Freedmen's Bureau - Knowledge

132: 2389:"A majority of the freedmen to whom this subsistence has been furnished are undoubtedly able to earn a living if they were removed to localities where labor could be procured. The necessity for issuing rations to this class of persons results from their accumulation in large numbers in certain places where the land is unproductive and the demand for labor is limited. As long as these people remain in the present localities, the civil authorities refuse to provide for the able-bodied, and are unable to care for the helpless and destitute among them, owing to their great number and the fact that very few are residents of the counties in which they have congregated during the war. The necessity for the relief extended to these people, both able-bodied and helpless, by the Government, will continue as long as they remain in their present condition, and while rations are issued to the able-bodied they will not voluntarily change their localities to seek places where they can procure labor.' 2274:, General Howard was asked to temporarily leave his duties as Commissioner of the Bureau to deal with Indian affairs in the west. Upon returning from his assignment in November 1872, General Howard discovered that the Bureau and all of its activities had been officially terminated by Congress, effective as of June. While General Howard was dealing with Indian affairs in the west, the Freedmen's Bureau was steadily losing its support in Congress. President Johnson had opposed the Freedmen's Bureau and his attitude encouraged many people, especially white Southerners, to challenge the Bureau. But insurgents showed that the war had not ended, as armed whites attacked black Republicans and their sympathizers, including teachers and officeholders. Congress dismantled the Bureau in 1872 due to pressure from white Southerners. The Bureau was unable to change much of the social dynamic as whites continued to seek supremacy over blacks, frequently with violence. 2263:

accused of being the leader of the purported insurrection, was shot and left to burn by whites, but he survived, badly hurt. Other freedmen were killed or driven from their land by Arkansas Desperadoes. Whites were anxious about their power as blacks were to receive the franchise, and tensions were rising over land use. In early October, blacks arrested two whites from Arkansas "accused of being part of a mob ... that killed several Negroes." The agent reported 14 blacks had been killed in this incident, then said that another eight to ten had been killed by the same Desperadoes. Blacks were reported to have killed the two white men in the altercation. The whites' Arkansas friends and local whites went on a rampage against blacks in the area, resulting in more than 150 blacks being killed.

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to read and write, and do simple arithmetic. Former slaves wanted public education while the wealthier whites opposed the idea. Freedmen had a strong desire to learn to read and write; some had already started schools at refugee camps; others worked hard to establish schools in their communities even prior to the advent of the Freedmen's Bureau. The Freedmen's Bureau schools were also open to poor whites, however, almost no whites attended because "Despite the absence of statewide systems in most Southern states, most parents preferred to consign their children to illiteracy rather than to see them educated alongside black children."

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found that half the teachers were southern whites; one-third were blacks (mostly southern), and one-sixth were northern whites. Few were abolitionists; few came from New England. Men outnumbered women. The salary was the strongest motivation except for the northerners, who were typically funded by northern organizations and had a humanitarian motivation. As a group, the black cohort showed the greatest commitment to racial equality; and they were the ones most likely to remain teachers. The school curriculum resembled that of schools in the north.

290:(AMA) was particularly active, establishing eleven "colleges" in Southern states for the education of freedmen. The primary focus of these groups was to raise funds to pay teachers and manage schools, while the secondary focus was the day-to-day operation of individual schools. After 1866, Congress appropriated some funds to operate the freedmen's schools. The main source of educational revenue for these schools came through a Congressional Act that gave the Freedmen's Bureau the power to seize Confederate property for educational use. 2330:

making arrests, imposing fines, and inflicting punishments. They were considered to be disregarding the local laws and especially the statute of limitations. Their activities resulted in resentment among whites toward the federal government in general. These powers invoked negative feelings in many southerners that sparked many to want the agency to leave. In their review, Steedman and Fullerton repeated their conclusion from Virginia, which was to withdraw the Bureau and turn daily operations over to the military.

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learn. After the Bureau was abolished, some of its achievements collapsed under the weight of white violence against schools and teachers for blacks. Most Reconstruction-era legislatures had established public education but, after the 1870s, when white Democrats regained power of Southern governments, they reduced funds available to fund public education, particularly for blacks. Beginning in 1890 in Mississippi, Democratic-dominated legislatures in the South passed new state constitutions

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contracts making the whole family available as field labor in the cotton industry, and by declaring that unemployed freedwomen should be treated as vagrants just as black men were. The Bureau did allow some exceptions, such as married women with employed husbands, and some "worthy" women who had been widowed or abandoned and had large families of small children to care for. "Unworthy" women, meaning the unruly and prostitutes, were usually the ones subjected to punishment for vagrancy.

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wives, and children had been forcibly separated under slavery, the Bureau agents helped families reunite after the war. The Bureau had an informal regional communications system that allowed agents to send inquiries and provide answers. It sometimes provided transportation to reunite families. Freedmen and freedwomen turned to the Bureau for assistance in resolving issues of abandonment and divorce.

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blacks met secretly to conduct their own services away from white supervision or oversight. After the war, freedmen mostly withdrew from the white-dominated congregations of the Baptist, Methodist and Presbyterian churches in order to be free of white supervision. Within a short time, they were organizing black Baptist state associations and organized a national association in the 1890s.

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African-American professionals, 50% of African-American public school teachers, and 70% of African-American dentists. In addition, 50% of African Americans who graduate from HBCUs pursue graduate or professional degrees. One in three degrees held by African Americans in the natural sciences, and half the degrees held by African Americans in mathematics, were earned at HBCUs.

2210:, sent missionaries to the South to help the freedmen and plant new congregations. By this time the independent black denominations were increasingly well organized and prepared to evangelize to the freedmen. Within a decade, the AME and AME Zion churches had gained hundreds of thousands of new members and were rapidly organizing new congregations. 2131:(HBCUs), which were the chief institutions of higher learning for blacks in the South through the decades of segregation into the mid-20th century. Under the direction and sponsorship of the Bureau, together with the American Missionary Association in many cases, from approximately 1866 until its termination in 1872, an estimated 25 institutions of 2259:

authority undermined at every turn by recalcitrant plantation owners. Murders of freedmen were common, and white suspects in these cases were not prosecuted. Bureau agents did negotiate labor contracts, build schools and hospitals, and aid freedmen, but they struggled against the violence of the oppressive environment.

69:(i.e., former slaves) in the South. It was established on March 3, 1865, and operated briefly as a federal agency after the War, from 1865 to 1872, to direct provisions, clothing, and fuel for the immediate and temporary shelter and supply of destitute and suffering refugees and freedmen and their wives and children". 296:, an African American, served as a teacher and school administrator and as a traveling inspector for the Bureau, observing local conditions, aiding in the establishment of black schools, and evaluating the performance of Bureau field officers. Blacks supported him, but planters and other whites opposed him. 2292:

depots in eight major cities. Counties were allocated aid in kind each month based on the number of poor reported. The counties were required to provide transportation from the depots for the supplies. The ration was larger in winter and spring, and reduced in seasons when locally grown food was available.

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General Saxton was head of the bureau operations in South Carolina; he was reported by Steedman and Fullerton to have made so many "mistakes and blunders" that he made matters worse for the freedmen. He was replaced by Brigadier General R. K. Scott. Steedman and Fullerton described Scott as energetic

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In his autobiography, General Howard expressed great frustration about Congress having closed down the bureau. He said, "the legislative action, however, was just what I desired, except that I would have preferred to close out my own Bureau and not have another do it for me in an unfriendly manner in

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parishes in the northwest part of the state. It had not suffered wartime devastation or Union occupation, but white hostility was high against the black majority population. Well-meaning Bureau agents were understaffed and weakly supported by federal troops, and found their investigations blocked and

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The building and opening by the AMA and other missionary societies of schools of higher learning for African Americans coincided with the shift in focus for the Freedmen's Aid Societies from supporting an elementary education for all African Americans to enabling African-American leaders to gain high

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and pay wages to their previously enslaved workers. It kept an eye on the contracts between the newly free laborers and planters, given that few freedmen had yet gained adequate reading skills, and pushed whites and blacks to work together in a free-labor market as employers and employees rather than

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For access and inquires about the use of the records, researchers should visit or write (e-mail) the Old Military and Civil Branch, 700 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20408. For the location of previously filmed and future Freedmen's Bureau microfilm publications, researchers should contact

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In North Carolina, the bureau employed: 9 contract surgeons, at $ 100 per month; 26 hospital attendants, at average pay each per month $ 11.25; 18 civilian employees, clerks, agents, etc., at an average pay per month of $ 17.20; 4 laborers, at an average pay per month of $ 11.90, for a total annual

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Even before the war, blacks had established independent Baptist congregations in some cities and towns, such as Silver Bluff and Charleston, South Carolina; and Petersburg and Richmond, Virginia. In many places, especially in more rural areas, they shared public services with whites. Often enslaved

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J. W. Alvord, an inspector for the Bureau, wrote that the freedmen "have the natural thirst for knowledge," aspire to "power and influence … coupled with learning," and are excited by "the special study of books." Among the former slaves, both children and adults sought this new opportunity to

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The Freedmen's Bureau published their own freedmen's textbook. They emphasized the bootstrap philosophy, encouraging freedmen to believe that each person had the ability to work hard and to do better in life. These readers included traditional literacy lessons, as well as selections on the life and

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was appointed as the first Freedmen's Bureau Commissioner. Through his leadership, the bureau set up four divisions: Government-Controlled Lands, Records, Financial Affairs, and Medical Affairs. Education was considered part of the Records division. Howard turned over confiscated property including

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The most widely recognized accomplishments of the Freedmen's Bureau were in education. Prior to the Civil War, no Southern state had a system of universal, state-supported public education; in addition, most had prohibited both enslaved and free blacks from gaining an education. This meant learning

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Some misconduct was reported to the bureau main office that bureau agents were using their posts for personal gains. Colonel E. Whittlesey was questioned but said he was not involved in nor knew of anyone involved in such activities. The bureau exercised what whites believed were arbitrary powers:

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The Bureau's humanitarian efforts had limited success. Medical treatment of the freedmen was severely deficient, as few Southern doctors, all of whom were white, would treat them. Much infrastructure had been destroyed by the war, and people had few means of improving sanitation. Blacks had little

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In South Carolina, the bureau employed nine clerks, at average pay each per month $ 108.33, one rental agent, at monthly pay of $ 75.00, one clerk, at monthly pay of $ 50.00, one storekeeper, at monthly pay of $ 85.00, one counselor, at monthly pay of $ 125.00, one superintendent of education, at

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The Bureau played a major role in Georgia politics. It was especially active in setting up, monitoring, and enforcing labor contracts for both men and women. It also set up a new system of healthcare for the freedmen. Although a majority of the agency's relief rations went to freedpeople, a large

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The Bureau began distributing rations in the summer of 1865. Drought conditions resulted in so much need that the state established its own Office of the Commissioner of the Destitute to provide additional relief. The two agencies coordinated their efforts starting in 1866. The Bureau established

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Most of these colleges, universities and normal schools combined what they believed were the best fundamentals of a college with that of the home, giving students a basic structure to build acceptable practices of upstanding lives. At many of these institutions, Christian principles and practices

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now has records of the field offices, marriage records, and records of the Freedmen's Branch of the Adjutant General on microfilm. They are being digitized and made available through online databases. These constitute a major source of documentation on the operations of the Bureau, political and

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In 1866, the depot at Huntsville provided five thousand rations a day. The food was distributed without regard to race. Corruption and abuse was so great that in October 1866, President Johnson ended in-kind aid in that state. One hundred twenty thousand dollars was given to the state to provide

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In addition to internal parish problems, this area was reportedly invaded by insurgents from Arkansas, described as Desperadoes by the Bureau agent in 1868. In September 1868, for example, whites arrested and convicted 21 blacks accused of planning an insurrection in Bossier Parish. Henry Jones,

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Written accounts by northern women and missionary societies resulted in historians' overestimating their influence, writing that most Bureau teachers were well-educated women from the North, motivated by religion and abolitionism to teach in the South. In the early 21st century, new research has

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By 1871, Northerners' interest in reconstructing the South had waned. Northerners were beginning to tire of the effort that Reconstruction required, were discouraged by the high rate of continuing violence around elections, and were ready for the South to take care of itself. All of the Southern

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Before the Civil War the enslaved could not marry legally, and most marriages had been informal, although planters often presided over "marriage" ceremonies for their enslaved. After the war, the Freedmen's Bureau performed numerous marriages for freed couples who asked for it. As many husbands,

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The Freedmen's Bureau had 58 clerks and superintendents of farms, paid average monthly wages $ 78.50; 12 assistant superintendents, paid average monthly wages 87.00; and 163 laborers, paid average monthly wages 11.75; as personnel in the state of Virginia. Other personnel included orderlies and

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Freedmen's Bureau agents initially complained that freedwomen were refusing to contract their labor. One of the first actions black families took for independence was to withdraw women's labor from fieldwork. The Bureau attempted to force freedwomen to work by insisting that their husbands sign

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The Bureau mission was to help solve everyday problems of the newly freed slaves, such as obtaining food, medical care, communication with family members, and jobs. Between 1865 and 1869, it distributed 15 million rations of food to freed African Americans and 5 million rations to impoverished

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The Bureau's powers were expanded to help African Americans find family members from whom they had become separated during the war. It arranged to teach them to read and write—skills considered critical by the freedmen themselves as well as by the government. Bureau agents also served as legal

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As of 2009, there exist approximately 105 HBCUs that range in scope, size, organization, and orientation. Under the Education Act of 1965, Congress officially defined an HBCU as "an institution whose principal missions were and are the education of Black Americans". HBCUs graduate over 50% of

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In 2000, the U.S. Congress passed the Freedmen's Bureau Preservation Act, which directed the National Archivist to preserve the extensive records of the Bureau on microfilm, and work with educational institutions to index the records. In addition to those records of the Bureau headquarters,

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During the war, slaves had escaped to Union lines and forts in the Tidewater, where contraband camps were established. Many stayed in that area after the war, seeking protection near the federal forts. The Bureau fed 9,000 to 10,000 blacks a month over the winter, explaining:

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school and college educations. Some white officials working with African Americans in the South were concerned about what they considered the lack of a moral or financial foundation seen in the African-American community and traced that lack of foundation back to slavery.

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Overall, the Bureau spent $ 5 million to set up schools for blacks. By the end of 1865, more than 90,000 former slaves were enrolled as students in such public schools. Attendance rates at the new schools for freedmen were about 80%. Brigadier General

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monthly pay of $ 150.00, one printer, at monthly pay of $ 100.00, one contract surgeon, at monthly pay of $ 100.00, and twenty-five laborers, at average pay per month $ 19.20. Total annual salaries of $ 25,679.64 which is $ 821,600 in 2024 dollars.

1871: 324:, excerpts from the Bible focused on forgiveness, biographies of famous African Americans with emphasis on their piety, humbleness, and industry; and essays on humility, the work ethic, temperance, loving one's enemies, and avoiding bitterness. 2351:

chapters were similarly started by veterans in the first years after the war.) When citizens were asked why the perpetrators had not been arrested, many answered that the Bureau, with the support of the military, had the primary authority.

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Northern mission societies raised funds for land, buildings, teachers' salaries, and basic necessities such as books and furniture. For years they used networks throughout their churches to raise money for freedmen's education and worship.

2428:. With the help of more than 25,000 volunteers, the project was completed on June 20, 2016. Information about millions of African Americans is now accessible, allowing families to build their family trees and connect with their ancestors. 2367:

Suffering much less damage in the war than some other Deep South states, Texas became a destination for some 200,000 refugee blacks from other parts of the South, in addition to 200,000 already in Texas. Slavery had been prevalent only in

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Most of the assistant commissioners, realizing that African Americans would not receive fair trials in the civil courts, tried to handle black cases in their own Bureau courts. Southern whites objected that this was unconstitutional. In

155:, relied inappropriately on the military in peacetime, gave blacks help that poor whites had never had, and would ultimately prevent freed slaves from becoming self-sufficient by rendering them dependent on public assistance. Though the 10970: 275:

planters' mansions, government buildings, books, and furniture to superintendents to be used in the education of freedmen. He provided transportation and room and board for teachers. Many Northerners came south to educate freedmen.

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salaries of $ 18,596.40, which is approximately $ 595,000 in 2024 dollars; enlisted men are detailed as orderlies, guards, etc., by commanding officers of the different military posts where officers of the Bureau were serving.

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states had created new constitutions that established universal, publicly funded education. Groups based in the North began to redirect their money toward universities and colleges founded to educate African-American leaders.

163:—overrode Johnson's veto, by 1869 Southern Democrats in Congress had deprived the Bureau of most of its funding, and as a result it had to cut much of its staff. By 1870 the Bureau had been weakened further due to the rise of 9859: 8338: 226:

whites, and set up a system by which planters could borrow rations in order to feed freedmen they employed. Although the Bureau set aside $ 350,000 for this latter service, only $ 35,000 (10%) was borrowed by planters.

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The investigators learned of reported murders of freedmen by a band of outlaws. These outlaws were thought to be people from other states, such as Texas, Kentucky and Tennessee, who had been part of the rebel army

4271: 2308:, the assistant commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau for Florida, was an astute politician who collaborated with the leadership of both parties in the state. He was warmly praised by observers on all sides. 7740: 2239:, the Bureau commissioned state and county judges as Bureau agents. They were to try cases involving blacks with no distinctions on racial grounds. If a judge refused, the Freedmen's Bureau could institute 2372:, and some freedmen hoped for the chance of new types of opportunity in the lightly populated but booming state. The Bureau's political role was central, as was close attention to the need for schools. 7577: 1866: 2194:

After the Civil War, control over existing churches was a contentious issue. The Methodist denomination had split into regional associations in the 1840s prior to the war, as had the Baptists, when

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for black youth were established. The leaders among them continue to operate as highly ranked institutions in the 21st century and have seen increasing enrollment. (Examples of HBCUs include

10204: 8453: 4589: 3503:(University of Georgia Press, 2003); For an online review see John David Smith, "'The Work It Did Not Do Because It Could Not': Georgia and the 'New' Freedmen's Bureau Historiography," 2404:

social conditions in the Reconstruction Era, and the genealogies of freedpeople. The Freedmen's Bureau Project (announced on June 19, 2015) was created as a set of partnerships between

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Span, Christopher M. "'I Must Learn Now or Not at All': Social and Cultural Capital in the Educational Initiatives of Formerly Enslaved African Americans in Mississippi, 1862–1869,"

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my absence." All documents and matters pertaining to the Freedmen's Bureau were transferred from the office of General Howard to the War Department of the United States Congress.

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relief to the end of January 1867. Aid was ended in the state. Records show that by the end of the program, four times as many White people received aid than did Black people.

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Pearson, Reggie L. "'There Are Many Sick, Feeble, and Suffering Freedmen': the Freedmen's Bureau's Health-care Activities During Reconstruction in North Carolina, 1865–1868,"

3727: 8348: 8032: 8022: 7437: 7402: 96:, as Congress provided no funding for it. The War Department was the only agency with funds the Freedmen's Bureau could use and which had an existing presence in the South. 10480: 4204:

Parker, Marjorie H. "The Educational Activities of the Freedmen's Bureau" (PhD dissertation, The University of Chicago; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1951. T-01438).

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the nearest regional archives or visit the NARA online microfilm catalog. By 2014, under arrangement with the National Archives, records are available online through

11383: 11325: 11082: 10726: 2115:(from 1881). They said that black students should be able to leave home and "live in an atmosphere conducive not only to scholarship but to culture and refinement". 7975: 10450: 6765: 2449: 2417: 11285: 11187: 10721: 10270: 10240: 10000: 8353: 7970: 7814: 7757: 6220: 6215: 4362:

Farmer-Kaiser, Mary. "'Are They Not in Some Sorts Vagrants?' Gender and the Efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau to Combat Vagrancy in the Reconstruction South,"

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establishing legal segregation of public places. Segregated schools and other services for blacks were consistently underfunded by the Southern legislatures.

107:, the Bureau started operations in 1865. From the beginning, its representatives found its tasks very difficult, in part because Southern legislatures passed 10399: 7317: 6225: 10814: 2359:, many freedmen were destitute. Many had tried to cultivate the land and began businesses with little to no success in the social disruption of the period. 11403: 7667: 6986: 6875: 6860: 4704: 1741: 1113: 850: 7652: 6652: 6572: 5100: 4143: 4034: 1477: 1118: 11063: 7819: 7682: 4834: 124: 11393: 11058: 9901: 6680: 2421: 10996: 9692: 7946: 7910: 7745: 7310: 5095: 4596:

Texas, Freedmen's Bureau ...Office Records, 1865–1870, Sumpter, Roll 26, Letters sent, vol (158), June–Dec 1867, Apr–Dec 1868 .p. 112 Image 60

2182:, founded in Washington, D.C., in 1867, with the aid of the Freedmen's Bureau. It was named for the commissioner of the Freedmen's Bureau, General 810: 11090: 8512: 8490: 8333: 7735: 6870: 6845: 6647: 6555: 5105: 4839: 2918: 119:

advocates for African Americans in both state and federal courts, mostly in cases dealing with family issues. The Bureau encouraged former major

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sponsored various educational and religious efforts for African Americans. Later efforts for higher education were supported by such leaders as

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was hostile to Howard's leadership and authority at the Bureau. Belknap aroused controversy among Republicans by his reassignment of Howard.

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By 1866, Northern missionary and aid societies worked in conjunction with the Freedmen's Bureau to provide education for former slaves. The

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Crouch, Barry A. (1997). "Black Education in Civil War and Reconstruction Louisiana: George T. Ruby, the Army, and the Freedmen's Bureau".

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Durrill, Wayne K. "Political Legitimacy and Local Courts: 'Politicks at Such a Rage' in a Southern Community during Reconstruction," in

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and a competent officer. It appeared that he took great pains to turn things around and correct the mistakes made by his predecessors.

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Map of abandoned or confiscated plantations in Louisiana and Mississippi offered for lease by the U.S. government during Reconstruction

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seized control of Southern Methodist buildings. Numerous northern denominations, including the independent black denominations of the

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Bickers, John M. "The Power to Do What Manifestly Must Be Done: Congress, the Freedmen's Bureau, and Constitutional Imagination",

167:(KKK) violence across the South; members of the KKK and other terrorist organizations, attacked both blacks and sympathetic white 151:

who had succeeded to the office following Lincoln's assassination in 1865, vetoed the bill, arguing that the Bureau encroached on

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Williams, Heather Andrea; "'Clothing Themselves in Intelligence': The Freedpeople, Schooling, and Northern Teachers, 1861–1871",

3378:"Parishes of Bossier and Caddo" Synopsis of Murder &c. Committed in Parishes of Caddo and Bossier September and October 1868" 2069: 62: 55: 5568: 210: 10959: 10005: 9612: 9580: 9369: 9329: 9168: 9061: 8967: 8813: 7150: 6895: 5638: 5633: 5308: 2095:

Generally, they believed that Blacks needed help to enter a free labor market and rebuild a stable family life. Heads of local

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Cimbala, Paul A. "On the Front Line of Freedom: Freedmen's Bureau Officers and Agents in Reconstruction Georgia, 1865–1868,"

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Jackson, L. P. "The Educational Efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau and Freedmen's Aid Societies in South Carolina, 1862–1872,"

2987: 2873: 2834: 2807: 2774: 2749: 2632: 2605: 2444: 1753: 1430: 1202: 115:, nearly replicating the conditions of slavery. Also, the Freedmen's Bureau only controlled a limited amount of arable land. 17: 4581: 4485:

Schwalm, Leslie A. "'Sweet Dreams of Freedom': Freedwomen's Reconstruction of Life and Labor in Lowcountry South Carolina,"

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Rodrigue, John C. "Labor Militancy and Black Grassroots Political Mobilization in the Louisiana Sugar Region, 1865–1868" in

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Review of Butchart, Ronald E., Schooling the Freed People: Teaching, Learning, and the Struggle for Black Freedom, 1861-1876

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In 1872 Congress abruptly abandoned the program, refusing to approve renewal legislation. It did not inform Howard, whom

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Todd L. Savitt, "Politics in Medicine: The Georgia Freedmen's Bureau and the Organization of Health Care, 1865–1866,"

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along the river corridors, which broke out across the South and caused many fatalities, especially among the poor.

168: 1676: 11046: 10977: 10919: 10829: 10756: 10546: 10378: 10317: 10224: 10059: 9984: 9958: 9867: 8127: 7587: 7552: 7457: 7432: 7194: 7179: 7061: 7021: 6920: 6905: 6890: 6885: 6717: 6622: 5653: 5548: 5508: 5229: 5065: 3540: 3277: 2096: 1955: 1726: 532: 287: 93: 4557: 10100: 7772: 7572: 7522: 7502: 7477: 7467: 7452: 7442: 7427: 7407: 7382: 7372: 7362: 7219: 6538: 6302: 5658: 5623: 5528: 5234: 4764: 3321: 1425: 1413: 993: 805: 451: 175: 86: 11373: 3229: 2243:

in his district. All but three judges accepted their unwanted commissions, and the governor urged compliance.

11166: 10865: 10731: 10356: 10250: 10054: 8651: 8422: 7980: 7859: 7854: 7567: 7472: 7412: 7387: 7357: 7347: 6577: 6498: 6315: 5781: 5239: 5047: 4492:

Smith, Solomon K. "The Freedmen's Bureau in Shreveport: the Struggle for Control of the Red River District,"

4243:

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Vaughn, William Preston, "Schools for All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865–1877" (1974).

2317:

number of whites also benefited. In Georgia, poor whites received almost one-fifth of the Bureau's rations.

10824: 10792: 10678: 10541: 10429: 10312: 10182: 10151: 10144: 10090: 9979: 9845: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 8132: 7985: 7730: 7707: 7692: 7644: 7422: 7352: 7333: 6850: 6592: 6382: 6357: 6069: 5144: 4849: 4789: 2923: 2002: 1846: 1716: 1377: 1145: 1125: 685: 653: 372: 11388: 11352: 11310: 10700: 10475: 10167: 10022: 10017: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8202: 8177: 8010: 7797: 7557: 7281: 7029: 6780: 6617: 6607: 6602: 6560: 5984: 5283: 4734: 4644: 4442:

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Under the Guardianship of the Nation: the Freedmen's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870

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Under the Guardianship of the Nation: the Freedmen's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870

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Goldhaber, Michael (1992). "A Mission Unfulfilled: Freedmen's Education in North Carolina, 1865–1870".

3044: 2770: 2454: 2405: 1921: 1773: 1758: 1649: 845: 515: 92:. It was intended to last for one year after the end of the Civil War. The Bureau became a part of the 82: 10516: 4341:

Crouch; Barry A. "The 'Chords of Love': Legalizing Black Marital and Family Rights in Postwar Texas,"

4194:

Myers, John B. "The Education of the Alabama Freedmen During Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–1867,"

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Sara Rapport, "The Freedmen's Bureau as a Legal Agent for Black Men and Women in Georgia: 1865–1868,"

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Charles F. Kovacik, and Robert E. Mason. "Changes in the South Carolina Sea Island Cotton Industry,"

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General Howard's report for 1869: The House of Representatives, Forty-first Congress, second session

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The Racial Divide in American Medicine: Black Physicians and the Struggle for Justice in Health Care

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announced that Virginia would be the first state to index and digitize Freedmen's Bureau records.

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Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction

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Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction

1982: 1721: 1671: 1599: 1372: 1150: 1094: 1077: 508: 4547:

Minutes of the Freedmen's Convention, Held in the City of Raleigh, North Carolina, October, 1866

4501: 4465: 4400: 4379:

Freedwomen and the Freedmen's Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation

4371: 4314: 3945: 3773: 2952:

Freedwomen and the Freedmen's Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation

2519:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875" 11290: 11179: 11013: 10798: 10455: 8417: 8000: 7964: 7622: 7140: 6840: 6414: 6004: 5841: 5816: 5348: 5249: 5164: 4904: 4813: 2571: 2459: 2127:

Despite the untimely dissolution of the Freedmen's Bureau, its legacy influenced the important

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Schooling the Freed People: Teaching, Learning, and the Struggle for Black Freedom, 1861–1876

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Christian Reconstruction: The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks, 1861–1890

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Lieberman, Robert C. "The Freedmen's Bureau and the Politics of Institutional Structure,"

4084:

The struggle for equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction

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Bentley, George R. (1949). "The Political Activity of the Freedmen's Bureau in Florida".

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The United States Army and Navy Journal and Gazette of the Regular and Volunteer Forces

3482: 3294: 3190:

Reading, 'Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861–1870

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Northern Schools, Southern Blacks, and Reconstruction: Freedmen's Education, 1862–1875

3985:

Citizens and Paupers: Relief, Rights, and Race, from the Freedmen's Bureau to Workfare

3273:"Welfare and Employment Policies of the Freedmen's Bureau in the District of Columbia" 700: 646: 11269: 11123: 10782: 10372: 10138: 9943: 8656: 8438: 7287: 6543: 6145: 6079: 6014: 5917: 5836: 5796: 5398: 5204: 5159: 4774: 4497: 4461: 4396: 4367: 4310: 4102: 4082: 4065: 4039: 4017: 4011: 3988: 3969: 3888: 3874: 3860: 3844: 3286: 3237: 3193: 3162: 3141: 3110: 3012: 3003: 2955: 2894: 2869: 2830: 2803: 2745: 2699: 2628: 2601: 2195: 2179: 2136: 2104: 1851: 1569: 1564: 1507: 1492: 1472: 1294: 1289: 1224: 1187: 1020: 986: 815: 668: 557: 436: 152: 148: 4545: 2546:

U.S., Statutes at Large, Treaties, and Proclamations of the United States of America

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opportunity to become medical personnel. Travelers unknowingly carried epidemics of

11226: 11173: 11053: 11040: 11030: 10990: 10772: 10716: 10673: 10668: 10584: 10460: 10131: 9938: 8527: 8505: 8495: 8261: 7777: 7602: 6155: 6024: 5994: 5989: 5922: 5861: 5856: 5811: 5313: 5303: 5209: 5189: 5184: 4934: 4924: 4884: 4416: 3941: 3921: 3852: 3831: 3827: 3789:"Bringing Their Lives To Light: Virginia's Online Records Help Blacks ID Ancestors" 3090: 3053: 2267: 2168: 2132: 2041: 1619: 1614: 1604: 1579: 1544: 1512: 1482: 1355: 1343: 1321: 1299: 1246: 1082: 1050: 352: 178: 112: 104: 4473:

Overreached on All Sides: The Freedmen's Bureau Administrators in Texas, 1865–1868

3912:

Colby, I. C. (1985). "The Freedmen's Bureau: From Social Welfare to Segregation".

3649:

Overreached on all sides: the Freedmen's Bureau Administrators in Texas, 1865–1868

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The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution

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Africana Archives: Freedmen's Bureau Records at the USF Africana Heritage Project

4564: 3821: 3734: 2655: 2271: 2160: 2144: 1950: 1841: 1836: 1589: 1559: 1554: 1277: 1241: 1040: 958: 663: 409: 321: 89: 4162: 3230:"Howard University Stares Down Challenges, and Hard Questions on Black Colleges" 11194: 11018: 10343: 8532: 8522: 8256: 7302: 6297: 6245: 6084: 6049: 6009: 5901: 5881: 5876: 5831: 5110: 4951: 4939: 4131:

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Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia

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Parker, Marjorie H. "Some Educational Activities of the Freedmen's Bureau,"

3904:

The Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstructing the American South After the Civil War

3885:

The Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstructing the American South after the Civil War

3316: 282:

The Misses Cooke's school room, Freedmen's Bureau, Richmond, Virginia, 1866.

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4509:

After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861–1877

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Richardson, Joe M. "The Freedmen's Bureau and Negro Education in Florida,"

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Soldiers of Light and Love: Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks, 1865–1873

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Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War

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Lowe, Richard (1993). "The Freedman's Bureau and Local Black Leadership".

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that restricted movement, conditions of labor, and other civil rights of

36:

A Bureau agent stands between a group of whites and a group of freedmen.

4172: 4136: 3636: 3524: 3508: 3486: 3461: 3456:

Joe M. Richardson, "An Evaluation of the Freedmen's Bureau in Florida,"

3298: 3272: 2566: 2246:

Perhaps the most difficult region reported by the Freedmen's Bureau was

202: 11254: 11110: 8142: 7189: 6064: 5826: 5027: 5022: 4428: 4248: 4231: 4212: 4199: 3959: 3835: 3102: 3065: 3024: 2369: 1967: 1264: 968: 835: 100: 8078: 4013:

Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, Major General, United States Army

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From Slavery to Future: the Freedmen's Bureau in Arkansas, 1865–1869

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was passed, which established the Freedmen's Bureau as initiated by

11320: 8470: 8448: 6458: 4329:

Time Full of Trial: The Roanoke Island Freedmen's Colony, 1862–1867

3925: 3747: 1802: 1360: 1304: 1256: 916: 761: 616: 522: 66: 81:

was established. Two years later, as a result of the inquiry the

2236: 1785: 867: 547: 364: 231: 10106:

Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866

4088:. Princeton: Princeton University Press – via Archive.org. 217:

issued by the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands,

7256:

List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

2399:

assistant commissioners, and superintendents of education, the

1487: 1309: 889: 872: 734: 569: 537: 182: 4552: 4268:

Self-Taught: African American Education in Slavery and Freedom

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United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction

7698:

Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863

4599: 3168: 744: 730: 705: 332:

by creating barriers to voter registration. They then passed

181:

had transferred to Arizona to settle hostilities between the

4978: 2724:

Carson, Clayborne; Lapsansky-Werner, Emma J.; Nash, Gary B.

316:

in Virginia in 1868. It is now known as Hampton University.

2868:. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 48. 2802:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 35ff. 2304:

The Florida Bureau was assessed to be working effectively.

611: 441: 11117:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

3965:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

2597:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877

11326:

Technological and industrial history of the United States

4097:

The abolitionist legacy: From reconstruction to the NAACP

4016:. Vol. 2. New York: The Baker & Taylor Company. 3117: 2968: 2843: 2669: 250:

A certificate of marriage issued by the Freedmen's Bureau

206:

The Freedmen's Bureau office in Memphis, Tennessee, 1866.

4283:

Bethel, Elizabeth . "The Freedmen's Bureau in Alabama,"

2726:

The Struggle for Freedom: A History of African Americans

4060:

Yankee Stepfather: General O.O. Howard and the Freedmen

3583:. Army and Navy Journal Incorporated. 1865. p. 616 2418:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

11286:

African American founding fathers of the United States

11188:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

8354:

United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction

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The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women

7668:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

4611:

Freedmen of the 47th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry

1742:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

4035:

Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery

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United States House Committee on Freedmen’s Affairs

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Freedmen's School, James Plantation, North Carolina

10111:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 7683:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States 4094: 4081: 4057: 3221: 3206: 2691: 9902:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act 3602: 3600: 3598: 2422:Afro-American Historical and Genealogical Society 48:Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands 11384:Defunct agencies of the United States government 11365: 7947:Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade 7332: 6942:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 4287:Vol. 14, No. 1, (February 1948) pp. 49–92 3901: 3305: 2823:Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C. (2010). 2178:Perhaps the best known of these institutions is 1857:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 7736:Slavery as a positive good in the United States 4605:"Freedmen's Bureau Marriage Records, 1815–1866" 4144:The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 3954:. Vol. 87, no. 519. pp. 354–365. 2822: 2548:. Vol. 13. Boston. 1866. pp. 507–509. 2230:An 1866 poster attacking the Freedmen's Bureau. 10246:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 6766:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 4247:, Vol. 94#2 (February 1986), pp. 236–256 4230:, Vol. 31#4 (Autumn, 1962), pp. 460–467. 4120:. Westport: Greenwood Press. pp. 271–274. 3595: 3072: 143:renewed the charter for the Bureau. President 10220:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 8210: 7703:Slavery at American colleges and universities 7318: 4652: 3699:"African American Records: Freedmen's Bureau" 2949: 2916: 2063: 7688:Kidnapping into slavery in the United States 4198:, Vol. 40#2 (Spring 1971), pp. 163–171 4171:, Vol. 76#4 (April, 1973), pp. 397–417 3826:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 3809:Bibliography of slavery in the United States 3317:"The Church in the Southern Black Community" 2855: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2410:National Archives and Records Administration 2129:historically black colleges and universities 1862:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 72: 11404:1872 disestablishments in the United States 8168:Family reunification ads after emancipation 4211:, Vol. 23#1 (Winter, 1954), pp. 9–21. 3728:"United States Freedmen’s Bureau Marriages" 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3314: 2789: 2266:In March 1872, at the request of President 8217: 8203: 7881:Slavery and the United States Constitution 7325: 7311: 4659: 4645: 3849:Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard 3446:. Birmingham: University of Alabama Press. 3391:On the Black Side of Shreveport: A History 2558:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2070: 2056: 10778:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 4135:, Vol. 57#2 (Apr., 1956), pp. 65–81 4101:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4092: 4079: 3843: 3078: 2712: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2620: 2574:: Freedmen & Southern Society Project 314:Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute 27:US agency assisting freedmen in the South 11394:1865 establishments in the United States 11301:History of the United States (1865–1917) 7971:Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution 4855:Treatment of slaves in the United States 4159:The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction 4157:Cimbala, Paul, and Randall Miller, eds. 3987:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3982: 3887:. Anvil series. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger. 3551: 3364: 3270: 3135: 2861: 2826:Encyclopedia of African American History 2225: 2221: 1867:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1732:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1712:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 298: 277: 245: 209: 201: 130: 31: 7673:Indentured servitude in British America 6598:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 4770:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 4261:The Journal of African American History 4238:The Journal of African American History 4125: 4052: 4028: 3940: 3882: 3819: 3472: 3227: 3038:West, Earle H. (1982). "Book review of 2795: 2744:. DK Publishing. 2015. pp. 338ff. 2654: 2621:Rodriguez, Junius P. (March 20, 2007). 2198:were founded. In some cities, Northern 2189: 185:and settlers. Grant's Secretary of War 14: 11366: 10960:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era 10006:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 8224: 6583:Modern display of the Confederate flag 4666: 4336:The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans 4277: 4118:Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era 4115: 4009: 3851:. New York: Fordham University Press. 3786: 3662:The Freedmen's Bureau and Black Texans 3651:(Texas A&M University Press, 1991) 3429: 3215: 3187: 3123: 3000: 2974: 2849: 2689: 2641: 79:American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission 11245:Women's suffrage in the United States 9934:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction 8198: 8113:Slavery during the American Civil War 7926:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 7306: 6801: 6190: 5754: 4977: 4780:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 4678: 4640: 4437:Northern Methodism and Reconstruction 3958: 3911: 3444:Poor But Proud: Alabama's Poor Whites 3441: 3161:Krowl, Michelle A. (September 2011), 3160: 2912: 2910: 2893:. New York: Oxford University Press. 2888: 2865:The Civil War and Reconstruction Eras 2775:Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 2732: 2698:. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 116. 2593: 2445:History of African-American education 2122: 1754:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1431:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 10352:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 10040:Confederates surrender at Appomattox 9852:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 4482:, Vol. 67 #1, 2001, pp. 115–45. 4406: 4359:, Vol. 70 #3, 2004 pp. 577–617. 4296:Roger Williams University Law Review 3261:Data from United Negro College Fund. 3037: 2627:. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Academic. 2119:were also part of the daily regime. 1946:Slave marriages in the United States 1550:Human trafficking in the Middle East 197: 50:, usually referred to as simply the 11208:United Daughters of the Confederacy 10339:American Woman Suffrage Association 10334:National Woman Suffrage Association 10261:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson 8560:Women during the Reconstruction era 8118:End of slavery in the United States 6937:Committee on the Conduct of the War 6613:United Daughters of the Confederacy 3787:Cheney, Catherine (July 23, 2009). 2431:In October 2006, Virginia governor 2270:and the Secretary of the Interior, 1285:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 24: 11250:Labor history of the United States 10286:South Carolina readmitted to Union 10283:North Carolina readmitted to Union 10266:Impeachment managers investigation 10205:Constitutional conventions of 1867 9881:National Women's Rights Convention 7996:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism 7007:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 6802: 6346:impeachment managers investigation 4725:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 4613:, retrieved online September 2022. 4525: 4161:(Fordham University Press, 2020). 4133:South Carolina Historical Magazine 3823:A History of the Freedmen's Bureau 3737:, FamilySearch Historical Records. 2988:"Reconstruction: What Went Wrong?" 2907: 2426:California African American Museum 1939:last survivors of American slavery 25: 11415: 10491:United States expedition to Korea 10198:Reconstruction military districts 8163:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 8108:Origins of the American Civil War 7815:African American founding fathers 7758:Education during the slave period 6432:Reconstruction military districts 4880:Abolitionism in the United States 4835:Plantations in the American South 4750:Origins of the American Civil War 4575: 4169:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 3879:; full biography of Bureau leader 3664:(University of Texas Press, 2010) 3633:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 3552:Hatfield, Edward (July 1, 2009). 3411:. PBS Public Broadcasting Service 2950:Farmer-Kaiser, Mary (2010). "1". 2796:deShazo, Richard D., ed. (2018). 2594:Foner, Eric (December 13, 2011). 2393: 2333: 2320: 2281: 900:Field slaves in the United States 767:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 10045:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 8339:African-American representatives 7911:History of slavery by U.S. state 7678:Slave trade in the United States 7286: 7277: 7276: 6415:Enforcement Act of February 1871 6388:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 4489:, Vol. 9 #1, 1997 pp. 9–32. 4458:North Carolina Historical Review 4003:in the 1930s and welfare today. 3766:"What was the Freedmen's Bureau" 3228:Weiland, Noah (April 26, 2018). 3040:Freedmen's Schools and Textbooks 2208:African Methodist Episcopal Zion 2097:American Missionary Associations 777:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 772:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 601:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 371: 11399:United States Department of War 11047:Black Reconstruction in America 10920:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 10830:1876 State of the Union Address 10757:1875 State of the Union Address 10684:1874 State of the Union Address 10608:1873 State of the Union Address 10547:1872 State of the Union Address 10496:1871 State of the Union Address 10435:1870 State of the Union Address 10384:1869 State of the Union Address 10379:First transcontinental railroad 10318:1868 State of the Union Address 10225:1867 State of the Union Address 10060:1865 State of the Union Address 9985:1864 State of the Union Address 9959:1863 State of the Union Address 9868:Woman in the Nineteenth Century 7200:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 7062:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 6623:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 4352:(Oxford University Press, 2012) 3780: 3758: 3740: 3721: 3705: 3691: 3680: 3667: 3654: 3641: 3625: 3612: 3571: 3545: 3529: 3513: 3493: 3466: 3450: 3435: 3402: 3396: 3383: 3355: 3346: 3337: 3315:Maffly-Kipp, Laurie F. (2001). 3278:The Journal of Southern History 3264: 3255: 3181: 3154: 3129: 3031: 2994: 2980: 2943: 2882: 2741:The Civil War: A Visual History 2483: 1727:Committee of Experts on Slavery 1278:East, Southeast, and South Asia 288:American Missionary Association 241: 192: 94:United States Department of War 10120:Petition for Universal Freedom 10101:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 7773:List of American slave traders 7653:Slavery among Native Americans 6303:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 3718:, Spring 2005, Vol. 37, No. 1. 3325:. University of North Carolina 3322:Documenting the American South 2758: 2683: 2614: 2587: 2538: 2511: 2355:In certain areas, such as the 1426:Slave raiding in Easter Island 13: 1: 11167:A Visit from the Old Mistress 10866:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 10732:Specie Payment Resumption Act 10357:Board of Indian Commissioners 10289:Louisiana readmitted to Union 10251:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 10115:Tennessee readmitted to Union 9949:Women's Loyal National League 8652:Straight-Out Democratic Party 8423:Confederate States of America 7981:George Washington and slavery 7860:American Colonization Society 7855:African-American slave owners 6718:Ladies' Memorial Associations 6420:Enforcement Act of April 1871 6316:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 6191: 4245:American Journal of Education 4116:Zuczek, Richard, ed. (2006). 4076:; biography of Bureau's head. 4001:Works Progress Administration 3999:Compares the Bureau with the 2505: 10793:Battle of the Little Bighorn 10277:Arkansas readmitted to Union 10183:Knights of the White Camelia 10145:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 10091:New Orleans Massacre of 1866 10065:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan 10023:Special Field Orders No. 15 9846:Slavery in the United States 7986:Thomas Jefferson and slavery 7731:American proslavery movement 7693:Slave states and free states 7334:Slavery in the United States 6851:Confederate revolving cannon 6593:Sons of Confederate Veterans 6464:South Carolina riots of 1876 6442:Indian Council at Fort Smith 6393:South Carolina riots of 1876 6358:Knights of the White Camelia 4850:Slavery in the United States 4617:Freedmen's Bureau in Georgia 4607:, 2007, Ancestry.com website 4446:17 (September 1971): 245–54. 4364:Georgia Historical Quarterly 4343:The Journal of Negro History 4307:Georgia Historical Quarterly 4179:The Journal of Negro History 4093:McPherson, James M. (1995). 4080:McPherson, James M. (1964). 3983:Goldberg, Chad Alan (2007). 3521:Georgia Historical Quarterly 3505:Georgia Historical Quarterly 3475:Florida Historical Quarterly 3458:Florida Historical Quarterly 3136:Butchart, Ronald E. (2010). 2924:Georgia Historical Quarterly 2917:Farmer-Kaiser, Mary (2004). 2829:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 777ff. 2766:"The Freedmen's Bureau Bill" 2690:Kelley, Robin D. G. (2002). 1717:Temporary Slavery Commission 1378:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 330:disenfranchising most blacks 262: 7: 11379:38th United States Congress 11311:Race (human categorization) 10701:United States v. Cruikshank 10292:Alabama readmitted to Union 10280:Florida readmitted to Union 8011:Abraham Lincoln and slavery 7205:New York City riots of 1863 7030:Battle Hymn of the Republic 6781:United Confederate Veterans 6618:Children of the Confederacy 6608:United Confederate Veterans 6603:Southern Historical Society 5755: 5235:Price's Missouri Expedition 4705:Timeline leading to the War 4679: 4480:Journal of Southern History 4409:Journal of American History 4357:Journal of Southern History 4285:Journal of Southern History 3820:Bentley, George R. (1955). 3748:"Freedmen's Bureau Project" 2438: 2375: 2204:African Methodist Episcopal 2149:Johnson C. Smith University 2086: 1737:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 782:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 343: 157:39th United States Congress 10: 11420: 10512:General Mining Act of 1872 10481:New York custom house ring 10471:Meridian race riot of 1871 10415:Naturalization Act of 1870 8085:Children of the plantation 8016:Andrew Johnson and slavery 8006:Zachary Taylor and slavery 7952:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 7921:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 7886:American slave court cases 7850:Amerindian slave ownership 7173:Confederate Secret Service 6761:Grand Army of the Republic 6653:Grand Army of the Republic 6471:Southern Claims Commission 4515:Freedmen's Bureau in Texas 4487:Journal of Women's History 4266:Williams, Heather Andrea. 4228:Journal of Negro Education 4209:Journal of Negro Education 4196:Journal of Negro Education 4181:(1923), vol 8#1, pp 1–40. 3813: 3806: 3802: 3733:November 22, 2015, at the 3188:Morris, Robert C. (1981). 3045:Journal of Negro Education 2771:U.S. National Park Service 2406:FamilySearch International 2311: 2299: 2286: 1922:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1759:Anti-Slavery International 1524:North Africa and West Asia 11348: 11278: 11237: 11153: 11104:Been in the Storm So Long 11024:William Archibald Dunning 10984:The American Commonwealth 10952: 10945: 10874: 10838: 10765: 10692: 10654:Election Massacre of 1874 10616: 10555: 10504: 10443: 10392: 10362:Public Credit Act of 1869 10326: 10301:Fourth Reconstruction Act 10233: 10210:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 10160: 10073: 9993: 9967: 9954:New York City draft riots 9924:Emancipation Proclamation 9916: 9833: 9826: 9776: 8798: 8752: 8706: 8599:National Union Convention 8579: 8572: 8431: 8408: 8344:Reconstruction Amendments 8334:African-American senators 8239: 8232: 8138:Emancipation Proclamation 8098: 8063:Sexual relations and rape 8041: 7991:James Madison and slavery 7873: 7721: 7643: 7636: 7615: 7601: 7340: 7272: 7248: 7161:Confederate States dollar 7133: 7075: 7020: 6972:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 6967:Emancipation Proclamation 6929: 6861:Medal of Honor recipients 6818: 6814: 6797: 6749:Confederate Memorial Hall 6731: 6710: 6668: 6640: 6631: 6551:Confederate Memorial Hall 6524:Confederate History Month 6504:Civil War Discovery Trail 6484: 6405:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 6236: 6211:Reconstruction Amendments 6201: 6197: 6186: 6108: 5977: 5970: 5910: 5774: 5767: 5763: 5750: 5692: 5439: 5432: 5263: 5119: 5078: 5046: 5013: 5006: 5002: 4973: 4870: 4820:Emancipation Proclamation 4788: 4689: 4685: 4674: 4519:Texas Handbook of History 4240:, 2002, pp. 196–222. 4064:. New York: W.W. Norton. 3883:Cimbala, Paul A. (2005). 3393:(1983; 2nd edition, 1993) 3271:Harrison, Robert (2006). 2862:Baptiste, Tracey (2015). 2839:– via Google Books. 2812:– via Google Books. 2754:– via Google Books. 2637:– via Google Books. 2610:– via Google Books. 2165:Virginia Union University 2018:Emancipation Proclamation 1690:Opposition and resistance 1448:Sex trafficking in Europe 1436:Blackbirding in Polynesia 999:Trans-Saharan slave trade 73:Background and operations 10820:Safe burglary conspiracy 10707:Civil Rights Act of 1875 10486:Civil service commission 10086:Memphis massacre of 1866 10081:Civil Rights Act of 1866 9897:Confiscation Act of 1862 9892:Confiscation Act of 1861 8647:Liberal Republican Party 8329:Conservative Republicans 8123:Compensated emancipation 7235:U.S. Sanitary Commission 7146:Battlefield preservation 7052:Marching Through Georgia 6977:Hampton Roads Conference 6952:Confiscation Act of 1862 6947:Confiscation Act of 1861 6723:U.S. national cemeteries 6529:Confederate Memorial Day 6514:Civil War Trails Program 6383:New Orleans riot of 1866 4621:New Georgia Encyclopedia 4600:Freedmen's Bureau Online 4553:Freedmen's Bureau Online 4298:, Vol. 12, No. 70, 2006 4111:– via Archive.org. 4074:– via Archive.org. 4024:– via Archive.org. 3752:www.discoverfreedmen.org 3558:New Georgia Encyclopedia 3460:(1963) 41#3 pp. 223–238 3082:Journal of Negro History 2708:– via Archive.org. 2567:"Freedmen's Bureau Bill" 2476: 2362: 2153:Clark Atlanta University 2101:Samuel Chapman Armstrong 1798:Compensated emancipation 1009:Indian Ocean slave trade 310:Samuel Chapman Armstrong 219:Wilson County, Tennessee 11316:Reconstruction Treaties 11135:A Nation Under Our Feet 11083:From Slavery to Freedom 10913:Williams v. Mississippi 10897:United States v. Harris 10788:Great Sioux War of 1876 10727:Yazoo City Riot of 1875 10629:Battle of Liberty Place 10517:Crédit Mobilier scandal 10466:Alcorn State University 10405:Enforcement Act of 1870 10271:Articles of impeachment 10178:Indian Peace Commission 10096:Swing Around the Circle 10033:Freedmen's Bureau bills 9875:Seneca Falls Convention 8604:Radical Democracy Party 8555:Freedman's Savings Bank 7958:Partus sequitur ventrem 7901:Three-fifths Compromise 7156:Confederate war finance 6776:Southern Cross of Honor 6744:1938 Gettysburg reunion 6739:1913 Gettysburg reunion 6437:Reconstruction Treaties 6410:Enforcement Act of 1870 6293:Freedman's Savings Bank 4910:Lane Debates on Slavery 4735:Lincoln–Douglas debates 4563:August 5, 2020, at the 4005:Excerpt and text search 3946:"The Freedmen's Bureau" 3832:2027/mdp.39015002382383 3622:(1985) 25#2 pp: 77–104. 3620:Southeastern Geographer 2455:Freedmen's Savings Bank 2141:St. Augustine's College 1722:1926 Slavery Convention 1478:Germany in World War II 1095:North and South America 617:Contract of manumission 128:as masters and slaves. 11291:Forty acres and a mule 11014:Walter Lynwood Fleming 10799:United States v. Reese 10456:Second Enforcement Act 8686:Prohibition Convention 8418:Southern United States 8033:Supreme Court Justices 8001:John Tyler and slavery 7976:Presidents and slavery 7965:Dred Scott v. Sandford 7215:Richmond riots of 1863 7141:Baltimore riot of 1861 6921:U.S. Military Railroad 6841:Confederate Home Guard 6573:Historiographic issues 6539:Historical reenactment 5038:Revenue Cutter Service 4905:William Lloyd Garrison 4814:Dred Scott v. Sandford 4592:March 4, 2016, at the 4451:Forty Acres and a Mule 4393:Social Science History 4263:, 2002, pp. 372+. 4010:Howard, O. O. (1907). 2572:University of Maryland 2460:Forty acres and a mule 2231: 1203:British Virgin Islands 755:Circassian slave trade 721:Safavid imperial harem 716:Ottoman Imperial Harem 304: 283: 251: 222: 207: 136: 83:Freedmen's Bureau Bill 43: 11265:Civil rights movement 11201:The Birth of a Nation 10810:Centennial Exposition 10664:Black Hills Gold Rush 10579:Slaughter-House Cases 10451:Ku Klux Klan hearings 9929:General Order No. 143 8548:James Mitchell Ashley 7906:Slave and free states 7896:Fugitive Slave Clause 7810:List of abolitionists 7663:Slavery in New France 7180:Great Revival of 1863 7057:Maryland, My Maryland 6846:Confederate railroads 6509:Civil War Roundtables 6378:Meridian riot of 1871 6373:Memphis riots of 1866 4930:George Luther Stearns 4915:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 4808:Crittenden Compromise 4496:2000 41(4): 435–465. 4460:2002 79(2): 141–181. 4395:1994 18(3): 405–437. 4377:Farmer-Kaiser, Mary. 4309:1992 76(3): 577–611. 3908:; essays by scholars. 3857:10.1515/9780823296705 3840:; a scholarly history 3647:William Lee Richter, 3442:Flynt, Wayne (1989). 2229: 2222:Continuing insurgency 1442:Europe and North Asia 1402:Australia and Oceania 1102:Pre-Columbian America 674:Slave raid of Suðuroy 606:Slavery in al-Andalus 528:Black Sea slave trade 457:21st-century jihadism 302: 281: 249: 213: 205: 134: 58:agency of early post 35: 10846:Electoral Commission 10722:Clifton Riot of 1875 10476:Treaty of Washington 10168:Tenure of Office Act 10126:National Labor Union 9841:American Indian Wars 8691:Electoral Commission 8681:Greenback Convention 8444:Free people of color 8384:Federal bureaucracy 8324:Moderate Republicans 7932:Gag rule (1836–1840) 7793:Underground Railroad 7768:Domestic slave trade 7753:Mandatory illiteracy 7658:Slavery in New Spain 7609:District of Columbia 7067:Daar kom die Alibama 6982:National Union Party 6658:memorials to Lincoln 6578:Lost Cause mythology 6283:Eufaula riot of 1874 6271:Confederate refugees 5484:District of Columbia 5111:Union naval blockade 4957:Underground Railroad 4745:Nullification crisis 4558:Reports and Speeches 4471:Richter, William L. 4435:Morrow Ralph Ernst. 4150:Butchart, Ronald E. 4126:Supporting education 3951:The Atlantic Monthly 3539:28.1 (1982): 45–64. 3507:(1998) pp: 331–349. 2467:Chalmette, Louisiana 2190:Church establishment 2109:Booker T. Washington 1897:Indentured servitude 1825:Underground Railroad 1625:United Arab Emirates 1014:Zanzibar slave trade 981:By country or region 794:Atlantic slave trade 696:Ma malakat aymanukum 580:Venetian slave trade 215:Marriage certificate 11195:D. W. Griffith 11180:The Leopard's Spots 11070:The American Crisis 11004:Columbia University 10971:The Prostrate State 10965:James Shepherd Pike 10882:Posse Comitatus Act 10805:Trader post scandal 10593:Coinage Act of 1873 10367:Black Friday (1869) 10215:Peonage Act of 1867 10193:Reconstruction Acts 10173:Command of Army Act 9908:Militia Act of 1862 8319:Radical Republicans 8267:Rutherford B. Hayes 8153:Radical Republicans 8100:Civil War and after 8028:Members of Congress 7845:List of plantations 7628:U.S. Virgin Islands 7225:Supreme Court cases 6992:Radical Republicans 6771:Old soldiers' homes 6755:Confederate Veteran 6681:artworks in Capitol 6400:Reconstruction acts 6261:Colfax riot of 1873 5225:Richmond-Petersburg 4830:Fugitive slave laws 4760:Popular sovereignty 4740:Missouri Compromise 4730:Kansas-Nebraska Act 4366:2004 88(1): 25–49. 4327:Click, Patricia C. 4278:Specialized studies 4219:Richardson, Joe M. 4187:Jones, Jacqueline. 4141:Anderson, James D. 4054:McFeely, William S. 3554:"Freedmen's Bureau" 3541:Project MUSE Online 3405:"Freedmen's Bureau" 3126:, pp. 270–277. 2977:, pp. 216–219. 2889:Downs, Jim (2012). 2852:, pp. 271–274. 2524:Library of Congress 2465:Freedmen's Cemetery 2306:Thomas Ward Osborne 1983:Slave Route Project 1114:Americas indigenous 1004:Red Sea slave trade 994:Contemporary Africa 857:Topics and practice 627:Crimean slave trade 622:Bukhara slave trade 575:Genoese slave trade 452:Contemporary Africa 432:Forced prostitution 161:Radical Republicans 11389:Reconstruction Era 11214:Gone with the Wind 11077:John Hope Franklin 10933:Disenfranchisement 10905:Plessy v. Ferguson 10889:Civil Rights Cases 10851:Compromise of 1877 10742:Wheeler Compromise 10659:Vicksburg massacre 10644:Timber Culture Act 10634:Coushatta massacre 10573:Timber Culture Act 10527:Star Route scandal 10410:Justice Department 10307:Georgia v. Stanton 10296:Opelousas massacre 9887:American Civil War 8696:Compromise of 1877 8398:Justice Department 8362:Federal judiciary 8241:Federal government 8226:Reconstruction era 8148:Reconstruction era 7046:A Lincoln Portrait 6987:Politicians killed 6911:U.S. Balloon Corps 6906:Union corps badges 6686:memorials to Davis 6556:Disenfranchisement 6427:Reconstruction era 6308:Timber Culture Act 6266:Compromise of 1877 5230:Franklin–Nashville 4900:Frederick Douglass 4803:Cornerstone Speech 4720:Compromise of 1850 4668:American Civil War 4507:Williamson, Joel. 4163:online book review 3845:Carpenter, John A. 3701:. August 15, 2016. 3234:The New York Times 2600:. Harper Collins. 2471:Freedmen's Schools 2232: 2184:Oliver Otis Howard 2157:Dillard University 2123:Educational legacy 2113:Tuskegee Institute 1764:Blockade of Africa 1071:Somali slave trade 987:Sub-Saharan Africa 679:Turkish Abductions 637:Khivan slave trade 632:Khazar slave trade 585:Balkan slave trade 543:Prague slave trade 305: 284: 272:Oliver Otis Howard 252: 223: 208: 187:William W. Belknap 137: 60:American Civil War 44: 11374:Freedmen's Bureau 11361: 11360: 11344: 11343: 11270:American frontier 11124:Kenneth M. Stampp 10941: 10940: 10783:Ellenton massacre 10624:Brooks–Baxter War 10373:Ex parte McCardle 10139:Ex parte Milligan 10028:Freedmen's Bureau 9944:National Bank Act 9822: 9821: 8657:Victoria Woodhull 8568: 8567: 8439:African Americans 8410:State governments 8393:Freedmen's Bureau 8192: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8158:Freedmen's Bureau 7300: 7299: 7268: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7098:Italian Americans 7083:African Americans 7040:John Brown's Body 6793: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6706: 6705: 6544:Robert E. Lee Day 6288:Freedmen's Bureau 6251:Brooks–Baxter War 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6174: 6173: 5966: 5965: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5155:Northern Virginia 5101:Trans-Mississippi 5074: 5073: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4861:Uncle Tom's Cabin 4798:African Americans 4631:Prologue Magazine 4587:Criminal Offenses 4531:Berlin, Ira, ed. 4494:Louisiana History 4449:Oubre, Claude F. 4444:Civil War History 4320:Cimbala, Paul A. 3942:Du Bois, W. E. B. 3776:on June 30, 2022. 3716:Prologue Magazine 3660:Barry A. Crouch, 3537:Civil War History 3499:Paul A. Cimbala, 3004:Louisiana History 2875:978-1-68048-041-2 2836:978-1-85109-769-2 2809:978-1-4968-1769-3 2751:978-1-4654-4065-5 2634:978-1-85109-544-5 2607:978-0-06-203586-8 2424:(AAHGS), and the 2401:National Archives 2196:Southern Baptists 2180:Howard University 2137:Howard University 2105:Hampton Institute 2080: 2079: 2030:Freedmen's Bureau 1852:Third Servile War 1847:International law 1414:Human trafficking 1176:Human trafficking 851:Thirteen colonies 669:Sack of Baltimore 437:Human trafficking 198:Day-to-day duties 149:Southern Democrat 123:to rebuild their 113:African Americans 52:Freedmen's Bureau 18:Freedmen’s Bureau 16:(Redirected from 11411: 11227:Race and Reunion 11174:Thomas Dixon Jr. 11064:William R. Brock 11054:C. Vann Woodward 11041:W. E. B. Du Bois 11031:Charles A. Beard 10991:Claude G. Bowers 10950: 10949: 10773:Hamburg massacre 10752:Pratt & Boyd 10717:Mississippi Plan 10674:Anti-Moiety Acts 10669:Sanborn incident 10461:Ku Klux Klan Act 10132:Ex parte Garland 9939:Ten percent plan 9831: 9830: 8577: 8576: 8528:Thaddeus Stevens 8513:Republican Party 8506:Samuel J. Tilden 8496:Bourbon Democrat 8491:Democratic Party 8262:Ulysses S. Grant 8237: 8236: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8196: 8195: 7874:Law and politics 7798:Freedmen's towns 7778:Runaway slave ad 7641: 7640: 7603:Federal district 7327: 7320: 7313: 7304: 7303: 7290: 7280: 7279: 7103:Native Americans 7088:German Americans 6881:Partisan rangers 6876:Official Records 6816: 6815: 6799: 6798: 6691:memorials to Lee 6638: 6637: 6199: 6198: 6188: 6187: 5975: 5974: 5772: 5771: 5765: 5764: 5752: 5751: 5725:Washington, D.C. 5519:Indian Territory 5479:Dakota Territory 5437: 5436: 5354:Chancellorsville 5145:Jackson's Valley 5135:Blockade runners 5011: 5010: 5004: 5003: 4975: 4974: 4935:Thaddeus Stevens 4925:Lysander Spooner 4885:Susan B. Anthony 4687: 4686: 4676: 4675: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4638: 4637: 4538:Stone, William. 4432: 4345:, Vol. 79, 1994. 4121: 4112: 4100: 4089: 4087: 4075: 4063: 4049: 4030:Litwack, Leon F. 4025: 3998: 3979: 3955: 3937: 3907: 3898: 3878: 3839: 3797: 3796: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3772:. 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Grant 2169:Tougaloo College 2072: 2065: 2058: 2042:Emancipation Day 1875: 1842:Slave Trade Acts 533:Byzantine Empire 375: 348: 347: 312:created and led 179:Ulysses S. Grant 105:Oliver O. Howard 42:, July 25, 1868. 21: 11419: 11418: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11408: 11364: 11363: 11362: 11357: 11340: 11331:White supremacy 11274: 11233: 11221:David W. Blight 11149: 11059:Joel Williamson 11036:Howard K. Beale 10937: 10926:Giles v. Harris 10870: 10861:Desert Land Act 10834: 10761: 10688: 10612: 10598:Long Depression 10568:Colfax massacre 10551: 10532:Salary Grab Act 10500: 10439: 10420:Kirk–Holden war 10388: 10322: 10229: 10156: 10069: 10050:Shaw University 9989: 9975:Wade–Davis Bill 9963: 9912: 9818: 9772: 8794: 8748: 8702: 8582: 8564: 8501:Horatio Seymour 8427: 8411: 8404: 8252:Abraham Lincoln 8242: 8228: 8223: 8193: 8184: 8173:Freedmen's town 8094: 8073:Slave marriages 8046:and procreation 8045: 8043: 8037: 8023:Vice presidents 7937:Nullifier Party 7916:Fugitive slaves 7869: 7865:Slave narrative 7803:Black Canadians 7723: 7717: 7632: 7611: 7597: 7336: 7331: 7301: 7296: 7260: 7244: 7129: 7093:Irish Americans 7071: 7016: 6925: 6916:U.S. Home Guard 6856:Field artillery 6810: 6809: 6785: 6727: 6702: 6664: 6633: 6627: 6519:Civil War Trust 6486: 6480: 6368:Ethnic violence 6353:Kirk–Holden war 6232: 6193: 6170: 6104: 5962: 5906: 5759: 5734: 5688: 5441: 5428: 5259: 5240:Sherman's March 5220:Bermuda Hundred 5115: 5070: 5042: 4998: 4997: 4961: 4920:J. Sella Martin 4890:James G. Birney 4866: 4784: 4710:Bleeding Kansas 4698: 4681: 4670: 4665: 4594:Wayback Machine 4578: 4565:Wayback Machine 4528: 4526:Primary sources 4421:10.2307/2080411 4384:Finley, Randy. 4334:Crouch, Barry. 4280: 4128: 4109: 4072: 4046: 3995: 3976: 3895: 3867: 3816: 3811: 3805: 3800: 3793:Washington Post 3785: 3781: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3746: 3745: 3741: 3735:Wayback Machine 3726: 3722: 3710: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3685: 3681: 3672: 3668: 3659: 3655: 3646: 3642: 3630: 3626: 3617: 3613: 3605: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3560: 3550: 3546: 3534: 3530: 3523:(1989): 26–53. 3518: 3514: 3498: 3494: 3471: 3467: 3455: 3451: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3401: 3397: 3389:Burton, Wilie. 3388: 3384: 3376: 3365: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3313: 3306: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3207: 3200: 3186: 3182: 3173: 3171: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3095:10.2307/3031474 3077: 3073: 3058:10.2307/2294682 3036: 3032: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2948: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2915: 2908: 2901: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2738: 2737: 2733: 2722: 2713: 2706: 2688: 2684: 2674: 2672: 2653: 2642: 2635: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2565: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2529: 2527: 2517: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2441: 2396: 2378: 2365: 2336: 2323: 2314: 2302: 2289: 2284: 2272:Columbus Delano 2224: 2192: 2161:Shaw University 2145:Fisk University 2133:higher learning 2125: 2089: 2076: 2047: 2046: 1951:Slave narrative 1907:Fugitive slaves 1887: 1879: 1878: 1869: 1837:Slave rebellion 1692: 1682: 1681: 1640: 1630: 1629: 1452:United Kingdom 1388:Yankee princess 982: 974: 973: 701:Avret Pazarları 647:Avret Pazarları 516:Medieval Europe 482: 472: 471: 410:Forced marriage 385: 346: 322:Abraham Lincoln 265: 244: 200: 195: 159:—controlled by 90:Abraham Lincoln 75: 56:U.S. government 39:Harper's Weekly 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11417: 11407: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11355: 11349: 11346: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11339: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11241: 11239: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11231: 11223: 11218: 11210: 11205: 11197: 11192: 11184: 11176: 11171: 11163: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11147: 11139: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11113: 11108: 11100: 11095: 11087: 11079: 11074: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11019:Dunning School 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10997:The Tragic Era 10993: 10988: 10980: 10975: 10967: 10962: 10956: 10954: 10953:Historiography 10947: 10943: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10936: 10935: 10930: 10922: 10917: 10909: 10901: 10893: 10885: 10878: 10876: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10842: 10840: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10832: 10827: 10825:1876 elections 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10769: 10767: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10696: 10694: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10679:1874 elections 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10620: 10618: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10610: 10605: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10582: 10575: 10570: 10565: 10559: 10557: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10542:1872 elections 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10508: 10506: 10502: 10501: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10447: 10445: 10441: 10440: 10438: 10437: 10432: 10430:1870 elections 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10400:15th Amendment 10396: 10394: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10341: 10336: 10330: 10328: 10324: 10323: 10321: 10320: 10315: 10313:1868 elections 10310: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10290: 10287: 10284: 10281: 10278: 10275: 10274: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10248: 10243: 10241:14th Amendment 10237: 10235: 10231: 10230: 10228: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10164: 10162: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10154: 10152:1866 elections 10148: 10147: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10123: 10116: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10077: 10075: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10036: 10035: 10025: 10020: 10015: 10014: 10013: 10003: 10001:13th Amendment 9997: 9995: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9987: 9982: 9980:1864 elections 9977: 9971: 9969: 9965: 9964: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9920: 9918: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9878: 9872: 9864: 9856: 9848: 9843: 9837: 9835: 9828: 9824: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9780: 9778: 9777:U.S. elections 9774: 9773: 9771: 9770: 9769: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9690: 9682: 9677: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9534: 9533: 9532: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9477: 9476: 9475: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9390: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9323: 9322: 9321: 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9256: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9189: 9188: 9187: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9055: 9054: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8993: 8992: 8991: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8795: 8793: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8620: 8609: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8574: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8533:Lyman Trumbull 8530: 8525: 8523:Charles Sumner 8520: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8451: 8446: 8435: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8425: 8420: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8272: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8257:Andrew Johnson 8254: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8234: 8230: 8229: 8222: 8221: 8214: 8207: 8199: 8190: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8133:Colored Troops 8130: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8075: 8070: 8068:Slave breeding 8065: 8060: 8058:Female slavery 8055: 8053:Sexual slavery 8049: 8047: 8044:sexual slavery 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7973: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7800: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7763:Slave quarters 7760: 7755: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7738: 7733: 7727: 7725: 7724:social history 7719: 7718: 7716: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7649: 7647: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7619: 7617: 7613: 7612: 7607: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7543:South Carolina 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7508:North Carolina 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7337: 7330: 7329: 7322: 7315: 7307: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7284: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7258: 7252: 7250: 7246: 7245: 7243: 7242: 7240:Women soldiers 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7195:Naming the war 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7176: 7175: 7165: 7164: 7163: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7137: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7026: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6831:Campaign Medal 6828: 6822: 6820: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6807: 6806:Related topics 6803: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6700: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6644: 6642: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6563: 6553: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6534:Decoration Day 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6490: 6488: 6487:Reconstruction 6482: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6423: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6397: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6341:second inquiry 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6305: 6298:Homestead Acts 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6246:Alabama Claims 6242: 6240: 6238:Reconstruction 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6226:15th Amendment 6223: 6221:14th Amendment 6218: 6216:13th Amendment 6207: 6205: 6195: 6194: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6169: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5979: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5847:J. E. Johnston 5844: 5842:A. S. Johnston 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5782:R. H. Anderson 5778: 5776: 5769: 5761: 5760: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5644:South Carolina 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5619:North Carolina 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5445: 5443: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5344:Fredericksburg 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5284:Wilson's Creek 5281: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5096:Lower Seaboard 5093: 5088: 5082: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5019: 5017: 5008: 5000: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4952:Harriet Tubman 4949: 4948: 4947: 4940:Charles Sumner 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4775:States' rights 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4696: 4690: 4683: 4682: 4672: 4671: 4664: 4663: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4623: 4614: 4608: 4602: 4597: 4584: 4577: 4576:External links 4574: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4522: 4512: 4505: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4415:(3): 989–998. 4404: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4339: 4332: 4325: 4318: 4303: 4300:online at SSRN 4292: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4272:online edition 4264: 4257: 4251: 4241: 4234: 4224: 4217: 4216: 4215: 4202: 4192: 4185: 4175: 4165: 4155: 4148: 4139: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4113: 4107: 4090: 4077: 4070: 4050: 4044: 4026: 4007: 3993: 3980: 3974: 3956: 3944:(March 1901). 3938: 3926:10.2307/274830 3920:(3): 219–230. 3909: 3899: 3893: 3880: 3865: 3841: 3815: 3812: 3807:Main article: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3779: 3757: 3739: 3720: 3704: 3690: 3687:114 Stat. 1924 3679: 3666: 3653: 3640: 3635:(1952): 1–24. 3624: 3611: 3594: 3570: 3544: 3528: 3512: 3492: 3465: 3449: 3434: 3432:, p. 447. 3422: 3395: 3382: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3336: 3304: 3263: 3254: 3220: 3205: 3198: 3180: 3153: 3146: 3128: 3116: 3071: 3030: 3011:(3): 287–308. 2993: 2979: 2967: 2960: 2942: 2906: 2899: 2881: 2874: 2854: 2842: 2835: 2815: 2808: 2788: 2757: 2750: 2731: 2728:. p. 256. 2711: 2704: 2694:Freedom Dreams 2682: 2640: 2633: 2613: 2606: 2586: 2537: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2481: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2468: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2440: 2437: 2395: 2394:Bureau records 2392: 2391: 2390: 2377: 2374: 2364: 2361: 2335: 2334:South Carolina 2332: 2322: 2321:North Carolina 2319: 2313: 2310: 2301: 2298: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2282:State programs 2280: 2223: 2220: 2191: 2188: 2124: 2121: 2088: 2085: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2020: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1948: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1929:List of slaves 1926: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1788: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1693: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1647: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1475: 1473:Dutch Republic 1470: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1450: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1341: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1319: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1307: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1274: 1273: 1268: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1244: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1098: 1097: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1073: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1006: 1001: 996: 990: 989: 983: 980: 979: 976: 975: 972: 971: 966: 961: 956: 951: 945: 944: 940: 939: 934: 932:Child soldiers 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 908: 907: 897: 892: 887: 882: 881: 880: 875: 870: 859: 858: 854: 853: 848: 843: 841:Spanish Empire 838: 833: 828: 823: 821:Middle Passage 818: 813: 808: 803: 797: 796: 790: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 758: 757: 752: 747: 742: 737: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 693: 683: 682: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 651: 650: 649: 642:Ottoman Empire 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 603: 597: 596: 590: 589: 588: 587: 577: 572: 567: 566: 565: 560: 555: 545: 540: 535: 530: 525: 519: 518: 512: 511: 506: 501: 496: 490: 489: 483: 478: 477: 474: 473: 470: 469: 464: 462:Sexual slavery 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 428: 427: 422: 420:Child marriage 417: 407: 402: 397: 395:Child soldiers 392: 386: 381: 380: 377: 376: 368: 367: 357: 356: 345: 342: 264: 261: 243: 240: 199: 196: 194: 191: 176:U.S. President 153:states' rights 145:Andrew Johnson 87:U.S. President 74: 71: 63:Reconstruction 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11416: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11354: 11351: 11350: 11347: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11296:Habeas corpus 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11283: 11281: 11277: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11229: 11228: 11224: 11222: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11203: 11202: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11182: 11181: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11169: 11168: 11164: 11162: 11161:Winslow Homer 11159: 11158: 11156: 11152: 11145: 11144: 11140: 11137: 11136: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11119: 11118: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11093: 11092: 11091:After Slavery 11088: 11085: 11084: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11072: 11071: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11049: 11048: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11025: 11022: 11021: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 10999: 10998: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10951: 10948: 10944: 10934: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10915: 10914: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10902: 10899: 10898: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10886: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10856:Nez Perce War 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10843: 10841: 10837: 10831: 10828: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10800: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10764: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10747:Delano affair 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10702: 10698: 10697: 10695: 10691: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10639:Red River War 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10615: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10603:Comstock laws 10601: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10583: 10581: 10580: 10576: 10574: 10571: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10563:Panic of 1873 10561: 10560: 10558: 10554: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10503: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10442: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10391: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10374: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10346: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10325: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10308: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10291: 10288: 10285: 10282: 10279: 10276: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10232: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10199: 10196: 10195: 10194: 10191: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10159: 10153: 10150: 10149: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10140: 10136: 10134: 10133: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10121: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10078: 10076: 10072: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10055:New Departure 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10034: 10031: 10030: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9992: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9966: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9919: 9915: 9909: 9906: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9882: 9879: 9876: 9873: 9870: 9869: 9865: 9862: 9861: 9857: 9854: 9853: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9825: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9757: 9754: 9752: 9749: 9747: 9744: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9607: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9536: 9535: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9324: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9111: 9109: 9108: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9056: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8875: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8799:Gubernatorial 8797: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8751: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8711: 8709: 8705: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8667: 8664: 8663: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8634: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8587: 8586: 8584: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8538:Benjamin Wade 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8461:Carpetbaggers 8459: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8445: 8442: 8441: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8415: 8413: 8407: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8388:Edwin Stanton 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8238: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8220: 8215: 8213: 8208: 8206: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8134: 8131: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8097: 8091: 8090:Shadow family 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8040: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7978: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7891:Freedom suits 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7840:Planter class 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7783:Slave catcher 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7648: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7604: 7600: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7583:West Virginia 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7488:New Hampshire 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7448:Massachusetts 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7328: 7323: 7321: 7316: 7314: 7309: 7308: 7305: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7283: 7275: 7274: 7271: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210:Photographers 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7185:Gender issues 7183: 7181: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7136: 7132: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7047: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7013: 7012:War Democrats 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7002:Union Leagues 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6928: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6901:Turning point 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6871:Naval battles 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6805: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6696: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6634:and memorials 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6494:Commemoration 6492: 6491: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6336:first inquiry 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6256:Carpetbaggers 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6189: 6185: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5679:West Virginia 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5599:New Hampshire 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5559:Massachusetts 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5299:Hampton Roads 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5289:Fort Donelson 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5262: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5185:Morgan's Raid 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5130:Anaconda Plan 5128: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5106:Pacific Coast 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4840:Positive good 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4755:Panic of 1857 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4715:Border states 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4700: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4688: 4684: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4506: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4441: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4153: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4129: 4119: 4114: 4110: 4108:9780691100395 4104: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4086: 4085: 4078: 4073: 4071:9780393311785 4067: 4062: 4061: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4045:9780394743981 4041: 4037: 4036: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4014: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3994:9780226300764 3990: 3986: 3981: 3977: 3975:9780060158514 3971: 3967: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3894:9781575240947 3890: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3866:9780823296705 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3810: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3732: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3670: 3663: 3657: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3587:September 18, 3582: 3581: 3574: 3559: 3555: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3445: 3438: 3431: 3430:Howard (1907) 3426: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3311: 3309: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3285:(1): 75–110. 3284: 3280: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3258: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3216:Howard (1907) 3212: 3210: 3201: 3199:9780226539287 3195: 3191: 3184: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3157: 3149: 3147:9780807834206 3143: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3124:Zuczek (2006) 3120: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3075: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3005: 2997: 2989: 2983: 2976: 2975:Zuczek (2006) 2971: 2963: 2961:9780823232116 2957: 2953: 2946: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2911: 2902: 2900:9780199758722 2896: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2871: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2851: 2850:Zuczek (2006) 2846: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2819: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2800: 2792: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2761: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2707: 2705:9780807009789 2701: 2696: 2695: 2686: 2671: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2617: 2609: 2603: 2599: 2598: 2590: 2575: 2573: 2568: 2564:published at 2561: 2555: 2547: 2541: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2514: 2510: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2442: 2436: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2388: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2373: 2371: 2360: 2358: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2307: 2297: 2293: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2228: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2084: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2053: 2051: 2050: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1973:Slave catcher 1971: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1902:Forced labour 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1747:Abolitionists 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1350: 1349:comfort women 1347: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1332:Chukri System 1330: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1323: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1220:Latin America 1218: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1171:interregional 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1156:prison labour 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1126:United States 1124: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 988: 985: 984: 978: 977: 970: 967: 965: 962: 960: 957: 955: 952: 950: 947: 946: 942: 941: 938: 937:White slavery 935: 933: 930: 928: 927:Slave raiding 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 906: 903: 902: 901: 898: 896: 895:Corvée labour 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 865: 864: 861: 860: 856: 855: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 798: 795: 792: 791: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 732: 729: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 711:Abbasid harem 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 688: 687: 684: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 665: 662: 660: 657: 656: 655: 654:Barbary Coast 652: 648: 645: 644: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 607: 604: 602: 599: 598: 595: 592: 591: 586: 583: 582: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 550: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 520: 517: 514: 513: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 491: 488: 485: 484: 481: 476: 475: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 412: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 384: 379: 378: 374: 370: 369: 366: 362: 361:Forced labour 359: 358: 354: 350: 349: 341: 337: 335: 334:Jim Crow laws 331: 325: 323: 317: 315: 311: 301: 297: 295: 291: 289: 280: 276: 273: 269: 260: 256: 248: 239: 237: 233: 227: 220: 216: 212: 204: 190: 188: 184: 180: 177: 172: 170: 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 133: 129: 126: 122: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 97: 95: 91: 88: 84: 80: 77:In 1863, the 70: 68: 64: 61: 57: 53: 49: 41: 40: 34: 30: 19: 11336:Whitecapping 11306:Paramilitary 11279:Other topics 11260:Jim Crow era 11225: 11212: 11199: 11186: 11178: 11165: 11141: 11133: 11115: 11102: 11098:Leon Litwack 11089: 11081: 11068: 11045: 11009:John Burgess 10995: 10982: 10969: 10924: 10911: 10903: 10895: 10887: 10797: 10737:Whiskey Ring 10699: 10649:White League 10585: 10577: 10425:Shoffner Act 10371: 10344: 10305: 10188:Pulaski riot 10137: 10130: 10118: 10027: 9866: 9858: 9850: 9694: 9686: 8581:Presidential 8543:John Bingham 8481:White League 8466:Ku Klux Klan 8392: 8233:Participants 8157: 8077: 7963: 7956: 7825:Field slaves 7788:Abolitionism 7722:Cultural and 7713:Bibliography 7548:South Dakota 7538:Rhode Island 7533:Pennsylvania 7513:North Dakota 7151:Bibliography 7134:Other topics 7076:By ethnicity 7044: 6997:Trent Affair 6896:Signal Corps 6753: 6476:White League 6363:Ku Klux Klan 6287: 6276:Confederados 6203:Constitution 6075:D. D. Porter 5928:Breckinridge 5639:Rhode Island 5634:Pennsylvania 5389:Spotsylvania 5349:Stones River 5329:2nd Bull Run 5279:1st Bull Run 5165:Stones River 5066:Marine Corps 5033:Marine Corps 4872:Abolitionism 4859: 4812: 4630: 4620: 4546: 4539: 4532: 4518: 4508: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4457: 4450: 4443: 4436: 4412: 4408: 4392: 4385: 4378: 4363: 4356: 4349: 4348:Downs, Jim. 4342: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4306: 4295: 4284: 4267: 4260: 4244: 4237: 4227: 4220: 4208: 4195: 4188: 4178: 4168: 4158: 4151: 4142: 4132: 4117: 4096: 4083: 4059: 4033: 4012: 3984: 3963: 3949: 3917: 3913: 3903: 3884: 3848: 3834:– via 3822: 3792: 3782: 3774:the original 3770:FamilySearch 3769: 3760: 3751: 3742: 3723: 3715: 3707: 3693: 3682: 3669: 3661: 3656: 3648: 3643: 3632: 3627: 3619: 3614: 3585:. Retrieved 3579: 3573: 3561:. Retrieved 3557: 3547: 3536: 3531: 3520: 3515: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3481:(1): 28–37. 3478: 3474: 3468: 3457: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3425: 3413:. Retrieved 3408: 3398: 3390: 3385: 3357: 3348: 3339: 3327:. Retrieved 3320: 3282: 3276: 3266: 3257: 3245:. Retrieved 3233: 3223: 3189: 3183: 3172:, retrieved 3163: 3156: 3137: 3131: 3119: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3033: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2982: 2970: 2951: 2945: 2935:February 19, 2933:. Retrieved 2928: 2922: 2890: 2884: 2864: 2857: 2845: 2825: 2818: 2798: 2791: 2779:. Retrieved 2769: 2760: 2740: 2734: 2725: 2693: 2685: 2673:. Retrieved 2665:Thirteen.org 2663: 2623: 2616: 2596: 2589: 2577:. Retrieved 2570: 2545: 2540: 2528:. Retrieved 2522: 2513: 2492:FamilySearch 2485: 2430: 2412:(NARA), the 2397: 2383: 2379: 2366: 2354: 2349:Ku Klux Klan 2345: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2303: 2294: 2290: 2276: 2265: 2261: 2245: 2233: 2216: 2212: 2193: 2177: 2173: 2126: 2117: 2094: 2090: 2081: 2029: 1978:Slave patrol 1815:Freedom suit 1791:Sierra Leone 1781:Colonization 1697:Abolitionism 1677:Baháʼí Faith 1650:Christianity 1600:Saudi Arabia 1456:Penal Labour 1421:Blackbirding 1327:Debt bondage 1315:penal system 1141:Contemporary 1131:Field slaves 1119:U.S. Natives 1078:South Africa 949:Galley slave 922:Slave market 912:House slaves 885:Blackbirding 863:Conscription 787:21st century 750:Umm al-walad 594:Muslim world 563:Emancipation 467:Wage slavery 447:Penal labour 425:Wife selling 415:Bride buying 400:Conscription 390:Child Labour 383:Contemporary 338: 326: 318: 306: 292: 285: 270: 266: 257: 253: 242:Gender roles 236:yellow fever 228: 224: 193:Achievements 173: 165:Ku Klux Klan 138: 117: 98: 76: 65:, assisting 51: 47: 45: 37: 29: 11129:Steven Hahn 10978:James Bryce 10537:Amnesty Act 10018:Black Codes 8707:U.S. Senate 8454:Politicians 8376:Waite Court 8371:Chase Court 8366:Taney Court 8248:Presidents 7942:Fire-Eaters 7835:Task system 7830:Gang system 7820:Plantations 7623:Puerto Rico 7616:Territories 7463:Mississippi 7378:Connecticut 6957:Copperheads 6669:Confederate 6561:Black Codes 5887:E. K. 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