1366:
2942:
2930:
936:
3105:
1302:
1286:
2875:
2863:
1969:
1064:
2848:
1231:
1049:
3065:
1455:
2907:
1119:
1266:
1247:
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856:
3129:
3079:
79:
1637:
1443:
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3024:
1139:
1488:, the stupa became the chorten, and the pagoda in East Asia. The pagoda has varied forms that also include bell-shaped and pyramidal styles. In the Western context, there is no clear distinction between a stupa and a pagoda. In general, however, "stupa" is the term used for a Buddhist structure in India or Southeast Asia, while "pagoda" refers to a building in East Asia that can be entered and that may be used for secular purposes. However, use of the term varies by region. For example, stupas in Burma tend to be referred to as "pagodas".
824:, an archeological site associated with the Indus Valley Civilization, there are several large and high "hemispherical monuments" of tumulus with brick-masonry found with burial chambers inside. Among them, Tumulus-1 and Tumulus-2 mounds were excavated. They consist of a deep and wide rock-cut chamber, surrounded on the ground by a massive circular mud-brick structure made in two tiers, and filled in and topped with earth to form a domical shape. There is also evidence of plastering on the exterior of Tumulus-1, bearing a 10- mm-thick
844:
2828:
1080:
595:
1092:
655:
1338:
635:
1568:
2957:
2891:
94:
2026:
3036:
2159:
39:
7194:
1961:
1783:
1720:
7205:
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3117:
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1860:
1931:". This is a wooden pole covered with gems and thousands of mantras; it is placed in the central channel of the stupa. It is positioned during a ceremony or initiation, where the participants hold colorful ribbons connected to the Tree of Life. Together, the participants make their most positive and powerful wishes, which are stored in the Tree of Life. In this way, the stupa is charged and starts to function.
1111:
1840:
615:
54:
927:—became a feature of safety surrounding a stupa. The Buddha had left instructions about how to pay homage to the stupas: "And whoever lays wreaths or puts sweet perfumes and colours there with a devout heart, will reap benefits for a long time". This practice would lead to the decoration of the stupas with stone sculptures of flower garlands in the Classical period.
1951:
Destroying a stupa, on the other hand, is considered an extremely negative deed, similar to murder. Such an action is said to create massive negative karmic imprints, leading to serious future problems. It is said this action leaves the mind in a state of paranoia after death has occurred, leading to
828:
of pinkish-white clay over brick masonry. These forms of hemispherical monuments or tumulus of brick-masonry with similar layouts may have been inspirations for later stupas. Some stupas not believed to have been looted have been found empty when excavated, as have some pre-historic cairn sites, and
548:
Apart from very large stupas, designed to attract pilgrims, there were large numbers of smaller stupas in a whole range of sizes, which typically had much taller drums, relative to the height of the dome. Small votive stupas paid for by pilgrims might be less than a metre high, and laid out in rows
1943:
imprints in the mind. Future benefits from this action are said to result in fortunate rebirths. Fortunate worldly benefits also result, such as being born into a rich family, having a beautiful body, a nice voice, bringing joy to others, and having a long and happy life in which one's wishes are
1794:"The shape of the stupa represents the Buddha, crowned and sitting in meditation posture on a lion throne. His crown is the top of the spire; his head is the square at the spire's base; his body is the vase shape; his legs are the four steps of the lower terrace; and the base is his throne."
3847:
Dated "between A.D. 300–350 based on
Kharosthi, Brahmi, and Sodian inscriptions written before and after the drawing was completed (fig. 3). In the center of the triptych, a spectacular stupa with a relatively small dome , a chattravali with seven disks, columns, banners, and multiple bells
816:, where broken Indus-era pottery was incorporated into later Buddhist burials. Scholars have noted structural and functional features of the stupa (including its general mound shape and the practice of surrounding stupas with a stone, relic chamber, or wooden railing) with both pre-
2012:
Also known as "Stupa of Heaped
Lotuses", or "Birth of the Sugata Stupa", this stupa refers to the birth of Gautama Buddha. "At birth Buddha took seven steps in each of the four directions" (east, south, west, and north). In each direction, lotuses sprang up, symbolizing the
1918:
Jewellery and other "precious" objects are also placed in the treasury. It is not necessary that they be expensive, since it is the symbolic value that is important, not the market price. It is believed that the more objects are placed in the stupa, the stronger its energy.
877:
According to some early
Buddhist sources, the Buddha himself had suggested this treatment, and when asked what a stupa was, had demonstrated the basic design: he folded his robe on the ground, placed his begging bowl upside down on it, with his staff above that.
526:, or drum, with vertical sides, which usually sits on a square base. There is no access to the inside of the structure. In large stupas, there may be walkways for circumambulation on top of the base as well as on the ground below it. Large stupas have, or had,
2017:: love, compassion, joy, and equanimity. The base of this stupa is circular and has four steps, and it is decorated with lotus-petal designs. Occasionally, seven heaped lotus steps are constructed. These refer to the seven first steps of the Buddha.
3315:"It is probably traceable to a common cultural inheritance, stretching from the Mediterranean to the Ganges valley, and manifested by the sepulchres, conical mounds of earth on a circular foundation, of about the eighth century B.C. found in
1621:, the sphere of formlessness. The main stupa itself is empty, symbolizing complete perfection of enlightenment. The main stupa is the crown part of the monument, while the base is a pyramidal structure elaborated with galleries adorned with
1835:
are necessary. The type of stupa to be constructed in a certain area is decided together with the teacher assisting in the construction. Sometimes the type chosen is directly connected with events that have taken place in the area.
811:
Archaeologists in India have observed that a number of early
Buddhist stupas or burials are found in the vicinity of much older, pre-historic burials, including megalithic burial sites. This includes sites associated with the
1386:
in Bodh Gaya is one such example, formed of a succession of steps with niches containing Buddha images, alternating with Greco-Roman pillars. The structure is crowned by the shape of a hemispherical stupa topped by
1578:
The earliest archaeological evidence for the presence of
Buddhist stupas dates to the late 4th century BCE. Some of the oldest known examples of stupas are found in Vaishali, Kushinagar, Piprahwa, Ramgram, Sanchi,
3367:: "In his study L'évolution du stupa en Asie, he even observed that "long before India, the classical Orient was inspired by the shape of the tumulus for constructing its tombs: Phrygia, Lydia, Phenicia ." in
870:
Religious buildings in the form of the
Buddhist stupa, a dome-shaped structure, started to be used in India as commemorative monuments associated with storing sacred relics of the Buddha. After his
2941:
1160:) in these areas. The Gandhara stupa followed several steps, generally moving towards more and more elevation and addition of decorative elements, leading eventually to the development of the
1265:
1048:
1156:, China, and ultimately Korea and Japan through Gandhara, the stylistic evolution of the Gandharan stupa was very influential in the later development of the stupa (and related artistic or
1063:
3709:"De l'Indus a l'Oxus : archaeologie de l'Asie Centrale", Pierfrancesco Callieri, p. 212: "The diffusion, from the second century BCE, of Hellenistic influences in the architecture of
1230:
4042:
1301:
1246:
1026:(1st century BCE/CE), and then Amaravati (1st–2nd century CE). The decorative embellishment of stupas also underwent considerable development in the northwest, in the area of
2000:, each referring to a major event in the Buddha's life. Chortens are often made as a set, placed in a row. The Tibetan set differs slightly (by two events) from the Indian
1285:
2794:, or death of the Buddha, when he was 80 years old. It symbolizes his complete absorption into the highest state of mind. It is bell-shaped and usually unornamented.
2929:
1079:
4336:
534:
gateways, of which there are usually four. At the top of the dome is a thin vertical element, with one or more horizontal discs spreading from it. These were
1633:
as the largest
Buddhist monument in the world. It is also the world's largest Buddhist temple as well as one of the greatest Buddhist monuments in the world.
1365:
4474:
1172:, with a near-Indian design of a semi-hemispheric stupa almost directly on the ground surface, probably dated to the 3rd century BCE. Similar stupas are the
2089:
in order to commemorate this event. This type of stupa is characterized by having a central projection at each side, containing a triple ladder, or steps.
1743:, in which the items interred are objects that belonged to the Buddha or his disciples, such as a begging bowls or robes, or important Buddhist scriptures.
955:), and erected 84,000 stupas to distribute the relics across India. In effect, many stupas are thought to date originally from the time of Ashoka, such as
5344:
1382:
It is thought that the temple in the shape of a truncated pyramid may have derived from the design of the stepped stupas that developed in
Gandhara. The
6259:
4734:
3730:
Didactic
Narration: Jataka Iconography in Dunhuang with a Catalogue of Jataka Representations in China, Alexander Peter Bell, LIT Verlag Münster, 2000
2874:
2827:
2847:
1414:
coins, suggests that the pyramidal structure already existed in the 2nd century CE. This is confirmed by archaeological excavations in Bodh Gaya.
6263:
729:
6487:
2221:
2135:
This stupa commemorates Buddha's successful prolonging of his life by three months. It has only three steps, which are circular and unadorned.
1685:
is the tallest stupa in Europe. It is 33 m (108 ft) high and was inaugurated on 5 October 2003, the final project of
Buddhist master
874:, Buddha's remains were cremated and the ashes divided and buried under eight mounds, with two further mounds encasing the urn and the embers.
727:
was a term for a shrine, sanctuary, or holy place in the landscape, generally outdoors, inhabited by, or sacred to, a particular deity. In the
2085:, where his mother had taken rebirth. In order to repay her kindness, he taught the dharma to her rebirth. Local inhabitants built a stupa in
2053:
This stupa is also known as the "Stupa of Many Gates". After reaching enlightenment, the Buddha taught his first students in a deer park near
4046:
4704:
2001:
2906:
2862:
1802:
Although not described in any Tibetan text on stupa symbolism, the stupa may represent the five purified elements, according to Buddhism:
1892:
s is placed in the treasury, and the empty space between them is filled with dry sand. On the thus-created new surface, another layer of
1693:
near Málaga, in 1994, a symbol of peace and prosperity for Spain. He went on to build 16 more stupas in Europe before his death in 2003.
935:
910:
4812:
413:
4547:
1773:, constructed to commemorate visits or to gain spiritual benefits, usually at the site of prominent stupas that are regularly visited.
7245:
4569:
3104:
3742:
World Heritage Monuments and Related Edifices in India, Volume 1 p. 50 by Alī Jāvīd, Tabassum Javeed, Algora Publishing, New York
7079:
6531:
1191:, with a flight of stairs to a dome elevated on a square platform. Many Gandhara miniatures represent this type (1st century CE).
820:
cairn and pre-historic megalithic "round mound" burials with chambers found in India, which likely represent a "proto-stupa". In
4412:
3945:
3128:
6734:
4714:
4352:
2834:
4525:
4401:
4176:
2101:", this stupa refers to various miracles performed by the Buddha when he was 50 years old. Legend claims that he overpowered
1014:(125 BCE). Full-fledged sculptural decorations and scenes of the life of the Buddha would soon follow at Bharhut (115 BCE),
4897:
4739:
1617:
monument in Java, Indonesia. The upper rounded terrace, with rows of bell-shaped stupas, contain Buddha images symbolizing
7074:
3161:
3023:
1755:, to symbolise aspects of Buddhist theology. For example, Borobudur is considered to be the symbol of "the Three Worlds (
6971:
6521:
4616:
4333:
2770:
2216:
2173:
1888:
s is itself a ceremony. Mantras written on paper are made into thin rolls and put into small clay stupas. One layer of
1547:. In particular the type of the tower-like stupa, the last stage of Gandharan stupa development, visible in the second
2105:
and heretics by engaging them in intellectual arguments and also by performing miracles. This stupa was raised by the
514:, has been an important ritual and devotional practice in Buddhism since the earliest times, and stupas always have a
4817:
4503:
4250:
3623:
3598:
3558:
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1496:
1198:
stupa, with an elongated shape and many narrative reliefs, in many ways the classic Gandharan stupa (2nd century CE).
1091:
7064:
1690:
1425:
temple with multiple images of the Buddha and Bodhisattvas. This design was influential in the development of later
6749:
6494:
3475:"The "Round Mound" and its Structural Requirements: A Possible Scenario for the Evolution of the Form of the Stupa"
3398:"The 'Round Mound' and its Structural Requirements: A Possible Scenario for the Evolution of the Form of the Stupa"
3064:
983:
4486:
7141:
7131:
4960:
1474:, where it became prominent as a Buddhist monument used for enshrining sacred relics. The Indian gateway arches,
3717:, which saw its stupa "monumentalized" at that exact time by basal elements and decorative alcoves derived from
3049:
7250:
7086:
6739:
6541:
6432:
6377:
4950:
307:
7056:
6754:
6437:
4729:
4562:
2971:
2699:
2394:
1730:
Built for a variety of reasons, Buddhist stupas are classified, based on form and function, into five types:
4013:
1484:
derives from the torana gates at the Buddhist historic site of Sanchi (3rd century BCE–11th century CE). In
6639:
6511:
6482:
6184:
4122:
4073:
2644:
2419:
2379:
1704:
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6330:
6239:
5709:
5354:
4867:
4762:
3146:
1968:
5874:
7255:
7179:
6659:
6135:
5621:
4744:
4577:
3270:
890:
6069:
3078:
2956:
2041:", this stupa symbolizes the 35-year-old Buddha's attainment of enlightenment under the bodhi tree in
780:
and can be related to the conical mounds on circular bases from the 8th century BCE that are found in
7240:
7069:
6882:
6872:
6744:
5727:
5307:
5068:
5043:
2519:
1945:
813:
5093:
2812:. Its symbolism is not connected to events in the Buddha's life but instead to the symbolism of the
2329:
530:
railings outside the path around the base, often highly decorated with sculpture, especially at the
281:
7174:
6526:
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6311:
6214:
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4749:
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3001:
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203:
3995:
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6422:
6402:
6159:
5889:
5133:
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1010:
Stupas were soon to be richly decorated with sculptural reliefs, following the first attempts at
939:
An early stupa, 6 meters (20 ft) in diameter, with fallen umbrella on side at Chakpat, near
914:
886:
859:
742:
3946:"Stupa – Bhutanese, Nepalese, Tibetan Style Chortens or Stupa is the symbol of enlightened mind"
3474:
3397:
3331:. Youth Advancement, Tourism & Cultural Department Government of Andhra Pradesh. p. 33.
1454:
951:(rule: 273–232 BCE) recovered the relics of the Buddha from the earlier stupas (except from the
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3507:"How the Harappans Honoured Death at Dholavira – Chapter VI. Hemispherical monument or tumulus"
3448:"How the Harappans Honoured Death at Dholavira – Chapter VI. Hemispherical monument or tumulus"
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2499:
2484:
2464:
2389:
2384:
2299:
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20:
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1880:
All stupas contain a treasury filled with various objects. Small clay votive offerings called
772:
Some authors have suggested that stupas were derived from a wider cultural tradition from the
7126:
7096:
6677:
6609:
6442:
6357:
6352:
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6189:
4719:
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2704:
2694:
2649:
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924:
838:
285:
5742:
1606:
includes some of the tallest, most ancient, and best-preserved stupas in the world, such as
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6619:
6516:
6462:
6347:
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6234:
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5779:
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3350:
3035:
2714:
2674:
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2634:
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2252:
2196:
2168:
2066:
441:
111:
107:
6989:
5604:
5473:
5399:
5275:
5013:
1737:, in which the relics or remains of the Buddha, his disciples, and lay saints are interred
1682:
1442:
855:
8:
6956:
6835:
6669:
6644:
6634:
6594:
6571:
6454:
6427:
6387:
6306:
6296:
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6151:
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5198:
5150:
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427:
115:
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6604:
6551:
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6417:
6412:
6407:
6397:
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6367:
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6301:
6281:
6244:
6169:
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5599:
5477:
5419:
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5160:
5088:
5063:
4709:
4639:
3151:
3096:
2709:
2689:
2629:
2624:
2512:
2414:
2407:
2334:
2324:
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2106:
2045:, where he conquered worldly temptations and attacks, manifesting in the form of Mara.
1852:
1844:
1676:
1618:
1587:
1256:
1237:
1184:
1169:
1157:
1152:
The stupa underwent major evolutions in the area of Gandhara. Since Buddhism spread to
1138:
1085:
The Great Stupa at Sanchi Decorated toranas built from the 1st c. BCE to the 1st c. CE.
972:
863:
829:
animal bones are suspected to have occasionally been deposited at both types of sites.
720:
321:
6818:
4328:
Article: Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche: "The Four Thoughts which Turn the Mind from Samsara."
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2639:
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2226:
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2142:
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1993:
1940:
1391:, forming a logical elongation of the stepped Gandharan stupas such as those seen in
1054:
1011:
976:
550:
535:
454:
243:
6141:
4935:
4835:
4356:
3166:
3116:
2070:
2057:. The series of doors on each side of the steps represents the first teachings: the
1057:, the earliest known stupa with important displays of decorative reliefs, c. 125 BCE
843:
749:/caitya implies the presence of important relics. Both words have forms prefixed by
6845:
6798:
6793:
6649:
6614:
6589:
6584:
6335:
6291:
6204:
5879:
5535:
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4442:: KFrank Luker, Superintendent, Government Press, North-Western Provinces and Oudh.
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2127:, where the reconciliation occurred. It has four octagonal steps with equal sides.
1997:
1908:
1903:
s required to completely fill the treasury depends on its size and the size of the
1723:
1664:
1383:
1356:
576:, various rather different elongated shapes of dome evolved, leading to high, thin
561:
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365:
343:
217:
191:
169:
84:
5924:
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2314:
1944:
quickly fulfilled. On the absolute level, one will also be able to quickly reach
1708:
1142:
1097:
968:
952:
753:
for "great", "large", or "important", but scholars find the difference between a
594:
295:
5954:
5108:
5098:
4411:
Skilling, Peter (2016). "Chapter 2". In Shimada, Akira; Willis, Michael (eds.).
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2534:
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1447:
1272:
1252:
1220:
1195:
1039:
573:
387:
269:
693:
654:
545:, Madhya Pradesh, is the most famous and best-preserved early stupa in India.
16:
Mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, used as a place of meditation
7224:
6934:
6783:
6092:
5994:
5852:
5653:
5631:
5567:
5238:
5033:
5028:
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2838:
2429:
2424:
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A stupa was built on the ground of the Kalachakra Kalapa Centre in southwest
1607:
1422:
1292:
1213:
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1031:
995:
960:
817:
777:
773:
401:
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2374:
1586:
With the top of its spire reaching 120.45 m (395.2 ft) in height,
1567:
1337:
7024:
7009:
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6929:
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6049:
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5243:
5118:
4579:
3201:
3191:
2469:
2354:
2272:
2158:
2038:
2014:
1939:
Building a stupa is considered extremely beneficial, leaving very positive
1928:
1629:. Borobudur's unique and significant architecture has been acknowledged by
1603:
1426:
1399:
1153:
1105:
987:
510:
5807:
5792:
5752:
5449:
5113:
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4199:
3433:
Schopen, Gregory. 2004. Buddhist Monks & Business Matters, pp. 361–374
1216:, with flights of stairs in the four cardinal directions (4th century CE).
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474:
6994:
6823:
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5949:
5732:
5540:
5468:
5248:
5078:
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4827:
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3008:
2790:
2539:
2030:
2025:
1590:
in Nakhon Pathom, Thailand is the tallest extant stupa in the world. The
1500:
1478:, reached East Asia with the spread of Buddhism. Some scholars hold that
1402:
period (5th century CE), the "Plaque of Mahabhodi Temple", discovered in
1188:
1035:
871:
556:
As Buddhism spread, other forms were used for the same purposes, and the
486:
93:
6984:
5444:
832:
6939:
6897:
6773:
6579:
6504:
6118:
6102:
6064:
6044:
5939:
5914:
5822:
5757:
5737:
5483:
5414:
5285:
5168:
5138:
5073:
5023:
4681:
4671:
4644:
4543:
The Great Stupa of Universal Compassion in Bendigo, Victoria, Australia
3055:
2544:
2304:
2201:
2117:
This stupa commemorates the Buddha's resolution of a dispute among the
1782:
1719:
1653:
1641:
1626:
1622:
1602:
and Dharmarajika-Taxila in Pakistan. In Sri Lanka, the ancient city of
1591:
1407:
1271:
A tower-shaped stupa, thought to be the design of the second (rebuilt)
920:
906:
519:
499:
5959:
4955:
3500:
3498:
3156:
1992:, are usually called "chorten" in English, reflecting the term in the
1896:
s is made, and so on, until the entire space of the treasury is full.
311:
6914:
6887:
6054:
5929:
5641:
5557:
5434:
5324:
5297:
5290:
5253:
5210:
5173:
4940:
4905:
4872:
4847:
4802:
4439:
4136:
friends, Venerable Kusalo Bhikkhu – with help from his teachers and.
4068:
3248:
3196:
2978:
2963:
2589:
2564:
2042:
1985:
1960:
1749:, built to commemorate events in the lives of Buddha or his disciples
1614:
1571:
1552:
1551:(4th century), is thought to be the precursor of the tower stupas in
1492:
1471:
1398:
Although the current structure of the Mahabdhodi Temple dates to the
1209:
1177:
1146:
1131:
1123:
1015:
898:
894:
882:
821:
797:
664:
523:
495:
38:
6687:
5523:
5377:
5143:
4925:
4794:
4786:
4279:
3713:
is also attested by the archaeological searches at the sanctuary of
3506:
3447:
963:, where he also erected pillars with his inscriptions, and possibly
255:
7204:
7044:
6999:
6944:
6909:
6813:
6472:
6039:
6034:
5984:
5919:
5837:
5802:
5797:
5458:
5329:
5317:
5228:
4887:
4584:
3495:
3316:
3211:
2599:
2579:
2574:
2454:
2150:
2098:
2086:
1868:
1848:
1703:
A stupa based on the bell-shaped stupas at Borobudur is located at
1595:
1540:
1450:(523 CE) is thought to derive from the Gandharan tower-stupa model.
1418:
1411:
1403:
1027:
940:
848:
805:
793:
683:
641:
598:
141:
6029:
6019:
6004:
5827:
5697:
4965:
808:
mound burials with chambers, which likely represent proto-stupas.
541:, symbolic umbrellas, and have not survived, if not restored. The
417:
6949:
6892:
6877:
6024:
6014:
5989:
5864:
5859:
5817:
5787:
5719:
5685:
5572:
5513:
5508:
5362:
5265:
5103:
5053:
4840:
4666:
3929:
3249:"Buddhist Art and Architecture: Symbolism of the Stupa / Chorten"
2854:
2279:
2124:
2082:
2054:
1657:
1645:
1599:
1580:
1459:
1417:
This truncated pyramid design also marked the evolution from the
1392:
1372:
1276:
1202:
1127:
1070:
1019:
964:
825:
781:
697:
689:
679:
625:
602:
582:
557:
491:
5636:
5404:
1867:
in Peshawar, Pakistan. These surviving relics are now housed in
1859:
1349:
7029:
7014:
6850:
6712:
6692:
6467:
6129:
6009:
5999:
5934:
5562:
5518:
5503:
5493:
5463:
5387:
5270:
5038:
4910:
4654:
4649:
4078:
3176:
3171:
2993:
2739:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2247:
1989:
1697:
1667:
in Yangon, Myanmar, is one of the largest stupas in the world.
1630:
1388:
1307:
1161:
1110:
1023:
956:
948:
746:
734:
675:
565:
542:
531:
229:
103:
44:
1839:
881:
The relics of the Buddha were spread between eight stupas, in
7169:
7004:
6862:
6828:
6808:
6778:
6124:
5969:
5847:
5842:
5812:
5767:
5614:
5609:
5488:
5193:
5018:
4985:
4975:
3320:
3238:, 2000, originally published by Oxford University Press 2000.
2529:
1981:
1625:
scenes derived from Buddhist texts and depicting the life of
1485:
1480:
801:
789:
785:
660:
645:
621:
577:
481:
68:
64:
60:
4479:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
4110:
1884:
s in Tibetan fill most of the treasury. The creation of the
1815:
The upper lotus parasol and the crescent moon represent air.
1503:. Later, many more were built over the years, including the
614:
484:-like or hemispherical structure containing relics (such as
7039:
5832:
5498:
4995:
4542:
4414:
Amaravati: The Art of an Early Buddhist Monument in Context
3186:
1832:
1532:
991:
902:
469:
155:
3375:. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. p. 12.
53:
6697:
5233:
3948:. Bhutan Majestic Travel. 17 January 2013. Archived from
3206:
2081:
At 42 years of age, Buddha spent a summer retreat in the
1973:
1164:
tower. The main stupa types are, in chronological order:
979:
throughout his realm, generally next to Buddhist stupas.
4043:"Guinness names Borobudur world's largest Buddha temple"
3776:
3774:
3297:
1106:
Development in Gandhara (3rd century BCE–5th century CE)
866:, and possibly the earliest archaeologically known stupa
804:, 5th c. BCE). Some authors suggest stupas emerged from
3930:
Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System (2001),
3236:
A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
1022:(125–60 BCE), again at Sanchi for the elevation of the
982:
The first known appearance of the word "stupa" is from
586:, which is a prayer hall or temple containing a stupa.
3674:
2076:
377:
370:
4040:
3786:
3771:
3759:
3285:
2123:. A stupa in this design was built in the kingdom of
1240:, with square base and four columns (1st century CE).
1073:
Stupa. Sculptured railings: 115 BCE, toranas: 75 BCE.
1038:
decorative elements from the 2nd century BCE) or the
917:
is likely the earliest archaeologically known stupa.
833:
Mounds for the relics of the Buddha (5th century BCE)
355:
4138:"Stupa construction at Amaravati Buddhist Monastery"
3901:
3899:
3664:
3662:
3649:
3647:
1126:
stupa was dedicated in the 2nd century CE under the
3848:illustrates a trend towards decorative profusion."
3632:
930:
1996:. There are eight different shapes of chortens in
1818:The sun and the dissolving point represent wisdom.
1005:
733:, near the end of his life, the Buddha remarks to
4092:
3976:
3896:
3884:
3810:
3798:
3747:
3659:
3644:
1322:
7222:
4305:"Benefits Resulting from the Building of Stupas"
2816:, created to protect against negative energies.
1911:in southern Spain contains approximately 14,000
1594:hosts a well-preserved stupa at Shingardar near
1531:in Japanese) are all thought to derive from the
432:
4435:The Jain stûpa and other antiquities of Mathurâ
3441:
3439:
3341:On the hemispherical Phenician tombs of Amrit:
2002:set of Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha
333:
326:
4243:The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs
3736:
3618:. Harvard University Press. pp. 246–247.
1421:stupa dedicated to the cult of relics, to the
851:stupa is one of the earliest surviving stupas.
259:
248:
146:
4563:
2764:
1809:The hemispherical dome/vase represents water.
348:
233:
222:
207:
196:
181:
174:
5345:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
4383:Chandra, Pramod (2008). "South Asian arts".
4164:
4160:
4158:
4034:
3591:An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism
3436:
3342:
3271:"The Buddhist stupa: origin and development"
2130:
2097:Also known as the "Stupa of Conquest of the
2037:Also known as the "Stupa of the Conquest of
1927:An important element in every stupa is the "
1613:The most elaborate stupa is the 8th-century
1510:
1406:and dated to 150–200 CE, based on its dated
711:appear to be almost interchangeable, though
300:
3369:Bénisti, Mireille; K, Thanikaimony (2003).
1359:: a stepped pyramid with round stupa on top
688:Stupas may have originated as pre-Buddhist
392:
274:
4570:
4556:
4061:
3857:. Wayne State University Press: 152. 2002.
3572:
3570:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
2771:
2757:
2112:
2092:
589:
406:
160:
4520:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers.
4155:
1843:The sharing of the relics of the Buddha.
1797:
1499:converted to Buddhism. The first was the
947:According to Buddhist tradition, Emperor
745:. In later times and in other countries,
703:In early Buddhist inscriptions in India,
696:were buried in a seated position, called
4410:
4237:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3680:
3473:M. Menon, Srikumar (16 September 2016).
3472:
3396:M. Menon, Srikumar (16 September 2016).
3395:
3368:
3303:
3291:
2024:
1967:
1959:
1858:
1838:
1781:
1718:
1689:. Lopon Tsechu built his first stupa at
1635:
1566:
1453:
1441:
1137:
1117:
1109:
934:
854:
842:
593:
6532:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
4382:
4324:
4322:
4299:
4297:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4006:
3724:
3638:
3593:. Oxford University Press. p. 85.
3588:
3567:
3551:Chandi Borobudur: A Monument of Mankind
3532:
3530:
3528:
3504:
3445:
3418:
923:—consisting of posts, crossbars, and a
102:Various architectural styles of stupa:
7223:
6735:List of Buddhist architecture in China
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4192:
3923:
3613:
3482:National Institute of Advanced Studies
3405:National Institute of Advanced Studies
2048:
2020:
2007:
1984:and Tibetan-influenced regions of the
1462:stupas on roadside east of Leh, Ladakh
4551:
4431:
4098:
4041:Purnomo Siswoprasetjo (4 July 2012).
3861:
3827:
3825:
3686:
2853:Buddha statue inside a votive stupa,
4319:
4294:
4214:
3973:, 6th ed., Columbia University Press
3553:, p. 39, 1976, Paris: Unesco Press.
3525:
3346:History of Indian and Indonesian art
1432:
580:. A related architectural term is a
4255:
4135:
3372:Stylistics of Buddhist art in India
3324:
3162:Great Stupa of Universal Compassion
3015:
2797:
2783:
2077:Stupa of Descent from the God Realm
1410:inscriptions and combined finds of
913:. Lars Fogelin has stated that the
522:form is a large solid dome above a
13:
6522:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
4475:"The Symbolism of the Early Stūpa"
4448:
4391:
4245:(2004) Serindia Publications Inc.
4045:. The Jakarta Post. Archived from
3982:
3905:
3890:
3878:
3831:
3822:
3816:
3804:
3792:
3780:
3765:
3753:
3697:
3668:
3653:
3576:
3234:. Credited to James Stevens Curl,
2808:A ninth kind of stupa exists, the
2222:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
2217:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2109:kingdom to commemorate the event.
1812:The conical spire represents fire.
1714:
1700:, Austria, between 2000 and 2002.
1670:
1466:Stupa architecture was adopted in
1343:The Mahabodhi Temple in 150–200 CE
1219:The towering design of the second
943:; probably Maurya, 3rd century BCE
715:has a broader meaning, and unlike
14:
7272:
4536:
4456:Das Gupta, P. C. (October 1977).
1972:Row of chortens at roadside near
1955:
1806:The square base represents Earth.
1562:
1497:Devanampiya Tissa of Anuradhapura
7246:Types of monuments and memorials
7203:
7193:
7192:
6750:Thai temple art and architecture
6495:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
4735:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
4601:
4588:
4578:
4420:. British Museum. Archived from
3917:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008),
3536:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008),
3343:Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1972).
3127:
3115:
3103:
3089:
3077:
3063:
3048:
3034:
3022:
3000:
2985:
2970:
2955:
2940:
2928:
2905:
2889:
2873:
2861:
2846:
2826:
2738:
2157:
1598:; another stupa is located near
1555:and the Chinese pagodas such as
1364:
1348:
1336:
1300:
1284:
1264:
1245:
1229:
1090:
1078:
1062:
1047:
931:Expansion under Ashoka (250 BCE)
653:
633:
613:
92:
77:
52:
37:
4602:
4355:. karmaguen.org. Archived from
4345:
4129:
4115:
4104:
3988:
3964:
3938:
3911:
3841:
3703:
3607:
3582:
3543:
3466:
3325:Rao, P. R. Ramachandra (2002).
3134:Small stupa in Kathmandu street
3029:Roadside stupa; Kathmandu, 1979
1922:
1822:
1437:
1006:Decorated stupas (from 125 BCE)
518:path around them. The original
6740:Japanese Buddhist architecture
6542:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
5622:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
4813:Places where the Buddha stayed
4432:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1901).
4375:
3855:Bulletin of the Asia Institute
3511:Archaeological Survey of India
3452:Archaeological Survey of India
3389:
3357:
3335:
3309:
3263:
3241:
3225:
1323:Origin of the pyramidal temple
975:. Ashoka also established the
737:how beautiful are the various
730:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra
640:Royal funeral tumulus of King
1:
6755:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
3218:
1311:
1310:petroglyphs, Buddhist stupa,
1259:of Gandhara (2nd century CE).
1069:East Gateway and Railings of
1030:, with instances such as the
498:) that is used as a place of
6512:Buddhism and the Roman world
6488:Decline of Buddhism in India
6483:History of Buddhism in India
4583: Topics in
4498:. Calcutta: Sahitya Samsad.
4074:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
4069:"Borobudur Temple Compounds"
2420:Buddhist Paths to liberation
1777:
1759:) and the spiritual stages (
1705:Amaravati Buddhist Monastery
1515:The Asian words for pagoda (
1295:period, about 2nd century CE
1180:stupa, or the Chakpat stupa.
7:
5710:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
5450:
3147:Ancient stupas of Sri Lanka
3139:
2921:
2868:Abayagiri Dageba, Sri Lanka
1934:
1875:
490:– typically the remains of
475:
418:
378:
356:
334:
312:
286:
260:
234:
208:
182:
10:
7277:
6660:The unanswerable questions
4518:The Symbolism of the Stupa
4485:(2): 67–94. Archived from
2819:
2801:
1831:and ceremonies known to a
1790:complex from the northeast
1674:
1583:, Amaravati, and Bharhut.
1375:of a Buddhist temple; 900s
836:
673:
18:
7188:
7140:
7055:
6970:
6745:Buddhist temples in Korea
6668:
6570:
6453:
6150:
6078:
5905:
5778:
5718:
5353:
5308:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
5219:
5211:Three planes of existence
5159:
5004:
4896:
4826:
4818:Buddha in world religions
4680:
4625:
4597:
4171:. Grafikol. p. 140.
4014:"Largest Buddhist temple"
3971:The Columbia Encyclopedia
3614:Lahiri, Nayanjot (2015).
2788:This stupa refers to the
2131:Stupa of Complete Victory
1511:Development of the pagoda
1114:Butkara Stupa in Gandhara
814:Indus Valley Civilization
723:. In pre-Buddhist India,
458:
440:
426:
407:
400:
393:
386:
371:
364:
349:
342:
327:
320:
301:
294:
275:
268:
249:
242:
223:
216:
197:
190:
175:
168:
162:𑀣𑀼𑀩𑁂 ("thube"), thūpa
161:
154:
147:
140:
132:
125:
45:The Great Stupa of Sanchi
6527:Persecution of Buddhists
5748:Four stages of awakening
5129:Three marks of existence
4715:Physical characteristics
4200:"Introduction to stupas"
4022:. Guinness World Records
3719:Hellenistic architecture
1948:, the goal of Buddhism.
1291:Stupa-shaped reliquary,
1255:decorated stupa, in the
915:Relic Stupa of Vaishali
5890:Ten principal disciples
4773:(aunt, adoptive mother)
4385:Encyclopædia Britannica
3616:Ashoka in Ancient India
3505:Singh Bisht, Ravindra.
3446:Singh Bisht, Ravindra.
2440:Philosophical reasoning
2113:Stupa of Reconciliation
2093:Stupa of Great Miracles
2029:Enlightenment Stupa at
1863:Buddha relics from the
1317:CE based on paleography
1236:A model resembling the
1205:stupa (2nd century CE).
1130:and contained coins of
1034:("monumentalized" with
984:an inscribed dedication
860:Relic Stupa of Vaishali
590:Description and history
47:, Madhya Pradesh, India
6600:Buddhism and democracy
6113:Tibetan Buddhist canon
6108:Chinese Buddhist canon
5340:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
5335:Early Buddhist schools
4473:Harvey, Peter (1984).
4458:"Stupa in Mexican Art"
4392:Le, Huu Phuoc (2010).
4019:Guinness World Records
3589:Fogelin, Lars (2015).
2207:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2034:
1977:
1965:
1964:The Eight Great Stupas
1952:unfortunate rebirths.
1872:
1856:
1851:, 2nd–3rd century CE.
1798:Five purified elements
1791:
1727:
1649:
1575:
1463:
1451:
1149:
1135:
1115:
944:
867:
852:
606:
572:are some of these. In
549:by the hundred, as at
433:
21:Stupa (disambiguation)
7251:Buddhist architecture
6610:Eight Consciousnesses
4720:Life of Buddha in art
4394:Buddhist Architecture
4168:Buddhist Architecture
4165:Le Huu Phuoc (2010).
2935:Stupa of Kantha Bopha
2475:Aids to Enlightenment
2300:Dependent Origination
2028:
1971:
1963:
1862:
1842:
1785:
1722:
1687:Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche
1660:in the 19th century.
1639:
1570:
1491:Stupas were built in
1457:
1445:
1223:(4th–5th century CE).
1145:, from the period of
1141:
1121:
1113:
1040:Loriyan Tangai stupas
938:
858:
846:
839:Buddhist architecture
837:Further information:
796:, 6th c. BCE), or in
628:, dated to c. 740 BCE
605:) with chamber, India
597:
543:Great Stupa at Sanchi
59:A stupa (chorten) in
7087:East Asian religions
6517:Buddhism in the West
6088:Early Buddhist texts
5703:Four Right Exertions
5169:Ten spiritual realms
4662:Noble Eightfold Path
4489:on 10 December 2014.
4339:3 March 2009 at the
3851:"Chital petroglyphs"
2916:in Karma Guen, Spain
2445:Devotional practices
2268:Noble Eightfold Path
2067:Noble Eightfold Path
1907:a. For example, the
1543:pronunciation being
1100:, 1st-2nd century CE
769:, hard to pin down.
442:Glossary of Buddhism
379:mchod rten (chorten)
19:For other uses, see
7210:Religion portal
6957:Temple of the Tooth
6836:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
5875:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
5368:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
5151:Two truths doctrine
4971:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4771:Mahapajapati Gotamī
4142:www.buddhamind.info
4125:. 27 February 2013.
3952:on 31 December 2012
3881:, pp. 238–248.
3795:, pp. 176–177.
3783:, pp. 174–176.
3768:, pp. 182–183.
3700:, pp. 149–150.
3579:, pp. 140–174.
2896:The white stupa in
2841:, third century BCE
2745:Buddhism portal
2618:Buddhism by country
2380:Sanskrit literature
2049:Stupa of Many Doors
2021:Enlightenment Stupa
2008:Lotus Blossom Stupa
1829:Dharma transmission
1747:Commemorative stupa
1201:The near-pyramidal
1158:architectural forms
990:pillar (spelled in
719:does not define an
570:East Asian Buddhism
7236:Buddhist buildings
7132:Western philosophy
6730:Dzong architecture
6552:Vipassana movement
6547:Buddhist modernism
5975:Emperor Wen of Sui
5743:Pratyekabuddhayāna
5676:Threefold Training
5478:Vipassana movement
5194:Hungry Ghost realm
5014:Avidyā (Ignorance)
4961:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
4710:Great Renunciation
4705:Eight Great Events
4587:
4496:Buddhist Monuments
4494:Mitra, D. (1971).
4359:on 5 December 2008
4353:"Kalachakra Stupa"
4049:on 5 November 2014
2833:An early stupa at
2232:Buddhist modernism
2035:
1978:
1966:
1873:
1857:
1853:ZenYouMitsu Temple
1845:Greco-Buddhist art
1827:To build a stupa,
1792:
1728:
1726:, Kathmandu, Nepal
1677:Buddhism in Europe
1650:
1588:Phra Pathommachedi
1576:
1574:bell-shaped stupas
1464:
1452:
1257:Greco-Buddhist art
1238:Saidu Sharif Stupa
1185:Saidu Sharif Stupa
1170:Dharmarajika Stupa
1150:
1136:
1116:
1042:(2nd century CE).
945:
868:
853:
721:architectural form
607:
7256:Indian inventions
7218:
7217:
6856:Om mani padme hum
6562:Women in Buddhism
6478:Buddhist councils
6348:Western countries
6136:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
5897:Shaolin Monastery
5474:Samatha-vipassanā
5084:Pratītyasamutpāda
4888:Metteyya/Maitreya
4806:
4798:
4790:
4782:
4774:
4766:
4758:
4635:Four Noble Truths
4527:978-81-208-0781-5
4514:Snodgrass, Adrian
4403:978-0-9844043-0-8
4178:978-0-9844043-0-8
3306:, pp. 23–24.
3273:. 13 January 2005
2949:Norodom Suramarit
2814:Kalachakra Tantra
2781:
2780:
2263:Four Noble Truths
2059:Four Noble Truths
1683:Benalmádena Stupa
1656:was excavated at
1507:in Anuradhapura.
1433:Expansion in Asia
1330:Pyramidal temples
1055:Sanchi Stupa No.2
1012:Sanchi Stupa No.2
986:by Ashoka on the
977:Pillars of Ashoka
551:Ratnagiri, Odisha
467:
447:
446:
87:, Yangon, Myanmar
7268:
7241:Buddhist temples
7208:
7207:
7196:
7195:
7035:Sacred languages
6883:Maya Devi Temple
6846:Mahabodhi Temple
6650:Secular Buddhism
6615:Engaged Buddhism
5455:
5303:Tibetan Buddhism
5254:Vietnamese Thiền
4853:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
4804:
4796:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4605:
4604:
4592:
4582:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4549:
4548:
4531:
4509:
4490:
4469:
4443:
4428:
4427:on 15 July 2018.
4426:
4419:
4407:
4388:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4349:
4343:
4334:Available online
4332:, Vol. 5, 1998.
4326:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4301:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4276:
4253:
4239:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4162:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4123:"Buddhist Stupa"
4119:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3992:
3986:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3942:
3936:
3927:
3921:
3915:
3909:
3903:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3859:
3858:
3845:
3839:
3829:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3657:
3651:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3629:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3565:
3547:
3541:
3534:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3502:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3443:
3434:
3431:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3313:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3267:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3251:. 14 August 2006
3245:
3239:
3232:encyclopedia.com
3229:
3131:
3119:
3107:
3093:
3081:
3067:
3052:
3038:
3026:
3016:Kathmandu, Nepal
3007:Golden stupa at
3004:
2989:
2974:
2959:
2944:
2932:
2914:Kalachakra stupa
2909:
2893:
2877:
2865:
2850:
2830:
2810:Kalachakra stupa
2804:Kalachakra stupa
2798:Kalachakra stupa
2784:Stupa of Nirvana
2773:
2766:
2759:
2743:
2742:
2470:Sublime abidings
2161:
2138:
2137:
1998:Tibetan Buddhism
1994:Tibetan language
1909:Kalachakra stupa
1833:Buddhist teacher
1763:) in a Mahayana
1724:Boudhanath Stupa
1665:Shwedagon Pagoda
1648:, 1st century CE
1535:word for stupa,
1384:Mahabodhi Temple
1368:
1357:Mahabodhi Temple
1352:
1340:
1316:
1313:
1304:
1288:
1268:
1249:
1233:
1212:type, as in the
1094:
1082:
1066:
1051:
657:
637:
617:
562:Tibetan Buddhism
506:Circumambulation
478:
468:'heap',
462:
460:
436:
434:Phù đồ, bảo tháp
421:
410:
409:
396:
395:
381:
374:
373:
359:
352:
351:
337:
330:
329:
315:
304:
303:
289:
278:
277:
263:
252:
251:
237:
226:
225:
211:
200:
199:
185:
178:
177:
164:
163:
150:
149:
123:
122:
96:
85:Shwedagon Pagoda
81:
56:
41:
7276:
7275:
7271:
7270:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7265:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7214:
7202:
7184:
7136:
7051:
6966:
6703:Ordination hall
6664:
6566:
6537:Buddhist crisis
6449:
6146:
6098:Mahayana sutras
6074:
6070:Thích Nhất Hạnh
5901:
5774:
5714:
5664:Bodhisattva vow
5349:
5215:
5155:
5114:Taṇhā (Craving)
5049:Five hindrances
5000:
4892:
4822:
4676:
4621:
4593:
4576:
4539:
4534:
4528:
4512:
4506:
4493:
4472:
4455:
4451:
4449:Further reading
4446:
4424:
4417:
4404:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4362:
4360:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4341:Wayback Machine
4327:
4320:
4310:
4308:
4303:
4302:
4295:
4285:
4283:
4280:"Miracle Stupa"
4278:
4277:
4256:
4240:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4163:
4156:
4146:
4144:
4134:
4130:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4083:
4081:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4039:
4035:
4025:
4023:
4012:
4011:
4007:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3955:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3928:
3924:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3897:
3889:
3885:
3877:
3862:
3849:
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3842:
3830:
3823:
3815:
3811:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3787:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3708:
3704:
3696:
3687:
3681:Skilling (2016)
3679:
3675:
3667:
3660:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3568:
3548:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3503:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3362:
3358:
3340:
3336:
3314:
3310:
3304:Skilling (2016)
3302:
3298:
3292:Skilling (2016)
3290:
3286:
3276:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3142:
3135:
3132:
3123:
3120:
3111:
3108:
3099:
3094:
3085:
3082:
3073:
3071:Kaathe Swyambhu
3068:
3059:
3053:
3044:
3039:
3030:
3027:
3018:
3011:
3005:
2996:
2990:
2981:
2975:
2966:
2960:
2951:
2945:
2936:
2933:
2924:
2917:
2910:
2901:
2898:Miaoying Temple
2894:
2885:
2878:
2869:
2866:
2857:
2851:
2842:
2831:
2822:
2806:
2800:
2786:
2777:
2737:
2730:
2729:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2560:
2550:
2549:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2410:
2400:
2399:
2370:Mahayana Sutras
2350:
2340:
2339:
2280:Five Aggregates
2258:
2257:
2237:
2236:
2227:Later Buddhists
2192:
2133:
2115:
2095:
2079:
2051:
2023:
2010:
1958:
1937:
1925:
1878:
1825:
1800:
1780:
1717:
1715:Types of stupas
1709:Hemel Hempstead
1679:
1673:
1671:European stupas
1565:
1527:in Vietnamese,
1513:
1440:
1435:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1289:
1280:
1269:
1260:
1250:
1241:
1234:
1187:, pillared and
1143:Manikyala Stupa
1108:
1101:
1098:Amaravati Stupa
1095:
1086:
1083:
1074:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1008:
953:Ramagrama stupa
933:
862:, built by the
841:
835:
788:, 8th c. BCE),
686:
672:
671:
670:
669:
668:
658:
650:
649:
638:
630:
629:
618:
592:
449:In Buddhism, a
411:
375:
353:
331:
305:
279:
253:
227:
201:
179:
127:
126:Translations of
121:
120:
119:
118:
99:
98:
97:
89:
88:
82:
73:
72:
71:
57:
49:
48:
42:
33:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7274:
7264:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7212:
7200:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
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7144:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7083:
7082:
7077:
7067:
7061:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
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6974:
6968:
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6907:
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6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6770:
6769:
6767:Greco-Buddhist
6759:
6758:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6718:Burmese pagoda
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6674:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6576:
6574:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6500:Greco-Buddhism
6497:
6492:
6491:
6490:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6459:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6433:United Kingdom
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6378:Czech Republic
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6338:
6328:
6327:
6326:
6316:
6315:
6314:
6309:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6268:
6267:
6257:
6252:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6156:
6154:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6142:Abhidharmadīpa
6139:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6084:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6060:B. R. Ambedkar
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5980:Songtsen Gampo
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5911:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5784:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5724:
5722:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5706:
5705:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5659:Eight precepts
5656:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5447:
5437:
5432:
5430:Five Strengths
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5370:
5365:
5359:
5357:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5225:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5069:Mental factors
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4921:Mahamoggallāna
4918:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4836:Avalokiteśvara
4832:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4800:
4792:
4784:
4776:
4768:
4760:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4658:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4575:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4537:External links
4535:
4533:
4532:
4526:
4510:
4504:
4491:
4470:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4429:
4408:
4402:
4389:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4344:
4330:Buddhism Today
4318:
4293:
4254:
4241:Beer, Robert:
4213:
4191:
4177:
4154:
4128:
4114:
4103:
4091:
4060:
4033:
4005:
3996:"พระปฐมเจดีย์"
3987:
3985:, p. 183.
3975:
3963:
3937:
3922:
3910:
3908:, p. 180.
3895:
3893:, p. 234.
3883:
3860:
3840:
3821:
3819:, p. 178.
3809:
3807:, p. 179.
3797:
3785:
3770:
3758:
3756:, p. 181.
3746:
3735:
3723:
3702:
3685:
3673:
3671:, p. 173.
3658:
3656:, p. 143.
3643:
3639:Chandra (2008)
3631:
3624:
3606:
3599:
3581:
3566:
3549:Soekmono, Dr,
3542:
3524:
3494:
3465:
3435:
3417:
3388:
3381:
3365:Gisbert Combaz
3363:Commenting on
3356:
3334:
3308:
3296:
3284:
3262:
3240:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:Mankiala Stupa
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3047:
3045:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3006:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2962:Main stupa at
2961:
2954:
2952:
2947:Stupa of King
2946:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2884:, Lhasa, Tibet
2879:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2845:
2843:
2832:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2802:Main article:
2799:
2796:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Pratyekabuddha
2532:
2527:
2522:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Buddhist chant
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2348:Buddhist texts
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2132:
2129:
2114:
2111:
2094:
2091:
2078:
2075:
2071:Twelve Nidānas
2050:
2047:
2022:
2019:
2009:
2006:
1957:
1956:Tibetan stupas
1954:
1936:
1933:
1924:
1921:
1899:The number of
1877:
1874:
1865:Kanishka stupa
1855:Museum, Tokyo.
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1799:
1796:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1753:Symbolic stupa
1750:
1744:
1738:
1716:
1713:
1672:
1669:
1627:Gautama Buddha
1564:
1563:Notable stupas
1561:
1557:Songyue Pagoda
1549:Kanishka Stupa
1512:
1509:
1505:Jetavanaramaya
1448:Songyue Pagoda
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1315: 300–350
1306:
1299:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1281:
1273:Kanishka Stupa
1270:
1263:
1261:
1253:Loriyan Tangai
1251:
1244:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1221:Kanishka Stupa
1217:
1206:
1199:
1196:Loriyan Tangai
1192:
1181:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1053:
1046:
1007:
1004:
932:
929:
834:
831:
659:
652:
651:
639:
632:
631:
619:
612:
611:
610:
609:
608:
601:burial mound (
591:
588:
574:Southeast Asia
492:Buddhist monks
445:
444:
438:
437:
430:
424:
423:
419:sa thup, chedi
404:
398:
397:
390:
384:
383:
368:
362:
361:
346:
340:
339:
324:
318:
317:
298:
292:
291:
272:
266:
265:
246:
240:
239:
220:
214:
213:
194:
188:
187:
172:
166:
165:
158:
152:
151:
144:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
101:
100:
91:
90:
83:
76:
75:
74:
58:
51:
50:
43:
36:
35:
34:
30:
29:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7273:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7199:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6972:Miscellaneous
6969:
6963:
6962:Vegetarianism
6960:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6857:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6784:Buddha in art
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6764:
6763:
6760:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6456:
6452:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6438:United States
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6265:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6153:
6149:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6137:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5995:Padmasambhava
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5908:
5907:Major figures
5904:
5898:
5895:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5854:
5853:Western tulku
5851:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5654:Five precepts
5652:
5651:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5632:Dhamma vicaya
5630:
5628:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5400:Buddhābhiṣeka
5398:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5218:
5212:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:Enlightenment
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5034:Dhamma theory
5032:
5030:
5029:Buddha-nature
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4868:Samantabhadra
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4807:
4801:
4799:
4793:
4791:
4785:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4573:
4568:
4566:
4561:
4559:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4529:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4505:0-89684-490-0
4501:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4430:
4423:
4416:
4415:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4358:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4306:
4300:
4298:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4252:
4251:1-932476-10-5
4248:
4244:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4218:
4201:
4195:
4180:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4161:
4159:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4124:
4118:
4112:
4107:
4100:
4095:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4064:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4001:
4000:jedeethai.com
3997:
3991:
3984:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3907:
3902:
3900:
3892:
3887:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3865:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3818:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3794:
3789:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3767:
3762:
3755:
3750:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3683:, p. 23.
3682:
3677:
3670:
3665:
3663:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3640:
3635:
3627:
3625:9780674057777
3621:
3617:
3610:
3602:
3600:9780199948239
3596:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3564:
3560:
3559:92-3-101292-4
3556:
3552:
3546:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3384:
3382:9788173052415
3378:
3374:
3373:
3366:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3338:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3294:, p. 25.
3293:
3288:
3272:
3266:
3250:
3244:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3087:
3080:
3075:
3072:
3066:
3061:
3057:
3051:
3046:
3043:
3042:Swayambhunath
3037:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3010:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2950:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2892:
2887:
2883:
2882:Potala Palace
2880:Chorten near
2876:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2856:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2839:Maurya Empire
2836:
2829:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2774:
2769:
2767:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
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2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2554:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2501:
2500:Vegetarianism
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2455:Recollections
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Five precepts
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:Chinese canon
2388:
2386:
2385:Tibetan canon
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2083:Tuṣita Heaven
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2015:brahmaviharas
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1970:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1946:enlightenment
1942:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1788:Wat Phra Kaew
1784:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:bodhisattva's
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1711:, in the UK.
1710:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1668:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1608:Ruwanwelisaya
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1449:
1444:
1430:
1428:
1427:Hindu temples
1424:
1420:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1374:
1371:Model of the
1367:
1358:
1351:
1339:
1309:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:Bhamala Stupa
1211:
1207:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:Butkara Stupa
1171:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1099:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Butkara Stupa
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
997:
996:Brahmi script
993:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
942:
937:
928:
926:
922:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
875:
873:
865:
861:
857:
850:
845:
840:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:Ganges Valley
775:
774:Mediterranean
770:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
685:
681:
677:
666:
662:
656:
647:
643:
636:
627:
623:
620:The "Tomb of
616:
604:
600:
596:
587:
585:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
552:
546:
544:
540:
538:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
512:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:
483:
479:
477:
471:
465:
456:
452:
443:
439:
435:
431:
429:
425:
420:
415:
405:
403:
399:
391:
389:
385:
380:
369:
367:
363:
358:
347:
345:
341:
336:
325:
323:
319:
314:
309:
299:
297:
293:
288:
283:
273:
271:
267:
262:
257:
247:
245:
241:
236:
231:
221:
219:
215:
210:
205:
195:
193:
189:
184:
173:
171:
167:
159:
157:
153:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
124:
117:
113:
109:
105:
95:
86:
80:
70:
66:
62:
55:
46:
40:
26:
22:
7150:Bodhisattvas
7070:Christianity
7065:Baháʼí Faith
6930:Dharmachakra
6920:Prayer wheel
6910:Prayer beads
6707:
6678:Architecture
6557:969 Movement
6341:Saudi Arabia
6319:Central Asia
6312:South Africa
6134:
6117:
6050:Panchen Lama
5955:Buddhapālita
5551:Satipatthana
5546:Mindful Yoga
5459:Recollection
5373:Brahmavihara
5244:Japanese Zen
5239:Chinese Chan
5199:Animal realm
5006:Key concepts
4828:Bodhisattvas
4640:Three Jewels
4517:
4495:
4487:the original
4482:
4478:
4465:
4462:Jain Journal
4461:
4434:
4422:the original
4413:
4396:. Grafikol.
4393:
4384:
4361:. Retrieved
4357:the original
4347:
4329:
4309:. Retrieved
4284:. Retrieved
4242:
4204:. Retrieved
4194:
4182:. Retrieved
4167:
4145:. Retrieved
4141:
4131:
4117:
4106:
4099:Smith (1901)
4094:
4082:. Retrieved
4072:
4063:
4051:. Retrieved
4047:the original
4036:
4024:. Retrieved
4017:
4008:
3999:
3990:
3978:
3970:
3966:
3954:. Retrieved
3950:the original
3940:
3931:
3925:
3918:
3913:
3886:
3854:
3843:
3812:
3800:
3788:
3761:
3749:
3738:
3726:
3705:
3676:
3634:
3615:
3609:
3590:
3584:
3550:
3545:
3537:
3515:. Retrieved
3510:
3487:16 September
3485:. Retrieved
3481:
3468:
3456:. Retrieved
3451:
3410:16 September
3408:. Retrieved
3404:
3391:
3371:
3359:
3345:
3337:
3327:
3311:
3299:
3287:
3275:. Retrieved
3265:
3253:. Retrieved
3243:
3235:
3227:
3202:Round barrow
3192:Peace Pagoda
3122:Yetkha Stupa
3110:Tahiti stupa
2807:
2789:
2787:
2450:Merit making
2415:Three Jewels
2355:Buddhavacana
2285:Impermanence
2273:Dharma wheel
2134:
2118:
2116:
2102:
2096:
2080:
2052:
2036:
2011:
1979:
1950:
1938:
1929:Tree of Life
1926:
1923:Tree of Life
1917:
1912:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1826:
1823:Construction
1801:
1793:
1786:View of the
1771:Votive stupa
1770:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1741:Object stupa
1740:
1734:
1729:
1702:
1695:
1680:
1662:
1651:
1612:
1604:Anuradhapura
1585:
1577:
1544:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1519:in Chinese,
1516:
1514:
1490:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1446:The Chinese
1438:Asian stupas
1416:
1397:
1381:
1154:Central Asia
1151:
1009:
999:
998:as 𑀣𑀼𑀩𑁂
988:Nigali Sagar
981:
973:Dharmarajika
946:
919:
880:
876:
869:
810:
771:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
738:
728:
724:
716:
712:
708:
704:
702:
687:
667:, 5th c. BCE
648:, 6th c. BCE
581:
555:
547:
536:
527:
516:pradakhshina
515:
511:pradakhshina
509:
504:
485:
473:
450:
448:
408:สถูป, เจดีย์
394:தாது கோபுரம்
287:chétĕy, stob
276:ចេតិយ, ស្តូប
25:
6995:Dharma talk
6824:Asalha Puja
6620:Eschatology
6423:Switzerland
6403:New Zealand
6331:Middle East
6240:Philippines
6160:Afghanistan
5965:Bodhidharma
5950:Buddhaghosa
5870:Householder
5780:Monasticism
5733:Bodhisattva
5588:Prostration
5541:Mindfulness
5469:Anapanasati
5452:Kammaṭṭhāna
5249:Korean Seon
5189:Asura realm
5184:Human realm
5124:Ten Fetters
5079:Parinirvana
4981:Uppalavanna
4946:Mahākaccana
4931:Mahākassapa
4863:Kṣitigarbha
4858:Ākāśagarbha
4755:Suddhodāna
4700:Four sights
4627:Foundations
4468:(2): 51–60.
4376:Works cited
4307:. stupa.org
4202:. stupa.org
4147:25 November
4084:28 December
3834:, pp.
3009:Wat Ounalom
2837:, probably
2791:parinirvana
2685:New Zealand
2540:Bodhisattva
2525:Four Stages
2480:Monasticism
2460:Mindfulness
2430:Perfections
2360:Early Texts
2031:Ogoy Island
1767:character".
1735:Relic stupa
1592:Swat Valley
1539:, with the
1523:in Korean,
1501:Thuparamaya
1495:soon after
1189:quincunxial
1036:Hellenistic
921:Guard rails
891:Kapilavastu
872:parinirvana
818:Mauryan-era
520:South Asian
7225:Categories
7112:Psychology
7092:Gnosticism
7080:Comparison
7075:Influences
7057:Comparison
6940:Bhavacakra
6898:Kushinagar
6873:Pilgrimage
6819:Māgha Pūjā
6774:Bodhi Tree
6590:Buddhology
6580:Abhidharma
6572:Philosophy
6505:Menander I
6373:Costa Rica
6324:Uzbekistan
6165:Bangladesh
6119:Dhammapada
6103:Pali Canon
6065:Ajahn Chah
6045:Dalai Lama
5945:Kumārajīva
5940:Vasubandhu
5915:The Buddha
5823:Zen master
5758:Sakadagami
5738:Buddhahood
5669:Pratimokṣa
5484:Shikantaza
5440:Meditation
5415:Deity yoga
5286:Madhyamaka
5179:Deva realm
5074:Mindstream
5024:Bodhicitta
4936:Aṅgulimāla
4803:Devadatta
4779:Yaśodharā
4682:The Buddha
4672:Middle Way
4282:. stupa.pl
4184:8 December
4111:Karma Guen
4053:27 January
4026:27 January
3956:17 January
3349:. p.
3219:References
3097:Mahabaudha
3056:Boudhanath
2835:Guntupalle
2558:Traditions
2495:Pilgrimage
2435:Meditation
2395:Post-canon
2375:Pāli Canon
2305:Middle Way
2202:The Buddha
2069:, and the
2061:, the Six
1988:, such as
1980:Stupas in
1871:, Myanmar.
1691:Karma Guen
1675:See also:
1654:Jain stupa
1642:Jain stupa
1623:bas-relief
1619:Arūpajhāna
1559:(523 CE).
1408:Kharoshthi
1018:(60 BCE),
907:Kushinagar
806:megalithic
800:(tombs of
763:mahacetiya
674:See also:
599:Megalithic
500:meditation
428:Vietnamese
372:མཆོད་རྟེན་
116:Sri Lankan
7180:Festivals
7160:Buddhists
7122:Theosophy
6925:Symbolism
6915:Hama yumi
6888:Bodh Gaya
6655:Socialism
6630:Evolution
6605:Economics
6443:Venezuela
6358:Australia
6353:Argentina
6277:Sri Lanka
6272:Singapore
6190:Indonesia
6152:Countries
6093:Tripiṭaka
6055:Ajahn Mun
5930:Nagarjuna
5925:Aśvaghoṣa
5808:Anagārika
5803:Śrāmaṇerī
5798:Śrāmaṇera
5793:Bhikkhunī
5753:Sotāpanna
5642:Passaddhi
5583:Offerings
5558:Nekkhamma
5435:Iddhipada
5355:Practices
5325:Theravada
5298:Vajrayana
5291:Yogachara
5261:Pure Land
5174:Six Paths
5161:Cosmology
4941:Anuruddha
4916:Sāriputta
4906:Kaundinya
4898:Disciples
4873:Vajrapāṇi
4725:Footprint
4690:Tathāgata
4440:Allahabad
3983:Le (2010)
3906:Le (2010)
3891:Le (2010)
3879:Le (2010)
3832:Le (2010)
3817:Le (2010)
3805:Le (2010)
3793:Le (2010)
3781:Le (2010)
3766:Le (2010)
3754:Le (2010)
3715:Butkara I
3698:Le (2010)
3669:Le (2010)
3654:Le (2010)
3577:Le (2010)
3513:: 271–284
3454:: 252–305
3328:Amaravati
3277:7 January
3255:7 January
3197:Reliquary
3167:Hōkyōintō
2992:Stupa at
2979:Wat Botum
2977:Stupa at
2964:Wat Phnom
2705:Sri Lanka
2695:Singapore
2650:Indonesia
2590:Vajrayāna
2565:Theravāda
2520:Awakening
2408:Practices
2365:Tripiṭaka
2335:Cosmology
2310:Emptiness
2290:Suffering
2099:Tirthikas
2063:Pāramitās
2043:Bodh Gaya
1986:Himalayas
1778:Symbolism
1615:Borobudur
1572:Borobudur
1553:Turkestan
1493:Sri Lanka
1472:East Asia
1468:Southeast
1279:monastery
1210:cruciform
1178:Manikyala
1147:Kaniska I
1132:Kaniska I
1124:Ahin Posh
1016:Bodh Gaya
969:Amaravati
911:Vethapida
899:Ramagrama
895:Allakappa
883:Rajagriha
864:Licchavis
822:Dholavira
798:Phoenicia
792:(tomb of
784:(tomb of
755:mahastupa
692:in which
665:Phoenicia
553:, India.
524:tholobate
322:Mongolian
7198:Category
7127:Violence
7097:Hinduism
7045:Sanskrit
7000:Hinayana
6985:Amitābha
6945:Swastika
6814:Uposatha
6804:Holidays
6789:Calendar
6635:Humanism
6473:Kanishka
6463:Timeline
6287:Thailand
6255:Kalmykia
6250:Buryatia
6235:Pakistan
6220:Mongolia
6215:Maldives
6210:Malaysia
6175:Cambodia
6040:Shamarpa
6035:Nichiren
5985:Xuanzang
5920:Nagasena
5838:Rinpoche
5568:Pāramitā
5410:Devotion
5330:Navayana
5318:Dzogchen
5281:Nichiren
5229:Mahayana
5221:Branches
5099:Saṅkhāra
4848:Mañjuśrī
4805:(cousin)
4797:(cousin)
4765:(mother)
4757:(father)
4745:Miracles
4695:Birthday
4612:Glossary
4585:Buddhism
4516:(1992).
4363:18 April
4337:Archived
4311:18 April
4286:18 April
4206:18 April
3732:pp. 15ff
3563:Full PDF
3517:21 March
3458:21 March
3212:Ziggurat
3140:See also
2922:Cambodia
2715:Thailand
2675:Mongolia
2670:Malaysia
2635:Cambodia
2600:Navayana
2580:Hinayana
2575:Mahāyāna
2485:Lay life
2315:Morality
2295:Not-self
2253:Concepts
2212:Councils
2197:Timeline
2169:Glossary
2151:Buddhism
2143:a series
2141:Part of
2087:Sankassa
2033:, Russia
1976:, Ladakh
1935:Benefits
1876:Treasury
1869:Mandalay
1849:Gandhara
1596:Ghalegay
1541:Sanskrit
1419:aniconic
1412:Huvishka
1404:Kumrahar
1028:Gandhara
961:Kesariya
941:Chakdara
887:Vaishali
849:Piprahwa
794:Alyattes
743:Vaishali
694:śramaṇas
684:Megalith
642:Alyattes
558:chortens
455:Sanskrit
313:soldopha
244:Japanese
142:Sanskrit
7175:Temples
7155:Buddhas
7117:Science
7107:Judaism
7102:Jainism
7020:Lineage
6980:Abhijñā
6950:Thangka
6893:Sarnath
6878:Lumbini
6799:Funeral
6794:Cuisine
6670:Culture
6645:Reality
6595:Creator
6585:Atomism
6455:History
6428:Ukraine
6388:Germany
6307:Senegal
6297:Vietnam
6225:Myanmar
6025:Shinran
6015:Karmapa
5990:Shandao
5960:Dignāga
5885:Śrāvaka
5865:Donchee
5860:Kappiya
5818:Sayadaw
5788:Bhikkhu
5763:Anāgāmi
5720:Nirvana
5686:Samadhi
5573:Paritta
5514:Tonglen
5509:Mandala
5464:Smarana
5445:Mantras
5393:Upekkha
5363:Bhavana
5313:Shingon
5266:Tiantai
5119:Tathātā
5109:Śūnyatā
5104:Skandha
5094:Saṃsāra
5089:Rebirth
5064:Kleshas
5054:Indriya
4956:Subhūti
4841:Guanyin
4795:Ānanda
4787:Rāhula
4667:Nirvana
4607:Outline
3836:179–180
3317:Eritrea
3157:Gorintō
2900:, China
2855:Sarnath
2820:Gallery
2725:Vietnam
2680:Myanmar
2595:Tibetan
2585:Chinese
2513:Nirvāṇa
2330:Saṃsāra
2325:Rebirth
2190:History
2179:Outline
2125:Magadha
2107:Lichavi
2055:Sarnath
1707:, near
1658:Mathura
1646:Mathura
1600:Barikot
1581:Sarnath
1460:chorten
1458:Row of
1393:Jaulian
1389:finials
1373:sikhara
1277:Jaulian
1203:Jaulian
1128:Kushans
1071:Bharhut
1024:toranas
1020:Mathura
994:in the
965:Bharhut
826:plaster
782:Phrygia
776:to the
741:around
680:Tumulus
626:Gordion
603:tumulus
583:chaitya
566:pagodas
480:) is a
466:
366:Tibetan
344:Sinhala
335:suvarga
328:суварга
218:Chinese
192:Burmese
170:Bengali
133:English
112:Burmese
108:Tibetan
7231:Stupas
7170:Sutras
7165:Suttas
7030:Siddhi
7015:Koliya
6990:Brahmā
6905:Poetry
6851:Mantra
6841:Kasaya
6713:Pagoda
6693:Kyaung
6688:Vihāra
6683:Temple
6625:Ethics
6468:Ashoka
6418:Sweden
6413:Poland
6408:Norway
6398:Mexico
6383:France
6368:Canada
6363:Brazil
6302:Africa
6282:Taiwan
6245:Russia
6170:Bhutan
6130:Vinaya
6010:Naropa
6000:Saraha
5935:Asanga
5691:Prajñā
5600:Refuge
5563:Nianfo
5524:Tertön
5519:Tantra
5504:Ganana
5494:Tukdam
5420:Dhyāna
5388:Mudita
5383:Karuṇā
5276:Risshū
5271:Huayan
5204:Naraka
5144:Anattā
5139:Dukkha
5134:Anicca
5039:Dharma
4991:Channa
4926:Ānanda
4911:Assaji
4878:Skanda
4781:(wife)
4750:Family
4730:Relics
4655:Sangha
4650:Dharma
4645:Buddha
4524:
4502:
4400:
4249:
4175:
4079:UNESCO
3622:
3597:
3557:
3538:Pagoda
3379:
3177:Kyaung
3172:Kurgan
2994:Oudong
2710:Taiwan
2690:Russia
2630:Brazil
2625:Bhutan
2545:Buddha
2465:Wisdom
2248:Dharma
2120:sangha
2065:, the
1990:Bhutan
1941:karmic
1913:tsatsa
1901:tsatsa
1894:tsatsa
1890:tsatsa
1886:tsatsa
1882:tsatsa
1698:Styria
1631:UNESCO
1476:torana
1423:iconic
1308:Chilas
1293:Kushan
1176:, the
1162:pagoda
957:Sanchi
949:Ashoka
925:coping
909:, and
767:cetiya
757:and a
747:cetiya
739:caitya
735:Ananda
725:caitya
713:caitya
709:caitya
698:caitya
690:tumuli
682:, and
676:Cetiya
578:spires
537:chatra
532:torana
528:vedikā
487:śarīra
350:දාගැබ්
296:Korean
282:UNGEGN
261:sotoba
256:Rōmaji
235:sūdǔpō
230:Pinyin
114:, and
104:Sanchi
7261:Newar
7142:Lists
7010:Kalpa
7005:Iddhi
6868:Music
6863:Mudra
6829:Vassa
6809:Vesak
6779:Budai
6725:Candi
6708:Stupa
6640:Logic
6393:Italy
6292:Tibet
6230:Nepal
6200:Korea
6195:Japan
6185:India
6180:China
6125:Sutra
6080:Texts
6030:Dōgen
6020:Hōnen
6005:Atiśa
5970:Zhiyi
5880:Achar
5848:Tulku
5843:Geshe
5828:Rōshi
5813:Ajahn
5768:Arhat
5728:Bodhi
5698:Vīrya
5615:Sacca
5610:Satya
5605:Sādhu
5593:Music
5536:Merit
5529:Terma
5489:Zazen
5425:Faith
5378:Mettā
5059:Karma
5019:Bardo
4986:Asita
4976:Khema
4966:Upāli
4951:Nanda
4789:(son)
4763:Māyā
4740:Films
4617:Index
4425:(PDF)
4418:(PDF)
3932:torii
3919:torii
3478:(PDF)
3401:(PDF)
3321:Lydia
3152:Candi
3084:Stupa
3058:Stupa
2720:Tibet
2660:Korea
2655:Japan
2645:India
2640:China
2605:Newar
2530:Arhat
2320:Karma
2174:Index
2103:maras
1982:Tibet
1905:tsats
1761:bhumi
1757:dhatu
1545:stupa
1537:thupa
1486:Tibet
1481:torii
1400:Gupta
1000:thube
971:, or
802:Amrit
790:Lydia
786:Midas
761:, or
759:stupa
717:stupa
705:stupa
661:Amrit
646:Lydia
624:" in
622:Midas
508:, or
482:mound
476:stūpa
459:स्तूप
451:stupa
388:Tamil
357:dagab
270:Khmer
204:MLCTS
183:st̪up
176:স্তূপ
148:स्तूप
136:Stupa
128:Stupa
69:Tibet
65:Lhasa
61:Samye
31:Stupa
7040:Pāḷi
7025:Māra
6935:Flag
6336:Iran
6260:Tuva
6205:Laos
5833:Lama
5681:Śīla
5649:Śīla
5637:Pīti
5627:Sati
5578:Puja
5499:Koan
5405:Dāna
4996:Yasa
4883:Tārā
4522:ISBN
4500:ISBN
4398:ISBN
4365:2009
4313:2009
4288:2009
4247:ISBN
4208:2009
4186:2011
4173:ISBN
4149:2018
4086:2008
4055:2014
4028:2014
3958:2013
3711:Swat
3620:ISBN
3595:ISBN
3555:ISBN
3519:2011
3489:2016
3460:2011
3412:2016
3377:ISBN
3319:and
3279:2013
3257:2013
3187:Ovoo
2912:The
2665:Laos
2570:Pāli
2039:Mara
1681:The
1663:The
1533:Pali
1525:tháp
1521:t'ap
1470:and
1355:The
1208:The
1194:The
1183:The
1168:The
1122:The
992:Pali
903:Pava
847:The
765:and
751:maha
707:and
564:and
496:nuns
470:IAST
464:lit.
414:RTGS
402:Thai
209:zèdì
198:စေတီ
156:Pali
6762:Art
6698:Wat
5234:Zen
3323:."
3207:Wat
1974:Leh
1915:s.
1847:of
1002:).
959:or
568:of
560:of
494:or
302:솔도파
250:卒塔婆
224:窣堵坡
7227::
6264:ru
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4477:.
4466:12
4464:.
4460:.
4438:.
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4296:^
4257:^
4216:^
4157:^
4140:.
4077:.
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4016:.
3998:.
3898:^
3863:^
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3824:^
3773:^
3721:".
3688:^
3661:^
3646:^
3569:^
3561:,
3527:^
3509:.
3497:^
3480:.
3450:.
3438:^
3420:^
3403:.
3351:12
2700:US
2145:on
2073:.
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1640:A
1610:.
1529:tō
1517:tā
1429:.
1395:.
1312:c.
1275:,
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889:,
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308:RR
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