955:
3575:
3510:
3447:
3191:
surfaces. Civilian authorities dealing with an attack or a toxic chemical accident will invoke the
2932:
1823:
nerve agent, do not easily evaporate into a gas, and therefore present primarily a contact hazard.
1697:
1367:. This has been done mainly by dropping a grenade with K-51 aerosol CS gas from an unmanned drone.
1142:, a precursor chemical used in the manufacture of mustard gas but also widely used as a solvent in
6997:
6612:
Case Study 1: President Nixon's Decision to Renounce the U.S. Offensive Biological Weapons Program
5334:
1122:– Have no large-scale industrial uses, but may have legitimate small-scale uses. Examples include
12098:
11864:
11394:
10945:
10897:
10466:
10321:
9617:
8643:
8638:
8213:
6413:
5120:
3985:
3940:
3560:
3192:
1322:
6769:
5936:"Military: 465 documented cases of Russia using chemical weapons in Ukraine since Feb. 24, 2022"
1693:
to contain phosgene – a much more effective method that became the principal means of delivery.
1278:
12057:
11447:
10912:
10746:
10693:
10587:
10410:
10255:
9613:
8668:
8422:
8250:
7601:
7591:
7438:
5124:
5014:
4964:
4855:
4123:
3610:
3204:
3012:
2959:
2702:
147:
137:
1261:. However, the Nazis did extensively use poison gas against civilians, mostly the genocide of
12027:
11859:
11735:
11643:
11333:
11226:
11026:
10316:
10128:
9590:
9551:
9040:
8567:
8368:
8276:
5297:
5292:
5128:
5010:
4987:
4620:
4093:
3935:
3801:
3713:
3410:
2112:
867:
393:
6790:"OPCW confirms: All declared chemical weapons stockpiles verified as irreversibly destroyed"
5614:
2966:
11834:
11489:
11185:
10681:
10478:
10380:
10245:
10207:
9957:
9761:
9655:
9367:
9195:
9115:
8776:
8703:
8658:
8623:
8603:
8152:
7651:
7521:
7515:
7453:
7362:
6816:"Not with Impunity: Assessing US Policy for Retaliating to a Chemical or Biological Attack"
4281:
3635:
3368:
2657:
2580:
2509:
2396:
1975:
1749:. Mustard agents easily penetrate leather and fabric to inflict painful burns on the skin.
1565:
1078:
976:
628:
447:
108:
103:
5017:(sarin artillery shells) from 1987 until 1990, but this was halted after the U.S. and the
2952:
8:
11901:
11839:
11806:
11745:
11677:
11542:
11537:
11515:
11089:
10822:
10602:
10473:
10395:
9993:
9939:
9887:
9850:
9840:
9546:
9400:
9060:
8828:
8756:
8751:
8683:
8608:
8291:
8240:
8111:
8101:
7871:
7682:
7509:
7483:
7473:
7443:
7210:
Role of Analytical Chemistry in Defense Strategies Against Chemical and Biological Attack
6624:
6332:
5247:
5210:
5143:
5136:
5056:
5034:
4994:
3970:
3915:
3880:
3806:
3733:
3683:
3678:
3663:
3320:
3116:
3015:
to produce a cloud to match cylinder delivery. A British solution to the problem was the
1944:
1193:
1019:
988:
465:
430:
425:
321:
198:
98:
6155:
Protecting Building Environments from Airborne Chemical, Biologic, or Radiologic Attacks
5033:
program helped eliminate some of the chemical, biological and nuclear stockpiles of the
12214:
12175:
12108:
12083:
12078:
11896:
11773:
11567:
11439:
11203:
11074:
11001:
10938:
10525:
10520:
10498:
10483:
10375:
10163:
10143:
10093:
10056:
10046:
9897:
9734:
9428:
9286:
9241:
9200:
9100:
8578:
8545:
8472:
8286:
8080:
7448:
7253:
6042:
5865:
5747:
5252:
5182:
5160:
4204:
3965:
3841:
3603:
3385:
3325:
3295:
3242:
3187:
3131:
Israel Defense Forces "Yanshuf" battalion soldiers at chemical warfare defense exercise
2913:
2910:
2874:
essential to optimize weapon delivery and reduce the risk of injuring friendly forces.
2671:
2641:
2607:
2361:
2312:
2206:
2151:
2120:
1765:
1349:
1342:
1338:
1296:
1116:(OPCW) and a country can have a stockpile of no more than one tonne of these chemicals.
1043:
972:
960:
6841:
5986:
5897:
5752:
5724:
3099:(less than 200–300 ft or 61–91 m above the ground), it puts pilots at risk.
1696:
Since the development of modern chemical warfare in World War I, nations have pursued
12103:
11963:
11783:
11692:
11660:
11577:
11530:
11457:
11429:
11198:
11193:
10991:
10758:
10659:
10454:
10262:
10227:
10188:
10138:
10029:
10013:
9756:
9719:
9697:
9682:
9665:
9583:
9246:
9105:
9025:
8673:
8633:
8593:
8447:
8266:
8261:
8207:
8202:
8182:
8136:
7396:
7302:
7224:
7113:
7107:
7084:
A Brief History of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Ancient Times to the 19th Century
7052:
6887:
6476:"Ceremony Marks Start of Destruction of Chemical Weapons Abandoned by Japan in China"
6311:
6072:
5851:
5783:
5495:
5470:
5230:
5206:
5060:
4968:
4348:
3853:
3776:
3769:
3723:
3590:
3380:
3375:
3285:
3215:
length of time, there will need to be an air supply, typically an enhanced gas mask.
3199:
3172:
2732:
2637:
2615:
2473:
Skin: Up to 36 hours after skin exposure to BZ. Duration is typically 72 to 96 hours.
2430:
2286:
2072:
1318:
1197:
527:
68:
5448:
5393:
3183:
over emergency broadcasts and the like. There may be a warning to expect an attack.
12047:
11948:
11906:
11874:
11722:
11682:
11589:
11557:
11525:
11510:
11494:
11469:
11254:
11208:
10907:
10842:
10671:
10649:
10493:
10461:
10449:
10425:
10051:
9998:
9988:
9947:
9877:
9872:
9601:
9383:
9210:
9090:
8653:
8628:
8618:
8296:
8162:
8106:
7861:
7843:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7734:
7723:
7583:
7423:
7402:
7391:
5780:
Bush War: The Road to Cuito Cuanavale: Soviet Soldiers' Accounts of the Angolan War
5585:
Sean Spicer takes his questionable claims to a new level in Hitler-Assad comparison
5436:
5222:
5002:
4993:
to remove the U.S. stockpile of chemical weapons from Germany. In 1990, as part of
4913:
4328:
4313:
4293:
4288:
There may need to be immediate intervention to prevent death, such as injection of
4113:
4010:
3950:
3789:
3738:
3698:
3673:
3658:
3640:
3615:
3555:
3440:
3390:
3104:
3016:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2738:
2441:
2181:
2077:
1979:
1955:
1950:
1820:
1683:
1357:
1353:
956:
613:
289:
284:
279:
269:
264:
259:
228:
130:
73:
7764:
7674:
6966:"The extent and patterns of usage of Agent Orange and other herbicides in Vietnam"
6256:"Status of Participation in the Chemical Weapons Convention as at 14 October 2013"
5962:
4748:
enters into force, prohibiting the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare.
3207:(mission-oriented protective posture) from mask to full chemical resistant suits;
1760:
categories. A substance is classified as incapacitating if less than 1/100 of the
1502:
11911:
11821:
11787:
11672:
11626:
11552:
11479:
11399:
11302:
11244:
11099:
10736:
10577:
10148:
10008:
9924:
9912:
9892:
9788:
9578:
9558:
9481:
9266:
9045:
8761:
8514:
8437:
8417:
8339:
7433:
7413:
7309:
7046:
6776:
5845:
5425:
5287:
4952:
4760:
4364:
3898:
3858:
3728:
3693:
3625:
3565:
3493:
3430:
3330:
3168:
2539:
2273:
2256:: Vapors: 4 to 6 hours, eyes and lungs affected more rapidly; Skin: 2 to 48 hours
1844:
1648:
1376:
1330:
1292:
1274:
1206:
Simple chemical weapons were used sporadically throughout antiquity and into the
1135:
1051:
1039:
1031:
1027:
999:
994:
The use of chemical weapons in international armed conflicts is prohibited under
968:
964:
618:
364:
47:
10878:
12224:
11958:
11844:
11801:
11795:
11791:
11636:
11621:
11572:
11562:
11474:
11328:
11084:
11055:
10714:
10654:
10639:
10592:
10488:
10434:
10294:
9952:
9929:
9902:
9820:
9810:
9712:
9707:
9573:
9524:
9185:
9125:
9050:
8989:
8723:
8663:
8412:
7853:
7624:
7549:
7463:
6361:
6120:
5549:, 2d ed. (eds. David H. Shinn & Thomas P. Ofcansky: Scarecrow Press, 2013).
5140:
5104:
5041:
4983:
4901:
4877:
4843:
4834:, and on January 14, 1993, India became one of the original signatories to the
4360:
4274:
as a neutralizer for hydrogen cyanide or chlorine. Riot control agents such as
4216:
4020:
3920:
3875:
3868:
3863:
3620:
3315:
3112:
3108:
3096:
3092:
2985:
2937:
2924:
2754:
2561:
2291:
2232:
2193:
2175:
1746:
1730:
1676:
1622:
1439:
1321:. Iraq used mustard gas and nerve agents against its own civilians in the 1988
1229:
1222:
1207:
1081:
as chemical warfare agents during the 20th century. The entire class, known as
1023:
806:
623:
407:
300:
156:
6210:
6090:
1232:
saw the occasional use of chemical weapons, mainly to put down rebellions. In
1127:
12237:
12209:
11978:
11879:
11665:
11594:
11366:
11114:
10978:
10857:
10741:
10698:
10644:
10632:
10617:
10607:
10530:
10444:
10420:
10415:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10195:
9783:
9724:
9687:
9639:
9389:
9336:
9331:
9261:
9205:
9070:
9055:
9009:
8834:
8797:
8766:
8613:
8462:
8345:
8271:
8197:
7568:
7493:
7418:
7352:
6891:
6754:
6153:
5354:"A Legal "Red Line"? Syria and the Use of Chemical Weapons in Civil Conflict"
4942:
4692:
4199:
4035:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3273:
2989:
2941:
2902:
2631:
2557:
2478:
Extremely persistent in soil and water and on most surfaces; contact hazard.
2437:
2433:
2417:
2094:
1982:
1816:
1266:
1262:
512:
91:
9439:
6645:
The Oceans and Environmental Security: Shared U.S. and Russian Perspectives.
5517:"Chemical Warfare: From the European Battlefield to the American Laboratory"
4948:, but the U.S. continued to maintain an offensive chemical weapons program.
4270:
In some cases, it might be necessary to neutralize them chemically, as with
1639:
11999:
11973:
11953:
11777:
11740:
11704:
11340:
11287:
11163:
11119:
11104:
11033:
10883:
10817:
10549:
10535:
10390:
10200:
10168:
10158:
10061:
9907:
9805:
9751:
9660:
9519:
9341:
9291:
9075:
9065:
9020:
9014:
8984:
8979:
8737:
8648:
8550:
8494:
8457:
8406:
8385:
8334:
8301:
8230:
8192:
8131:
8096:
7994:
7616:
7596:
7468:
7367:
6965:
5804:"Japan executes sarin gas attack cult leader Shoko Asahara and six members"
5174:
5064:
5018:
4324:
4068:
4030:
4015:
3846:
3811:
3756:
3475:
3335:
3223:
3159:); and detection of chemical manufacturing and chemical agents themselves (
3088:
2820:
2611:
2446:
2374:
2345:
1742:
1644:
1431:
1314:
1241:
1233:
1157:
1139:
1097:
980:
517:
492:
420:
377:
142:
6148:
1236:, much research went into developing new chemical weapons, such as potent
11936:
11931:
11616:
11611:
11582:
11547:
11520:
11050:
10862:
10405:
10400:
10237:
10222:
10098:
10073:
9702:
9622:
9529:
9514:
9351:
9326:
9281:
9144:
9110:
8974:
8969:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8894:
8813:
8802:
8792:
8504:
8235:
8126:
8121:
8055:
7754:
7739:
7711:
7693:
7665:
7557:
7378:
6453:
5267:
5197:
5072:
5068:
4990:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4572:
4372:
4260:
4259:
agents, including most pulmonary agents (chlorine, phosgene, and so on),
3990:
3688:
3668:
3305:
3208:
3044:
2891:
2619:
2116:
2058:
1961:
1918:
1856:
1852:
1761:
1356:. The Syrian government has used sarin, chlorine, and mustard gas in the
1306:
1249:
1237:
1109:
208:
179:
119:
61:
10544:
4946:
unilaterally renounced the offensive use of biological and toxic weapons
1221:, among others, was used by both sides to try to break the stalemate of
12113:
11730:
11045:
11038:
11021:
11006:
10812:
10627:
10597:
10582:
10370:
10358:
10118:
9980:
9606:
9301:
9296:
9276:
9271:
9256:
9251:
9164:
9159:
9135:
8959:
8944:
8939:
8884:
8879:
8561:
8442:
8401:
8395:
8379:
8362:
8356:
8323:
8315:
8256:
8050:
7822:
7728:
7717:
7539:
7533:
6577:"New U.S.-Russian Security Deal Greatly Scales Back Scope, Experts Say"
6498:"Canada Contributes to Russia's Chemical Weapons Destruction Programme"
5308:
4040:
3796:
3300:
2649:
2576:
1990:
1926:
1254:
487:
388:
223:
218:
6597:(Press release). Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.
2424:
effects that are the opposite of those seen in nerve agent poisoning.
1202:, showing blind casualties on a battlefield after a mustard gas attack
1112:. Any production over 100 grams (3.5 oz) must be reported to the
12042:
11994:
11968:
11916:
11750:
11712:
11462:
11452:
11124:
10986:
10961:
10554:
10343:
10272:
10217:
10212:
10078:
9919:
9825:
9568:
9396:
9346:
9321:
9311:
9236:
8964:
8954:
8949:
8869:
8849:
8823:
8808:
8746:
8693:
8452:
8390:
8373:
8351:
8328:
8065:
7906:
7699:
7563:
7502:
7428:
7221:
The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture
6095:
5834:
The Sarin Gas Attack in Japan and the Related Forensic Investigation.
5466:
5189:
5084:
4967:, and nearly 4,200 tons of nerve agent by chemical neutralisation at
4937:
United States and weapons of mass destruction § Chemical weapons
4368:
4319:
One of the earliest reactions to the use of chemical agents was from
4309:
4255:
Decontamination varies with the particular chemical agent used. Some
4108:
4063:
4025:
3975:
3910:
3816:
3280:
3250:
2906:
2603:
2599:
2584:
2484:
2457:
2090:
1994:
1687:
1059:
478:
6005:
The Kaiser's Chemists: Science and Modernization in Imperial Germany
4924:(CTR) Program, which partially funded chemical weapons destruction.
4846:
that it has completely destroyed its stockpile of chemical weapons.
2882:
11687:
11631:
11292:
11141:
11109:
10847:
10832:
10363:
10348:
10250:
10088:
9536:
9405:
9306:
9215:
9180:
9085:
8999:
8909:
8859:
8742:
8731:
8708:
8698:
8678:
8573:
8540:
8534:
8524:
7924:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7527:
7386:
6550:"Russia destroys over 76 percent of its chemical weapons stockpile"
5492:
War Made New: Weapons, Warriors, and the Making of the Modern World
4897:
4588:
4289:
3480:
3140:
2948:
2916:, and was used in autumn 1914 – with little effect on the Germans.
2887:
2826:
2782:
2748:
2701:
weapon designation" in addition to, or in place of, a common name.
2667:
2653:
2413:
2404:
2369:
2316:
2296:
2281:
2218:
2187:
2167:
2134:
1966:
1848:
1690:
1656:
1460:
1435:
1427:
1333:. Terrorist groups have also used chemical weapons, notably in the
1270:
1218:
1153:
1105:
1035:
415:
382:
372:
346:
341:
336:
166:
161:
113:
7312:, from the Disaster Information Management Research Center of the
6687:
Case Study 4, U.S. Ratification of the Chemical Weapons Convention
5743:"Iraq Chemical Arms Condemned, but West Once Looked the Other Way"
5463:
Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition
11648:
11151:
11129:
11016:
11011:
10827:
10676:
10513:
10503:
10311:
10123:
9835:
9830:
9154:
9149:
8864:
8854:
8844:
8839:
8529:
8157:
8075:
8060:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7939:
7934:
7929:
7919:
7827:
7817:
7777:
7772:
7749:
7744:
7478:
5314:
United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
5170:
4708:
4555:
4409:
4271:
3260:
3179:
organizations, which most commonly are part of fire departments.
3152:
2535:
2330:
2222:
2104:
2032:
2027:
1986:
473:
253:
248:
5305:, a town attacked with chemical weapons during the Iran–Iraq War
3031:
1152:– Have legitimate large-scale industrial uses. Examples include
598:
12052:
12032:
11926:
11601:
11094:
10837:
10763:
9372:
9035:
9030:
8818:
7964:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7606:
7408:
6757:, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (January 6, 2014).
5351:
5048:
4676:
4604:
4505:
4336:
4332:
4275:
4118:
4098:
4005:
3995:
3703:
3227:
3176:
3156:
3144:
2971:
2645:
2553:
2549:
2527:
2451:
2236:
2108:
2067:
2002:
1291:
with gas masks and rubber gloves during a chemical attack near
532:
522:
78:
7182:
Dirty War: Rhodesia and Chemical Biological Warfare, 1975–1980
7020:"4 Decades on, U.S. Starts Cleanup of Agent Orange in Vietnam"
5777:
4876:(1937–1945) Japan stored chemical weapons on the territory of
4390:
Countries with known or possible chemical weapons, as of 2021
4294:
explosion of a WWII US ammunition ship carrying sulfur mustard
1302:
12062:
12004:
11345:
11277:
11175:
11067:
10508:
10267:
9316:
9231:
9190:
8477:
7881:
7876:
7866:
7705:
7688:
7641:
5664:
American Arsenal: A Century of Weapon Technology and Strategy
5226:
4998:
4909:
4905:
4658:
4640:
4537:
4521:
4457:
4441:
4425:
4344:
4264:
4128:
4073:
3465:
3148:
3095:, and because the agent must usually be dispersed within the
3073:
Soviet chemical weapons canisters from a stockpile in Albania
2836:
2675:
2663:
2531:
2501:
2496:
2228:
2006:
1938:
1932:
1779:
Chemical warfare agents can be classified according to their
1131:
1101:
1055:
1047:
331:
326:
316:
311:
213:
203:
10930:
7960:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
7196:
The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War
5925:, Rick Gladstone, August 24, 2016 retrieved August 25, 2016.
4997:, two ships were loaded with over 100,000 shells containing
4978:(BZ or Agent 15) at the beginning of 1988. In June 1990 the
2381:
Causes severe stinging of the eyes and temporary blindness.
12037:
11158:
11146:
11062:
10852:
8487:
8482:
8041:
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
6954:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. p. 125.
5919:
Syria Used Chlorine in Bombs Against Civilians, Report Says
5782:. Auckland Park: Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd. pp. 128–130.
4489:
4473:
4103:
3350:
3345:
3310:
3036:
2958:
The first effective use were when the German forces at the
2698:
2697:
Most chemical weapons are assigned a one- to three-letter "
2583:
causes more pronounced signs and symptoms than exposure by
2308:
2202:
1113:
6919:"U.S. in first effort to clean up Agent Orange in Vietnam"
6736:
US Chemical Weapons Stockpile Elimination: Progress Update
6209:
Ciottone, Gregory R; Arnold, Jeffrey L (January 4, 2007),
5604:
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, October 1988, pp. 16–17
4951:
From May 1964 to the early 1970s the U.S. participated in
4347:, but there was no true tradition of their use outside of
1843:
Chemical weapons are agents that come in four categories:
1240:. However, chemical weapons saw little battlefield use in
8874:
8427:
7151:. Военное Издательство Министерства Оборонны СССР.Москва.
6923:
6770:
Army Agency Completes Mission to Destroy Chemical Weapons
3195:, or local equivalent, to coordinate defensive measures.
2517:
1143:
7189:
International Handbook on Chemical Weapons Proliferation
6181:
6115:
5419:
Disarmament lessons from the Chemical Weapons Convention
4961:
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
4378:
2923:
contrarily tried to increase the effect of 10.5 cm
1244:. Both sides were prepared to use such weapons, but the
1066:
considered chemical warfare under the provisions of the
7270:
6693:, Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction,
4359:(later 1st Baron Playfair, GCB, PC, FRS (1818–1898), a
7236:
Shadows and Substance: The Chemical Weapons Convention
7171:
The Chemical Warfare Service: From Laboratory to Field
7169:, 1959; L. P. Brophy, W. D. Miles and C. C. Cochrane,
6861:"Agent Orange's Long Legacy, for Vietnam and Veterans"
6625:"Rocky Mountain Arsenal | Region 8 | US EPA"
6191:, Berlin Information-center for Transatlantic Security
6144:
6142:
5766:
On this day: 1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack
3122:
2436:
with erratic behaviors, shared realistic and distinct
1738:
so they can be dispersed over a large region quickly.
1686:
do the dissemination. Soon after, the French modified
9671:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
6384:"India to destroy chemical weapons stockpile by 2009"
6331:, United States Senate, April 8, 1997, archived from
6325:
In Surprise Testimony Cheney Renews Opposition to CWC
5400:. Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance
3055:
droplets of variable and difficult to control sizes.
2319:; survivors often suffer chronic breathing problems.
9597:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
7275:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
6996:. The Cambodia Daily. March 20, 2004. Archived from
6524:"Research Library: Country Profiles: China Chemical"
6299:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
6281:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
6260:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
5352:
Jillian Blake & Aqsa Mahmud (October 15, 2013).
5081:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
4862:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
4840:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
4832:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
1164:
Chemical weapons are divided into three categories:
1114:
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
1077:
About 70 different chemicals have been used or were
7281:
Rule 74. The use of chemical weapons is prohibited.
6871:
6750:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6659:
Deal reached curbing chemical weapons, June 1, 1990
6139:
5374:. United Nations Treaty Collection. January 3, 2018
5013:, Congress provided funding for the manufacture of
4982:began destruction of chemical agents stored on the
2648:, extensively used by the United States during the
7038:
6976:
6974:
6312:https://www.peoacwa.army.mil/destruction-progress/
5539:
5332:
3043:Thermal dissemination is the use of explosives or
2311:or acid-forming, but action is more pronounced in
6731:
6729:
5848:Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health, Volume 3
5675:James J. Wirtz, "Weapons of Mass Destruction" in
5602:Poison Gas, the Story Japan Would Like to Forget,
5449:http://www.archaeology.org/1001/topten/syria.html
5437:The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) at a Glance
2670:, or other organisms. Their use is classified as
1085:, has been scheduled for elimination by the CWC.
12235:
10725:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
7287:, an "updated version of the Study on customary
7223:, Encounter Books, New York 2008, revised 2010,
7164:The Chemical Warfare Service: Organizing for War
6741:
6738:, Arms Control Association (September 23, 2021).
5562:, University Press of Kansas, 1992, pp. 106–107.
4767:
2710:
2214:Severe skin, eye and mucosal pain and irritation
1864:
1675:positions which were characteristic features of
1380:
6971:
6813:
6410:"India destroys its chemical weapons stockpile"
6182:US Department of Defense (September 29, 2000),
5778:Tokarev, Andrei; Shubin, Gennady, eds. (2011).
5460:
4816:
2614:, for instance, used by the British during the
1803:inhaled or absorbed through pores in the skin.
1171:Category 2 – based on non-Schedule 1 substances
10623:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
7044:
6726:
6723:, Arms Control Association (July/August 2019).
6358:"India declares its stock of chemical weapons"
6208:
6128:, Federation of American Scientists, FM 3-11.4
2589:Slight; agents degrade quickly in environment
1018:Chemical warfare is different from the use of
10946:
9628:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
9469:
9455:
7338:
7258:Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda
6606:
6604:
6271:
6269:
6250:
6248:
6088:
5695:"In Iran, grim reminders of Saddam's arsenal"
5666:(Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 152–154.
5009:In the 1980s, Congress, at the urging of the
4980:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
4236:
3143:chemicals and equipment, human intelligence (
929:
568:
7314:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
7146:
7105:
6910:
6755:History of U.S. Chemical Weapons Elimination
6428:"Iraq Joins the Chemical Weapons Convention"
6202:
6177:
6175:
6173:
6171:
4285:protecting themselves so they can function.
3077:
2970:Aerial photograph of a German gas attack on
2209:, resulting burns and respiratory problems.
1745:useless. In July 1917, the Germans employed
1083:Lethal Unitary Chemical Agents and Munitions
9676:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
7316:including links to relevant sources in the
6765:
6763:
6450:"Abandoned Chemical Weapons (ACW) in China"
6295:"Myanmar Joins Chemical Weapons Convention"
5874:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5722:
5565:
4323:. Struggling to defend themselves from the
1168:Category 1 – based on Schedule 1 substances
10953:
10939:
9779:Climate change and civilizational collapse
9462:
9448:
7345:
7331:
7187:Gordon M. Burck and Charles C. Flowerree;
7173:(1959); and B. E. Kleber and D. Birdsell,
7127:History of Biological and Chemical Warfare
6711:
6709:
6707:
6705:
6703:
6601:
6266:
6245:
6236:
6150:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5759:
5339:The Military Law and the Law of War Review
4904:, Lewisite-mustard mix, and nerve agents:
4243:
4229:
3259:
1704:
936:
922:
597:
575:
561:
6949:
6826:(1). Air University Press. Archived from
6809:
6807:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6168:
6082:
5621:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
5097:Aberdeen Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
5087:that oversees implementation of the CWC.
4751:February 6, 1922: After World War I, the
4303:
2390:Non-persistent and an inhalation hazard.
2355:Non-persistent and an inhalation hazard.
2205:-forming compounds that damages skin and
2161:Non-persistent and an inhalation hazard.
1752:Chemical warfare agents are divided into
1715:The chemical used in warfare is called a
10782:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
10720:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
7293:International Committee of the Red Cross
6952:War and Shadows: The Haunting of Vietnam
6877:
6858:
6760:
6653:
6651:
6610:Jonathan B. Tucker & Erin R. Mahan,
6109:
5740:
5683:(Oxford University Press, 2016), p. 302.
5577:
5489:
5164:
5109:Newport Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
4385:List of chemical arms control agreements
3217:
3126:
3068:
3030:
3026:
2965:
2881:
2516:Latent period of 4-8 hours, followed by
2491:Non-living biological proteins, such as:
2225:that heal slowly and may become infected
1638:
1363:Russia has used chemical weapons during
1301:
1283:
1279:gas chambers of Nazi extermination camps
1188:
967:. This type of warfare is distinct from
12094:Pollutant release and transfer register
7167:Office of the Chief of Military History
7162:Leo P. Brophy and George J. B. Fisher;
6880:"Agent Orange Still Haunts Vietnam, US"
6700:
6574:
6002:
5692:
5263:Chemical weapons and the United Kingdom
5031:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction
4263:, and nonpersistent nerve gases (e.g.,
27:Using poison gas or other toxins in war
14:
12236:
8226:Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro)
8220:Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro)
7214:Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry,
7175:The Chemical Warfare Service in Combat
7092:Prospects for Peace in the Middle East
7048:Common Poisonous Plants of East Africa
6804:
6668:
6091:"CBRNE – Chemical Detection Equipment"
6069:Another Bloody Century: Future Warfare
5771:
5741:Sciolino, Elaine (February 13, 2003),
5656:
5051:in 1980 led to the development of the
3151:); examination of captured equipment (
1215:use of chemical weapons in World War I
10934:
9443:
8468:Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS)
7326:
6648:
6575:Guarino, Douglas P. (June 18, 2013).
6019:"9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases"
5984:
5669:
5514:
5508:
5154:
5113:Pine Bluff Chemical Disposal Facility
4379:Efforts to eradicate chemical weapons
4371:shell against enemy ships during the
1289:Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces
987:" (WMDs), a term that contrasts with
12184:
11425:Electromagnetic radiation and health
9799:Tipping points in the climate system
7203:Poison Gas: The Myths Versus Reality
7100:Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction
6916:
6386:. DominicanToday.com. Archived from
6007:, University of North Carolina Press
5960:
5725:"It's like a knife stabbing into me"
5693:Fassihi, Farnaz (October 27, 2002),
5639:
3198:Individual protection starts with a
1383:Chemical warfare technology timeline
12200:
12192:
11283:Radium and radon in the environment
9794:Extinction risk from climate change
9693:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
8557:Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine
7295:(ICRC) and originally published by
7283:– section on chemical weapons from
7045:Verdcourt, B.; Trump, E.C. (1969).
6898:from the original on March 30, 2017
5642:"The Holocaust: Non-Jewish Victims"
5149:
5121:Umatilla Chemical Disposal Facility
5101:Anniston Chemical Disposal Facility
4957:United States Department of Defense
3471:Radium and radon in the environment
3123:Protection against chemical warfare
2988:, the gas could blow back, causing
2107:directly prevents cells from using
1026:because the destructive effects of
24:
10754:List of fictional doomsday devices
8173:Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride
7156:
7098:Cordette, Jessica, MPH(c) (2003).
6931:from the original on March 3, 2013
5814:from the original on June 22, 2019
5202:impacts upon the Vietnamese people
5077:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
4798:Senate Foreign Relations Committee
3233:
3186:If, for example, the captain of a
2101:Cyanogen chloride/hydrogen cyanide
1978:, preventing the breakdown of the
1486:Projectiles with central bursters
1257:and Chinese communist troops, the
1004:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
25:
12260:
9774:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
8188:Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride
8178:Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide
7318:U.S. National Library of Medicine
7303:Chemical Warfare information page
7264:
6917:King, Jessica (August 10, 2012).
6552:. August 23, 2013. Archived from
6211:"CBRNE – Chemical Warfare Agents"
5547:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
5216:
5117:Tooele Chemical Disposal Facility
4807:Federation of American Scientists
4753:Washington Arms Conference Treaty
2931:. Its use against the British at
2618:and the United States during the
2267:Persistent and a contact hazard.
1867:Classes of chemical weapon agents
1647:soldier wearing a chemical agent
32:Chemical warfare (disambiguation)
12218:
12208:
12199:
12191:
12183:
12171:
12170:
10890:
10889:
10877:
10035:Decline in amphibian populations
8016:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
7459:2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin
7125:Smart, Jeffery K., M.A. (1997).
6859:Haberman, Clyde (May 11, 2014).
6717:U.S. Begins Final CW Destruction
6025:. OpenStax. 2016. Archived from
5964:Ancient Persians 'gassed Romans'
5961:Syed, Tanya (January 19, 2009),
5723:Paul Hughes (January 21, 2003),
5515:Gross, Daniel A. (Spring 2015).
5181:Although herbicidal warfare use
5023:bilateral agreement in June 1990
4941:On November 25, 1969, President
4930:
4210:
4198:
2523:Progress within 18-24 hours to:
2470:Inhaled: 30 minutes to 20 hours;
1196:'s iconic World War I painting:
905:
904:
10997:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
10386:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
9883:Land surface effects on climate
9856:Human impact on the environment
9487:Future of an expanding universe
9424:List of chemical warfare agents
7647:Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride
7109:Chemical and Biological Warfare
7089:Chomsky, Noam (March 4, 2001).
7012:
6986:
6958:
6943:
6878:Stocking, Ben (June 14, 2007).
6852:
6834:
6814:Harry W. Conley (Spring 2003).
6782:
6639:
6617:
6587:
6568:
6542:
6516:
6490:
6468:
6442:
6420:
6402:
6376:
6350:
6316:
6305:
6287:
6227:
6061:
6011:
6003:Johnson, Jeffrey Allan (1990),
5996:
5978:
5954:
5928:
5912:
5882:
5839:
5826:
5796:
5734:
5716:
5686:
5633:
5607:
5594:
5552:
5278:List of chemical warfare agents
3291:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
2708:Some examples are given below:
2686:
2315:, flooding it and resulting in
2024:Muscle twitching/fasciculations
1711:List of chemical warfare agents
1669:Chemical weapons in World War I
549:List of chemical warfare agents
7289:international humanitarian law
7136:, 2d Session. (May 25, 1994).
7129:. Retrieved November 24, 2004.
7102:. Retrieved November 29, 2004.
7086:. Retrieved November 24, 2004.
6089:Griffin Davis (May 24, 2006),
5985:Irwin, Will (April 22, 1915),
5483:
5454:
5441:
5430:
5412:
5386:
5364:
5345:
5326:
4160:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
3155:); communications intercepts (
1774:
1447:Gas masks, urine-soaked gauze
1034:. The offensive use of living
996:international humanitarian law
13:
1:
11485:Electrical resistance heating
10960:
10332:Interpretations of Revelation
10134:Cosmological phase transition
10040:Decline in insect populations
9492:Ultimate fate of the universe
7234:Benoit Morel and Kyle Olson;
7198:Oxford University Press: 1986
7140:. Retrieved November 6, 2004.
7076:
6820:Air & Space Power Journal
5681:Contemporary Security Studies
5679:(4th ed.), ed. Alan Collins,
5677:Contemporary Security Studies
5200:has left tangible, long-term
4774:Chemical weapon proliferation
4768:Chemical weapon proliferation
3631:Electrical resistance heating
2975:
2877:
2680:Biological Weapons Convention
2626:as manufacturing impurities.
1533:Protective ointment (mustard)
1370:
1030:are not primarily due to any
1013:
11137:Persistent organic pollutant
10787:Future of Humanity Institute
10184:Potentially hazardous object
10084:Interplanetary contamination
8500:Trimethylolpropane phosphite
8046:Neopentylene fluorophosphate
7184:, Helion & Company, 2017
7177:(1966). official US history;
6980:The Atlantic, 20 Jul. 2019,
6842:"The legacy of Agent Orange"
6583:. Nuclear Threat Initiative.
5768:, BBC News (March 16, 1988).
5494:. Gotham. pp. 245–250.
5243:1990 Chemical Weapons Accord
5083:, the organization based in
5027:collapse of the Soviet Union
4922:Cooperative Threat Reduction
4860:The Director-General of the
4817:Chemical weapons destruction
3341:Persistent organic pollutant
3265:Air pollution from a factory
3107:. Additionally, advances in
1360:– mostly against civilians.
1327:Cuban intervention in Angola
7:
12147:Least polluted cities by PM
10667:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
9816:Global terrestrial stilling
8282:3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol
8142:N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol
8011:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
6775:September 15, 2012, at the
6695:National Defense University
5333:Anne Lorenzat (2017–2018).
5273:List of CBRN warfare forces
5258:Chemical weapon designation
5236:
5173:, most of them impacted by
5135:The U.S. has maintained a "
5053:Chemical Weapons Convention
4894:Chemical Weapons Convention
4882:Chemical Weapons Convention
4836:Chemical Weapons Convention
4828:Chemical Weapons Convention
4802:Chemical Weapons Convention
2929:dianisidine chlorosulfonate
2864:
2693:chemical weapon designation
2546:Gastrointestinal hemorrhage
2044:Vapors: seconds to minutes;
2021:Copious secretions/sweating
1734:. Many chemical agents are
1609:(protection, fit, comfort)
1185:History of chemical warfare
1068:Chemical Weapons Convention
1008:Chemical Weapons Convention
985:weapons of mass destruction
591:Weapons of mass destruction
10:
12265:
12089:Pollution haven hypothesis
12012:Brain health and pollution
11250:Ecological light pollution
11080:Internal combustion engine
10179:Asteroid impact prediction
10154:Heat death of the universe
9564:Mutual assured destruction
9121:Hexamethylene diisocyanate
8589:Phenylcarbylamine chloride
7915:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
7308:November 13, 2012, at the
7297:Cambridge University Press
7026:. New York. August 9, 2012
6950:Gustafson, Mai L. (1978).
6500:. Opcw.org. Archived from
5451:(accessed October 3, 2014)
5283:List of highly toxic gases
5158:
4934:
4853:
4771:
4382:
4363:chemist, proposed using a
2909:. It contained 35g of the
2690:
2307:in that the compounds are
2018:Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
1838:
1736:volatile organic compounds
1708:
1374:
1182:
1178:
1124:dimethyl methylphosphonate
466:Dimethylheptylpyran (DMHP)
29:
12168:
12122:
12071:
12020:
11987:
11892:Nonpoint source pollution
11820:
11812:War and environmental law
11759:
11721:
11703:
11503:
11438:
11375:
11301:
11270:
11235:
11219:
11184:
11171:Volatile organic compound
10977:
10968:
10871:
10805:
10797:Nuclear Threat Initiative
10774:
10730:List of apocalyptic films
10707:
10573:2011 end times prediction
10565:
10305:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
10300:Abomination of desolation
10236:
10174:Asteroid impact avoidance
10111:
10022:
10004:List of extinction events
9979:
9972:
9938:
9846:Environmental degradation
9742:
9733:
9648:
9633:Technological singularity
9502:
9477:
9471:Global catastrophic risks
9419:
9379:Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate
9360:
9224:
9173:
9134:
8998:
8775:
8722:
8584:Perchloromethyl mercaptan
8513:
8314:
8089:
8003:
7995:4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10)
7905:
7852:
7836:
7763:
7673:
7664:
7634:
7615:
7582:
7548:
7501:
7492:
7377:
6779:, USCMA, January 21, 2012
6452:. Nti.org. Archived from
5890:"CDC | Facts About Sarin"
5640:Schwartz, Terese Pencak.
5303:Sardasht, West Azerbaijan
5233:was used to kill cattle.
5045:Conference on Disarmament
4976:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
4887:
3886:War and environmental law
3506:Health effects from noise
3356:Volatile organic compound
3078:Aerodynamic dissemination
2422:peripheral nervous system
2145:Patients may gasp for air
1573:Gas mask w/ water supply
1348:In the 21st century, the
1335:Tokyo subway sarin attack
1072:General Purpose Criterion
979:, which together make up
109:Phenyldichloroarsine (PD)
104:Methyldichloroarsine (MD)
11351:Marine mammals and sonar
11262:Radio spectrum pollution
10792:Future of Life Institute
10694:Resurrection of the dead
10687:Post-tribulation rapture
10069:Colony collapse disorder
9096:Chloroacetophenone oxime
9081:Bromomethyl ethyl ketone
8689:Trifluoroacetyl chloride
8599:Tetrachlorodinitroethane
8246:Phosphorus pentachloride
8071:Methanesulfonyl fluoride
7051:. Collins. p. 254.
6581:Global Security Newswire
6117:US Department of Defense
5870:: CS1 maint: location (
5644:. Jewish Virtual Library
5461:D. Hank Ellison (2007).
5398:U.S. Department of State
5319:
4874:Second Sino-Japanese War
4867:
4821:
4316:, Greece, about 590 BC.
3511:Marine mammals and sonar
2927:by adding an irritant –
2652:and the Vietnam War, or
2520:-like signs and symptoms
2384:Powerful eye irritation
2130:Possible cherry-red skin
1698:research and development
1259:People's Liberation Army
99:Ethyldichloroarsine (ED)
12197:WikiProject Environment
12155:Most polluted countries
12099:Polluter pays principle
11830:Agricultural wastewater
9618:Artificial intelligence
9375:(variants and mixtures)
8644:Trichloronitrosomethane
8639:Trifluoronitrosomethane
8214:Methyldichlorophosphine
6994:"Agent Orange's Legacy"
6414:Indo-Asian News Service
5987:"The Use of Poison Gas"
5729:The Star (South Africa)
5574:, Pakistan pp. 132–135.
5560:The Roots of Blitzkrieg
5225:in 1952, the poisonous
5015:binary chemical weapons
4892:Russia signed into the
4849:
4746:Second Hague Convention
4737:September 4, 1900: The
3986:Freshwater salinization
3906:Agricultural wastewater
3193:Incident Command System
3048:chemical agents today.
2793:Quinuclidinyl benzilate
2327:Eye and skin irritation
2246:to marked airway damage
2148:Seizures prior to death
2089:: Causes intravascular
1705:Chemical warfare agents
1537:Gas mask w/ whetlerite
1513:Blister agent detectors
1365:its invasion of Ukraine
1323:Halabja chemical attack
436:Diphenylamincyanoarsine
12215:Environment portal
11448:Agricultural pollution
10747:List of disaster films
10588:Apocalyptic literature
9688:Malthusian catastrophe
9614:Synthetic intelligence
9174:Cornea-clouding agents
8669:Phosphorus trichloride
8251:Phosphorus trichloride
7985:Miotine (AR-28/T-1843)
7439:Phosphorus trifluoride
7285:Customary IHL Database
7132:United States Senate,
6964:Nature, 17 Apr. 2003,
6152:(September 12, 2002),
5699:New Jersey Star Ledger
5619:Holocaust Encyclopedia
5545:"Chemical Weapons" in
5178:
5125:Deseret Chemical Depot
5075:, the chairman of the
4965:Rocky Mountain Arsenal
4856:Iraqi chemical warfare
4796:, the chairman of the
4792:-CEO Cheney told Sen.
4759:February 8, 1928: The
4744:January 26, 1910: The
4739:First Hague Convention
4304:Sociopolitical climate
4205:Environment portal
3230:
3175:, these are duties of
3132:
3074:
3040:
3013:saturation bombardment
2981:
2960:Second Battle of Ypres
2894:
2773:Incapacitating agents:
2454:(lack of coordination)
1717:chemical warfare agent
1664:
1310:
1299:
1203:
69:Cyanogen chloride (CK)
11870:Industrial wastewater
11736:Clutter (advertising)
11644:Municipal solid waste
11490:Soil guideline values
11334:Sustainable transport
11227:Information pollution
11027:Open burning of waste
10129:Coronal mass ejection
9591:Electromagnetic pulse
9552:Kinetic energy weapon
8568:Disulfur decafluoride
8369:Chlorophenylsilatrane
8277:2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
7205:Greenwood Press, 1999
7201:James W. Hammond Jr;
7147:Гречко, А.А. (1976).
7106:Croddy, Eric (2001),
6526:. NTI. Archived from
6067:Gray, Colin. (2007).
5424:June 6, 2013, at the
5298:Saint Julien Memorial
5293:Psychochemical weapon
5169:Disabled children in
5168:
5129:Blue Grass Army Depot
5011:Reagan administration
4729:August 27, 1874: The
4355:For example, in 1854
3946:Industrial wastewater
3714:Municipal solid waste
3636:Soil guideline values
3221:
3130:
3072:
3034:
3027:Thermal dissemination
2969:
2885:
2691:Further information:
2352:Immediate to 3 hours
2303:Similar mechanism to
2113:anaerobic respiration
2111:. The cells then use
2037:Loss of consciousness
1794:Agents classified as
1642:
1623:Novichok nerve agents
1566:V-series nerve agents
1535:Collective protection
1503:G-series nerve agents
1305:
1287:
1269:. Vast quantities of
1217:. The development of
1192:
955:) involves using the
448:Incapacitating agents
394:Disulfur decafluoride
74:Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
12142:Most polluted cities
11835:Biological pollution
11746:Overhead power lines
10531:War of Gog and Magog
10208:Near-Earth supernova
9958:Human overpopulation
9762:Mass mortality event
9656:Anthropogenic hazard
9368:Methyl fluoroacetate
9196:Methyl cyanoacrylate
9116:Allyl isothiocyanate
8704:Uranium hexafluoride
8659:Dinitrogen tetroxide
8604:Chlorine trifluoride
7652:Selenium oxychloride
7522:Phenyldichloroarsine
7516:Methyldichloroarsine
7454:Nickel tetracarbonyl
7238:Westview Press, 1993
7082:CBWInfo.com (2001).
6830:on December 3, 2013.
6685:Jonathan B. Tucker,
6390:on September 7, 2013
6338:on December 17, 2008
6283:. September 2, 2013.
5940:The Kyiv Independent
5705:on December 13, 2007
5469:. pp. 567–570.
5137:calculated ambiguity
5067:submitted it to the
4731:Brussels Declaration
4282:Mass decontamination
4155:Most polluted cities
3807:Overhead power lines
2804:Lachrymatory agents:
2658:conventional warfare
2416:-like inhibition of
2244:respiratory distress
1976:acetylcholinesterase
1827:contaminated areas.
1020:conventional weapons
989:conventional weapons
977:radiological warfare
30:For other uses, see
12205:WikiProject Ecology
11902:Ocean acidification
11807:Unexploded ordnance
11678:Post-consumer waste
11538:Foam food container
11516:Biodegradable waste
11090:Global distillation
10603:Blood moon prophecy
10396:Number of the Beast
9994:Holocene extinction
9940:Earth Overshoot Day
9888:Ocean acidification
9851:Habitat destruction
9841:Ecological collapse
9547:Kinetic bombardment
9482:Future of the Earth
9061:Bromobenzyl cyanide
8829:Dimethylheptylpyran
8757:Diphenylcyanoarsine
8752:Diphenylchlorarsine
8684:Methyl vinyl ketone
8609:Perchloryl fluoride
8473:Bicyclic phosphates
8292:Trimethyl phosphite
8241:Phosphoryl chloride
7510:Ethyldichloroarsine
7484:Chloral cyanohydrin
7474:Acetone cyanohydrin
7444:Methyl cyanoformate
6884:The Washington Post
6721:Arms Controls Today
6691:Case Studies Series
6364:on November 6, 2012
6262:. October 14, 2013.
6071:. p. 269. Phoenix.
6029:on December 4, 2021
5942:. December 27, 2023
5589:The Washington Post
5572:"Paxman and Harris"
5248:Ali Hassan al-Majid
5183:chemical substances
5057:multilateral treaty
5035:former Soviet Union
4995:Operation Steel Box
4830:, that created the
4719:September 30, 1998
4669:September 14, 2013
4532:September 15, 1995
4391:
3971:Ocean acidification
3881:Unexploded ordnance
3802:Advertising clutter
3734:Post-consumer waste
3679:Foam food container
3664:Biodegradable waste
3321:Global distillation
3173:developed countries
3117:weather forecasting
2990:friendly casualties
2644:chemicals (such as
2556:diarrhea; eventual
2429:May appear as mass
2420:in subject. Causes
2047:Skin: 2 to 18 hours
1974:Inactivates enzyme
1869:
1515:Color change paper
1473:Smell of geraniums
1470:Rosin oil clothing
1385:
1329:saw limited use of
1248:never did, and the
1194:John Singer Sargent
961:chemical substances
503:Riot-control (RCAs)
431:Diphenylcyanoarsine
426:Diphenylchlorarsine
157:Phosgene oxime (CX)
42:Part of a series on
12225:Ecology portal
12109:Waste minimisation
12084:Industrial ecology
12079:Cleaner production
11897:Nutrient pollution
11774:Herbicidal warfare
11568:Construction waste
11204:Introduced species
11075:Indoor air quality
11002:Chlorofluorocarbon
10918:Doomsday scenarios
10484:Beast of the Earth
10376:Book of Revelation
10164:Virtual black hole
10144:False vacuum decay
10094:Pollinator decline
10057:Biological warfare
10047:Biotechnology risk
9898:Resource depletion
9429:CB military symbol
9287:Enterotoxin type B
9242:Cyclopiazonic acid
9201:N-Methylmorpholine
9101:Ethyl bromoacetate
8579:Ethyl bromoacetate
8546:Perfluoroisobutene
8287:Triethyl phosphite
7558:Levinstein mustard
7449:Iron pentacarbonyl
7254:Jonathan B. Tucker
7095:, page 2. Lecture.
7024:The New York Times
6968:, Vol. 422, p. 681
6865:The New York Times
6556:on August 25, 2013
6456:on August 29, 2011
6277:"SIGNATORY STATES"
5923:The New York Times
5748:The New York Times
5253:Area denial weapon
5179:
5161:Herbicidal warfare
5155:Herbicidal warfare
4599:November 27, 1997
4500:February 12, 2009
4468:September 3, 1996
4389:
4217:Ecology portal
3842:Herbicidal warfare
3386:Introduced species
3326:Indoor air quality
3296:Chlorofluorocarbon
3231:
3133:
3075:
3041:
2982:
2914:ethyl bromoacetate
2895:
2672:biological warfare
2610:. Some batches of
2608:herbicidal warfare
2485:Cytotoxic proteins
2463:Dry mouth and skin
2362:Lachrymatory agent
2313:respiratory system
2207:respiratory system
2184:(HN-1, HN-2, HN-3)
2152:Metabolic acidosis
2121:metabolic acidosis
2115:, creating excess
2012:Blurred/dim vision
1896:Signs and Symptoms
1865:
1665:
1607:Improved gas masks
1381:
1343:chemical terrorism
1339:Matsumoto incident
1311:
1300:
1297:Battle of Shanghai
1204:
1044:biological warfare
973:biological warfare
12231:
12230:
12104:Pollution control
11784:Nuclear holocaust
11693:Thermal treatment
11661:Plastic pollution
11578:Mercury poisoning
11531:Battery recycling
11430:Radioactive waste
11199:Genetic pollution
11194:Biological hazard
10992:Air quality index
10928:
10927:
10759:Zombie apocalypse
10660:Postmillennialism
10455:Great Tribulation
10228:Stellar collision
10189:Near-Earth object
10139:Geomagnetic storm
10107:
10106:
10030:Biodiversity loss
10014:Genetic pollution
9968:
9967:
9757:Biodiversity loss
9720:Societal collapse
9698:Nuclear holocaust
9683:Economic collapse
9666:Doomsday argument
9584:Antimatter weapon
9437:
9436:
9247:Histrionicotoxins
9225:Biological toxins
9106:Ethyl iodoacetate
8674:Methyl isocyanate
8634:Selenoyl fluoride
8624:Mercuric chloride
8594:Tetranitromethane
8448:Sulfuryl fluoride
8433:HN3 hydrochloride
8428:HN2 hydrochloride
8423:HN1 hydrochloride
8310:
8309:
8267:Phenacyl chloride
8262:Pinacolyl alcohol
8208:Isopropyl alcohol
8203:4-Hydroxycoumarin
8137:1,8-Dibromooctane
7660:
7659:
7584:Nitrogen mustards
7397:Cyanogen chloride
7291:conducted by the
7229:978-1-59403-382-7
7138:The Riegle Report
7119:978-0-387-95076-1
7058:978-0-00-211120-1
6848:. April 29, 2005.
6504:on April 26, 2012
5900:on April 14, 2003
5857:978-0-19-887168-2
5789:978-1-4314-0185-7
5591:(April 11, 2017).
5583:Callum Borchers,
5558:Corum, James S.,
5501:978-1-5924-0315-8
5490:Max Boot (2007).
5476:978-0-8493-1434-6
5231:African milk bush
4988:German Chancellor
4969:Tooele Army Depot
4783:US Vice President
4723:
4722:
4716:January 13, 1993
4700:January 13, 1993
4697:Eliminated, 2023
4615:November 5, 1997
4612:January 13, 1993
4609:Eliminated, 2017
4596:January 13, 1993
4564:January 14, 1993
4542:Eliminated, 2014
4529:January 13, 1993
4513:January 13, 1993
4497:January 13, 2009
4494:Eliminated, 2018
4484:November 3, 1997
4481:January 13, 1993
4465:January 14, 1993
4462:Eliminated, 2009
4433:January 13, 1993
4417:January 14, 1993
4414:Eliminated, 2007
4253:
4252:
4188:
4187:
3854:Nuclear holocaust
3777:Urban heat island
3591:Radioactive waste
3376:Biological hazard
3286:Air quality index
3113:computer modeling
3035:An American-made
2953:Battle of Bolimów
2862:
2861:
2766:Pulmonary agents:
2733:Cyanogen chloride
2616:Malayan Emergency
2593:
2592:
2510:protein synthesis
2324:Airway irritation
2287:Hydrogen chloride
2274:Choking/Pulmonary
2221:with large fluid
2093:that may lead to
2073:Cyanogen chloride
1989:and causing both
1637:
1636:
1604:Binary munitions
1277:were used in the
946:
945:
585:
584:
541:
540:
518:Pepper spray (OC)
378:Chloropicrin (PS)
365:Pulmonary/choking
355:
354:
16:(Redirected from
12256:
12244:Chemical warfare
12223:
12222:
12221:
12213:
12212:
12203:
12202:
12195:
12194:
12187:
12186:
12174:
12173:
12048:Legacy pollution
11907:Oil exploitation
11769:Chemical warfare
11683:Waste management
11590:Industrial waste
11558:Biomedical waste
11526:Electronic waste
11511:Advertising mail
11495:Phytoremediation
11470:Land degradation
11255:Overillumination
11209:Invasive species
10955:
10948:
10941:
10932:
10931:
10893:
10892:
10884:World portal
10882:
10881:
10843:Financial crisis
10672:Nibiru cataclysm
10650:Premillennialism
10494:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
10462:Son of perdition
10450:Olivet Discourse
10426:Whore of Babylon
10052:Biological agent
9999:Human extinction
9989:Extinction event
9977:
9976:
9948:Overexploitation
9878:Land consumption
9873:Land degradation
9740:
9739:
9602:Micro black hole
9510:Chemical warfare
9464:
9457:
9450:
9441:
9440:
9411:White phosphorus
9388:post-combustion
9384:Depleted uranium
9211:Osmium tetroxide
9091:Phenacyl bromide
8654:Nitrogen dioxide
8629:Selenium dioxide
8619:Cadmium chloride
8076:Dimefox (TL-792)
7671:
7670:
7499:
7498:
7424:Hydrogen sulfide
7403:Hydrogen cyanide
7392:Cyanogen bromide
7358:chemical warfare
7347:
7340:
7333:
7324:
7323:
7271:Official website
7244:Geoff Plunkett,
7231:. WMD espionage.
7152:
7122:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7042:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7031:
7016:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7005:
6990:
6984:
6978:
6969:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6947:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6914:
6908:
6907:
6905:
6903:
6875:
6869:
6868:
6856:
6850:
6849:
6838:
6832:
6831:
6811:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6786:
6780:
6767:
6758:
6752:
6739:
6733:
6724:
6713:
6698:
6697:(December 2011).
6683:
6666:
6655:
6646:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6621:
6615:
6608:
6599:
6598:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6563:
6561:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6537:
6535:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6446:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6424:
6418:
6417:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6395:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6369:
6360:. Archived from
6354:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6330:
6320:
6314:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6273:
6264:
6263:
6252:
6243:
6240:
6234:
6231:
6225:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6190:
6179:
6166:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6146:
6137:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6127:
6119:(June 2, 2003),
6113:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6086:
6080:
6065:
6059:
6058:
6052:
6048:
6046:
6038:
6036:
6034:
6015:
6009:
6008:
6000:
5994:
5993:
5991:New York Tribune
5982:
5976:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5947:
5932:
5926:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5905:
5896:. Archived from
5886:
5880:
5879:
5869:
5861:
5843:
5837:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5775:
5769:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5751:, archived from
5738:
5732:
5731:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5701:, archived from
5690:
5684:
5673:
5667:
5662:Patrick Coffey,
5660:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5649:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5626:
5611:
5605:
5598:
5592:
5581:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5556:
5550:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5512:
5506:
5505:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5458:
5452:
5445:
5439:
5434:
5428:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5390:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5330:
5223:Mau Mau Uprising
5150:Anti-agriculture
4781:In 1997, future
4548:January 6, 2004
4392:
4388:
4314:First Sacred War
4245:
4238:
4231:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4203:
4202:
4134:
4133:
3837:Chemical warfare
3739:Waste management
3699:Industrial waste
3674:Electronic waste
3659:Advertising mail
3641:Phytoremediation
3616:Land degradation
3556:Depleted uranium
3441:Overillumination
3391:Invasive species
3263:
3253:
3238:
3237:
3105:supersonic speed
3017:Livens Projector
2980:
2977:
2739:Hydrogen cyanide
2711:
2703:Binary munitions
2571:4–24 hours; see
2460:(dilated pupils)
2440:, disrobing and
2182:Nitrogen mustard
2168:Vesicant/Blister
2158:Immediate onset
2078:Hydrogen cyanide
2059:Asphyxiant/Blood
1985:in the victim's
1980:neurotransmitter
1870:
1684:prevailing winds
1612:Laser detection
1576:Nerve gas alarm
1528:Missile warheads
1465:Chemical shells
1386:
1358:Syrian civil war
1354:Syrian civil war
1350:Ba'athist regime
1331:organophosphates
1042:) is considered
1028:chemical weapons
957:toxic properties
949:Chemical warfare
938:
931:
924:
908:
907:
889:List of treaties
601:
587:
586:
577:
570:
563:
455:
454:
209:Chlorosarin (GC)
185:
184:
131:Nitrogen mustard
124:
39:
38:
21:
12264:
12263:
12259:
12258:
12257:
12255:
12254:
12253:
12249:Warfare by type
12234:
12233:
12232:
12227:
12219:
12217:
12207:
12164:
12150:
12118:
12067:
12016:
11983:
11922:Pharmaceuticals
11912:Oil exploration
11816:
11788:Nuclear fallout
11755:
11717:
11699:
11673:Packaging waste
11627:Deep sea mining
11553:Hazardous waste
11499:
11480:Open defecation
11434:
11400:Nuclear fallout
11395:Nuclear fission
11371:
11297:
11266:
11237:Electromagnetic
11231:
11215:
11180:
11100:Ozone depletion
10973:
10964:
10959:
10929:
10924:
10903:Future problems
10876:
10867:
10801:
10770:
10737:Climate fiction
10703:
10578:2012 phenomenon
10561:
10467:Sheep and Goats
10354:2 Thessalonians
10232:
10149:Gamma-ray burst
10103:
10018:
10009:Genetic erosion
9964:
9934:
9925:Water pollution
9893:Ozone depletion
9789:Desertification
9729:
9644:
9579:Doomsday device
9559:Nuclear warfare
9498:
9473:
9468:
9438:
9433:
9415:
9356:
9267:Botulinum toxin
9220:
9169:
9130:
9046:Benzyl chloride
9001:
8994:
8778:
8771:
8762:Cacodyl cyanide
8724:Vomiting agents
8718:
8516:
8509:
8418:Dimethylmercury
8340:Botulinum toxin
8306:
8085:
7999:
7901:
7854:Novichok agents
7848:
7832:
7759:
7656:
7630:
7611:
7578:
7550:Sulfur mustards
7544:
7488:
7434:Carbon monoxide
7414:Cacodyl cyanide
7373:
7372:
7356:Agents used in
7351:
7310:Wayback Machine
7267:
7219:Ishmael Jones,
7159:
7157:Further reading
7120:
7079:
7074:
7073:
7063:
7061:
7059:
7043:
7039:
7029:
7027:
7018:
7017:
7013:
7003:
7001:
6992:
6991:
6987:
6979:
6972:
6963:
6959:
6948:
6944:
6934:
6932:
6915:
6911:
6901:
6899:
6876:
6872:
6857:
6853:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6812:
6805:
6795:
6793:
6788:
6787:
6783:
6777:Wayback Machine
6768:
6761:
6753:
6742:
6734:
6727:
6714:
6701:
6684:
6669:
6665:(June 1, 2017).
6656:
6649:
6644:
6640:
6630:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6618:
6609:
6602:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6573:
6569:
6559:
6557:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6533:
6531:
6530:on June 5, 2011
6522:
6521:
6517:
6507:
6505:
6496:
6495:
6491:
6481:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6459:
6457:
6448:
6447:
6443:
6433:
6431:
6426:
6425:
6421:
6416:. May 14, 2009.
6408:
6407:
6403:
6393:
6391:
6382:
6381:
6377:
6367:
6365:
6356:
6355:
6351:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6328:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6310:
6306:
6301:. July 9, 2015.
6293:
6292:
6288:
6275:
6274:
6267:
6254:
6253:
6246:
6241:
6237:
6232:
6228:
6219:
6217:
6207:
6203:
6194:
6192:
6188:
6180:
6169:
6160:
6158:
6147:
6140:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6114:
6110:
6101:
6099:
6087:
6083:
6066:
6062:
6050:
6049:
6040:
6039:
6032:
6030:
6017:
6016:
6012:
6001:
5997:
5983:
5979:
5970:
5968:
5959:
5955:
5945:
5943:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5917:
5913:
5903:
5901:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5863:
5862:
5858:
5844:
5840:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5815:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5776:
5772:
5764:
5760:
5755:on May 27, 2013
5739:
5735:
5721:
5717:
5708:
5706:
5691:
5687:
5674:
5670:
5661:
5657:
5647:
5645:
5638:
5634:
5624:
5622:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5599:
5595:
5582:
5578:
5570:
5566:
5557:
5553:
5544:
5540:
5530:
5528:
5513:
5509:
5502:
5488:
5484:
5477:
5459:
5455:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5431:
5426:Wayback Machine
5417:
5413:
5403:
5401:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5377:
5375:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5358:UCLA Law Review
5350:
5346:
5331:
5327:
5322:
5288:Ronald Maddison
5239:
5219:
5163:
5157:
5152:
5021:entered into a
4953:Operation CHASE
4939:
4933:
4890:
4870:
4858:
4852:
4824:
4819:
4776:
4770:
4761:Geneva Protocol
4725:
4703:April 25, 1997
4670:
4652:
4634:
4633:April 20, 2000
4622:
4549:
4387:
4381:
4365:cacodyl cyanide
4306:
4249:
4211:
4209:
4197:
4190:
4189:
4089:
4081:
4080:
4054:
4046:
4045:
3981:Pharmaceuticals
3961:Nonpoint source
3901:
3891:
3890:
3859:Nuclear fallout
3832:
3822:
3821:
3792:
3782:
3781:
3772:
3762:
3761:
3752:
3744:
3743:
3729:Packaging waste
3694:Hazardous waste
3654:
3646:
3645:
3606:
3596:
3595:
3566:Nuclear fallout
3561:Nuclear fission
3541:
3531:
3530:
3496:
3486:
3485:
3461:
3453:
3452:
3426:
3424:Electromagnetic
3416:
3415:
3406:
3398:
3397:
3371:
3361:
3360:
3331:Ozone depletion
3276:
3266:
3251:
3236:
3234:Decontamination
3169:Bhopal disaster
3125:
3080:
3029:
2978:
2925:shrapnel shells
2921:German military
2905:, fired from a
2880:
2867:
2757:: H, HD, HS, HT
2695:
2689:
2540:pulmonary edema
2492:
2339:Chest tightness
2292:Nitrogen oxides
1862:
1841:
1777:
1769:
1713:
1707:
1657:protection mask
1649:protective suit
1608:
1536:
1534:
1529:
1514:
1507:Aircraft bombs
1469:
1444:Wind dispersal
1438:
1434:
1430:
1379:
1377:Chemical weapon
1373:
1275:carbon monoxide
1187:
1181:
1136:flame retardant
1134:also used as a
1052:botulinum toxin
1032:explosive force
1024:nuclear weapons
1016:
1000:Geneva Protocol
969:nuclear warfare
942:
581:
537:
497:
483:
442:
441:
440:
410:
400:
399:
398:
389:Diphosgene (DP)
385:
367:
357:
356:
351:
301:Novichok agents
294:
233:
224:Cyclosarin (GF)
219:Ethylsarin (GE)
182:
172:
171:
153:
152:
133:
126:
123:(HD H HT HL HQ)
122:
121:
94:
84:
83:
64:
48:Chemical agents
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
12262:
12252:
12251:
12246:
12229:
12228:
12169:
12166:
12165:
12163:
12162:
12157:
12152:
12148:
12144:
12139:
12137:Law by country
12134:
12128:
12126:
12120:
12119:
12117:
12116:
12111:
12106:
12101:
12096:
12091:
12086:
12081:
12075:
12073:
12069:
12068:
12066:
12065:
12060:
12055:
12050:
12045:
12040:
12035:
12030:
12024:
12022:
12018:
12017:
12015:
12014:
12009:
12008:
12007:
12002:
11991:
11989:
11985:
11984:
11982:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11959:Surface runoff
11956:
11951:
11946:
11941:
11940:
11939:
11934:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11883:
11882:
11872:
11867:
11862:
11857:
11852:
11847:
11845:Eutrophication
11842:
11837:
11832:
11826:
11824:
11818:
11817:
11815:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11802:Scorched earth
11799:
11796:nuclear winter
11792:nuclear famine
11781:
11771:
11765:
11763:
11757:
11756:
11754:
11753:
11748:
11743:
11738:
11733:
11727:
11725:
11719:
11718:
11716:
11715:
11709:
11707:
11701:
11700:
11698:
11697:
11696:
11695:
11690:
11680:
11675:
11670:
11669:
11668:
11658:
11653:
11652:
11651:
11641:
11640:
11639:
11637:Uranium mining
11634:
11629:
11624:
11622:Surface mining
11619:
11614:
11604:
11599:
11598:
11597:
11587:
11586:
11585:
11580:
11575:
11573:Lead poisoning
11570:
11565:
11563:Chemical waste
11560:
11550:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11534:
11533:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11507:
11505:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11475:Bioremediation
11472:
11467:
11466:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11444:
11442:
11436:
11435:
11433:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11390:Bioremediation
11387:
11381:
11379:
11373:
11372:
11370:
11369:
11364:
11361:
11358:
11355:
11354:
11353:
11343:
11338:
11337:
11336:
11331:
11326:
11321:
11316:
11311:Transportation
11307:
11305:
11299:
11298:
11296:
11295:
11290:
11285:
11280:
11274:
11272:
11268:
11267:
11265:
11264:
11259:
11258:
11257:
11252:
11241:
11239:
11233:
11232:
11230:
11229:
11223:
11221:
11217:
11216:
11214:
11213:
11212:
11211:
11201:
11196:
11190:
11188:
11182:
11181:
11179:
11178:
11173:
11168:
11167:
11166:
11156:
11155:
11154:
11144:
11139:
11134:
11133:
11132:
11127:
11122:
11117:
11112:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11085:Global dimming
11082:
11077:
11072:
11071:
11070:
11060:
11059:
11058:
11056:Diesel exhaust
11048:
11043:
11042:
11041:
11031:
11030:
11029:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11004:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10983:
10981:
10975:
10974:
10969:
10966:
10965:
10958:
10957:
10950:
10943:
10935:
10926:
10925:
10923:
10922:
10921:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10900:
10898:Apocalypticism
10887:
10872:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10865:
10860:
10855:
10850:
10845:
10840:
10835:
10830:
10825:
10820:
10815:
10809:
10807:
10803:
10802:
10800:
10799:
10794:
10789:
10784:
10778:
10776:
10772:
10771:
10769:
10768:
10767:
10766:
10756:
10751:
10750:
10749:
10742:Disaster films
10739:
10734:
10733:
10732:
10727:
10717:
10715:Alien invasion
10711:
10709:
10705:
10704:
10702:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10690:
10689:
10684:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10663:
10662:
10657:
10655:Amillennialism
10652:
10642:
10640:Millenarianism
10637:
10636:
10635:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10593:Apocalypticism
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10569:
10567:
10563:
10562:
10560:
10559:
10558:
10557:
10547:
10542:
10541:
10540:
10539:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10518:
10517:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10489:Dhu al-Qarnayn
10486:
10481:
10471:
10470:
10469:
10464:
10459:
10458:
10457:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10435:Great Apostasy
10432:
10431:
10430:
10429:
10428:
10423:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10393:
10388:
10373:
10368:
10367:
10366:
10361:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10335:
10334:
10324:
10314:
10309:
10308:
10307:
10302:
10292:
10282:
10280:Last Judgement
10277:
10276:
10275:
10270:
10260:
10259:
10258:
10253:
10242:
10240:
10238:Eschatological
10234:
10233:
10231:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10210:
10205:
10204:
10203:
10198:
10193:
10192:
10191:
10181:
10176:
10166:
10161:
10156:
10151:
10146:
10141:
10136:
10131:
10126:
10121:
10115:
10113:
10109:
10108:
10105:
10104:
10102:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10065:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10044:
10043:
10042:
10037:
10026:
10024:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9985:
9983:
9974:
9970:
9969:
9966:
9965:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9960:
9953:Overpopulation
9950:
9944:
9942:
9936:
9935:
9933:
9932:
9930:Water scarcity
9927:
9922:
9917:
9916:
9915:
9905:
9903:Sea level rise
9900:
9895:
9890:
9885:
9880:
9875:
9870:
9869:
9868:
9866:on marine life
9863:
9853:
9848:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9821:Global warming
9818:
9813:
9811:Global dimming
9808:
9803:
9802:
9801:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9769:Cascade effect
9766:
9765:
9764:
9754:
9748:
9746:
9744:Climate change
9737:
9731:
9730:
9728:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9716:
9715:
9710:
9705:
9695:
9690:
9685:
9680:
9679:
9678:
9673:
9663:
9658:
9652:
9650:
9646:
9645:
9643:
9642:
9637:
9636:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9611:
9610:
9609:
9604:
9594:
9588:
9587:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9574:Doomsday Clock
9571:
9566:
9556:
9555:
9554:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9533:
9532:
9527:
9525:Cyberterrorism
9522:
9512:
9506:
9504:
9500:
9499:
9497:
9496:
9495:
9494:
9484:
9478:
9475:
9474:
9467:
9466:
9459:
9452:
9444:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9431:
9426:
9420:
9417:
9416:
9414:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9394:
9393:
9392:
9390:uranium oxides
9381:
9376:
9370:
9364:
9362:
9358:
9357:
9355:
9354:
9349:
9344:
9339:
9334:
9329:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9228:
9226:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9177:
9175:
9171:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9141:
9139:
9132:
9131:
9129:
9128:
9126:Crotonaldehyde
9123:
9118:
9113:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9051:Benzyl bromide
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9012:
9006:
9004:
8996:
8995:
8993:
8992:
8990:Chlorpromazine
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8967:
8962:
8957:
8952:
8947:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8783:
8781:
8777:Incapacitating
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8740:
8735:
8728:
8726:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8664:Sulfur dioxide
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8571:
8565:
8559:
8554:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8532:
8527:
8521:
8519:
8517:choking agents
8511:
8510:
8508:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8491:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8470:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8413:Tetraethyllead
8410:
8404:
8399:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8377:
8371:
8366:
8360:
8354:
8349:
8343:
8337:
8332:
8326:
8320:
8318:
8312:
8311:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8217:
8211:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8117:A.P.C. complex
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8007:
8005:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7911:
7909:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7858:
7856:
7850:
7849:
7847:
7846:
7840:
7838:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7828:V-sub x (GD-7)
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7769:
7767:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7726:
7721:
7715:
7709:
7703:
7697:
7691:
7686:
7679:
7677:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7638:
7636:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7625:Phosgene oxime
7621:
7619:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7588:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7554:
7552:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7537:
7531:
7525:
7519:
7513:
7507:
7505:
7496:
7494:Blister agents
7490:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7466:
7464:Glycolonitrile
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7400:
7394:
7389:
7383:
7381:
7375:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7365:
7363:incapacitation
7360:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7327:
7321:
7320:
7300:
7278:
7266:
7265:External links
7263:
7262:
7261:
7251:
7242:
7239:
7232:
7217:
7206:
7199:
7192:
7185:
7178:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7144:
7141:
7130:
7123:
7118:
7112:, Copernicus,
7103:
7096:
7087:
7078:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7057:
7037:
7011:
7000:on May 5, 2014
6985:
6970:
6957:
6942:
6909:
6870:
6851:
6833:
6803:
6781:
6759:
6740:
6725:
6715:Owen LeGrone,
6699:
6667:
6657:Andrew Glass,
6647:
6638:
6616:
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6586:
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6515:
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6201:
6167:
6138:
6108:
6081:
6060:
6051:|website=
6010:
5995:
5977:
5953:
5927:
5911:
5894:www.bt.cdc.gov
5881:
5856:
5838:
5832:Seto, Yasuo. "
5825:
5795:
5788:
5770:
5758:
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5685:
5668:
5655:
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5280:
5275:
5270:
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5250:
5245:
5238:
5235:
5218:
5217:Anti-livestock
5215:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5105:Johnston Atoll
5042:United Nations
4984:Johnston Atoll
4932:
4929:
4902:Sulfur mustard
4889:
4886:
4878:mainland China
4869:
4866:
4851:
4848:
4844:United Nations
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4772:Main article:
4769:
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4664:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4628:
4625:
4623:and Montenegro
4617:
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4469:
4466:
4463:
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4454:
4453:
4450:
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4444:
4438:
4437:
4436:April 4, 1997
4434:
4431:
4428:
4422:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4399:
4398:CW Possession
4396:
4380:
4377:
4305:
4302:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4222:
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4207:
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4186:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4150:Law by country
4147:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4090:
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4082:
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4061:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4021:Surface runoff
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3921:Eutrophication
3918:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3897:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3876:Scorched earth
3873:
3872:
3871:
3869:Nuclear winter
3866:
3864:Nuclear famine
3861:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
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3655:
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3648:
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3644:
3643:
3638:
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3628:
3623:
3621:Bioremediation
3618:
3613:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3551:Bioremediation
3548:
3542:
3537:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3501:Transportation
3497:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:Radio spectrum
3445:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3407:
3404:
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3396:
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3383:
3378:
3372:
3367:
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3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3316:Global dimming
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3256:
3255:
3247:
3246:
3235:
3232:
3124:
3121:
3109:fluid dynamics
3097:boundary layer
3093:fluid dynamics
3079:
3076:
3028:
3025:
2986:Battle of Loos
2938:benzyl bromide
2933:Neuve Chapelle
2898:and warheads.
2886:Dispersion of
2879:
2876:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2840:
2832:
2831:
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2824:
2815:
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2807:
2799:
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2796:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2755:Sulfur mustard
2752:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2661:
2635:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2575:. Exposure by
2569:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:kidney failure
2542:
2521:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2444:
2438:hallucinations
2425:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2400:
2397:Incapacitating
2392:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2356:
2353:
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2328:
2325:
2320:
2305:blister agents
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2240:
2233:conjunctivitis
2226:
2215:
2210:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2194:Phosgene oxime
2191:
2185:
2179:
2176:Sulfur mustard
2171:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
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2035:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
1998:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1906:
1903:Rate of action
1899:
1892:
1889:Mode of Action
1885:
1878:
1875:Class of agent
1840:
1837:
1817:blister agents
1776:
1773:
1767:
1758:incapacitating
1747:sulfur mustard
1731:vapor pressure
1706:
1703:
1677:trench warfare
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1489:CC-2 clothing
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1471:
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1440:Sulfur mustard
1425:
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1411:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1372:
1369:
1230:interwar years
1223:trench warfare
1208:Industrial Age
1183:Main article:
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898:
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896:
893:treaty parties
883:
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851:
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844:
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837:United Kingdom
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654:
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572:
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557:
554:
553:
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543:
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539:
538:
536:
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509:
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505:
499:
498:
496:
495:
490:
484:
482:
481:
476:
470:
469:
468:
463:
451:
450:
444:
443:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
412:
411:
406:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
391:
386:
380:
375:
369:
368:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
352:
350:
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339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
308:
305:
304:
296:
295:
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282:
277:
272:
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226:
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206:
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195:
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183:
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159:
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55:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12261:
12250:
12247:
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12242:
12241:
12239:
12226:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12198:
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12181:
12177:
12167:
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12151:
12145:
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12135:
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12129:
12127:
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12115:
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12102:
12100:
12097:
12095:
12092:
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12087:
12085:
12082:
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12077:
12076:
12074:
12070:
12064:
12061:
12059:
12056:
12054:
12051:
12049:
12046:
12044:
12041:
12039:
12036:
12034:
12031:
12029:
12026:
12025:
12023:
12019:
12013:
12010:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11997:
11996:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11986:
11980:
11979:Water quality
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11957:
11955:
11952:
11950:
11947:
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11928:
11925:
11923:
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11918:
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11913:
11910:
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11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11881:
11878:
11877:
11876:
11873:
11871:
11868:
11866:
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11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11827:
11825:
11823:
11819:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11797:
11793:
11789:
11785:
11782:
11779:
11775:
11772:
11770:
11767:
11766:
11764:
11762:
11758:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11741:Traffic signs
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11728:
11726:
11724:
11720:
11714:
11711:
11710:
11708:
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11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11685:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11667:
11666:Microplastics
11664:
11663:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11656:Nanomaterials
11654:
11650:
11647:
11646:
11645:
11642:
11638:
11635:
11633:
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11628:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11618:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11609:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11596:
11595:Lead smelting
11593:
11592:
11591:
11588:
11584:
11581:
11579:
11576:
11574:
11571:
11569:
11566:
11564:
11561:
11559:
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11555:
11554:
11551:
11549:
11546:
11544:
11541:
11539:
11536:
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11528:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
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11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
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11468:
11464:
11461:
11459:
11456:
11454:
11451:
11450:
11449:
11446:
11445:
11443:
11441:
11437:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11415:Radioactivity
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11382:
11380:
11378:
11374:
11368:
11367:Noise control
11365:
11362:
11359:
11356:
11352:
11349:
11348:
11347:
11344:
11342:
11339:
11335:
11332:
11330:
11327:
11325:
11322:
11320:
11317:
11314:
11313:
11312:
11309:
11308:
11306:
11304:
11300:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11269:
11263:
11260:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11247:
11246:
11243:
11242:
11240:
11238:
11234:
11228:
11225:
11224:
11222:
11218:
11210:
11207:
11206:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11191:
11189:
11187:
11183:
11177:
11174:
11172:
11169:
11165:
11162:
11161:
11160:
11157:
11153:
11150:
11149:
11148:
11145:
11143:
11140:
11138:
11135:
11131:
11128:
11126:
11123:
11121:
11118:
11116:
11115:Metal working
11113:
11111:
11108:
11107:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11069:
11066:
11065:
11064:
11061:
11057:
11054:
11053:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11040:
11037:
11036:
11035:
11032:
11028:
11025:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11013:
11010:
11009:
11008:
11005:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10984:
10982:
10980:
10976:
10972:
10967:
10963:
10956:
10951:
10949:
10944:
10942:
10937:
10936:
10933:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10913:Risk analysis
10911:
10909:
10906:
10904:
10901:
10899:
10896:
10895:
10888:
10886:
10885:
10880:
10874:
10873:
10870:
10864:
10861:
10859:
10858:Social crisis
10856:
10854:
10851:
10849:
10846:
10844:
10841:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10829:
10826:
10824:
10821:
10819:
10816:
10814:
10811:
10810:
10808:
10804:
10798:
10795:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10783:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10775:Organizations
10773:
10765:
10762:
10761:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10748:
10745:
10744:
10743:
10740:
10738:
10735:
10731:
10728:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10721:
10718:
10716:
10713:
10712:
10710:
10706:
10700:
10699:World to come
10697:
10695:
10692:
10688:
10685:
10683:
10680:
10679:
10678:
10675:
10673:
10670:
10668:
10665:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10651:
10648:
10647:
10646:
10645:Millennialism
10643:
10641:
10638:
10634:
10633:Messianic Age
10631:
10630:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10618:Gog and Magog
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10608:Earth Changes
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10570:
10568:
10564:
10556:
10553:
10552:
10551:
10548:
10546:
10543:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10524:
10523:
10522:
10519:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10476:
10475:
10472:
10468:
10465:
10463:
10460:
10456:
10453:
10452:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10445:New Jerusalem
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10427:
10424:
10422:
10421:War in Heaven
10419:
10417:
10416:Two witnesses
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10402:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10392:
10389:
10387:
10384:
10383:
10382:
10379:
10378:
10377:
10374:
10372:
10369:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10356:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10333:
10330:
10329:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10319:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10297:
10296:
10293:
10291:
10288:
10287:
10286:
10285:Second Coming
10283:
10281:
10278:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10265:
10264:
10261:
10257:
10254:
10252:
10249:
10248:
10247:
10244:
10243:
10241:
10239:
10235:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10209:
10206:
10202:
10199:
10197:
10194:
10190:
10187:
10186:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10171:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10116:
10114:
10110:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10048:
10045:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10032:
10031:
10028:
10027:
10025:
10021:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9978:
9975:
9971:
9959:
9956:
9955:
9954:
9951:
9949:
9946:
9945:
9943:
9941:
9937:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9914:
9911:
9910:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9886:
9884:
9881:
9879:
9876:
9874:
9871:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9858:
9857:
9854:
9852:
9849:
9847:
9844:
9842:
9839:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9800:
9797:
9796:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9784:Deforestation
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9763:
9760:
9759:
9758:
9755:
9753:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9745:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9732:
9726:
9725:World War III
9723:
9721:
9718:
9714:
9711:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9701:
9700:
9699:
9696:
9694:
9691:
9689:
9686:
9684:
9681:
9677:
9674:
9672:
9669:
9668:
9667:
9664:
9662:
9659:
9657:
9654:
9653:
9651:
9647:
9641:
9640:Transhumanism
9638:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9620:
9619:
9615:
9612:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9599:
9598:
9595:
9592:
9589:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9557:
9553:
9550:
9549:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9517:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9507:
9505:
9503:Technological
9501:
9493:
9490:
9489:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9479:
9476:
9472:
9465:
9460:
9458:
9453:
9451:
9446:
9445:
9442:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9421:
9418:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9401:its compounds
9398:
9395:
9391:
9387:
9386:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9365:
9363:
9359:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9337:Tetanospasmin
9335:
9333:
9332:T-2 mycotoxin
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9262:Batrachotoxin
9260:
9258:
9255:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9227:
9223:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9206:Allyl alcohol
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9172:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9133:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9117:
9114:
9112:
9109:
9107:
9104:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9077:
9074:
9072:
9071:Chloroacetone
9069:
9067:
9064:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9056:Benzyl iodide
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9010:Xylyl bromide
9008:
9007:
9005:
9003:
8997:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8971:
8968:
8966:
8963:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8856:
8853:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8798:Butyrophenone
8796:
8794:
8791:
8788:
8785:
8784:
8782:
8780:
8774:
8768:
8767:o-Dianisidine
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8727:
8725:
8721:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8614:Cadmium oxide
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8522:
8520:
8518:
8512:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8463:Batrachotoxin
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8381:
8378:
8375:
8372:
8370:
8367:
8364:
8361:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8350:
8347:
8346:Tetanospasmin
8344:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8321:
8319:
8317:
8313:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8221:
8218:
8215:
8212:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8161:
8159:
8156:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8146:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8008:
8006:
8002:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7910:
7908:
7904:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7859:
7857:
7855:
7851:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7835:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7762:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7701:
7698:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7663:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7620:
7618:
7617:Nettle agents
7614:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7551:
7547:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7520:
7517:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7491:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7419:Cacodyl oxide
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7384:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7355:
7354:
7348:
7343:
7341:
7336:
7334:
7329:
7328:
7325:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7249:
7248:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7211:
7208:Jiri Janata,
7207:
7204:
7200:
7197:
7194:L. F. Haber.
7193:
7190:
7186:
7183:
7180:Glenn Cross,
7179:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7150:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7135:
7134:103d Congress
7131:
7128:
7124:
7121:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7094:
7093:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7080:
7060:
7054:
7050:
7049:
7041:
7025:
7021:
7015:
6999:
6995:
6989:
6983:
6977:
6975:
6967:
6961:
6953:
6946:
6930:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6913:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6874:
6866:
6862:
6855:
6847:
6843:
6837:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6808:
6791:
6785:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6766:
6764:
6756:
6751:
6749:
6747:
6745:
6737:
6732:
6730:
6722:
6718:
6712:
6710:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6664:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6642:
6631:September 16,
6626:
6620:
6613:
6607:
6605:
6596:
6590:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6534:September 16,
6529:
6525:
6519:
6508:September 16,
6503:
6499:
6493:
6482:September 16,
6477:
6471:
6460:September 16,
6455:
6451:
6445:
6434:September 16,
6429:
6423:
6415:
6411:
6405:
6394:September 16,
6389:
6385:
6379:
6363:
6359:
6353:
6334:
6327:
6326:
6319:
6313:
6308:
6300:
6296:
6290:
6282:
6278:
6272:
6270:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6249:
6239:
6230:
6216:
6212:
6205:
6187:
6186:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6172:
6157:
6156:
6151:
6145:
6143:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6077:0-304-36734-6
6074:
6070:
6064:
6056:
6044:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5988:
5981:
5966:
5965:
5957:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5859:
5853:
5849:
5842:
5835:
5829:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5791:
5785:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5762:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5744:
5737:
5730:
5726:
5719:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5665:
5659:
5643:
5636:
5620:
5616:
5610:
5603:
5600:Yuki Tanaka,
5597:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5573:
5568:
5561:
5555:
5548:
5542:
5526:
5522:
5521:Distillations
5518:
5511:
5503:
5497:
5493:
5486:
5478:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5457:
5450:
5444:
5438:
5433:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5415:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5373:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5348:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5325:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5214:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5194:U.S. military
5191:
5186:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5029:, the U.S.'s
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5007:
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4943:Richard Nixon
4938:
4931:United States
4928:
4925:
4923:
4917:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4726:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:United States
4691:
4690:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4651:May 24, 1999
4650:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4567:July 8, 2015
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:May 11, 1994
4419:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4404:Ratified CWC
4403:
4400:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4357:Lyon Playfair
4353:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4325:Roman legions
4322:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4257:nonpersistent
4246:
4241:
4239:
4234:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4036:Water quality
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3812:Traffic signs
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3719:Nanomaterials
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3581:Radioactivity
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3527:
3526:Soundproofing
3524:
3522:
3521:Noise control
3519:
3517:
3516:Noise barrier
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3489:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3129:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2942:xylyl bromide
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:tear-producer
2908:
2907:flare carbine
2904:
2903:rifle grenade
2899:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2875:
2871:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:Nerve agents:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:Blood agents:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2632:birth defects
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:acetylcholine
2415:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:renal failure
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:acetylcholine
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1822:
1819:and the oily
1818:
1813:
1810:By contrast,
1808:
1804:
1800:
1797:
1796:nonpersistent
1792:
1790:
1789:nonpersistent
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1702:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1661:skyddsmask 90
1658:
1654:
1653:C-vätskeskydd
1650:
1646:
1641:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1401:Dissemination
1398:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:Iran–Iraq War
1316:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:The Holocaust
1264:
1263:European Jews
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1246:Allied Powers
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
939:
934:
932:
927:
925:
920:
919:
917:
916:
911:
903:
902:
901:
900:
894:
890:
887:
886:
885:
884:
880:
879:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
859:
858:
855:Proliferation
854:
853:
848:
845:
843:
842:United States
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
787:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
643:
642:
639:
636:
635:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
609:
605:
604:
600:
596:
595:
592:
589:
588:
578:
573:
571:
566:
564:
559:
558:
556:
555:
550:
547:
546:
545:
544:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
513:Xylyl bromide
511:
510:
508:
507:
504:
501:
500:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
467:
464:
462:
461:Agent 15 (BZ)
459:
458:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
446:
445:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
409:
404:
403:
395:
392:
390:
387:
384:
383:Phosgene (CG)
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
366:
361:
360:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
309:
307:
306:
303:
302:
298:
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288:
286:
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281:
278:
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271:
268:
266:
263:
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258:
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237:
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230:
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220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
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202:
200:
197:
196:
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190:
187:
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181:
176:
175:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
135:
132:
128:
125:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
96:
93:
88:
87:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
63:
58:
57:
54:Lethal agents
53:
52:
49:
46:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
12058:Point source
12000:Heavy metals
11974:Urban runoff
11954:Sulfur water
11932:Septic tanks
11778:Agent Orange
11768:
11632:Mining waste
11458:Manure waste
11288:Volcanic ash
11164:Black carbon
11120:Oil refining
11105:Particulates
11034:Construction
10875:
10818:Cyberwarfare
10536:Third Temple
10391:Lake of fire
10201:Rogue planet
10169:Impact event
10159:Proton decay
10112:Astronomical
10062:Bioterrorism
9908:Supervolcano
9806:Flood basalt
9752:Anoxic event
9661:Collapsology
9649:Sociological
9520:Cyberwarfare
9509:
9342:Tetrodotoxin
9292:Grayanotoxin
9076:Bromoacetone
9066:Thiophosgene
9021:Mace (spray)
9015:Pepper spray
9000:Lachrymatory
8985:Fluphenazine
8980:Procarbazine
8890:Sleeping gas
8738:Chloropicrin
8649:Nitric oxide
8551:Chloropicrin
8495:Cloflubicyne
8458:Oxotremorine
8407:Antillatoxin
8386:Tetrodotoxin
8335:Bungarotoxin
8231:Nitromethane
8193:Formaldoxime
8132:Cyclohexanol
8097:Acetonitrile
7844:GV (EA-5365)
7666:Nerve agents
7469:Lactonitrile
7379:Blood agents
7368:riot control
7357:
7284:
7257:
7245:
7235:
7220:
7213:
7202:
7195:
7188:
7181:
7174:
7170:
7163:
7148:
7108:
7090:
7062:. Retrieved
7047:
7040:
7028:. Retrieved
7023:
7014:
7002:. Retrieved
6998:the original
6988:
6960:
6951:
6945:
6933:. Retrieved
6922:
6912:
6900:. Retrieved
6883:
6873:
6864:
6854:
6845:
6836:
6828:the original
6823:
6819:
6794:. Retrieved
6784:
6720:
6690:
6662:
6641:
6629:. Retrieved
6619:
6589:
6580:
6570:
6558:. Retrieved
6554:the original
6544:
6532:. Retrieved
6528:the original
6518:
6506:. Retrieved
6502:the original
6492:
6480:. Retrieved
6470:
6458:. Retrieved
6454:the original
6444:
6432:. Retrieved
6422:
6404:
6392:. Retrieved
6388:the original
6378:
6368:February 26,
6366:. Retrieved
6362:the original
6352:
6340:, retrieved
6333:the original
6324:
6318:
6307:
6298:
6289:
6280:
6259:
6238:
6229:
6218:, retrieved
6214:
6204:
6193:, retrieved
6184:
6159:, retrieved
6154:
6130:, retrieved
6121:
6111:
6100:, retrieved
6094:
6084:
6068:
6063:
6031:. Retrieved
6027:the original
6022:
6013:
6004:
5998:
5990:
5980:
5971:February 21,
5969:, retrieved
5963:
5956:
5944:. Retrieved
5939:
5930:
5922:
5914:
5902:. Retrieved
5898:the original
5893:
5884:
5847:
5841:
5828:
5816:. Retrieved
5808:The Guardian
5807:
5798:
5779:
5773:
5761:
5753:the original
5746:
5736:
5728:
5718:
5707:, retrieved
5703:the original
5698:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5663:
5658:
5646:. Retrieved
5635:
5623:. Retrieved
5618:
5615:"Nazi Camps"
5609:
5601:
5596:
5588:
5579:
5567:
5559:
5554:
5546:
5541:
5529:. Retrieved
5524:
5520:
5510:
5491:
5485:
5462:
5456:
5443:
5432:
5414:
5402:. Retrieved
5397:
5388:
5376:. Retrieved
5366:
5357:
5347:
5338:
5328:
5220:
5187:
5180:
5175:Agent Orange
5134:
5092:
5089:
5065:Bill Clinton
5061:reservations
5039:
5019:Soviet Union
5008:
4973:
4950:
4940:
4926:
4918:
4891:
4871:
4859:
4825:
4811:
4780:
4777:
4724:
4354:
4349:incendiaries
4341:
4318:
4307:
4298:
4287:
4280:
4269:
4256:
4254:
4124:Point source
4069:Heavy metals
4031:Urban runoff
4016:Sulfur water
3991:Septic tanks
3847:Agent Orange
3836:
3757:Space debris
3611:Agricultural
3476:Volcanic ash
3336:Particulates
3224:Camp Arifjan
3213:
3209:Hazmat suits
3197:
3185:
3181:
3165:
3136:
3134:
3101:
3089:aerodynamics
3085:
3081:
3065:
3060:
3057:
3053:
3050:
3045:pyrotechnics
3042:
3021:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2983:
2957:
2946:
2918:
2900:
2896:
2872:
2868:
2829:: CN, CS, CR
2821:Pepper spray
2810:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2722:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2696:
2687:Designations
2622:, contained
2612:Agent Orange
2594:
2572:
2526:Inhalation:
2490:
2483:
2447:Hyperthermia
2434:intoxication
2395:
2375:Pepper spray
2360:
2346:Bronchospasm
2304:
2272:
2259:
2253:
2166:
2100:
2086:
2057:
1962:insecticides
1917:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1861:
1842:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1740:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1695:
1681:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1645:Swedish Army
1617:
1596:
1581:
1570:Aerodynamic
1560:
1545:
1530:Spray tanks
1520:
1497:
1478:
1455:
1432:Chloropicrin
1422:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1362:
1347:
1315:post-war era
1312:
1242:World War II
1238:nerve agents
1234:Nazi Germany
1227:
1219:chlorine gas
1212:
1205:
1198:
1163:
1158:chloropicrin
1140:thiodiglycol
1098:nerve agents
1087:
1076:
1063:
1017:
998:by the 1925
993:
952:
948:
947:
797:South Africa
792:Saudi Arabia
786:Soviet Union
629:Radiological
493:Sleeping gas
421:Chloropicrin
299:
238:
188:
114:Lewisite (L)
36:
12028:Area source
11937:Pit latrine
11860:Groundwater
11617:Gold mining
11612:Coal mining
11583:Toxic waste
11548:Green waste
11521:Brown waste
11504:Solid waste
11051:Exhaust gas
10894:Categories
10863:Survivalism
10550:Zoroastrian
10406:Seven seals
10401:Seven bowls
10327:Historicism
10223:Solar flare
10099:Overfishing
10074:Defaunation
9861:coral reefs
9623:AI takeover
9542:Nanoweapons
9530:Cybergeddon
9515:Cyberattack
9352:Veratridine
9327:Shiga toxin
9282:Domoic acid
9145:Thioacetone
9111:Iodoacetone
8975:Pentazocine
8970:Sevoflurane
8935:CAR-302,668
8930:CAR-302,282
8925:CAR-302,196
8920:CAR-301,060
8915:CAR-226,086
8895:Carfentanil
8793:Apomorphine
8714:Green Cross
8505:Domoic acid
8316:Neurotoxins
8236:OPA mixture
8127:Chlorosoman
8122:Chlorosarin
8056:Phospholine
7755:Crotylsarin
7740:Fluorotabun
7712:Chlorosoman
7694:Chlorosarin
6220:October 22,
6195:October 22,
6161:October 22,
6132:October 22,
6102:October 22,
5709:January 28,
5404:January 19,
5268:Gas chamber
5221:During the
5198:Vietnam War
5196:during the
5188:The use of
5144:retaliation
5073:Jesse Helms
5069:U.S. Senate
4991:Helmut Kohl
4872:During the
4794:Jesse Helms
4790:Halliburton
4786:Dick Cheney
4573:North Korea
4401:Signed CWC
4373:Crimean War
4335:, not with
4261:blood gases
4094:Area source
3936:Groundwater
3689:Green waste
3669:Brown waste
3653:Solid waste
3411:Information
3306:Exhaust gas
2979: 1916
2892:World War I
2620:Vietnam War
2544:Ingestion:
2336:Sore throat
2317:suffocation
2262:: Immediate
2201:Agents are
2117:lactic acid
1910:Persistency
1882:Agent Names
1781:persistency
1775:Persistency
1762:lethal dose
1341:. See also
1307:Fritz Haber
1110:mustard gas
1006:. The 1993
817:Switzerland
802:South Korea
762:Philippines
752:North Korea
747:Netherlands
120:Mustard gas
79:Arsine (SA)
12238:Categories
12180:by country
12176:Categories
12114:Zero waste
11995:Pollutants
11949:Stagnation
11887:Monitoring
11855:Freshwater
11731:Air travel
11543:Food waste
11463:Pesticides
11453:Herbicides
11357:Industrial
11186:Biological
11046:Demolition
11039:Renovation
11022:Joss paper
11007:Combustion
10823:Depression
10813:Ransomware
10628:Messianism
10598:Armageddon
10583:Apocalypse
10371:Antichrist
10359:Man of sin
10256:Three Ages
10119:Big Crunch
9981:Extinction
9973:Biological
9735:Ecological
9607:Strangelet
9302:Maitotoxin
9297:Guanitoxin
9277:Ciguatoxin
9272:Brevetoxin
9257:Anatoxin-a
9252:Aflatoxins
9165:Putrescine
9160:Cadaverine
9136:Malodorant
8960:Isoflurane
8945:Desflurane
8940:Benperidol
8885:Psilocybin
8880:PAVA spray
8562:Diphosgene
8515:Pulmonary/
8443:Picrotoxin
8402:Strychnine
8396:Brevetoxin
8380:Maitotoxin
8363:Guanitoxin
8357:Ciguatoxin
8324:Anatoxin-a
8257:Pinacolone
8090:Precursors
8051:Selenophos
7907:Carbamates
7823:Chinese VX
7729:Cyclosarin
7718:Ethylsarin
7689:Sarin (GB)
7540:Lewisite 3
7534:Lewisite 2
7503:Arsenicals
7149:Годы Войны
7077:References
6935:August 11,
6560:August 29,
6478:. Opcw.org
6430:. Opcw.org
6342:January 4,
6242:Mayor 2003
5946:January 2,
5904:October 7,
5527:(1): 16–23
5378:January 3,
5309:Stink bomb
5190:herbicides
5159:See also:
4935:See also:
4854:See also:
4671:(acceded)
4653:(acceded)
4635:(acceded)
4550:(acceded)
4383:See also:
4181:By country
4173:Categories
4064:Pollutants
4041:Wastewater
4011:Stagnation
3956:Monitoring
3931:Freshwater
3797:Air travel
3684:Food waste
3626:Defecation
3436:Ecological
3369:Biological
3301:Combustion
3241:Part of a
3137:signatures
2878:Dispersion
2723:Vesicants:
2650:Korean War
2638:Incendiary
2604:herbicides
2600:Defoliants
2577:inhalation
2387:Immediate
2005:(pinpoint
1991:muscarinic
1927:Cyclosarin
1812:persistent
1785:persistent
1727:or have a
1709:See also:
1408:Protection
1375:See also:
1371:Technology
1255:Kuomintang
1150:Schedule 3
1120:Schedule 2
1094:Schedule 1
1079:stockpiled
1014:Definition
847:Yugoslavia
638:By country
614:Biological
488:PAVA spray
214:Soman (GD)
204:Sarin (GB)
199:Tabun (GA)
18:Gas attack
12072:Responses
12043:Garbology
11969:Turbidity
11917:Oil spill
11850:Firewater
11751:Vandalism
11713:Satellite
11410:Poisoning
11405:Plutonium
11385:Actinides
11377:Radiation
11125:Wood dust
10987:Acid rain
10962:Pollution
10708:Fictional
10555:Saoshyant
10440:New Earth
10411:The Beast
10344:Preterism
10317:Christian
10273:Kali Yuga
10218:Micronova
10213:Hypernova
10079:Dysgenics
9920:Verneshot
9826:Hypercane
9569:Dead Hand
9397:Plutonium
9347:Volkensin
9322:Saxitoxin
9312:Palytoxin
9237:Aconitine
8965:Halothane
8955:Bufotenin
8950:Enflurane
8870:Kolokol-1
8850:Pethidine
8824:Etoxadrol
8809:Etorphine
8805:(CS-4640)
8789:(CS-4030)
8747:glycerine
8694:Salcomine
8453:Tremorine
8391:Aconitine
8374:Palytoxin
8352:Ryanodine
8329:Saxitoxin
8066:Ro 3-0422
7837:GV agents
7700:Thiosarin
7429:Phosphine
6902:March 29,
6892:0190-8286
6627:. Epa.gov
6215:EMedicine
6096:EMedicine
6053:ignored (
6043:cite book
6033:March 12,
5866:cite book
5648:April 19,
5625:April 19,
5531:March 20,
5467:CRC Press
5085:The Hague
5055:(CWC), a
4713:Possible
4681:Possible
4645:Possible
4627:Probable
4593:Probable
4561:Possible
4526:Probable
4510:Probable
4478:Possible
4446:Probable
4430:Probable
4369:artillery
4310:hellebore
4109:Garbology
4026:Turbidity
3976:Oil spill
3926:Firewater
3911:Biosolids
3817:Vandalism
3576:Poisoning
3571:Plutonium
3546:Actinides
3539:Radiation
3281:Acid rain
3252:Pollution
2642:explosive
2585:ingestion
2581:injection
2458:Mydriasis
2442:confusion
2139:Confusion
2133:Possible
2091:hemolysis
1995:nicotinic
1799:quickly.
1743:gas masks
1691:munitions
1688:artillery
1415:Detection
1128:precursor
1060:saxitoxin
1038:(such as
1036:organisms
662:Australia
657:Argentina
528:CN (mace)
479:Kolokol-1
12160:Treaties
12132:Diseases
11944:Shipping
11840:Diseases
11688:Landfill
11363:Abstract
11360:Military
11293:Wildfire
11142:Smelting
11110:Asbestos
10848:Pandemic
10833:Epidemic
10828:Droughts
10682:Prewrath
10613:End time
10479:Al-Qa'im
10364:Katechon
10349:2 Esdras
10339:Idealism
10322:Futurism
10251:Maitreya
10246:Buddhist
10089:Pandemic
9537:Gray goo
9406:Polonium
9307:Modeccin
9216:Acrolein
9181:Lewisite
9086:Acrolein
8910:CS-27349
8860:Ibogaine
8743:Litharge
8732:Adamsite
8709:Diborane
8699:Fluomine
8679:Ethenone
8574:Acrolein
8541:Fluorine
8535:Phosgene
8525:Chlorine
7925:EA-3887A
7897:C01-A042
7892:C01-A039
7887:C01-A035
7765:V-agents
7675:G-agents
7560:(EA-229)
7528:Lewisite
7387:Cyanogen
7306:Archived
6929:Archived
6896:Archived
6846:BBC News
6773:Archived
6663:Politico
6023:Gas Info
5818:July 18,
5812:Archived
5422:Archived
5237:See also
5211:Cambodia
4898:Lewisite
4589:Pakistan
4558:(Burma)
4367:-filled
4329:Germanic
4290:atropine
4165:Treaties
4145:Diseases
4001:Shipping
3966:Nutrient
3916:Diseases
3481:Wildfire
3200:gas mask
3141:dual-use
3061:flashing
3039:gas bomb
2949:howitzer
2888:chlorine
2865:Delivery
2827:Tear gas
2783:Phosgene
2749:Lewisite
2668:bacteria
2654:dynamite
2573:symptoms
2508:Inhibit
2414:atropine
2405:Agent 15
2370:Tear gas
2342:Wheezing
2297:Phosgene
2282:Chlorine
2260:Lewisite
2254:Mustards
2223:blisters
2219:erythema
2188:Lewisite
2135:cyanosis
2033:Seizures
2015:Headache
1997:effects
1987:synapses
1967:Novichok
1725:volatile
1468:Gas mask
1461:Lewisite
1436:Phosgene
1428:Chlorine
1337:and the
1273:gas and
1271:Zyklon B
1154:phosgene
1106:lewisite
1050:such as
1002:and the
910:Category
881:Treaties
873:Missiles
863:Chemical
772:Rhodesia
757:Pakistan
672:Bulgaria
619:Chemical
416:Adamsite
408:Vomiting
373:Chlorine
347:C01-A042
342:C01-A039
337:C01-A035
239:V-agents
189:G-agents
167:C01-A039
162:C01-A035
12189:Commons
11964:Thermal
11865:Hypoxia
11649:Garbage
11420:Uranium
11271:Natural
11220:Digital
11152:Aerosol
11130:Welding
11017:Biomass
11012:Biofuel
10971:History
10908:Hazards
10806:General
10677:Rapture
10526:Messiah
10514:Sufyani
10504:Israfil
10474:Islamic
10312:Messiah
10290:1 Enoch
10124:Big Rip
9836:Ecocide
9831:Ice age
9155:Skatole
9150:Allicin
8865:EA-3834
8855:EA-3580
8845:EA-3443
8840:EA-3167
8835:EA-2148
8819:CS-4297
8814:EA-2092
8803:EA-4941
8530:Bromine
8168:EA-1224
8148:EA-1250
8061:R-16661
8036:EA-2613
8031:EA-2098
8026:EA-2054
8021:EA-2012
7990:3152 CT
7980:TL-1317
7975:TL-1299
7970:TL-1238
7940:EA-4056
7935:EA-3990
7930:EA-3966
7920:EA-3887
7818:EA-1763
7778:EA-3148
7773:EA-2192
7750:EA-4352
7745:EA-1356
7479:Stibine
7273:of the
7064:July 3,
6796:July 9,
5229:of the
5192:by the
5171:Vietnam
5141:nuclear
4756:effect.
4734:effect.
4709:Vietnam
4621:Serbia
4556:Myanmar
4410:Albania
4395:Nation
4361:British
4337:poisons
4333:weapons
4312:in the
4272:ammonia
4059:History
3941:Hypoxia
3770:Thermal
3724:Plastic
3586:Uranium
3460:Natural
3405:Digital
3381:Genetic
3188:US Navy
3153:TECHINT
2974:forces
2972:Russian
2664:Viruses
2628:Dioxins
2624:dioxins
2536:dyspnea
2412:Causes
2333:, cough
2331:Dyspnea
2237:corneal
2229:Tearing
2178:(HD, H)
2105:Cyanide
2068:Arsines
2028:Dyspnea
1849:blister
1845:choking
1839:Classes
1633:
1630:
1627:
1601:
1540:
1525:
1510:
1492:
1483:
1295:in the
1179:History
1040:anthrax
965:weapons
868:Nuclear
832:Ukraine
777:Romania
742:Myanmar
697:Germany
652:Algeria
647:Albania
624:Nuclear
606:By type
474:EA-3167
254:V-sub x
249:EA-3148
92:Blister
12053:Midden
12033:Debris
11988:Topics
11927:Sewage
11880:debris
11875:Marine
11723:Visual
11607:Mining
11602:Litter
11095:Mining
10838:Famine
10764:Zombie
10566:Others
10521:Jewish
10499:Dajjal
10381:Events
10295:Daniel
10196:winter
10023:Others
9913:winter
9713:winter
9708:famine
9703:cobalt
9373:Napalm
9138:agents
9002:agents
8905:JB-336
8900:JB-318
8875:LSD-25
8831:(DMHP)
8779:agents
8438:A-8564
8398:(PbTX)
8348:(TeNT)
7965:TL-599
7955:T-1194
7950:T-1152
7945:T-1123
7714:(ClGD)
7696:(ClGB)
7607:TL-301
7409:Arsine
7277:(OPCW)
7260:(2006)
7227:
7116:
7055:
7030:May 5,
7004:May 5,
6890:
6792:. OPCW
6075:
5854:
5786:
5498:
5473:
5177:, 2004
5123:, and
5049:Geneva
4912:, and
4888:Russia
4677:Taiwan
4663:Known
4605:Russia
4577:Known
4506:Israel
4345:sieges
4119:Midden
4114:Legacy
4099:Debris
4053:Topics
4006:Sludge
3996:Sewage
3951:Marine
3790:Visual
3709:Mining
3704:Litter
3243:series
3228:Kuwait
3177:HAZMAT
3161:MASINT
3157:COMINT
3145:HUMINT
3115:, and
2963:task.
2676:Toxins
2646:napalm
2554:bloody
2550:emesis
2528:nausea
2452:Ataxia
2239:damage
2142:Nausea
2109:oxygen
2087:Arsine
2007:pupils
2003:Miosis
1969:agents
1754:lethal
1655:) and
1450:Smell
1394:Agents
1325:. The
1293:Zhabei
1199:Gassed
1138:, and
1058:, and
1048:toxins
827:Taiwan
812:Sweden
782:Russia
767:Poland
737:Mexico
717:Israel
692:France
677:Canada
667:Brazil
256:/GD-7,
12124:Lists
12063:Waste
12005:Paint
11822:Water
11705:Space
11346:Sonar
11341:Urban
11319:Water
11303:Noise
11278:Ozone
11245:Light
11176:Waste
11068:Smoke
10853:Riots
10545:Norse
10509:Mahdi
10268:Kalki
10263:Hindu
9593:(EMP)
9361:Other
9317:Ricin
9232:Abrin
9191:KB-16
8478:IPTBO
8409:(ATX)
8382:(MTX)
8376:(PTX)
8365:(GTX)
8359:(CTX)
8342:(BTX)
8198:Nital
8004:Other
7882:A-262
7877:A-242
7872:A-234
7867:A-232
7862:A-208
7706:Soman
7702:(SGB)
7683:Tabun
7642:KB-16
7635:Other
6336:(PDF)
6329:(PDF)
6189:(PDF)
6126:(PDF)
5967:, BBC
5320:Notes
5227:latex
4999:Sarin
4910:Soman
4906:Sarin
4868:Japan
4822:India
4659:Syria
4641:Sudan
4538:Libya
4522:Japan
4458:India
4442:Egypt
4426:China
4137:Lists
4129:Waste
4074:Paint
3899:Water
3751:Space
3494:Noise
3466:Ozone
3431:Light
3149:IMINT
2837:Sarin
2558:liver
2548:with
2532:cough
2502:Abrin
2497:Ricin
2309:acids
2242:Mild
2217:Skin
2066:Most
1960:Some
1945:Tabun
1939:Soman
1933:Sarin
1919:Nerve
1857:nerve
1853:blood
1729:high
1618:1990s
1597:1980s
1582:1970s
1561:1960s
1546:1950s
1521:1940s
1498:1930s
1479:1920s
1389:Year
1265:, in
1132:sarin
1102:ricin
1056:ricin
822:Syria
807:Spain
732:Libya
727:Japan
722:Italy
702:India
687:Egypt
682:China
332:A-262
327:A-242
322:A-234
317:A-232
312:A-230
180:Nerve
62:Blood
12038:Dust
12021:Misc
11440:Soil
11329:Rail
11315:Land
11159:Soot
11147:Smog
11063:Haze
9399:and
9017:(OC)
8734:(DM)
8564:(DP)
8553:(PS)
8537:(CG)
8488:TBPS
8483:TBPO
8331:(TZ)
8253:(TH)
8222:(DF)
8216:(SW)
8210:(TB)
8183:DMHP
8163:DEHP
8153:DIHP
8144:(KB)
8081:MSPI
7731:(GF)
7720:(GE)
7708:(GD)
7685:(GA)
7627:(CX)
7574:CEES
7542:(L3)
7536:(L2)
7524:(PD)
7518:(MD)
7512:(ED)
7405:(AC)
7399:(CK)
7225:ISBN
7216:2009
7191:1991
7114:ISBN
7066:2024
7053:ISBN
7032:2014
7006:2014
6937:2012
6904:2017
6888:ISSN
6798:2023
6633:2011
6562:2013
6536:2011
6510:2011
6484:2011
6462:2011
6436:2011
6396:2011
6370:2016
6344:2009
6222:2007
6197:2007
6163:2007
6134:2007
6104:2007
6073:ISBN
6055:help
6035:2021
5973:2009
5948:2024
5906:2015
5876:link
5872:link
5852:ISBN
5820:2019
5784:ISBN
5711:2005
5650:2020
5627:2020
5533:2018
5496:ISBN
5471:ISBN
5406:2012
5380:2018
5209:and
5207:Laos
5093:i.e.
5040:The
5001:and
4955:, a
4850:Iraq
4687:n/a
4684:n/a
4490:Iraq
4474:Iran
4321:Rome
4104:Dust
4088:Misc
3604:Soil
3351:Soot
3346:Smog
3311:Haze
3205:MOPP
3091:and
3037:MC-1
3004:be.
2919:The
2839:: GB
2823:: OC
2795:: BZ
2785:: CG
2741:: AC
2735:: CK
2699:NATO
2602:and
2560:and
2552:and
2431:drug
2407:(BZ)
2203:acid
2196:(CX)
2119:and
1993:and
1947:(GA)
1941:(GD)
1935:(GB)
1929:(GF)
1855:and
1756:and
1456:1918
1423:1914
1313:The
1250:Axis
1228:The
1156:and
1144:inks
1126:, a
1108:and
981:CBRN
975:and
712:Iraq
707:Iran
12149:2.5
11761:War
11324:Air
10979:Air
9041:CNS
8570:(Z)
8112:AlP
8107:ATO
7602:HN3
7597:HN2
7592:HN1
7530:(L)
6924:CNN
5047:in
4666:No
4648:No
4630:No
4583:No
4580:No
4545:No
4516:No
4452:No
4449:No
3830:War
3274:Air
3163:).
3002:can
2940:or
2890:in
2751:: L
2640:or
2579:or
2518:flu
2190:(L)
1787:or
1721:CWA
1130:to
1074:).
1022:or
963:as
959:of
148:HN3
143:HN2
138:HN1
12240::
12182:)
11794:-
11790:-
9616:/
9186:CX
9036:CR
9031:CS
9026:CN
8787:BZ
8302:TG
8297:TC
8272:QL
8158:ZS
8102:AT
7813:VX
7808:VS
7803:VR
7798:VP
7793:VM
7788:VG
7783:VE
7735:GP
7724:GH
7299:."
7256:.
7212:,
7022:.
6973:^
6927:.
6921:.
6894:.
6886:.
6882:.
6863:.
6844:.
6824:17
6822:.
6818:.
6806:^
6762:^
6743:^
6728:^
6719:,
6702:^
6689:,
6670:^
6661:,
6650:^
6603:^
6579:.
6412:.
6297:.
6279:.
6268:^
6258:.
6247:^
6213:,
6170:^
6141:^
6093:,
6047::
6045:}}
6041:{{
6021:.
5989:,
5938:.
5921:,
5892:.
5868:}}
5864:{{
5810:.
5806:.
5745:,
5727:,
5697:,
5617:.
5587:,
5523:.
5519:.
5465:.
5396:.
5356:.
5337:.
5119:,
5115:,
5111:,
5107:,
5103:,
5099:,
5037:.
5003:VX
4971:.
4914:VX
4908:,
4900:,
4809:.
4327:,
4276:CS
4265:GB
3245:on
3226:,
3111:,
2992:.
2976:c.
2944:.
2855:VX
2853:,
2851:VM
2849:,
2847:VG
2845:,
2843:VE
2674:.
2666:,
2538:,
2534:,
2530:,
2235:,
2231:,
2103::
1956:VR
1951:VX
1851:,
1847:,
1821:VX
1791:.
1771:.
1768:50
1766:LD
1679:.
1671:.
1643:A
1345:.
1104:,
1100:,
1064:is
1062:)
1054:,
991:.
971:,
953:CW
533:CR
523:CS
290:VX
285:VS
280:VR
275:VP
270:VM
265:VG
260:VE
229:GV
12178:(
11798:)
11786:(
11780:)
11776:(
10954:e
10947:t
10940:v
9463:e
9456:t
9449:v
8745:-
7569:Q
7564:T
7346:e
7339:t
7332:v
7068:.
7034:.
7008:.
6939:.
6906:.
6867:.
6800:.
6635:.
6564:.
6538:.
6512:.
6486:.
6464:.
6438:.
6398:.
6372:.
6346:.
6079:.
6057:)
6037:.
5950:.
5908:.
5878:)
5860:.
5822:.
5792:.
5652:.
5629:.
5535:.
5525:1
5504:.
5479:.
5408:.
5382:.
5360:.
5341:.
4244:e
4237:t
4230:v
2682:.
2660:.
2634:.
2564:.
2123:.
2097:.
2009:)
1719:(
1663:)
1659:(
1651:(
1146:.
951:(
937:e
930:t
923:v
895:)
891:(
788:)
784:(
576:e
569:t
562:v
34:.
20:)
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