676:
790:
782:
942:
562:
455:
1398:
77:
112:
84:
105:
1386:
1374:
1350:
1362:
4100:
53:
380:
4112:
570:
649:) Qu Jia at first pledged allegiance to the Rouran, but the Rouran khaghan was soon killed by the Gaoche and he had to submit to Gaoche overlordship. During Qu rule, powerful families established marriage ties with each other and dominated the kingdom, they included the Zhang, Fan, Yin, Ma, Shi and Xin families. Later, when the
584:
households in
Gaochang. The Rouran Khaganate, which was based in Mongolia, appointed a Han Chinese named Kan Bozhou to rule as King of Gaochang in 460, and it became a separate vassal kingdom of the Khaganate. Kan was dependent on Rouran backing. Yicheng and Shougui were the last two kings of the
686:
The
Kingdom of Gaochang was made out of Han Chinese migrants and ruled by the Han Chinese Qu family which originated from Gansu. Jincheng commandery 金城 (Lanzhou), district of Yuzhong 榆中 was the home of the Qu Jia. The Qu family was linked by marriage alliances to the Turks, with a Turk being the
1706:
The
Yanghai graveyard is assigned to the Subeixi (Subeshi) culture (e.g. Jiang et al., 2006, 2009), conventionally dated to the first millennium BC (Chen, 2002; Han, 2007; Xinjiang, 2011). The culture is associated with the Cheshi (Chü-shih) state known from Chinese historical sources (Sinor,
687:
grandmother of King Qu Boya's. During this period, Gaochang's administration, language, city planning, and
Confucian society was so heavily dominated by Chinese models that it was known in Sogdian as "Chinatown", a usage which continued as late as the tenth-century Persian geography
928:
spread to China from India along the northern branch of the Silk Road predominantly in the 4th and 5th centuries as the Liang rulers were
Buddhists. The building of Buddhist grottos probably began during this period. There are clusters close to Gaochang, the largest being the
744:
Gaochang was populated by Han people and Shanxi (Hedong) was the original home of the royal family at the time of the Tang dynasty's annexation. The Tang dynasty accepted arguments at court who said that because
Gaochang was Han populated that they needed to annex it.
941:
2921:
848:
where depictions of Uyghur sponsors may be seen. The
Buddhist Uyghur kings, who called themselves idiquts, retained their nomadic lifestyle, residing in Qocho during the winter, but moved to the cooler
778:
and in 755, the
Chinese were forced to pull back their soldiers from the region. The area was first taken by the Tibetans, then finally by the Uyghurs in 803, who called the area Kocho (Qocho).
1648:
In the late
Neolithic period and the early Bronze age, pottery, ornamentation and bronze culture with the characteristics of West Asia and Central Asia were introduced into Xinjiang, including
2097:
494:. The Chinese set up a military colony/garrison and organized the land into multiple divisions. Han Chinese colonists from the Hexi region and the central plains also settled in the region.
3166:
2362:
906:
4168:
3442:
536:. Another version of this story says that in 439 a man named Ashina led 500 families from Gansu to Gaochang. In 460, the Rouran forced them to move to the Altai. They became the
817:
668:, but his attempt at sinicization provoked a coup which overthrew the Qu ruler. The Qu family was restored six years later and the successor Qu Wentai welcomed the Tang pilgrim
350:
880:
of his kingdom, and went personally to
Genghis Khan with a sizeable tribute when demanded in 1211. The Uyghurs thus went into the service of the Mongols, who later formed the
2740:
2495:
1670:"The invention of trousers and its likely affiliation with horseback riding and mobility: A case study of late 2nd millennium BC finds from Turfan in eastern Central Asia"
338:. It was destroyed in wars during the 14th century and old palace ruins and inside and outside cities can still be seen today. Along with other sites along the historic
675:
2000:
789:
2928:
781:
641:) as their king, forming the Qushi Kingdom (麹氏王国, 501-640 CE). Qu Jia hailed from the Zhong district of Jincheng commandery (金城, roughly corresponding to modern day
2005:. Vol. 4 of Chinese Archaeological Abstracts. the University of Michigan: Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. p. 1567.
1977:
Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Congress of Human Sciences in Asia and North Africa, Tokyo-Kyoto, 31st August-7th September 1983, Volume 2
561:
2320:
Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty [Chou Shu 50. 10b-17b]: Translated and Annotated by Roy Andrew Miller
1975:
1859:
1721:"Wood Utilization During the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age in the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China, With Special Emphasis on Betula (Betulaceae)"
327:. Gaochang is considered in some sources to have been a "Chinese colony", that is, it was located in a region otherwise occupied at the time by
1514:
4148:
3542:
1833:
4153:
4143:
1902:
Christian, History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, page 449, citing 'Sui annals' and Baumer, History of Central Asia, vol 2, page 174
577:
From the mid-5th century until the mid-7th century, the Gaochang Kingdom was successively controlled by the Kan, Zhang, Ma and Qu clans.
4053:
3677:
3143:
679:
2737:
2914:
704:
2888:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material from Gaochang
4173:
3256:
3009:
738:
1999:
Albert E. Dien; Jeffrey K. Riegel; Nancy Thompson Price (1985). Albert E. Dien; Jeffrey K. Riegel; Nancy Thompson Price (eds.).
3856:
708:
414:
2763:
159:
3208:
2885:
2869:
2816:
2609:
2582:
2544:
2345:
2301:
2274:
2247:
1887:
1524:
1656:(about 2000-1600 BC), Chawuhugoukou culture (around 800-100 BC), Turpan Subeixi culture (1100 bc-100 BC) and other cultures.
4058:
3295:
3103:
2063:
2052:
East Asia Studies Institute of International Studies University of California CHINESE DYNASTIC HISTORIES TRANSLATIONS No. 6
1397:
76:
4163:
3203:
2967:
2037:
454:
4048:
2505:
1429:
1834:
Society for the Study of Chinese Religions (U.S.), Indiana University, Bloomington. East Asian Studies Center (2002).
104:
3408:
2722:
2695:
2670:
2636:
2471:
2372:
2213:
2135:
2073:
2010:
1951:
1811:
1771:
1562:
418:
2779:
2626:
1912:
3555:
3109:
798:
409:) known from Chinese historical sources. The Subeshi culture is documented by three closely related cemeteries the
1926:
3881:
2440:
2424:
1385:
730:
700:
660:
to its west in this period remained chiefly Indo-Iranian in character, in Gaochang it gradually merged into the
4075:
4070:
3801:
3578:
3454:
3425:
3379:
2318:
2180:
845:
741:(安西). Before the Chinese conquered Gaochang, it was an impediment to Chinese access to Tarim and Transoxiania.
3861:
3771:
3420:
3347:
3136:
2806:
2599:
2572:
2404:
Hansen, Valerie (2005). "The Impact of the Silk Road trade on a local community: The Turfan Oasis, 500-800".
2335:
2291:
1877:
2534:
1835:
1373:
729:
against the kingdom in 640 and Qu Wentai apparently died of shock at news of the approaching army. Gaochang
4080:
3846:
3831:
3532:
3389:
2388:
1668:
Beck, Ulrike; Wagner, Mayke; Li, Xiao; Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond; Tarasov, Pavel E. (October 20, 2014).
501:, Northern China split into multiple states, including the Central Asian oases. Gaochang was ruled by the
3462:
620:, named Zhang Mengming (張孟明), as his own vassal King of Gaochang. Gaochang thus passed under Gaoche rule.
3871:
3866:
3796:
3560:
3401:
841:
4085:
3713:
1585:
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emerged as the supreme power in the region, the Qu dynasty of Gaochang became vassals of the Göktürks.
4116:
3876:
3761:
3492:
1470:
498:
28:
2124:
Chang Kuan-ta (1996). Boris Anatol'evich Litvinskiĭ; Zhang, Guang-da; R. Shabani Samghabadi (eds.).
3841:
3672:
3374:
3242:
3238:
3129:
3097:
1349:
714:
410:
283:
135:
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Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten in Idikutschari und Umgebung im Winter 1902-1903 : vol.1
4158:
3836:
3751:
3656:
3246:
1927:"YUM! Archaeologists discover that people in Xinjiang were snacking on dumplings 1,700 years ago"
722:
630:). In 501, Ma Ru himself was overthrown and killed, and the people of Gaochang appointed Qu Jia (
623:
Later, Zhang Mengming was killed in an uprising by the people of Gaochang and replaced by Ma Ru (
2463:
2457:
1554:
1548:
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3261:
3234:
1454:
541:
2855:
2832:
2264:
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1941:
1803:
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902:
inscriptions of the Yuan period attests to their importance in the Christian community there.
532:, fled to Gaochang where they would hold onto power until 460 when they were conquered by the
4065:
4028:
3821:
3352:
2520:
2237:
2172:
2166:
1719:
Jiang, Hongen; Li, Cheng-Sen; Cao, Hongyong; Shading, Palidanmu; Cheng, Ye-Ming (July 2021).
3816:
3693:
3268:
1681:
565:
Mummy of the Qushi Kingdom (麹氏王国) general Zhangxiong (583-633 CE, 左卫大将军张雄). Xinjiang Museum
2364:
Straddling steppe and town: Tang China's relations with the nomads of inner Asia (640-756)
2099:
Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Volumes 32-34
844:. The Uyghurs converted to Buddhism and sponsored building of temple caves in the nearby
8:
4002:
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3947:
3851:
3826:
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3015:
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775:
346:
1685:
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3723:
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1853:
1639:
899:
869:
829:
580:
At the time of its conquest by the Rouran Khaganate, there were more than ten thousand
491:
479:
2901:
2688:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World
1840:. the University of California: Society for the Study of Chinese Religions. p. 24
616:) killed King Kan Shougui, who was the nephew of Kan Bozhou. and appointed a Han from
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3743:
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2297:
2270:
2243:
2209:
2198:
2176:
2131:
2069:
2006:
1947:
1883:
1807:
1796:
1767:
1742:
1697:
1643:
1558:
1520:
1419:
334:
A busy trading center, it was a stopping point for merchant traders traveling on the
324:
279:
3522:
3357:
3317:
3280:
3220:
3044:
2886:
Along the ancient silk routes: Central Asian art from the West Berlin State Museums
2760:
1998:
1732:
1689:
1629:
1155:
1106:
1053:
968:
910:
821:
533:
323:) (Qara-khoja) and Huozhou. Artistic depictions of the city have been published by
220:
20:
19:
This article is about the historical kingdom. For the district in Turpan City, see
2906:
573:
Manichaean priests, writing at their desks. Manuscript from Qocho. 8th/9th century
439:
was described during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) as being occupied by the
4138:
3997:
3952:
3766:
3527:
3517:
3342:
3337:
3074:
3068:
2859:
2848:
2767:
2744:
1873:
1693:
825:
398:
374:
271:
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4043:
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3942:
3907:
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3608:
3396:
3332:
3275:
3062:
2961:
2856:"Religion and Society on the Silk Road: The Inscriptional Evidence from Turfan"
1669:
521:
510:
328:
2393:. Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica. 1998. p. 87.
1737:
1720:
737:
and turned into a sub-prefecture of Xizhou (西州) and the seat of government of
4132:
3987:
3957:
3932:
3718:
3497:
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3430:
3413:
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3307:
3230:
3080:
2973:
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2891:
1746:
1701:
1649:
850:
713:
However, fearing Tang expansion, Qu Wentai later formed an alliance with the
650:
546:
471:
466:
Gaochang was built in the 1st century BC, it was an important site along the
444:
430:
406:
402:
357:
174:
161:
4007:
3992:
3937:
3922:
3917:
3703:
3570:
3369:
3312:
3251:
2783:
1653:
1634:
1617:
1414:
914:
881:
873:
734:
661:
537:
502:
487:
307:
303:
405:. The culture is probably associated with the Cheshi state (車師, Chü-shih,
3982:
3972:
3728:
3651:
3482:
3322:
3302:
3198:
3162:
3050:
3027:
2618:
2426:
Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia
1424:
884:
in the territories of what is now China. The Uyghurs became bureaucrats (
865:
837:
665:
600:
581:
529:
475:
401:(1100-100 BCE). The Subeshi culture contributes some of the later period
447:), while control over the region swayed between the Han Chinese and the
3927:
3733:
3621:
3183:
2500:. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 119.
2039:
Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty
1618:"The Spread and Integration of Painted pottery Art along the Silk Road"
877:
753:
718:
525:
514:
506:
243:
1459:. Sai ePublications & Sai Shop. pp. 1075–. GGKEY:4TQAY7XLN48.
634:
631:
627:
624:
613:
610:
607:
604:
596:
593:
320:
317:
314:
311:
228:
225:
52:
4033:
3962:
3512:
3476:
3467:
2042:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS. p. 5
726:
664:
aesthetics. In 607 the ruler of Gaochang Qu Boya paid tribute to the
467:
388:
339:
335:
2659:
Svatopluk Soucek (2000). "Chapter 4 - The Uighur Kingdom of Qocho".
379:
3897:
3641:
3327:
3152:
3056:
2997:
2979:
1592:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
930:
925:
895:
833:
749:
669:
617:
395:
143:
58:
3121:
4023:
3902:
3636:
3616:
3588:
3193:
2631:(illustrated ed.). Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 309.
2323:. University of California Press. pp. 5–. GGKEY:SXHP29BAXQY.
2031:
2029:
854:
642:
459:
448:
3646:
3631:
3626:
3188:
2711:
Svatopluk Soucek (2000). "Chapter 7 - The Conquering Mongols".
1667:
960:
861:
794:
768:
764:
760:
589:
550:
436:
384:
343:
233:
139:
2624:
2532:
2442:
Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society
2262:
2026:
1872:
1586:"Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor"
3593:
3437:
3285:
3021:
2991:
2949:
2892:
Online version of Albert Grünwedel's initial work in the area
811:
657:
646:
638:
569:
513:
as part of a commandery. In 383 the general Lu Guang of the
275:
208:
147:
61:
24:
2808:
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy
2095:
785:
Uyghur princesses, cave 9, wall painting from Bezeklik caves
351:
Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor
886:
424:
474:. The Jushi leaders later pledged their allegiance to the
2864:, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 176–194,
2102:. the University of Michigan: The Toyo Bunko. p. 107
832:(Kara-Khoja) in 850. The inhabitants of Qocho practiced
4169:
Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Xinjiang
2902:
Online version of Le Coq's work on monuments of Gaochang
286:, China. The site is also known in published reports as
1519:. the University of Michigan: L. Frédéric. p. 16.
356:
Near Gaochang is another major archeological site: the
2897:
Online version of Grünwedel's further work in the area
1540:
828:
invasion of their land. The Uyghurs established the
599:) was rising to challenge power of the Rouran in the
2536:
Contributions to the Cultural History of Early Tibet
2360:
1913:"Archaeologists Discover Ancient Dumplings in China"
1866:
774:
The Tang dynasty became greatly weakened due to the
748:
Under Tang rule, Gaochang was inhabited by Chinese,
2936:
2804:
2597:
2296:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 119–.
2168:
The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia
1164:
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
1115:
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
1062:
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
977:
Chinese convention: use family name and given name
394:One of the earliest cultures of the region was the
2533:Matthew Kapstein; Brandon Dotson (July 20, 2007).
2526:
2197:
2065:History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3
1943:History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3
1795:
1763:History of civilizations of Central Asia, Volume 3
917:) from 1275 to 1318 by as many as 120,000 troops.
470:. It played a key role as a transportation hub in
2553:
2416:
2316:
2035:
1718:
368:
4130:
2710:
2658:
2422:
2289:
2127:The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750
2061:
1973:
1939:
1759:
2403:
2685:
2455:
2333:
2256:
2235:
2195:
1980:. Indiana University: Tōhō Gakkai. p. 997
1793:
1546:
1516:Encyclopaedia of Asian civilizations, Volume 3
1512:
3137:
2922:
2164:
2123:
1882:. Serindia Publications, Inc. pp. 309–.
1452:
1036:
945:Armoured soldier from Gaochang, 8-9th century
894:was modified for Mongolian. As far south as
278:city on the northern rim of the inhospitable
2283:
1858:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
462:tomb, Gaochang Prefecture period, 327-460 CE
310:, Gaochang was referred to as "Halahezhuo" (
2628:The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith
2266:Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch
1879:The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith
1456:Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch
949:
936:
4054:East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
3678:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
3144:
3130:
2929:
2915:
2690:. Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
2327:
2310:
2002:Chinese archaeological abstracts: post Han
1837:Journal of Chinese religions, Issues 30-31
1138:
1089:
805:
51:
2798:
2625:Susan Whitfield; British Library (2004).
2591:
2354:
2263:Charles Eliot; Sir Charles Eliot (1998).
1736:
1633:
1622:Region - Educational Research and Reviews
2805:Victor Cunrui Xiong (February 1, 2012).
2598:Victor Cunrui Xiong (December 4, 2008).
2493:
2229:
2119:
2117:
1446:
940:
788:
780:
674:
568:
560:
453:
425:Jushi Kingdom and early Han Chinese rule
378:
342:, Gaocheng was inscribed in 2014 on the
3257:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
3010:Protectorate General to Pacify the West
2601:Historical Dictionary of Medieval China
2429:. Trübner & Company. pp. 122–.
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
1508:
1506:
4131:
2772:
2704:
2577:. Brill. June 7, 2013. pp. 201–.
2462:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2367:. University of Michigan. p. 57.
2290:Marc S. Abramson (December 31, 2011).
2204:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1802:. Cambridge University Press. p.
1553:. Cambridge University Press. p.
898:, preponderance of Gaochang Uyghur in
3209:Chief Official of the Western Regions
3125:
2910:
2242:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 78–.
2171:. Rutgers University Press. pp.
2114:
2096:Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu (1974).
1615:
680:Wall painting from a Christian church
585:Chinese Kan family to rule Gaochang.
4149:Populated places along the Silk Road
4111:
3296:Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin
2853:
2652:
2559:
2151:
2068:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 306.
1946:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 305.
1766:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 304.
1611:
1609:
1607:
1503:
16:Site of historical ruins in Xinjiang
4154:Former countries in Chinese history
4144:Former populated places in Xinjiang
3204:Protectorate of the Western Regions
3151:
2968:Protectorate of the Western Regions
2334:Valerie Hansen (October 11, 2012).
2269:. Psychology Press. pp. 206–.
1471:"Virtual Art Exhibit - The Uighurs"
1292:Zhongguang (重光 Zhòngguāng) 620–623
656:While the material civilization of
556:
13:
4049:East Turkistan Government in Exile
3857:2014 China–Vietnam border shootout
2861:Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook
2604:. Scarecrow Press. pp. 175–.
2445:. The Branch. 1876. pp. 196–.
1494:
1430:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
14:
4185:
2879:
2459:A history of Chinese civilization
2200:A history of Chinese civilization
1798:A history of Chinese civilization
1604:
1550:A history of Chinese civilization
1453:Charles Eliot (January 4, 2016).
1255:Jianchang (建昌 Jiànchāng) 555–560
890:) of the Mongol Empire and their
672:with great enthusiasm in 629 AD.
4110:
4099:
4098:
3556:Xinjiang Agricultural University
3110:Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
2833:"Buddhist Channel | Travel"
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1348:
868:. However, In 1209, the idiqut
111:
110:
103:
83:
82:
75:
3882:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
2952:(5th century BC–5th century AD)
2937:Historical polities in Xinjiang
2825:
2754:
2731:
2679:
2565:
2514:
2487:
2449:
2433:
2397:
2381:
2189:
2089:
2055:
2036:ROY ANDREW MILLER, ed. (1959).
1992:
1967:
1933:
1919:
1905:
1896:
1827:
1787:
1753:
1616:Zhang, Kai (February 4, 2021).
1271:Yanchang (延昌 Yánchāng) 561–601
1228:Yongping (永平 Yǒngpíng) 549–550
701:Tang campaign against Karakhoja
4174:Former monarchies of East Asia
3802:September 2009 Xinjiang unrest
3426:Second East Turkestan Republic
3380:Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas
2717:. Cambridge University Press.
2665:. Cambridge University Press.
2062:Ahmad Hasan Dani, ed. (1999).
1974:Tatsurō Yamamoto, ed. (1984).
1940:Ahmad Hasan Dani, ed. (1999).
1760:Ahmad Hasan Dani, ed. (1999).
1712:
1661:
1578:
1488:
1463:
1158:and their according durations
1109:and their according durations
1056:and their according durations
971:and their according durations
846:Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves
517:seized control of the region.
383:Gaochang's location (close to
369:Subeshi culture (1100-100 BCE)
238:
23:. For the Uyghur kingdom, see
1:
3694:Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb
3421:First East Turkestan Republic
3348:Dzungar conquest of Altishahr
2811:. SUNY Press. pp. 206–.
2782:. ess.uci.edu. Archived from
2574:Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang
2497:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
2361:Jonathan Karam Skaff (1998).
2293:Ethnic Identity in Tang China
1435:
1319:Yanshou (延壽 Yánshòu) 624–640
1212:Zhanghe (章和 Zhānghé) 531–548
603:. The Gaoche king Afuzhiluo (
3847:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
3832:Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554
3390:Holy War of the Seven Khojas
1694:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056
1590:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1440:
725:sent an army led by General
694:
490:under the Han Chinese ruler
7:
3872:Assassination of Juma Tayir
3561:Xinjiang Medical University
1408:
1239:Heping (和平 Hépíng) 551–554
920:
10:
4190:
4164:Destroyed populated places
4076:China–Kyrgyzstan relations
4071:China–Kazakhstan relations
3438:People's Republic of China
2842:
2738:The Stones of Zayton speak
2494:Abramson, Marc S. (2011).
2340:. OUP USA. pp. 262–.
2317:Roy Andrew Miller (1959).
1876:; British Library (2004).
1341:
1037:Rulers of the Zhang Family
816:After 840 Gaochang became
809:
717:and rebelled against Tang
698:
428:
372:
363:
18:
4094:
4016:
3890:
3877:Xinjiang internment camps
3742:
3686:
3665:
3607:
3569:
3541:
3453:
3174:
3160:
3090:
3037:
2942:
2749:China Heritage Newsletter
2423:E. Bretschneider (1876).
1738:10.1177/21582440211046950
1495:冯涛 (2006). "高昌故城保护工程简述".
1403:Manichaean wall painting.
1296:
1232:
1196:Ganlu (甘露 Gānlù) 525–530
1162:
1113:
1060:
975:
224:
203:
198:
190:
153:
131:
69:
50:
41:
29:Gaochang (disambiguation)
4081:China–Pakistan relations
3862:April 2014 Ürümqi attack
3842:June 2013 Shanshan riots
3772:1997 Ürümqi bus bombings
3533:Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway
3098:Xinjiang under Qing rule
2239:Buddhism in Central Asia
1674:Quaternary International
1391:"Main storage building".
1289:Yanhe (延和 Yánhé) 602–613
1233:Unnamed son of Qu Xuanxi
950:Rulers of the Kan Family
937:Gaochang ruling families
520:In 439, remnants of the
284:Sanbu Township, Xinjiang
274:), was a ruined ancient
3837:April 2013 Bachu unrest
3657:Chinese Islamic cuisine
2714:A history of Inner Asia
2686:Biran, Michal. (2005).
2662:A history of Inner Asia
2539:. Brill. pp. 91–.
2456:Jacques Gernet (1996).
2236:Baij Nath Puri (1987).
2196:Jacques Gernet (1996).
2130:. UNESCO. p. 306.
1794:Jacques Gernet (1996).
1547:Jacques Gernet (1996).
1513:Louis-Frédéric (1977).
1303:Yihe (Yìhé 義和) 614–619
1139:Rulers of the Qu Family
1090:Rulers of the Ma Family
806:Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho
759:7th or 8th century old
549:Turfan tombs contained
478:. In 327, the Gaochang
4086:China–Turkey relations
3867:May 2014 Ürümqi attack
3797:July 2009 Ürümqi riots
3402:Reconquest of Xinjiang
3262:Four Garrisons of Anxi
2165:Rene Grousset (1991).
1731:(3): 215824402110469.
1635:10.32629/RERR.V3I1.242
946:
905:The Gaochang area was
802:
793:Man of Gaochang (高昌國,
786:
683:
574:
566:
497:After the fall of the
463:
391:
27:. For other uses, see
4066:World Uyghur Congress
4059:Independence movement
4029:Migration to Xinjiang
3822:Pishan hostage crisis
2406:Les Sogdiens en Chine
944:
860:Qocho later became a
792:
784:
678:
572:
564:
540:clan that formed the
486:) was created by the
457:
415:Shengjindian cemetery
382:
353:World Heritage Site.
175:42.85278°N 89.52917°E
91:Shown within Xinjiang
3817:2011 Kashgar attacks
3762:1992 Ürümqi bombings
3714:Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi
3493:Gurbantünggüt Desert
3269:Beiting Protectorate
2854:Chen Huaiyu (2014),
1929:. February 15, 2016.
1915:. February 16, 2016.
1475:depts.washington.edu
1355:The road leading in.
818:occupied by remnants
94:Show map of Xinjiang
4003:Ghulam Osman Yaghma
3852:2014 Kunming attack
3827:2012 Yecheng attack
3787:2008 Kashgar attack
3687:Visitor attractions
3551:Xinjiang University
3513:Karakoram Mountains
3385:Afaqi Khoja revolts
3291:Kara-Khanid Khanate
3016:Kara-Khanid Khanate
2751:, No. 5, March 2006
1686:2014QuInt.348..224B
1379:"Main prayer hall".
1152:Durations of reigns
1103:Durations of reigns
1050:Durations of reigns
965:Durations of reigns
909:the Mongols of the
776:An Lushan Rebellion
499:Western Jin dynasty
347:World Heritage List
171: /
38:
3782:2008 Uyghur unrest
3777:2007 Xinjiang raid
3752:1989 Ürümqi unrest
3599:Tocharian clothing
2766:2011-08-20 at the
2743:2013-10-24 at the
947:
900:Church of the East
803:
787:
684:
682:, Qocho 683–770 CE
637:) of Jincheng (in
575:
567:
464:
458:Painted warriors,
435:The region around
392:
180:42.85278; 89.52917
36:
4126:
4125:
4039:Chinese Turkestan
3812:2011 Hotan attack
3807:2010 Aksu bombing
3792:Shaoguan incident
3744:Xinjiang conflict
3699:Flaming Mountains
3589:Meshrep gathering
3508:Turpan Depression
3503:Taklamakan Desert
3487:Southern Xinjiang
3443:PRC incorporation
3409:Republic of China
3353:Dzungar–Qing Wars
3216:Kingdom of Khotan
3119:
3118:
3004:Kingdom of Khotan
2943:Pre-Mongol Empire
2871:978-0-231-15987-6
2818:978-0-7914-8268-1
2786:on March 15, 2016
2611:978-0-8108-6258-6
2584:978-90-04-25233-2
2546:978-90-474-2119-1
2347:978-0-19-515931-8
2303:978-0-8122-0101-7
2276:978-0-7007-0679-2
2249:978-81-208-0372-5
1889:978-1-932476-13-2
1526:978-2-902228-00-3
1420:Flaming Mountains
1339:
1338:
1136:
1135:
1087:
1086:
1034:
1033:
913:(not part of the
705:the Western Turks
588:At this time the
542:Göktürk Khaganate
325:Albert von Le Coq
280:Taklamakan Desert
214:
213:
122:Show map of China
64:of Gaochang ruins
4181:
4114:
4113:
4102:
4101:
3523:Kunlun Mountains
3358:Dzungar genocide
3318:Chagatai Khanate
3281:Uyghur Khaganate
3221:Sixteen Kingdoms
3146:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3045:Chagatai Khanate
2931:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2874:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2802:
2796:
2795:
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2776:
2770:
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2193:
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2084:
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2053:
2051:
2049:
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2033:
2024:
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2021:
2019:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1937:
1931:
1930:
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1900:
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1780:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1716:
1710:
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1665:
1659:
1658:
1652:(2500-1500 BC),
1637:
1613:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1582:
1576:
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1388:
1376:
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1352:
1143:
1142:
1094:
1093:
1041:
1040:
954:
953:
931:Bezeklik grottos
911:Chagatai Khanate
830:Kingdom of Qocho
822:Uyghur Khaganate
709:the oasis states
557:Gaochang Kingdom
534:Rouran Khaganate
419:Yanghai cemetery
411:Subeshi cemetery
240:
231:
186:
185:
183:
182:
181:
176:
172:
169:
168:
167:
164:
123:
119:Gaochang (China)
114:
113:
107:
95:
86:
85:
79:
55:
39:
35:
21:Gaochang, Turpan
4189:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4122:
4090:
4012:
3998:Shirzat Bawudun
3953:Saifuddin Azizi
3886:
3767:Ghulja incident
3738:
3682:
3673:Cotton industry
3661:
3603:
3565:
3537:
3528:Pamir Mountains
3518:Altai Mountains
3449:
3343:Dzungar Khanate
3338:Yarkent Khanate
3170:
3156:
3150:
3120:
3115:
3086:
3075:Dzungar Khanate
3069:Yarkent Khanate
3033:
3000:(?–9th century)
2958:(200 BC-709 AD)
2938:
2935:
2882:
2872:
2845:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2803:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2780:"The Silk Road"
2778:
2777:
2773:
2768:Wayback Machine
2759:
2755:
2745:Wayback Machine
2736:
2732:
2725:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2684:
2680:
2673:
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2076:
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2056:
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2027:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1968:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1874:Susan Whitfield
1871:
1867:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1828:
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1792:
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1411:
1404:
1401:
1392:
1389:
1380:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1356:
1353:
1344:
1297:Unnamed usurper
1291:
1290:
1285:
1141:
1092:
1079:
1077:
1039:
1026:
1024:
952:
939:
923:
857:in the summer.
826:Yenisei Kirghiz
814:
808:
733:by the Chinese
723:Emperor Taizong
711:
699:Main articles:
697:
559:
433:
427:
399:Subeshi culture
377:
375:Subeshi culture
371:
366:
282:in present-day
250:), also called
179:
177:
173:
170:
165:
162:
160:
158:
157:
127:
126:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
115:
98:
97:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:
87:
65:
46:
44:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4187:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4159:Oases of China
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4108:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4046:
4044:East Turkestan
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3978:Zhang Chunxian
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3943:Ehmetjan Qasim
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3908:Jahangir Khoja
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3757:Barin uprising
3754:
3748:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
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3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3579:Doppa Festival
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3539:
3538:
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3515:
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3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3480:
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3448:
3447:
3446:
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3435:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3397:General of Ili
3394:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3340:
3335:
3333:Turpan Khanate
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3276:Tibetan Empire
3273:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3249:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3180:
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3172:
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3158:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3113:
3107:
3104:Xinjiang (ROC)
3101:
3094:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3063:Turpan Khanate
3060:
3054:
3048:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2962:Loulan Kingdom
2959:
2953:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2880:External links
2878:
2877:
2876:
2870:
2851:
2844:
2841:
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2838:
2824:
2817:
2797:
2771:
2753:
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2671:
2651:
2637:
2617:
2610:
2590:
2583:
2564:
2552:
2545:
2525:
2513:
2507:978-0812201017
2506:
2486:
2472:
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2415:
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2326:
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2011:
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1918:
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1378:
1371:
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1354:
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1343:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:did not exist
1333:
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1325:
1321:
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1304:
1301:
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1132:Did not exist
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1122:
1118:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:Did not exist
1081:
1074:
1072:Zhāng Mèngmíng
1069:
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2014:
2012:0-917956-54-0
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864:state of the
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547:Six Dynasties
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472:Western China
469:
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445:Jushi Kingdom
442:
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431:Jushi Kingdom
422:
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407:Jushi Kingdom
404:
403:Tarim Mummies
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329:West Eurasian
326:
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313:
309:
305:
302:. During the
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:(قاراغوجا in
269:
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106:
78:
68:
63:
60:
54:
49:
40:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4115:
4103:
4008:Rahile Dawut
3993:Sattar Sawut
3938:Sheng Shicai
3923:Yang Zengxin
3918:Zuo Zongtang
3724:Karakul Lake
3708:
3704:Jiaohe ruins
3370:Qing dynasty
3313:Yuan dynasty
3252:Tang dynasty
3225:
3065:(1487-1660?)
3053:(1347–1680s)
2985:
2860:
2827:
2807:
2800:
2788:. Retrieved
2784:the original
2774:
2756:
2748:
2733:
2713:
2706:
2687:
2681:
2661:
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2627:
2620:
2600:
2593:
2573:
2567:
2555:
2535:
2528:
2516:
2496:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2458:
2451:
2441:
2435:
2425:
2418:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2389:
2383:
2363:
2356:
2336:
2329:
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2312:
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2285:
2265:
2258:
2238:
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2199:
2191:
2167:
2141:. Retrieved
2126:
2104:. Retrieved
2098:
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2064:
2057:
2044:. Retrieved
2038:
2016:. Retrieved
2001:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1976:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1942:
1935:
1921:
1907:
1898:
1878:
1868:
1842:. Retrieved
1836:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1797:
1789:
1777:. Retrieved
1762:
1755:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1705:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1654:Siba culture
1647:
1625:
1621:
1594:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1549:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1515:
1496:
1490:
1480:December 20,
1478:. Retrieved
1474:
1465:
1455:
1448:
1415:Jiaohe Ruins
1327:
1311:
1279:
1263:
1247:
1220:
1204:
1188:
1173:
1163:
1124:
1114:
1071:
1061:
1018:
1002:
986:
976:
924:
915:Yuan dynasty
907:conquered by
904:
885:
882:Yuan dynasty
874:Genghis Khan
866:Kara-Khitans
859:
842:Christianity
815:
801:(937-976 CE)
773:
758:
747:
743:
735:Tang dynasty
712:
688:
685:
655:
622:
587:
579:
576:
545:
519:
503:Former Liang
496:
488:Former Liang
483:
465:
440:
434:
393:
358:Astana tombs
355:
333:
308:Ming dynasty
304:Yuan dynasty
299:
295:
291:
287:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
237:
216:
215:
33:
3983:Ilham Tohti
3973:Wang Lequan
3729:Kizil Caves
3483:Tarim Basin
3323:Moghulistan
3303:Qara Khitai
3199:Han dynasty
3106:(1912-1992)
3100:(1757-1912)
3083:(1696–1930)
3077:(1634–1758)
3071:(1514–1705)
3059:(1389–1513)
3051:Moghulistan
3047:(1225–1370)
3030:(1124–1218)
3028:Qara Khitai
2982:(77 BC–630)
2970:(60 BC–107)
2560:Chen (2014)
2521:Hansen 2012
1680:: 225–226.
1425:Trade route
1328:Qú Zhìshèng
1019:Kàn Shǒugūi
1003:Kàn Yìchéng
838:Manichaeism
731:was annexed
666:Sui dynasty
601:Tarim Basin
582:Han Chinese
530:Juqu Anzhou
476:Han dynasty
178: /
154:Coordinates
4133:Categories
3928:Jin Shuren
3734:Niya ruins
3652:Tunurkawab
3184:Tocharians
3024:(843–1209)
3018:(840–1212)
2412:: 283–310.
2390:Asia Major
2182:0813513049
1436:References
1367:The ruins.
987:Kàn Bózhōu
878:suzerainty
754:Tocharians
719:suzerainty
526:Juqu Wuhui
515:Former Qin
507:Former Qin
480:Commandery
417:, and the
264:Kara-Khoja
244:Old Uyghur
199:Site notes
194:Settlement
166:89°31′45″E
163:42°51′10″N
4034:Altishahr
3963:Nur Bekri
3948:Wang Zhen
3913:Yaqub Beg
3543:Education
3477:Dzungaria
3468:Tian Shan
3455:Geography
3375:Qing rule
3012:(640-790)
2988:(460-640)
2964:(?–77 BC)
2761:北凉且渠安周造寺碑
1854:cite book
1747:2158-2440
1725:SAGE Open
1702:1040-6182
1644:234007445
1628:(1): 18.
1596:April 17,
1441:Citations
1312:Qú Wéntài
1264:Qú Qiángù
1248:Qú Bǎomào
1221:Qú Xuánxǐ
1156:Era names
1107:Era names
1054:Era names
969:Era names
851:Bishbalik
761:dumplings
727:Hou Junji
695:Tang rule
551:dumplings
524:, led by
492:Zhang Jun
468:Silk Road
389:Silk Road
387:) on the
340:Silk Road
336:Silk Road
331:peoples.
260:Qara-hoja
256:Karakhoja
204:Condition
4105:Category
3898:Amursana
3709:Gaochang
3642:Pamirdin
3328:Kara Del
3231:Göktürks
3226:Gaochang
3153:Xinjiang
3057:Kara Del
3006:(?–1006)
2986:Gaochang
2980:Shanshan
2764:Archived
2741:Archived
2523:, p. 11.
1409:See also
1189:Qú Guāng
1080:491?–496
1076:488?–496
1027:478–491?
1023:478–488?
926:Buddhism
921:Buddhism
896:Quanzhou
872:offered
834:Buddhism
824:fleeing
750:Sogdians
670:Xuanzang
651:Göktürks
618:Dunhuang
396:Iron Age
288:Chotscho
268:Karahoja
239:Gāochāng
217:Gaochang
144:Xinjiang
132:Location
59:Buddhist
37:Gaochang
4117:Commons
4017:Related
3903:Mingrui
3666:Economy
3637:Youtazi
3617:Dapanji
3609:Cuisine
3571:Culture
3243:Eastern
3239:Western
3194:Xiongnu
3176:History
3167:capital
3112:(1949-)
2994:(?–789)
2976:(?-460)
2843:Sources
2644:May 17,
2479:May 17,
2221:June 6,
2143:May 17,
2106:May 17,
2081:May 17,
2046:May 17,
2018:May 17,
1984:May 17,
1959:May 17,
1844:May 17,
1819:May 17,
1779:May 17,
1682:Bibcode
1570:May 17,
1532:May 17,
1342:Gallery
1316:623–640
1300:613–619
1286:619–623
1284:601–613
1280:Qú Bóyǎ
1268:560–601
1252:555–560
1236:551–554
1225:549–550
1209:530–548
1205:Qú Jiān
1193:525–530
1178:501–525
1129:496–501
1007:477–478
991:460–477
870:Barchuq
855:Urumchi
820:of the
765:wontons
643:Lanzhou
460:Yanghai
449:Xiongnu
364:History
349:as the
221:Chinese
4139:Turpan
3968:Li Zhi
3891:People
3627:Sangza
3463:Cities
3247:Second
3189:Yuezhi
3163:Ürümqi
3155:topics
3091:Modern
3038:Mongol
2868:
2815:
2721:
2694:
2669:
2635:
2608:
2581:
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2470:
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2179:
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2072:
2009:
1950:
1886:
1810:
1770:
1745:
1707:1990).
1700:
1642:
1561:
1523:
1174:Qú Jiā
1149:Pinyin
1100:Pinyin
1047:Pinyin
961:Pinyin
862:vassal
795:Turfan
769:Turfan
707:, and
590:Gaoche
538:Ashina
437:Turfan
413:, the
385:Turpan
344:UNESCO
292:Khocho
272:Uyghur
252:Khocho
236::
234:pinyin
223::
140:Turpan
3647:Xurpa
3632:Samsa
3594:Muqam
3584:Music
3286:Qocho
3235:First
3022:Qocho
2998:Yanqi
2992:Kucha
2950:Wusun
2173:98–99
1640:S2CID
1125:Mǎ Rú
853:near
812:Qocho
799:番客入朝圖
797:) in
658:Kucha
647:Gansu
639:Gansu
441:Jūshī
296:Qocho
276:oasis
248:Qocho
209:ruins
148:China
62:stupa
25:Qocho
3245:and
2866:ISBN
2813:ISBN
2792:2007
2719:ISBN
2692:ISBN
2667:ISBN
2646:2011
2633:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2541:ISBN
2502:ISBN
2481:2011
2468:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2271:ISBN
2244:ISBN
2223:2012
2210:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2145:2011
2132:ISBN
2108:2011
2083:2011
2070:ISBN
2048:2011
2020:2011
2007:ISBN
1986:2011
1961:2011
1948:ISBN
1884:ISBN
1860:link
1846:2011
1821:2011
1808:ISBN
1781:2011
1768:ISBN
1743:ISSN
1698:ISSN
1598:2021
1572:2011
1559:ISBN
1534:2011
1521:ISBN
1482:2022
1146:Name
1097:Name
1044:Name
957:Name
887:semu
876:the
840:and
763:and
752:and
739:Anxi
662:Tang
528:and
509:and
306:and
300:Qočo
191:Type
57:The
45:قۇچۇ
3622:Nan
2464:238
2206:253
1804:186
1733:doi
1690:doi
1678:348
1630:doi
1555:253
1332:640
1324:麴智盛
1308:麴文泰
1276:麴伯雅
1260:麴乾固
1244:麴寶茂
1217:麴玄喜
1068:張孟明
1015:闞首歸
999:闞義成
983:闞伯周
484:jùn
298:or
266:or
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1497:文博
1473:.
1201:麴堅
1185:麴光
1170:麴嘉
1121:馬儒
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756:.
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1626:3
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635:嘉
632:麴
628:儒
625:馬
614:羅
611:至
608:伏
605:阿
597:車
594:高
592:(
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443:(
321:卓
318:和
315:拉
312:哈
229:昌
226:高
219:(
31:.
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