Ku Klux Klan - Knowledge

6110: 4241:. Individuals who joined the Klan had earlier demonstrated a much higher rate of voting and civic activism than did their opponents. Cocoltchos suggests that many of the individuals in Orange County joined the Klan out of that sense of civic activism. The Klan representatives easily won the local election in Anaheim in April 1924. They fired city employees who were known to be Catholic and replaced them with Klan appointees. The new city council tried to enforce Prohibition. After its victory, the Klan chapter held large rallies and initiation ceremonies over the summer. The opposition organized, bribed a Klansman for the secret membership list, and exposed the Klansmen running in the state primaries; they defeated most of the candidates. Klan opponents in 1925 took back local government and succeeded in a special election in recalling the Klansmen who had been elected in April 1924. The Klan in Anaheim quickly collapsed, its newspaper closed after losing a libel suit, and the minister who led the local 5826:("Knights of the Fiery Cross"), was established in 1925 by returning naturalized German-born US citizens in Berlin who managed to gather around 300 persons of middle-class occupations such as merchants and clerks. It soon saw the original founders being removed by internal conflicts, and mocking newspapers about the affair. After the Nazis took over Germany, the group disbanded and its members joined the Nazis. On 1991, Dennis Mahon, then of Oklahoma's White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, reportedly helped to organize Klan groups. Another German KKK-related group, the European White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, has organized and it gained notoriety in 2012 when the German media reported that two police officers who held membership in the organization would be allowed to keep their jobs. In 2019, the German authorities conducted raids against a possibly dangerous group called National Socialist Knights of the Ku Klux Klan Deutschland. 3920:

who had been accused of having sex with a white woman. They burned the letters "KKK" into his forehead and gave him a severe beating by a riverbed. The police chief and district attorney refused to prosecute, explicitly and publicly stating they believed that Johnson deserved this treatment. Encouraged by the approval of this whipping, Klansmen in Dallas whipped 68 people by the riverbed in 1922 alone. Although Johnson had been Black, most of the Dallas KKK's whipping victims were white men who were accused of offenses against their wives such as adultery, wife beating, abandoning their wives, refusing to pay child support or gambling. Klansmen often invited local newspaper reporters to attend their whippings so they could write a story about it in the next day's newspaper. All the Dallas newspapers strongly condemned the Klan. Historians report that the

4367: 4784:" revolution in historiography from the 1960s explored history from the bottom up. In terms of the Klan, it developed evidence based on the characteristics, beliefs, and behavior of the typical membership, and downplayed accounts by elite sources. Historians discovered membership lists and the minutes of local meetings from KKK chapters scattered around the country. They discovered that the original interpretation was largely mistaken about the membership and activities of the Klan; the membership was not anti-modern, rural or rustic and consisted of fairly well-educated middle-class joiners and community activists. Half the members lived in the fast-growing industrial cities of the period: Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia, Indianapolis, Denver, and Portland, Oregon, were Klan strongholds during the 1920s. 4206: 3388:, was visited ... between one and two o'clock in the morning in March 1871, by about fifty men mounted and disguised. Each man wore a long white robe and his face was covered by a loose mask with scarlet stripes. She was ordered to get up and dress which she did at once and then admitted to her room the captain and lieutenant who in addition to the usual disguise had long horns on their heads and a sort of device in front. The lieutenant had a pistol in his hand and he and the captain sat down while eight or ten men stood inside the door and the porch was full. They treated her "gentlemanly and quietly" but complained of the heavy school-tax, said she must stop teaching and go away and warned her that they never gave a second notice. She heeded the warning and left the county. 4303: 4097: 4362:

movement. For them, the Klan had been nothing more than a means for gaining wealth and power. These marginal men had risen to the top of the hooded order because, until it became a political force, the Klan had never required strong, dedicated leadership. More established and experienced politicians who endorsed the Klan, or who pursued some of the interests of their Klan constituents, also accomplished little. Factionalism created one barrier, but many politicians had supported the Klan simply out of expedience. When charges of crime and corruption began to taint the movement, those concerned about their political futures had even less reason to work on the Klan's behalf.

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doing. Almost all the major national newspapers and magazines were hostile to its activities. The historian Thomas R. Pegram says that published accounts exaggerated the official viewpoint of the Klan leadership and repeated the interpretations of hostile newspapers and the Klan's enemies. There was almost no evidence in that time regarding the behavior or beliefs of individual Klansmen. According to Pegram, the resulting popular and scholarly interpretation of the Klan from the 1920s into the mid-20th century emphasized its Southern roots and the violent vigilante-style actions of the Klan in its efforts to turn back the clock of modernity. Scholars compared it to

3667: 9372:, but he decided to build an organization all his own. He was an effective speaker, with an affinity for alliteration; he had preached on "Women, Weddings and Wives", "Red Heads, Dead Heads and No Heads", and the "Kinship of Kourtship and Kissing". On Thanksgiving Eve 1915, Simmons took 15 friends to the top of Stone Mountain, near Atlanta, built an altar on which he placed an American flag, a Bible and an unsheathed sword, set fire to a crude wooden cross, muttered a few incantations about a "practical fraternity among men", and declared himself Imperial Wizard of the Invisible Empire of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. 2619: 4050:, where they made up more than half of the state's membership. Most Klansmen were lower- to middle-class whites who feared the waves of newcomers to the industrial cities: immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, who were mostly Catholic or Jewish; and Black and white migrants from the South. As new populations poured into cities, rapidly changing neighborhoods created social tensions. Because of the rapid pace of population growth in industrializing cities such as Detroit and Chicago, the Klan grew rapidly in the Midwest. The Klan also grew in booming Southern cities such as Dallas and Houston. 4854:(1997) and contrasted the intolerant rhetoric of the group's leaders with the actions of most of the membership. The Klan was white Protestant, established Americans who were fearful of change represented by new immigrants and Black migrants to the North. They were highly suspicious of Catholics, Jews and Black people, who they believed subverted ideal, Protestant moral standards. Violence was uncommon in most chapters. In Indiana, KKK members directed more threats and economic blacklisting primarily against fellow white Protestants for transgressions of community moral standards, such as adultery, 2749: 3235:, and all those who desired restoration of white supremacy. Its purposes were political, but political in the broadest sense, for it sought to affect power relations, both public and private, throughout Southern society. It aimed to reverse the interlocking changes sweeping over the South during Reconstruction: to destroy the Republican party's infrastructure, undermine the Reconstruction state, reestablish control of the Black labor force, and restore racial subordination in every aspect of Southern life. To that end they worked to curb the education, economic advancement, 11675: 3679: 3741: 4998: 6086: 3300:"Armed guerrilla warfare killed thousands of Negroes; political riots were staged; their causes or occasions were always obscure, their results always certain: ten to one hundred times as many Negroes were killed as whites." Masked men shot into houses and burned them, sometimes with the occupants still inside. They drove successful Black farmers off their land. "Generally, it can be reported that in North and South Carolina, in 18 months ending in June 1867, there were 197 murders and 548 cases of aggravated assault." 3749: 5512:(SPLC), which monitors extremist groups, estimated that there were "at least 29 separate, rival Klan groups currently active in the United States, and they compete with one another for members, dues, news media attention and the title of being the true heir to the Ku Klux Klan". The formation of independent chapters has made KKK groups more difficult to infiltrate, and researchers find it hard to estimate their numbers. Analysts believe that about two-thirds of KKK members are concentrated in the 42: 4483:(CIO), which advocated industrial unions and accepted African American members, unlike earlier unions. With access to dynamite and using the skills from their jobs in mining and steel, in the late 1940s some Klan members in Birmingham used bombings to destroy houses in order to intimidate upwardly mobile Black people who moved into middle-class neighborhoods. It has been said that "By mid-1949, there were so many charred house carcasses that the area was informally named Dynamite Hill." 19393: 4233:. Given their tradition of moderate social drinking, the German Americans did not strongly support Prohibition laws – the mayor had been a saloon keeper. Led by the minister of the First Christian Church, the Klan represented a rising group of politically oriented non-ethnic Germans who denounced the elite as corrupt, undemocratic and self-serving. The historian Christopher Cocoltchos says the Klansmen tried to create a model, orderly community. The Klan had about 1,200 members in 6126: 3357: 3044: 2851: 3798:" signed up hundreds of new members, who paid initiation fees and received KKK costumes in return. The organizer kept half the money and sent the rest to state or national officials. When the organizer was done with an area, he organized a rally, often with burning crosses, and perhaps presented a Bible to a local Protestant preacher. He left town with the money collected. The local units operated like many fraternal organizations and occasionally brought in speakers. 5605:—the newspaper's owner, publisher and editor—which urged the Klan to return to staging their night rides, because proposals were being made to raise taxes in the state. In an interview, Sutton suggested that Washington, D.C., could be "clean out" by way of lynchings. "We'll get the hemp ropes out, loop them over a tall limb and hang all of them," Sutton said. He also specified that he was only referring to hanging "socialist-communists" and compared the Klan to the 6098: 16859: 16060: 19357: 3149: 4747: 16879: 3863: 3304: 3131: 4151:

liquor's negative impact on wives and children. Its efforts in public schools included distributing Bibles and petitioning for the dismissal of Catholic teachers. As a result of the Women's Klan's efforts, Texas would not hire Catholic teachers to work in its public schools. As sexual and financial scandals rocked the Klan leadership late in the 1920s, the organization's popularity among both men and women dropped off sharply.

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fighting the kikes, and-there are as many kikes among the Protestants as among the Jews." Active in the Klan revival is J.B.Stoner of Chattanooga who last year sent a petition to Congress reading: "I request, urge and petition you to pass a resolution recognizing the fact that the Jews are children of the devil and that, consequently, they constitute a grave danger to the United States of America."

4032: 2638:. It borrowed parts of the initiation ceremony from that group, with the same purpose: "ludicrous initiations, the baffling of public curiosity, and the amusement for members were the only objects of the Klan", according to Albert Stevens in 1907. The manual of rituals was printed by Laps D. McCord of Pulaski. The origins of the hood are uncertain; it may have been appropriated from the 5374:, claiming damages amounting to millions of dollars. These were filed after KKK members shot into a group of African Americans. Klansmen curtailed their activities in order to conserve money for defense against the lawsuits. The KKK also used lawsuits as tools; they filed a libel suit in order to prevent the publication of a paperback edition of Thompson's book but were unsuccessful. 2656:(1907), "Beginning in April, 1867, there was a gradual transformation. ... The members had conjured up a veritable Frankenstein. They had played with an engine of power and mystery, though organized on entirely innocent lines, and found themselves overcome by a belief that something must lie behind it all—that there was, after all, a serious purpose, a work for the Klan to do." 3732:. A publicist claimed that Wilson said, "It is like writing history with lightning, and my only regret is that it is all so terribly true." Wilson strongly disliked the film and felt he had been tricked by Dixon. The White House issued a denial of the "lightning" quote, saying that he was entirely unaware of the nature of the film and at no time had expressed his approbation of it. 3652: 4771:...depicted the Klan movement as an irrational rebuke of modernity by undereducated, economically marginal bigots, religious zealots, and dupes willing to be manipulated by the Klan's cynical, mendacious leaders. It was, in this view, a movement of country parsons and small-town malcontents who were out of step with the dynamism of twentieth-century urban America. 3770:

and maintain the distinctive institutions, rights, privileges, principles and ideals of a pure Americanism". Such moral-sounding purpose underlay its appeal as a fraternal organization, recruiting members with a promise of aid for settling into the new urban societies of rapidly growing cities such as Dallas and Detroit. During the 1930s, particularly after

4345:(NAACP) launched public education campaigns in order to inform people about Klan activities and lobbied in Congress against Klan abuses. After its peak in 1925, Klan membership in most areas began to decline rapidly. Specific events contributed to the Klan's decline as well. In Indiana, the scandal surrounding the 1925 murder trial of Grand Dragon 5810:, the following decade saw visits by leading Klansmen, and the 1990s saw recruitment drives in London, Scotland and the Midlands and huge internal turmoil and splintering: for example a leader, Allan Beshella, had to resign after a 1972 conviction for child sex abuse was revealed. In 2018, Klan-clad far-right activists marched in front of a 3145:, Klan members gathered to try to create a hierarchical organization with local chapters eventually reporting to a national headquarters. Since most of the Klan's members were veterans, they were used to such military hierarchy, but the Klan never operated under this centralized structure. Local chapters and bands were highly independent. 4962:, began to resist social change and Black people's efforts to improve their lives by bombing houses in transitional neighborhoods. The white men worked in mining and steel industries, with access to these materials. There were so many bombings of Black people's homes in Birmingham by Klan groups in the 1950s that the city was nicknamed " 6109: 3285:

mannerisms. "The kind of thing that men are afraid or ashamed to do openly, and by day, they accomplish secretly, masked, and at night." The KKK night riders "sometimes claimed to be ghosts of Confederate soldiers so, as they claimed, to frighten superstitious Blacks. Few freedmen took such nonsense seriously."

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A report to the World-Telegram today from Atlanta, Georgia, says that the Ku Klux Klan has resumed functioning there, with all its trappinge burning crosses, hoods and other KKK rituals – and quotes Grand Dragon Samuel Greens as stating that "we are not fighting Jews because of their religion. We are

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arrived in Birmingham in 1961, Connor gave Klan members fifteen minutes to attack the riders before sending in the police to quell the attack. When local and state authorities failed to protect the Freedom Riders and activists, the federal government began to establish intervention and protection. In

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After the decline of the national organization, small independent groups adopted the name "Ku Klux Klan", along with variations. They had no formal relationships with each other, and most had no connection to the second KKK, except for the fact that they copied its terminology and costumes. Beginning

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Studies find that in general, the KKK membership in these cities was from the stable, successful middle classes, with few members drawn from the elite or the working classes. Pegram, reviewing the studies, concludes, "the popular Klan of the 1920s, while diverse, was more of a civic exponent of white

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enforcing their moral views by flogging people who violated them, whites as well as Black people. In March 1940, they were implicated in the beating murders of a young white couple taken from their car on a lovers lane, and flogged a white barber to death for drinking, both in East Point, a suburb of

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Stephenson and the other salesmen and office seekers who maneuvered for control of Indiana's Invisible Empire lacked both the ability and the desire to use the political system to carry out the Klan's stated goals. They were uninterested in, or perhaps even unaware of, grass roots concerns within the

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The Klan had numerous members in every part of the United States but was particularly strong in the South and Midwest. At its peak, claimed Klan membership exceeded four million and comprised 20% of the adult white male population in many broad geographic regions, and 40% in some areas. The Klan also

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The Klan attracted people but most of them did not remain in the organization for long. Membership in the Klan turned over rapidly as people found out that it was not the group which they had wanted. Millions joined and at its peak in the 1920s the organization claimed numbers that amounted to 15% of

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By the 1920s, most of its members lived in the Midwest and West. Nearly one in five of the eligible Indiana population were members. It had a national base by 1925. In the South, where the great majority of whites were Democrats, the Klansmen were Democrats. In the rest of the country, the membership

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The Second Klan saw threats from every direction. According to historian Brian R. Farmer, "two-thirds of the national Klan lecturers were Protestant ministers". Much of the Klan's energy went into guarding the home, and historian Kathleen Blee says that its members wanted to protect "the interests of

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argues that "generally speaking, the Klan's end was more in the form of spotty, slow, and gradual disintegration than a formal and decisive disbandment". A Georgia-based reporter wrote in 1870: "A true statement of the case is not that the Ku Klux are an organized band of licensed criminals, but that

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organization" and issued hundreds of indictments for crimes of violence and terrorism. Klan members were prosecuted, and many fled from areas that were under federal government jurisdiction, particularly in South Carolina. Many people not formally inducted into the Klan had used the Klan's costume to

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in Columbia, S.C., during December 1871. The defendants were given from three months to five years of incarceration with fines. More Black people served on juries in federal court than on local or state juries, so they had a chance to participate in the process. Hundreds of Klan members were fined or

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By 1868, two years after the Klan's creation, its activity was beginning to decrease. Members were hiding behind Klan masks and robes as a way to avoid prosecution for freelance violence. Many influential Southern Democrats feared that Klan lawlessness provided an excuse for the federal government to

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took on a thinly disguised version of the KKK. Kennedy stripped away the Klan's mystique and trivialized its rituals and code words, which may have contributed to the decline in Klan recruiting and membership. In the 1950s Kennedy wrote a bestselling book about his experiences, which further damaged

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Scholars and biographers have recently examined Hugo Black's Klan role. Ball finds regarding the KKK that Black "sympathized with the group's economic, nativist, and anti-Catholic beliefs". Newman says Black "disliked the Catholic Church as an institution" and gave over 100 anti-Catholic speeches to

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won the Alabama governor's office. He was a former Klan chapter head. He pushed for increased education funding, better public health, new highway construction, and pro-labor legislation. Because the Alabama state legislature refused to redistrict until 1972, and then under court order, the Klan was

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Members of the KKK swore to uphold American values and Christian morality, and some Protestant ministers became involved at the local level. However, no Protestant denomination officially endorsed the KKK; indeed, the Klan was repeatedly denounced by the major Protestant magazines, as well as by all

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in Atlanta in 1917; in it, he identified the Klan's goals as "to shield the sanctity of the home and the chastity of womanhood; to maintain white supremacy; to teach and faithfully inculcate a high spiritual philosophy through an exalted ritualism; and by a practical devotedness to conserve, protect

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who would go into the huts of the recently freed negroes or catch some negro who had been working for thirty cents a day on his way home from work...and cruelly whip him, leaving him to live or die." Seemingly random whipping attacks, meant to be suggestive of previous condition of servitude, were a

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bands, displaced Democratic politicians, illegal whiskey distillers, coercive moral reformers, sadists, rapists, white workmen fearful of Black competition, employers trying to enforce labor discipline, common thieves, neighbors with decades-old grudges, and even a few freedmen and white Republicans

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The first Klan had mixed results in terms of achieving its objectives. It seriously weakened the Black political leadership through its use of assassinations and threats of violence, and it drove some people out of politics. On the other hand, it caused a sharp backlash, with passage of federal laws

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at the time. The national headquarters made its profit through a monopoly on costume sales, while the organizers were paid through initiation fees. It grew rapidly nationwide at a time of prosperity. Reflecting the social tensions pitting urban versus rural America, it spread to every state and was

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A 2016 analysis by the SPLC found that hate groups in general were on the rise in the United States. The ADL published a report in 2016 that concluded: "Despite a persistent ability to attract media attention, organized Ku Klux Klan groups are actually continuing a long-term trend of decline. They

5024:, the homes of 40 Black Southern families were bombed during 1951 and 1952. Some of the bombing victims were social activists whose work exposed them to danger, but most were either people who refused to bow to racist convention or were innocent bystanders, unsuspecting victims of random violence. 4943:

formed in 1964 after splitting from the Original Knights. According to an FBI report published in May 1965, the KKK was divided into 14 different organizations at the time with a total membership of approximately 9,000. The FBI reported that Roy Davis's Original Knights was the largest faction and

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In some states, historians have obtained membership rosters of some local units and matched the names against city directory and local records to create statistical profiles of the membership. Big city newspapers were often hostile and ridiculed Klansmen as ignorant farmers. Detailed analysis from

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The second Klan was less violent than either the first or third Klan were. However, the second Klan, especially in the Southeast, was not an entirely non-violent organization. The most violent Klan was in Dallas, Texas. In April 1921, several members of the Klan kidnapped Alex Johnson, a Black man

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In 1985, the KKK began creating wanted posters listing personal information for abortion providers (doxing before the Internet age) ... Groups like the Confederate Knights of the Ku Klux Klan trafficked in rhetoric that mirrored that of the anti-abortion movement—with an anti-Semitic twist: 'More

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in Europe. Amann states that, "Undeniably, the Klan had some traits in common with European fascism—chauvinism, racism, a mystique of violence, an affirmation of a certain kind of archaic traditionalism—yet their differences were fundamental. ... never envisioned a change of political or economic

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The KKK was a secret organization; apart from a few top leaders, most members never identified as such and wore masks in public. Investigators in the 1920s used KKK publicity, court cases, exposés by disgruntled Klansmen, newspaper reports, and speculation to write stories about what the Klan was

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destroyed the image of the KKK as upholders of law and order. By 1926 the Klan was "crippled and discredited". D. C. Stephenson was the grand dragon of Indiana and 22 northern states. In 1923 he had led the states under his control in order to break away from the national KKK organization. At his

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Klan leaders hope to have all major candidates competing to win the movement's endorsement. ... The Klan's leadership wanted to keep their options open and repeatedly announced that the movement was not aligned with any political party. This non-alliance strategy was also valuable as a recruiting

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positions. It presented itself as a fraternal, nativist and strenuously patriotic organization; and its leaders emphasized support for vigorous enforcement of Prohibition laws. It expanded membership dramatically to a 1924 peak of 1.5 million to 4 million, which was between 4–15% of the

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Klan members adopted masks and robes that hid their identities and added to the drama of their night rides, their chosen time for attacks. Many of them operated in small towns and rural areas where people otherwise knew each other's faces, and sometimes still recognized the attackers by voice and

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The Assembly Hall was filled in the evening, with about 100 klanswomen and a few klansmen in robes. The first speaker of the evening was Bishop White. She gave a fiery message on the topic of race and social equality....She expressed hope that the Klan would do its part in keeping the blood of

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was elected to follow Edwards as national leader. Edwards had previously appointed Davis Grand Dragon of Texas in an effort to unite their two klan organizations. Davis was already leading the Original Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Davis held rallies

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The first and third Klans were primarily Southeastern groups aimed against Black people. The second Klan, in contrast, broadened the scope of the organization to appeal to people in the Midwestern and Western states who considered Catholics, Jews, and foreign-born minorities to be anti-American.

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the Klan in 1870, adding to his unpopularity. This and extensive violence and fraud at the polls caused the Republicans to lose their majority in the state legislature. Disaffection with Holden's actions contributed to white Democratic legislators impeaching him and removing him from office, but

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Klan leader Nathan Bedford Forrest boasted that the Klan was a nationwide organization of 550,000 men and that he could muster 40,000 Klansmen within five days' notice. However, the Klan had no membership rosters, no chapters, and no local officers, so it was difficult for observers to judge its

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characterized the second Klan as "anti-Negro, anti-Alien, anti-Red, anti-Catholic, anti-Jew, anti-Darwin, anti-Modern, anti-Liberal, Fundamentalist, vastly Moral, militantly Protestant. And summing up these fears, it brought them into focus with the tradition of the past, and above all with the

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Police in Virginia are investigating a series of violently antisemitic and homophobic flyers targeting a local school board that were distributed by a white supremacist group affiliated with the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). Flyers denouncing the school board in Fairfax, Va., as 'Jew-inspired, communist,

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Historian Robert Moats Miller reports that "not a single endorsement of the Klan was found by the present writer in the Methodist press, while many of the attacks on the Klan were quite savage. ...The Southern Baptist press condoned the aims but condemned the methods of the Klan." National

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in Dallas. Davis, based in Dallas, resigned as Imperial Wizard of the Original Knights shortly after the Original Knights received a Congressional subpoena. The Original Knights became increasingly fractured in the immediate aftermath as many members were forced to testify before Congress. The

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had a registered Republican majority of 1,071, after the murders, no Republicans voted in the fall elections. White Democrats cast the full vote of the parish for President Grant's opponent. The KKK killed and wounded more than 200 Black Republicans, hunting and chasing them through the woods.

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The Klan declined in strength in part because of internal weaknesses; its lack of central organization and the failure of its leaders to control criminal elements and sadists. More fundamentally, it declined because it failed to achieve its central objective – the overthrow of Republican state

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By the 1920s, the KKK developed a women's auxiliary, with chapters in many areas. Its activities included participation in parades, cross lightings, lectures, rallies, and boycotts of local businesses owned by Catholics and Jews. The Women's Klan was active in promoting Prohibition, stressing

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and continued to operate autonomously. There were never hierarchical levels or state headquarters. Klan members used violence to settle old personal feuds and local grudges, as they worked to restore general white dominance in the disrupted postwar society. The historian Elaine Frantz Parsons

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of Alabama was leading a faction of 400–600 members. Congressional investigators found that by the end of 1965 most members of Original Knights organization joined Shelton's United Klans and the Original Knights of the KKK disbanded. Shelton's United Klan continued to absorb members from the

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argues that Klansmen seriously embraced Protestantism as an essential component of their white supremacist, anti-Catholic, and paternalistic formulation of American democracy and national culture. Their cross was a religious symbol, and their ritual honored Bibles and local ministers. But no

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and targeted violence against African-American leaders. The Klan was organized into numerous independent chapters across the Southern United States. Each chapter was autonomous and highly secretive about membership and plans. Members made their own, often colorful, costumes: robes, masks and

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Bishop White's transformation from minister to Klan propagandist is detailed in voluminous autobiographical and political writing. White's anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic, and racist message fit well into the Klan's efforts to convince white Protestant women that their collective interests as

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The distinctive white costume permitted large-scale public activities, especially parades and cross-burning ceremonies, while keeping the membership roles a secret. Sales of the costumes provided the main financing for the national organization, while initiation fees funded local and state

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The existence of modern Klan groups has been in a state of consistent decline, due to a variety of factors: from the American public's negative distaste of the group's image, platform, and history, infiltration and prosecution by law enforcement, civil lawsuit forfeitures, and the radical

7571:, reminds us that 'virtually every' Protestant denomination denounced the KKK, but that most KKK members were not 'innately depraved or anxious to subvert American institutions', but rather believed their membership in keeping with 'one-hundred percent Americanism' and Christian morality. 10816:"Georgia Orders Action to Revoke Charter of Klan. Federal Lien Also Put on File to Collect Income Taxes Dating Back to 1921. Governor Warns of a Special Session if Needed to Enact 'De-Hooding' Measures Tells of Phone Threats Georgia Acts to Crush the Klan. Federal Tax Lien Also Is Filed" 4925:

in 1950. Based in Atlanta, Edwards worked to rebuild the organization by uniting the different factions of the KKK from other parts of the United States, but the strength of the organization was short-lived, and the group fractured as it competed with other klan organizations. In 1959,

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The Alabama KKK whipped both white and Black women who were accused of fornication or adultery. Although many people in Alabama were outraged by the whippings of white women, no Klansmen were ever convicted for the violence. Anti-Catholicism was a main concern of the Alabama Klan, and

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The historiography of the second Klan of the 1920s has changed over time. Early histories were based on mainstream sources of the time, but since the late 20th century, other histories have been written drawing from records and analysis of members of the chapters in social histories.

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National sentiment gathered to crack down on the Klan, even though some Democrats at the national level questioned whether the Klan really existed, or believed that it was a creation of nervous Southern Republican governors. Many southern states began to pass anti-Klan legislation.

4870:, a major Catholic college near South Bend. In May 1924, when the KKK scheduled a regional meeting in the city, Notre Dame students blocked the Klansmen and stole some KKK regalia. On the next day, the Klansmen counterattacked. Finally, the college president and the football coach 2789:

in December of that year, Simmons and his new klansmen paraded to the theater in robes and pointed hoods – many on robed horses – just like in the film. These mass parades became another hallmark of the new Klan that had not existed in the original Reconstruction-era organization.

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hide their identities when carrying out independent acts of violence. Forrest called for the Klan to disband in 1869, arguing that it was "being perverted from its original honorable and patriotic purposes, becoming injurious instead of subservient to the public peace". Historian

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argues that religion was critical—the KKK based its hatred on a particular brand of Protestantism that resonated with mainstream Americans: "Members embraced Protestant Christianity and a crusade to save America from domestic as well as foreign threats." Member were primarily

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The second Klan expanded with new chapters in cities in the Midwest and West, and reached both Republicans and Democrats, as well as men without a party affiliation. The goal of Prohibition in particular helped the Klan and some Republicans to make common cause in the North.

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workers. When they killed Black political leaders, they also took heads of families, along with the leaders of churches and community groups, because these people had many roles in society. Agents of the Freedmen's Bureau reported weekly assaults and murders of Black people.

5613:'s School of Communication removed Sutton—who is an alumnus of that school—from its Mass Communication and Journalism Hall of Fame, and "strongly condemned" his remarks. Sutton was also stripped of a distinguished community journalism award he had been presented in 2009 by 5507:

The modern KKK is not one organization; rather, it is composed of small independent chapters across the United States. According to a 1999 ADL report, the KKK's estimated size then was "No more than a few thousand, organized into slightly more than 100 units". In 2017, the

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Indiana's Klansmen represented a wide cross section of society: they were not disproportionately urban or rural, nor were they significantly more or less likely than other members of society to be from the working class, middle class, or professional ranks. Klansmen were

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and white-hooded robes. The KKK of the 1920s had a nationwide membership in the millions and reflected a cross-section of the native-born white English-speaking and Protestant population. The third Klan formed in the mid 20th century, largely as a reaction to the growing

6058:

Although predating the Klan, in modern times the symbol of the burning cross has become almost solely associated with the Ku Klux Klan and has become one of the most potent hate symbols in the United States. Burning crosses did not become associated with the clan until

5433:

was tried in February 1987. The all-white jury found the Klan responsible for the lynching of Donald, and ordered the Klan to pay US$ 7 million, but the KKK did not have sufficient funds to pay the fine. They had to sell off their national headquarters building in

3573:, saber clubs, and rifle clubs, that intimidated and murdered Black political leaders. The White League and Red Shirts were distinguished by their willingness to cultivate publicity, working directly to overturn Republican officeholders and regain control of politics. 3118:

reported that disorder, lack of control, and lawlessness were widespread; in some states armed bands of Confederate soldiers roamed at will. The Klan used public violence against Black people and their allies as intimidation. They burned houses and attacked and killed

5203:

citing "their successful campaign against the Ku Klux Klan, waged on their own doorstep at the risk of economic loss and personal danger, culminating in the conviction of over one hundred Klansmen and an end to terrorism in their communities". In a 1958 incident in

11837: 4119:

as a dramatic display of symbolism, with a tone of intimidation. No crosses had been used as a symbol by the first Klan, but it became a symbol of the Klan's quasi-Christian message. Its lighting during meetings was often accompanied by prayer, the singing of

2980:

claims an estimate of just over 30 active Klan groups existing in the United States. Estimates of total collective membership range from about 3,000 to 8,000. In addition to its active membership, the Klan has an "unknown number of associates and supporters".

2812:

ancient Southern pattern of high romantic histrionics, violence and mass coercion of the scapegoat and the heretic." It preached "One Hundred Percent Americanism" and demanded the purification of politics, calling for strict morality and better enforcement of

4397:, citing "his editorials against gangsterism, floggings and racial and religious intolerance". Other newspapers kept up a steady, loud attack on the Klan, referring to the organization as violent and "un-American". Sheriffs cracked down on activities. In the 6078:

inspired members of the second Klan to take up the practice. In the modern day the symbol of the burning cross is so associated with racial intimidation that it is used by many non-Klan racist elements and has spread to locations outside the United States.

4536:'s theory that Jews and non-whites were descended from the serpent in the Garden of Eden. Monson connected the work of the corrupt race to the activities of the Catholic Church and the Pope. Monson's ideas were popular among some KKK members in the 1950s. 3801:

Simmons initially met with little success in either recruiting members or in raising money, and the Klan remained a small operation in the Atlanta area until 1920. The group produced publications for national circulation from its headquarters in Atlanta:

3202:". He argued that many Southerners believed that Black people were voting for the Republican Party because they were being hoodwinked by the Loyal Leagues. One Alabama newspaper editor declared "The League is nothing more than a nigger Ku Klux Klan." 4341:(which was chiefly aimed at Catholic parochial schools). Opposing groups worked to penetrate the Klan's secrecy. After one civic group in Indiana began to publish Klan membership lists, there was a rapid decline in the number of Klan members. The 3560:

By 1872, the federal government's evident willingness to bring its legal and coercive authority to bear had broken the Klan's back and produced a dramatic decline in violence throughout the South. So ended the Reconstruction career of the Ku Klux

4293:

appointed Black to the Supreme Court without knowing how active in the Klan he had been in the 1920s. He was confirmed by his fellow Senators before the full KKK connection was known; Justice Black said he left the Klan when he became a senator.

4065:

and religious conflicts among more recent immigrants contributed to the rise of the Klan in the city. Swedish Protestants were struggling against Irish Catholics, who had been entrenched longer, for political and ideological control of the city.

4862:

and heavy drinking. Up to one third of Indiana's Protestant men joined the order making it, Moore argued, "a kind of interest group for average white Protestants who believed that their values should be dominant in their community and state."

2683:

and their allies; it sought to restore white supremacy by threats and violence, including murder. "They targeted white Northern leaders, Southern sympathizers and politically active Blacks." In 1870 and 1871, the federal government passed the

5215:

for associating with white people, and threatened more actions. When the KKK held a nighttime rally nearby, they were quickly surrounded by hundreds of armed Lumbee. Gunfire was exchanged, and the Klan was routed at what became known as the

3113:

violence related not only to the high number of veterans in the population, but also to their effort to control the dramatically changed social situation by using extrajudicial means to restore white supremacy. In 1866, Mississippi governor

5406:, the FBI investigated his death. The US attorney prosecuted the case. Two local KKK members were convicted for his murder, including Henry Francis Hays who was sentenced to death. After exhausting the appeals process, Hays was executed by 5386:, following a KKK initiation rally. A fifth woman, Fannie Crumsey, was injured by flying glass in the incident. Attempted murder charges were filed against the three KKK members, two of whom—Bill Church and Larry Payne—were acquitted by an 4045:

A significant characteristic of the second Klan was that it was an organization based in urban areas, reflecting the major shifts of population to cities in the North, West, and the South. In Michigan, for instance, 40,000 members lived in

1283: 4006:

campaign. They also argue that the Klan leadership focused more intently on monetizing the organization during this period than fulfilling the political goals of the organization. Local leaders profited from expanding their membership.

3243:

of Black people. The Klan soon spread into nearly every Southern state, launching a reign of terror against Republican leaders both Black and white. Those political leaders assassinated during the campaign included Arkansas Congressman

4057:, in the 1920s, the Klan ascended to power quickly but declined as a result of opposition from the Catholic Church. There was no violence and the local newspaper ridiculed Klansmen as "night-shirt knights". Half of the members were 5609:. The editorial and Sutton's subsequent comments provoked calls for his resignation from Alabama politicians and the Alabama Press Association, which later censured Sutton and suspended the newspaper's membership. In addition, the 3826:

and the accompanying proliferation of non-Protestant cultural values, as well as some high-profile instances of violence against whites. The Klan had a nationwide reach by the mid-1920s, with its densest per capita membership in

4237:. The economic and occupational profile of the pro- and anti-Klan groups shows the two were similar and about equally prosperous. Klan members were Protestants, as were most of their opponents, but the latter also included many 2872:. Within the first six months of the Association's national recruitment campaign, Klan membership had increased by 85,000. At its peak in the mid-1920s, the organization's membership ranged from three to eight million members. 9241:, p. 109, writes that by 1874, "For many, the lapse of the enforcement acts was justified since their reason for being—the Ku-Klux Klan—had been effectively smashed as a result of the dramatic showdown in South Carolina". 6043:

interlocked and facing inward, referencing the name of the group. A variation on this symbol has the K's facing outwards instead of inwards. It is an old Klan symbol that has also been resurrected as a modern-day hate symbol.

3353:, and hundreds more in other counties including Madison, Alachua, Columbia, and Hamilton. Florida Freedmen's Bureau records provided a detailed recounting of Klansmen's beatings and murders of freedmen and their white allies. 6582: 5829:

In 2001, David Duke came to Moscow to network with local anti-Semitic Russian nationalists. Duke said that Russia was "the key to white survival" and blamed most of the events of the 20th century Russian history on the Jews.

3409:, organized "the anti-Ku Klux". They put an end to violence by threatening Klansmen with reprisals unless they stopped whipping Unionists and burning Black churches and schools. Armed Black people formed their own defense in 4248:

In the South, Klan members were still Democratic, as it was essentially a one-party region for whites. Klan chapters were closely allied with Democratic police, sheriffs, and other functionaries of local government. Due to

3498:

imprisoned during the crackdown, "once the national government became set upon a policy of military intervention whole populations which had scouted the authority of the weak 'Radical' government of the State became meek."

3480:

were used by the federal government to enforce the civil rights provisions for individuals under the constitution. The Klan refused to voluntarily dissolve after the 1871 Klan Act, so President Grant issued a suspension of

15397: 12516: 2909:– and external opposition brought about a collapse in the membership of both groups. The main group's membership had dropped to about 30,000 by 1930. It finally faded away in the 1940s. Klan organizers also operated in 12277: 11829: 9367:

An itinerant Methodist preacher named William Joseph Simmons started up the Klan again in Atlanta in 1915. Simmons, an ascetic-looking man, was a fetishist on fraternal organizations. He was already a "colonel" in the

12040: 8310: 7262: 6207: 6550: 15304: 3990:

tool. The Klan drew its members from Democratic as well as Republican voters. If the movement had aligned itself with a single political party, it would have substantially narrowed its pool of potential recruits.

2729:

as governor in South Carolina. They were described as acting as the military arm of the Democratic Party and are attributed with helping white Democrats regain control of state legislatures throughout the South.

10021: 8166: 7605: 5390:. The third defendant, Marshall Thrash, was sentenced by the same jury to nine months on lesser charges. He was released after three months. In 1982, a jury awarded the five women $ 535,000 in a civil trial. 7377:

Historians have suggested a combination of reasons for the eventual decline of the Ku Klux Klan of the Reconstruction period: 1)growth of public sentiment in the South against activities of masked terrorists

3590:

did not include the right to regulate against private conspiracies. It recommended that persons who had been victimized should seek relief in state courts, which were entirely unsympathetic to such appeals.

12409: 10836:

Governor Ellis Arnall today ordered the State's legal department to bring action to revoke the Georgia charter of the Ku Klux Klan. ... 'It is my further information that on June 4, 1944, the Ku Klux

4378:

launched a wave of physical terror in 1927. They targeted both Black and white people for violations of racial norms and for perceived moral lapses. This led to a strong backlash, beginning in the media.

3924:: "diligently published thousands of anti-Klan editorials, exposés, and critical stories, informing its readership of Klan activities in their community as well as from around the state and the nation." 3756:, from the shores of America. Among the "snakes" are various supposed negative attributes of the Church, including superstition, the union of church and state, control of public schools, and intolerance. 6923: 4428:

Atlanta. More than 20 others were "brutally flogged". As the police began to investigate, they found the records of the KKK had disappeared from their East Point office. The cases were reported by the

9680: 12717: 11806: 7511: 3094:

of the South. The group was known for a short time as the "Kuklux Clan". The Ku Klux Klan was one of a number of secret, oath-bound organizations using violence, which included the Southern Cross in

12941: 13308: 6279:

The Ku Klux Klan opposed the civil rights and Black rights movements, and often killed Black people that either committed crimes, or simply exercised their rights of voting, owning guns, land, etc.

5985:

All of the above terminology was created by William Joseph Simmons, as part of his 1915 revival of the Klan. The Reconstruction-era Klan used different titles; the only titles to carry over were "

4019:

represented the single most important bond between Klansmen throughout the nation". The Klan opposed bootleggers, sometimes with violence. In 1922, two hundred Klan members set fire to saloons in

5884:, that was being threatened by the activities of the Fijian Klan, which owned fortresses and artillery. By March, it had become the "British Subjects' Mutual Protection Society", which included 5227:(FBI) had paid informants in the Klan (for instance, in Birmingham in the early 1960s), its relations with local law enforcement agencies and the Klan were often ambiguous. The head of the FBI, 3451:(Ku Klux Klan Act). This added to the enmity that Southern white Democrats bore toward him. While the bill was being considered, further violence in the South swung support for its passage. The 12495: 5701:

Aside from the Ku Klux Klan in Canada, there have been various attempts to organize KKK chapters outside the United States in places such as: Asia, Europe and Oceania, with negligible results.

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had sponsored a rally against the Klan in an effort to organize predominantly Black industrial workers in the area. Klan members drove up with arms in their car trunks, and attacked marchers.

4703:

filed a lien for $ 685,000 in back taxes against the Klan, and Colescott dissolved the organization by decree on April 23 of that year. Local Klan groups closed down over the following years.

2565:. This second Klan flourished both in the south and northern states; it was funded by initiation fees and selling its members a standard white costume. The chapters did not have dues. It used 15385: 11773: 8376: 6023:, a white cross on a red disk with what appears to be a blood drop in the middle. It was first used in the early 1900s, with the symbol in the center originally appearing as a red and white 4931:

Florida and other southern states during 1961 and 1962 recruiting members. Davis had been a close associate of William J. Simmons and been active in the KKK since it first reformed in 1915.

19553: 3916:

denominational organizations never endorsed the Klan, but they rarely condemned it by name. Many nationally and regionally prominent churchmen did condemn it by name, and none endorsed it.

15080:

The Cyclopedia of Fraternities: A Compilation of Existing Authentic Information and the Results of Original Investigation As to More Than Six Hundred Secret Societies in the United States

10407: 5126:, a reputed Ku Klux Klansman, was convicted. Seale was sentenced to serve three life sentences. Seale, who died in prison in 2011, was a former Mississippi policeman and sheriff's deputy. 1249: 11156: 7484:

include it in their lists of hate groups. See also Brian Levin, "Cyberhate: A Legal and Historical Analysis of Extremists' Use of Computer Networks in America", in Perry, Barbara (ed.),

6535:

than ten million white babies have been murdered through Jewish-engineered legalized abortion since 1973 here in America and more than a million per year are being slaughtered this way.'

19563: 5750:

with the intention of destroying Catholicism there. On 1924 vigilantes claimed to have organized themselves into a Klan against "criminals", publishing a program of "social epuration".

10456: 6839: 11867: 2634:: Frank McCord, Richard Reed, John Lester, John Kennedy, J. Calvin Jones, and James Crowe. It started as a fraternal social club inspired at least in part by the then largely defunct 6590: 2423:

Three separate groups calling themselves the Klan have existed in non-overlapping time periods. Each comprised local chapters with little or no central direction. Each has advocated

11655: 11625: 8341: 6786: 6626: 5913:

Membership in the Klan is secret. Like many fraternal organizations, the Klan has signs that members can use to recognize one another. In conversation, a member may use the acronym

3323:

Thirteen captives were taken from jail and shot; a half-buried pile of 25 bodies was found in the woods. The KKK made people vote Democratic and gave them certificates of the fact.

13589: 3598:", disappeared from use by the early 1870s, after Grand Wizard Forrest called for their destruction as part of disbanding the Klan. The Klan was broken as an organization by 1872. 11440: 2793:

Beginning in 1921, it adopted a modern business system of using full-time, paid recruiters and it appealed to new members as a fraternal organization, of which many examples were

6730: 6650: 6566: 4847:

described the Klan of the 1920s as associated with cities and urbanization, with chapters often acting as a kind of fraternal organization to aid people coming from other areas.

3948:. The new leadership invigorated the Klan and it grew rapidly. It appealed to new members based on current social tensions, and stressed responses to fears raised by defiance of 12528: 8561: 7685: 6809: 4949:

competing factions and remained the largest Klan group unto the 1970s, peaking with an estimated 30,000 members and another 250,000 non-member supporters during the late 1960s.

9821: 9795: 12267: 8202: 6883: 6754: 2828:. Its appeal was directed exclusively toward white Protestants; it opposed Jews, Black people, Catholics, and newly arriving Southern and Eastern European immigrants such as 2572:

The third and current manifestation of the KKK emerged after 1950, in the form of localized and isolated groups that use the KKK name. They have focused on opposition to the

11595: 10555: 6935: 3981:. Klan leaders tried to infiltrate political parties; as Cummings notes, "it was non-partisan in the sense that it pressed its nativist issues to both parties". Sociologist 13248: 12048: 7270: 7246: 3443:

convened a congressional committee which took testimony from 52 witnesses about Klan atrocities, accumulating 12 volumes. In February, former Union general and congressman

2879:. From September 1923 there were two Ku Klux Klan organizations: the one founded by Simmons and led by Evans with its strength primarily in the southern United States, and 2569:

which were similar to those used by the first Klan, while adding cross burnings and mass parades to intimidate others. It rapidly declined in the latter half of the 1920s.

19598: 18882: 12431: 6554: 5137:

mother of five who was visiting the state in order to attend a civil rights march. At the time of her murder, Liuzzo was transporting Civil Rights marchers related to the

15294: 4194:

in New York City. Their delegates proposed a resolution indirectly attacking the Klan; it was defeated by one vote out of 1,100. The leading presidential candidates were

2696:

says were a success in terms of "restoring order, reinvigorating the morale of Southern Republicans, and enabling Blacks to exercise their rights as citizens". Historian

12362: 10624: 5538:

In 2015, the number of KKK chapters nationwide grew from 72 to 190. The SPLC released a similar report stating that "there were significant increases in Klan as well as

11936: 10013: 6859: 5291:

After federal legislation was passed prohibiting legal segregation and authorizing enforcement of protection of voting rights, KKK groups began to oppose court-ordered

5178:

Perry Nussbaum. These were carried out by Klan member Thomas Albert Tarrants III, who was convicted in 1968. Another Klan bombing was averted in Meridian the same year.

5152:

was convicted of his murder and sentenced to life. Two other Klan members were indicted with Bowers, but one died before trial and the other's indictment was dismissed.

2659:

The KKK had no organizational structure above the chapter level. However, there were similar groups across the South that adopted similar goals. Klan chapters promoted

19428: 8170: 7609: 6907: 5617:'s Journalism Advisory Council. Sutton expressed no regret and said that the editorial was intended to be "ironic", but that "not many people understand irony today." 5410:

for Donald's death in Alabama on June 6, 1997. It was the first time since 1913 that a white man had been executed in Alabama for a crime against an African American.

5032: 4015:

Historians agree that the Klan's resurgence in the 1920s was aided by the national debate over Prohibition. The historian Prendergast says that the KKK's "support for

12306: 2768:. While Simmons relied on documents from the original Klan and memories of some surviving elders, the revived Klan was based significantly on the wildly popular film 13791: 13222: 4479:, Klan members kept control of access to the better-paying industrial jobs and opposed unions. During the 1930s and 1940s, Klan leaders urged members to disrupt the 4467:. In January 2017, the police chief and mayor of LaGrange apologized for their offices' failures to protect Callaway, at a reconciliation service marking his death. 2584:. As of 2016, the Anti-Defamation League puts total KKK membership nationwide at around 3,000, while the Southern Poverty Law Center puts it at 6,000 members total. 13679:, p. 227: "Imperial Kludd: Is the Chaplain of the Imperial Klonvokation and shall perform such other duties as may be required by the Imperial Wizard ..." 13498: 11297: 4253:

of most African Americans and many poor whites around the start of the 20th century, the only political activity for whites took place within the Democratic Party.

19588: 1752: 13112: 12399: 10094: 19099: 16915: 2843:

Some local groups threatened violence against rum runners and those they deemed "notorious sinners"; the violent episodes generally took place in the South. The

15432: 15417: 12684: 11698: 9850: 7490: 19306: 19156: 19150: 16037: 6927: 3702: 3587: 2780: 798: 12750: 11900: 4202:, a Catholic with a base in the large cities. After weeks of stalemate and bitter argumentation, both candidates withdrew in favor of a compromise candidate. 15487: 15101: 13472: 13278: 12707: 7716: 6674: 13086: 12915: 10350: 7507: 7477: 7226: 7189: 16650: 15364: 12937: 10284:

Christopher N. Cocoltchos (2004). "The Invisible Empire and the Search for the Orderly Community: The Ku Klux Klan in Anaheim, California". Shawn Lay, ed.

8396: 7169: 6694: 15518: 13727: 13300: 6426: 5880:

who, although not officially yet established as the major authority of Fiji, had played a leading role in establishing a new constitutional monarchy, the

3219:

who allied with Democratic whites or had criminal agendas of their own. Indeed, all they had in common, besides being overwhelmingly white, southern, and

15744: 13566: 12470: 11406:"Reputed Klansman, Ex-Cop, and Sheriff's Deputy Indicted For The 1964 Murders of Two Young African-American Men in Mississippi; U.S. v. James Ford Seale" 10668: 1009: 7784: 4225:

In some states, such as Alabama and California, KKK chapters had worked for political reform. In 1924, Klan members were elected to the city council in

13432: 10525: 9746: 6521: 4183:

was perhaps the most prominent Ku Klux Klan in the nation. It claimed more than 30% of white male Hoosiers as members. In 1924 it supported Republican

12491: 12188: 12019: 11169:

Dr. James A. Colescott, former chief of the Ku Klux Klan, died last night in the United States veterans' Hospital at Coral Gables. His age was 53. ...

8306: 7411: 3314:

Klan violence worked to suppress Black voting, and campaign seasons were deadly. More than 2,000 people were killed, wounded, or otherwise injured in

2480:. It used murder and bombings to achieve its aims. All three movements have called for the "purification" of American society, and are all considered 19603: 19488: 19423: 18731: 16802: 15531: 13180: 10815: 8264: 7043: 5853:

member Peter Coleman established branches throughout the country, and circa 2012 the KKK has attempted to infiltrate other political parties such as

5585: 3637:

agenda, which reflected contemporary social tensions, particularly recent immigration. The new organization and chapters adopted regalia featured in

2163: 1524: 15351:

Because there are multiple Ku Klux Klan organizations, there are multiple official websites. Following are third-party lists of such organizations:

13697: 13339: 11766: 5231:, appeared more concerned about Communist links to civil rights activists than about controlling Klan excesses against citizens. In 1964, the FBI's 4416:, in 1928. By 1930, Klan membership in Alabama dropped to less than 6,000. Small independent units continued to be active in the industrial city of 2622:

Depiction of Ku Klux Klan in North Carolina in 1870, based on a photograph taken under the supervision of a federal officer who seized Klan costumes

2467:. The first Klan, founded by Confederate veterans in the late 1860s, assaulted and murdered politically active Black people and their allies in the 19573: 15382: 14853: 12078: 9775: 8372: 5523:

For some time, the Klan's numbers have been steadily dropping. This decline has been attributed to the Klan's lack of competence in the use of the

4886:

was a member before becoming nationally famous; he focused on anti-Catholicism. However, in rural Alabama the Klan continued to operate to enforce

4452: 4338: 2295: 960: 4866:

Northern Indiana's industrial cities had attracted a large Catholic population of European immigrants and their descendants. They established the

3463:, courthouse, from which a Black state representative escaped by fleeing to the woods. The 1871 Civil Rights Act allowed the president to suspend 19438: 17567: 13760: 6714: 6602: 5992:

The imperial kludd was the chaplain of the Imperial Klonvokation and he performed "such other duties as may be required by the imperial wizard".

4389:

from 1926, wrote a series of editorials and articles that attacked the Klan. (Today the paper says it "waged war on the resurgent ".) Hall won a

4250: 3494: 2500: 11405: 11148: 10399: 4718:

infiltrated the Klan; he provided internal data to media and law enforcement agencies. He also provided secret code words to the writers of the

4498:

came to North Carolina to organize textile workers and pushed back against racial discrimination there, taunting the KKK, resulting in the 1979

2960:

agents arrested four members of the True Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in Dallas for conspiracy to commit robbery and for conspiring to blow up a

19518: 19448: 15684: 15478: 10858: 10719: 10600: 9635: 6239: 6177: 5099:, three civil rights workers, in Mississippi. Seven men were convicted of federal civil rights charges in the 1960s. In June 2005, Klan member 873: 15544: 8021: 2949:. Several members of Klan groups were convicted of murder in the deaths of civil rights workers in Mississippi in 1964 and of children in the 19583: 18549: 18513: 18448: 16937: 15909: 9492: 9344: 6829: 3182:, and claimed to be the Klan's national leader. In an 1868 newspaper interview, Forrest stated that the Klan's primary opposition was to the 15597: 11859: 10453: 7092: 5491:

In a 2007 article by the ADL, it was reported that many KKK groups had formed strong alliances with other white supremacist groups, such as

4083:. In reality, their religious affiliations mirrored the whole of white Protestant society, including those who did not belong to any church. 3535:

In many states, officials were reluctant to use Black militia against the Klan out of fear that racial tensions would be raised. Republican

19453: 16602: 15555: 5876:

in 1874 by white American and British settlers wanting to enact White supremacy, although its operations were quickly put to an end by the

3953: 3932:

built his political career in the 1920s on fighting Catholicism. Black, a Democrat, went on to the U.S. Senate and the U.S. Supreme Court.

1529: 15254: 13369: 11647: 11617: 10781: 9327: 8333: 8097: 6778: 6618: 19493: 18973: 16908: 16585: 11500: 11496: 11432: 10494: 9913: 9276: 9141: 8913: 8473: 7849: 6197: 5877: 5348: 5260: 4495: 1499: 1102: 628: 15614: 10154: 9401: 8060: 5573:. ...Since the late 1970s, the Klan has increasingly focused its ire on this previously ignored population." The Klan has produced 19558: 19528: 19523: 19252: 12606: 12157: 6738: 6642: 6574: 783: 13301:"Bundesweite Durchsuchungen bei mutmaßlichen Mitgliedern der Gruppierung "National Socialist Knights of the Ku-Klux-Klan Deutschland"" 11798: 8558: 8497:, p. 9: The founders were John C. Lester, John B. Kennedy, James R. Crowe, Frank O. McCord, Richard R. Reed, and J. Calvin Jones. 7677: 6817: 19503: 19418: 18862: 18771: 16772: 15940: 15759: 15734: 13982: 9817: 9791: 6474:

McVeigh, Rory. "Structural Incentives for Conservative Mobilization: Power Devaluation and the Rise of the Ku Klux Klan, 1915–1925".

6217: 6162: 5251: 5096: 2725:, which started in Mississippi and developed chapters in the Carolinas. For instance, the Red Shirts are credited with helping elect 14827:

Prendergast, Michael L. (1987). "A History of Alcohol Problem Prevention Efforts in the United States". In Holder, Harold D. (ed.).

9074: 8824: 8192: 7911: 18713: 17276: 16488: 15976: 15950: 15832: 12027: 11984: 8654: 6875: 6762: 4398: 3794:

with his chest covered with fraternal badges, consciously modeling the Klan after fraternal organizations. Klan organizers called "

3339: 2408:, have characterized the Klan as America's first terrorist movement. Their primary targets, at various times and places, have been 710: 598: 15015:

Mystical Anti-Semitism and the Christian Identity Movement: A Narrative Criticism of Dan Gayman's "The Two Seeds of Genesis 3:15."

13153: 11733: 11579: 10547: 7742: 6943: 5869:. Unlike in the United States, the Australian branches did not require members to be Christian, but did require them to be white. 4982:, Klan members forged alliances with governors' administrations. In Birmingham and elsewhere, the KKK groups bombed the houses of 4366: 3720:. Its imagery was based on Dixon's romanticized concept of old England and Scotland, as portrayed in the novels and poetry of Sir 19618: 19578: 19094: 17815: 16508: 16106: 15867: 13244: 12439: 12339: 11391: 9648:

White's words and Clarke's imagery combined in various ways to create a persuasive and powerful message of religious intolerance.

8578: 7242: 6212: 5684: 4289:

KKK meetings across Alabama in his 1926 election campaign. Black was elected US senator in 1926 as a Democrat. In 1937 President

3256:

In a 1933 interview, William Sellers, born enslaved in Virginia, recalled the post-war "raids of the Ku Klux, young white men of

3091: 2484:

organizations. In each era, membership was secret and estimates of the total were highly exaggerated by both allies and enemies.

13399: 12964: 11962: 8233: 5271:

started an investigation on the Klan, putting in the public spotlight its front organizations, finances, methods and divisions.

4490:

of the 1950s and 1960s. Independent Klan groups violently opposed the civil rights movement. KKK members were implicated in the

4136:; Simmons adopted the symbol wholesale from the movie, and the symbol and action have been associated with the Klan ever since. 2587:

The second and third incarnations of the Ku Klux Klan made frequent references to a false mythologized perception of America's "

19613: 19538: 19533: 19301: 18483: 16901: 16844: 15649: 14523:

Miller, Robert Moats (August 1956). "A Note on the Relationship between the Protestant Churches and the Revived Ku Klux Klan".

13615: 11992: 11527: 11335: 8941:, Vol. 13. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1872. Among historians of the Klan, this volume is also known as 8582: 8536: 5268: 4986:

activists. In some cases they used physical violence, intimidation, and assassination directly against individuals. Continuing

4816: 2868:, with a national and state structure. During the resurgence of the second Klan in the 1920s, its publicity was handled by the 2264: 965: 720: 543: 528: 523: 353: 15470: 11926: 18643: 15022: 12236: 12130: 11689:"Remembering the 1979 Greensboro Massacre: 25 Years Later Survivors Form Country's First Truth and Reconciliation Commission" 10437: 9674: 7345: 7115: 6855: 5757:, Brazil, the website of a group called Imperial Klans of Brazil was shut down in 2003, and the group's leader was arrested. 5382:

In 1980, three KKK members shot four elderly Black women (Viola Ellison, Lela Evans, Opal Jackson, and Katherine Johnson) in

4890:; its members resorted more often to violence against Black people for infringements of the social order of white supremacy. 3957: 3626: 2937:, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. During this period, they often forged alliances with Southern police departments, as in 2847:

were a militant group organized in opposition to the Klan and responded violently to Klan provocations on several occasions.

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was released, mythologizing and glorifying the first Klan and its endeavors. The second Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1915 by

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reported that between 2016 and 2019, the number of Klan groups in America dropped from 130 to just 51. A 2016 report by the

2519:. It suddenly started to grow after 1920 and flourished nationwide in the early and mid-1920s, including urban areas of the 19443: 19433: 15847: 14797: 12302: 11037: 6254: 4973:

as police commissioner in Birmingham, Klan groups were closely allied with the police and operated with impunity. When the

4480: 4463:, a suspect in the assault of a white woman, was taken from jail in the middle of the night and killed by six white men in 4394: 4205: 3831:. It became most prominent in cities with high growth rates between 1910 and 1930, as rural Protestants flocked to jobs in 3214:

Lifting the Klan mask revealed a chaotic multitude of anti-Black vigilante groups, disgruntled poor white farmers, wartime

2562: 2288: 1305: 603: 412: 15264:

Moore, Leonard J. (1990). "Historical Interpretations of the 1920s Klan: The Traditional View and the Populist Revision".

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from Reconstruction days. Federal prosecutors used these laws as the basis for investigations and indictments in the 1964

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Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Enquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States

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offices or by wearing their costumes. In response, American Klan leader Terry Venable attempted to establish a branch at

5367:. William Wilkinson of the Invisible Empire, Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, was revealed to have been working for the FBI. 4191: 4002:

Economists Fryer and Levitt argue that the rapid growth of the Klan in the 1920s was partly the result of an innovative,

3570: 2865: 1965: 1621: 1534: 1425: 1092: 910: 533: 518: 7066: 4302: 3393:

retain its power over the South, and they began to turn against it. There were outlandish claims made, such as Georgian

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Perez, Louis A. Jr.; Stoner, K. Lynn; Perez, Gladys Marel Garcia; Chapa, Teresa; Hynson, Rachel M. (January 31, 2010).

12887: 12862: 12835: 12825: 12808: 11743: 11119: 11047: 10266: 10086: 9907: 9541:. Vol. 1, no. 8. Atlanta, Georgia: Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. January 1, 1923 – via Internet Archive. 9457: 9395: 9030: 8623: 7982: 7828: 7639: 7560: 7485: 6202: 6187: 5908: 5610: 5212: 5069: 4917:

reestablished the KKK at a ceremony on Stone Mountain. His group primarily operated in Georgia. Green was succeeded by

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Klan operations ended in South Carolina and gradually withered away throughout the rest of the South. Attorney General

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groups arose that were explicitly directed at suppressing Republican voting and turning Republicans out of office: the

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Pacific Strife: the great powers and their political and economic rivalries in Asia and the Western Pacific, 1870–1914

13213:"Ku Klux Klan: German Police Officers Allowed to Stay on Job Despite Links with European Branch of White Supremacists" 11356: 10115:

Pegram, Thomas R. (2008). "Hoodwinked: The Anti-Saloon League and the Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Prohibition Enforcement".

5187:

There was considerable resistance among African Americans and white allies to the Klan. In 1953, newspaper publishers

3123:, leaving their bodies on the roads. While racism was a core belief of the Klan, antisemitism was not. Many prominent 18867: 17044: 16689: 16672: 16134: 15852: 15811: 15749: 15429: 15414: 14936: 13018: 12991: 12676: 12108: 11688: 10628: 9847: 6152: 5690: 5324: 5200: 4940: 4897:, was lynched in 1940 for trying to organize Black residents to register and vote; also that year, Jesse Thornton of 4179:

In Indiana, members were American-born, white Protestants and covered a wide range of incomes and social levels. The

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Recruitment activity has also been reported in the United Kingdom. In the 1960s, "klaverns" were established in the

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on a Sunday in September 1963, which killed four African American girls and injured 22 other people. Members of the

3507:

membership. It had created a sensation by the dramatic nature of its masked forays and because of its many murders.

18834: 18537: 16882: 16638: 16607: 16503: 15622: 15138: 14707:

Parsons, Elaine Frantz (2005). "Midnight Rangers: Costume and Performance in the Reconstruction-Era Ku Klux Klan".

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Catholic and liberal Democrats—who were strongest in northeastern cities—decided to make the Klan an issue at the

3171:, which stripped the vote from white persons who refused to swear that they had not borne arms against the Union. 2956:

The United States government still considers the Klan to be a "subversive terrorist organization". In April 1997,

19483: 19478: 19473: 19463: 19265: 18919: 18561: 18178: 18106: 16590: 14918: 14709: 13078: 12911: 12798: 12554: 11552: 10354: 10063: 9707: 7222: 7197: 5224: 3262: 2957: 2576:, often using violence and murder to suppress activists. This manifestation is classified as a hate group by the 2460: 2281: 1494: 1004: 758: 548: 218: 17783: 17268: 15578: 15361: 14594: 10187: 8392: 7441: 7175: 6690: 4023:. Membership in the Klan and in other Prohibition groups overlapped, and they sometimes coordinated activities. 2774:. The earlier Klan had not worn the white costumes and had not burned crosses; these aspects were introduced in 19468: 18590: 18401: 18298: 17503: 17423: 17359: 17204: 16762: 16619: 16006: 14460: 14290: 13719: 13663:'It was rather difficult, sometimes, to make the two letters fit in,' he recalled later, 'but I did it somehow. 12445: 9607: 8289: 8054: 6423: 6249: 5822: 5716:

in the 1960s, some far-right activists copied KKK actions, for example by writing "Ku Klux Klan Africa" on the

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stating "that some of these outrages were actually perpetrated by the political friends of the parties slain."

3277: 2869: 613: 17543: 13562: 12466: 12372:(January 2006). Illinois Law Enforcement Training and Standards Board Executive Institute: 137. Archived from 10676: 3940:

In 1920, Simmons handed the day-to-day activities of the national office over to two professional publicists,

3728:. Dixon was an old friend of Wilson's and, before its release, there was a private showing of the film at the 3248:, three members of the South Carolina legislature, and several men who served in constitutional conventions." 763: 19458: 18602: 18596: 18543: 17903: 17855: 17244: 17148: 17052: 16924: 16073: 15457: 14480: 13495:"Killing raises Ku Klux Klan link in Queensland | Sovereign Union – First Nations Asserting Sovereignty" 12662: 12334: 11531: 11386: 7776: 7373:

Ku Klux Klan: America's First Terrorists Exposed : the Rebirth of the Strange Society of Blood and Death

6182: 5453: 4945: 3410: 3135: 3079: 2195: 1903: 593: 19236: 18960: 13422: 10517: 9742: 6691:"Ku Klux Klan Rallies In Ellijay, GA – Condemns Homosexuals, Illegal Immigrants, Black Americans and Others" 6513: 19349: 19195: 19126: 18978: 18892: 18719: 18707: 18436: 18407: 18360: 17639: 17631: 17551: 17455: 17308: 17260: 17212: 16956: 16832: 16694: 16684: 16677: 16481: 15816: 15739: 15446:

as recorded in two manuscripts in 1871–1872 by Captain Albion Howe (1841–1873), from the collection of The

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rights to hold public rallies, parades, and marches, as well as their right to field political candidates.

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was a vocal Klan supporter who repeatedly endorsed the organization, allowing it to hold meetings and even

3879: 3716:

Much of the modern Klan's iconography is derived from it, including the standardized white costume and the

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Lewis, George (September 4, 2013). ""An Amorphous Code": The Ku Klux Klan and Un-Americanism, 1915–1965".

14288:

Fryer, Roland G. Jr.; Levitt, Steven D. (2012). "Hatred and Profits: Under the Hood of the Ku Klux Klan".

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Thompson also related that KKK leaders showed great concern about a series of civil lawsuits filed by the

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The Triangular Ku Klux Klan symbol is made of what looks like a triangle inside a triangle, similar to a

5509: 5418: 5371: 5138: 4918: 4692: 4460: 4210: 3929: 3257: 3240: 2973: 2581: 2106: 1950: 1355: 955: 893: 14837: 12070: 9772: 5687:, a North Carolina-based group headed by Will Quigg, is currently thought to be the largest KKK chapter. 5546:

remain a collection of mostly small, disjointed groups that continually change in name and leadership."

4408:

Although in decline, a measure of the Klan's influence was still evident when it staged its march along

4350:

1925 trial, he was convicted of second-degree murder for his part in the rape, and subsequent death, of

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The editor of an Alabama newspaper is calling for the return of the Ku Klux Klan's infamous night rides

9078: 6167: 5917:(Are you a Klansman?) to surreptitiously identify themselves to another potential member. The response 5666: 5399: 5340: 5196: 5192: 4443:

In 1940, three lynchings of Black men by whites (no KKK affiliation is known) took place in the South:

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observed: "In effect, the Klan was a military force serving the interests of the Democratic party, the

2965: 2902: 2844: 2794: 2722: 2538: 2215: 977: 648: 358: 17863: 13752: 12800:

Revolutionaries for the Right: Anticommunist Internationalism and Paramilitary Warfare in the Cold War

9638:(2009). "Christianizing the Klan: Alma White, Branford Clarke, and the Art of Religious Intolerance". 6710: 6598: 6085: 4088:

the nation's eligible population. The lessening of social tensions contributed to the Klan's decline.

3005: 18844: 18779: 18749: 18531: 18519: 18366: 17975: 17911: 17711: 17447: 17316: 17236: 17188: 17084: 16988: 16782: 16626: 15862: 15793: 14839:

The Ku Klux Klan and Related American Racialist and Antisemitic Organizations: A History and Analysis

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The invisible empire in the west: Toward a new historical appraisal of the Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s

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To Captain Morton performed the ceremonies which initiated Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest into the KKK.

6791:

50 Klansmen, skinheads and supporters proclaimed gays and lesbians should receive the death penalty.

4893:

Racial terrorism was used in smaller towns to suppress Black political activity. Elbert Williams of

4882:

In Alabama, some young, white, urban activists joined the KKK to fight the old guard establishment.

4499: 3127:

identified wholly with southern culture, resulting in examples of Jewish participation in the Klan.

19568: 18454: 18372: 18290: 18242: 18170: 18130: 18039: 18007: 17999: 17967: 17887: 17847: 17831: 17655: 17519: 17391: 16399: 15788: 15674: 15541: 14610: 8088: 8013: 5517: 5081: 4867: 4700: 4277: 4054: 3791: 3666: 3486: 3331: 2520: 1812: 1700: 1541: 1310: 1239: 1074: 1029: 883: 768: 748: 678: 608: 479: 9500: 9354: 4451:, for working to register Black people to vote, and several other activists were run out of town; 4198:, a Protestant with a base in the South and West where the Klan was strong, and New York governor 4132:

from 'the call to arms' of the Scottish Clans, and film director D.W. Griffith used this image in

3265:), South Carolina, of 77 documented attacks, "four were shot, sixty-seven whipped and six had had 2618: 19608: 19137: 19132: 19120: 18953: 18661: 18306: 18282: 18258: 18234: 18098: 18047: 17895: 17879: 17807: 17743: 17679: 17663: 17399: 17367: 17140: 17124: 17060: 16872: 16792: 16597: 16537: 16515: 16242: 15842: 15594: 14634: 14062: 13870: 9107:. Edited by Benn Pitman and Louis Freeland Post. Columbia, SC: Republican Printing Company, 1872. 7974: 7820: 7816:

Carpetbaggers, Cavalry, and the Ku Klux Klan: Exposing the Invisible Empire During Reconstruction

6097: 5430: 4914: 4520:

According to Professor Jon Schamber, Rev. Philip E. J. Monson branched off from the teachings of

4218: 3578: 3477: 3350: 2914: 2631: 2111: 2091: 1945: 1935: 1893: 1509: 1350: 1204: 1174: 1169: 1119: 1054: 1039: 972: 945: 930: 309: 158: 17735: 17172: 15552: 15320:

Sneed, Edgar P. (1969). "A Historiography of Reconstruction in Texas: Some Myths and Problems".

15233: 11149:"Dr. Colescott Dies. Successor of Hiram W. Evans Disbanded Order in 1944. Joined Group in 1920s" 7088: 5791:, klaverns were established on some US military bases, often tolerated by military authorities. 3565:

New groups of insurgents emerged in the mid-1870s, local paramilitary organizations such as the

1149: 19271: 19023: 18854: 18666: 18637: 18625: 18202: 18138: 17607: 17431: 17300: 17180: 16757: 16660: 16580: 16409: 16350: 16252: 16149: 16092: 15986: 15955: 15766: 15754: 15562:, examines the Ku Klux Klan's role in Central Florida in the second quarter of the 20th century 15495: 15447: 15375: 15251: 14906:

History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley-Bryan Campaign of 1896

13619: 13427: 13361: 12610: 12524: 12240: 12161: 12134: 12044: 10767: 9323: 9133: 8754: 8083: 7845: 5850: 5771:, under the name of Ku Klux Klan Kubano, directed against both West Indian migrant workers and 5626: 5513: 5383: 5119: 4894: 4448: 4423:

KKK units were active through the 1930s in parts of Georgia, with a group of "night riders" in

4326: 4104: 4020: 3787: 3708: 3618: 3406: 3175: 3152: 2977: 2961: 2765: 2748: 2739: 2596: 2577: 2468: 2210: 2183: 2173: 1631: 1611: 1474: 1345: 1234: 1184: 1154: 1134: 1069: 1049: 1024: 1019: 1014: 925: 888: 861: 837: 832: 407: 397: 11504: 11192:

Staff report (March 4, 1986). Samuel W. Roper, 90, was second director of GBI in early 1940s.

10480: 9897: 9385: 9287: 8899: 8465: 7552: 7546: 6036: 5989:" for the overall leader of the Klan and "Night Hawk" for the official in charge of security. 5924:

Throughout its varied history, the Klan has coined many words beginning with "Kl", including:

5359:

Jerry Thompson, a newspaper reporter who infiltrated the KKK in 1979, reported that the FBI's

4447:

was the first NAACP member known to be killed for civil rights activities: he was murdered in

3625:, near Atlanta, with fifteen "charter members". Its growth was based on a new anti-immigrant, 2901:

Internal divisions, criminal behavior by leaders – especially Stephenson's conviction for the

19413: 19385: 19242: 19189: 19143: 19084: 19013: 18789: 18579: 18555: 18525: 18471: 18395: 18383: 18340: 18194: 17927: 17871: 17839: 17767: 16964: 16812: 16704: 16699: 16614: 16575: 16382: 16377: 16063: 16044: 15991: 15981: 15945: 15729: 15635: 15611: 14391: 14037: 13467: 11361: 10158: 9617: 8828: 8615: 8609: 8044: 7814: 6172: 6074: 5885: 5854: 5597: 5461: 5312: 5308: 4997: 4487: 4385: 4290: 4260:

enforcement, expanded road construction, and other political measures to benefit lower-class

4003: 3883: 3871: 3867: 3684: 3613: 3460: 3448: 3428: 3266: 2930: 2807: 2770: 2573: 2533: 2524: 2496: 2477: 2178: 2138: 2071: 1960: 1908: 1827: 1576: 1340: 1244: 1219: 1214: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1129: 1084: 1044: 950: 920: 815: 417: 15570: 13536: 12614: 12165: 7335: 6551:"Ku Klux Klan distributes homophobic, antisemitic flyers targeting school board in Virginia" 6027:

which in the subsequent years, lost the white part and was reinterpreted as a "blood drop".

3688:, which has been widely credited with inspiring the 20th-century revival of the Ku Klux Klan 3342:, Klan intimidation led to suppression of the Republican vote and only one person voted for 2537:, which mythologized the founding of the first Klan, it employed marketing techniques and a 19508: 19397: 19277: 19259: 18897: 18631: 17324: 16767: 16633: 16277: 16214: 16184: 16169: 16154: 15971: 10928:

Amann, Peter H. (1986). "A 'Dog in the Nighttime' Problem: American Fascism in the 1930s".

9369: 6560:

queer-loving sex fiends violating the words of the Holy Bible' were discovered on Wednesday

5862: 5496: 5465: 5447: 5307:. By 1975, there were known KKK groups on most college campuses in Louisiana as well as at 5292: 5217: 5062: 4688: 4195: 3941: 3550: 3539: 3528: 3327: 3293: 3142: 3014:. The word had previously been used for other fraternal organizations in the South such as 2672: 2516: 2394: 2049: 1561: 1435: 1144: 1109: 1059: 1034: 847: 810: 538: 392: 26: 13134: 12741:"'Still a racist nation': American bigotry on full display at KKK rally in South Carolina" 9534: 7908:"A 1905 Silent Movie Revolutionizes American Film – and Radicalizes American Nationalists" 7796: 7697: 4357:

The historian Leonard Moore says that a failure in leadership caused the Klan's collapse:

2471:. The second iteration of the Klan originated in the late 1910s, and was the first to use 8: 19513: 19285: 19202: 19182: 19033: 18689: 17463: 17196: 17068: 16787: 16542: 16421: 16174: 16001: 15996: 15935: 15914: 15857: 15214:

Eagles, Charles W., "Urban-Rural Conflict in the 1920s: A Historiographical Assessment".

14515: 14331:

Searching for Freedom After the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawag, and Freedman

12712: 12268:"Ku Klux Kontraction: How did the KKK lose nearly one-third of its chapters in one year?" 9082: 8439:, p. 33 says that Kennedy came up with both words, but Crowe suggested transforming 7907: 6834: 6298: 5550: 5435: 5363:

efforts were highly successful. Rival KKK factions accused each other's leaders of being

5344: 5336: 5320: 5156: 4959: 4804: 4533: 4476: 4417: 4409: 4226: 3945: 3887: 3542: 3067: 2938: 2891: 2825: 2592: 2448: 2432: 2417: 2225: 2086: 1705: 1601: 1581: 1370: 1278: 1229: 1209: 1179: 1079: 866: 673: 198: 193: 133: 14022: 9986:'Night-Shirt Knights' in the City: The Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Worcester, Massachusetts", 7589:

The present-day Ku Klux Klan movement: Report by the Committee on Un-American activities

6583:"Ku Klux Klan supports Alabama chief Justice Rory Moore's attempts to stop gay marriage" 5495:. Some KKK groups have become increasingly "nazified", adopting the look and emblems of 19216: 19028: 18872: 18819: 18649: 18501: 18442: 18162: 17703: 17695: 17383: 16817: 16797: 16456: 16387: 16355: 16322: 16312: 16194: 15329: 15281: 14726: 14586: 14540: 14512:

Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution

14435: 14307: 14154:

Speak Now Against the Day: The Generation Before the Civil Rights Movement in the South

12449: 10945: 10581:

Carry Me Home: Birmingham, Alabama, The Climactic Battle of the Civil Rights Revolution

10239: 9023:

In the Wake of Slavery: Civil War, Civil Rights, and the Reconstruction of Southern Law

8794: 8786: 8197: 7734: 7383: 7309:"The Untold Story of Grant vs. the KKK: A Deep Dive with Historian Fergus M. Bordewich" 7146: 6997: 6989: 6310: 5670: 5422: 5303:

authorized in the 1960s. In 1971, KKK members used bombs to destroy 10 school buses in

5296: 5085: 4990:

of Black people across the South meant that most could not serve on juries, which were

4910: 4844: 4684: 4680: 4525: 4515: 4229:. The city had been controlled by an entrenched commercial-civic elite that was mostly 3848: 3771: 3384:

One of these teachers (Miss Allen of Illinois), whose school was at Cotton Gin Port in

3261:

widespread aspect of the early Klan; for example in 1870–71 in Limestone Township (now

3115: 3087: 3083: 2876: 2627: 2504: 2492: 2488: 2481: 1990: 1985: 1975: 1923: 1913: 1888: 1822: 1780: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1586: 878: 287: 267: 262: 188: 128: 86: 69: 64: 12329: 11958: 11381: 9105:

Proceedings in the Ku Klux Trials at Columbia, S.C. in the United States Circuit Court

8586: 8225: 6962:"Red Schoolhouse, Burning Cross: The Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s and Educational Reform" 4831:

In Indiana, traditional political historians focused on notorious leaders, especially

4486:

Activism by these independent KKK groups in Birmingham increased as a reaction to the

3678: 19176: 19089: 19058: 18998: 18877: 18783: 18701: 16476: 16441: 16431: 16392: 16332: 16282: 16204: 16189: 16159: 15186: 15153: 15107: 15051: 14986: 14940: 14901: 14880: 14843: 14801: 14764: 14743: 14686: 14653: 14620: 14614: 14590: 14484: 14456: 14439: 14397: 14363: 14335: 14311: 14249: 14216: 14158: 14130: 14094: 14066: 14041: 13992: 13956: 13920: 13874: 13837: 13595: 13542: 13391: 13159: 13024: 12997: 12970: 12893: 12883: 12858: 12831: 12804: 12656: 11739: 11587: 11222:"Ku Klux Klan Active In Shreveport Area". The Times of Shreveport. February 10, 1961. 11115: 11043: 10262: 10222:

Allen, Lee N. (1963). "The McAdoo Campaign for the Presidential Nomination in 1924".

9903: 9670: 9551: 9453: 9391: 9026: 8798: 8778: 8619: 8050: 7978: 7824: 7556: 7548:

Legacy of Hate: A Short History of Ethnic, Religious, and Racial Prejudice in America

7341: 7035: 7001: 6981: 6977: 6599:"Ku Klux Klan distributes anti-transgender fliers in at least 1 Alabama neighborhood" 6244: 5724: 5614: 5584:(ACLU) has provided legal support to various factions of the KKK in defense of their 5558: 5469: 5426: 5304: 5012:

were three civil rights workers abducted and murdered by members of the Ku Klux Klan.

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appealed for federal troops to assist his efforts in keeping control of the state. A

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Goodloe Sutton, writer of KKK editorial, not sorry, says he'd 'do it all over again'

11988: 11535: 11331: 3740: 19208: 19170: 19161: 19063: 19053: 19018: 18677: 18655: 18507: 18495: 18418: 18266: 18122: 17775: 17439: 17036: 16570: 16547: 16530: 16520: 16498: 16461: 16451: 16436: 16426: 16345: 16340: 16317: 16307: 15467: 15273: 15236:, organized like a debate handbook with pro and con arguments from primary sources. 14982:

Religion and the Ku Klux Klan: Biblical Appropriation in Their Literature and Songs

14718: 14578: 14532: 14427: 14299: 14120: 13946: 10937: 10231: 9713: 9612: 8770: 7223:"Ku Klux Klan Fliers Promoting Islamophobia Found In Washington State Neighborhood" 6973: 6340: 6335: 6060: 5811: 5539: 5243: 5188: 5123: 5100: 5077: 5073: 4991: 4987: 4927: 4898: 4832: 4751: 4720: 4711: 4673: 4456: 4413: 4346: 4322: 4306: 4265: 4238: 4230: 3713: 3660: 3490: 3473: 3343: 3063: 2929:

The "Ku Klux Klan" name was used by numerous independent local groups opposing the

2887: 2856: 2775: 2726: 2685: 2444: 2405: 2315: 2220: 2205: 2133: 2054: 2024: 1839: 1675: 1375: 940: 935: 778: 668: 223: 208: 15013: 12244: 12138: 10434: 9723: 7119: 6208:

List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups

3752:

In this 1926 cartoon, the Ku Klux Klan chases the Catholic Church, personified by

3670:"The Fiery Cross of old Scotland's hills!" Illustration from the first edition of 19226: 18759: 18695: 18465: 18063: 17983: 17116: 17108: 17100: 17092: 17012: 16862: 16827: 16719: 16552: 16471: 16446: 16414: 16404: 16372: 16367: 16262: 16219: 16209: 16199: 16164: 16144: 16129: 15618: 15601: 15582: 15559: 15548: 15522: 15508: 15491: 15474: 15461: 15436: 15421: 15389: 15368: 15258: 15180: 15147: 15078: 15045: 14980: 14930: 14922: 14870: 14829:

Control Issues in Alcohol Abuse Prevention: Strategies for States and Communities

14791: 14758: 14680: 14647: 14474: 14470: 14374: 14329: 14243: 14210: 14152: 14124: 14088: 14056: 13986: 13950: 13910: 13864: 13831: 12499: 12474: 12404: 12023: 11996: 11966: 11482: 11339: 11093: 10604: 10460: 10454:"Klan's Records Vanish in Terror Quiz/Floggers Linked to Killings in Lovers Lane" 10441: 10411: 9854: 9779: 9349: 9331: 9283: 8565: 8400: 8380: 8293: 7720: 7494: 7481: 7470: 7135:"The Ku Klux Klan, Anti-Catholicism, and Atlanta's Board of Education, 1916–1927" 6430: 5881: 5858: 5776: 5665:

Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, headed by national director and self-claimed pastor

5592: 5561:. In 2006, J. Keith Akins argued that "Klan literature and propaganda is rabidly 5284: 5228: 5160: 4715: 4444: 4430: 4370:

Ku Klux Klan members march down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., in 1928.

4062: 3982: 3724:. The film's influence was enhanced by a false claim of endorsement by President 3444: 3424: 3365: 3318:

within a few weeks prior to the Presidential election of November 1868. Although

3015: 2817: 2697: 2680: 2660: 2546: 2235: 2143: 2039: 1980: 1832: 1817: 1797: 1762: 1469: 1380: 1315: 1114: 1064: 842: 693: 138: 113: 16893: 14567:"Good Old-Fashioned New Social History and the Twentieth-Century American Right" 14449:

The Jew Accused – Three Anti-Semitic Affairs – Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank, 1894–1915

11731: 5238:

As 20th-century Supreme Court rulings extended federal enforcement of citizens'

2700:

argues that the Klan was a political failure and therefore was discarded by the

19373: 19344: 19048: 19038: 19008: 19003: 18887: 18755: 18743: 18683: 18377: 18090: 17759: 17751: 17719: 16972: 16839: 16493: 16362: 16031: 15899: 14911: 13833:

Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK's Appeal to Protestant America, 1915–1930

13827: 12448:

professes a mission to defend the constitutional rights of all groups, whether

12272: 11735:

The White Separatist Movement in the United States: "White Power, White Pride!"

11693: 11667: 11474: 11366: 10014:"Supreme Court Roundup; Free Speech or Hate Speech? Court Weighs Cross Burning" 6222: 6147: 6132: 5838: 5674: 5602: 5407: 5387: 5205: 5047: 5036: 4974: 4791: 4781: 4401:, the state voters overcame their initial opposition to the Catholic candidate 4390: 4380: 4325:

in Detroit, spoke out against the Klan, gaining national attention. The Jewish

4080: 4079:, of course, but they cannot be described exclusively or even predominantly as 3995: 3965: 3961: 3891: 3725: 3693: 3622: 3245: 2942: 2918: 2761: 2528: 2452: 2230: 2188: 2158: 2148: 2066: 2059: 2044: 2034: 1854: 1790: 1732: 1727: 1712: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1365: 1300: 820: 793: 638: 317: 213: 15501: 15393:(2016) – not organized as a list of names but many names appear in this report 15250:(1999) 40#1: 139–158. Deals with the memory of the KKK in Pulaski, Tennessee. 15221:

Horowitz, David A., "The Normality of Extremism: The Ku Klux Klan Revisited".

14872:

But There was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction

14431: 12222: 7308: 7116:"The Ku Klux Klan and the Anti-Catholic School Bills of Washington and Oregon" 6514:"The Long History of the Anti-Abortion Movement's Links to White Supremacists" 5746:

In Mexico, the KKK endorsed and funded the Calles government during the 1920s

5027:

Among the more notorious murders by Klan members in the 1950s and 1960s were:

4913:

after the IRS levied a large tax liability against the organization. In 1946,

19407: 19231: 18930: 18902: 18824: 18607: 18489: 18389: 18218: 18146: 17687: 17351: 16996: 16980: 16655: 16302: 16267: 16179: 16139: 16026: 15930: 12897: 11591: 11233:"Klan Is Renounced By 4,000 at Chattanooga". The Tennessean. October 4, 1924. 10777: 9660: 8782: 8093: 7058: 7039: 6985: 6306: 6302: 6157: 6070: 6053: 5364: 5149: 5145: 5051: 5040: 4934:

Congress launched an investigation into the KKK in early 1964, following the

4922: 4887: 4843:

helped destroy the Ku Klux Klan movement nationwide. In his history of 1967,

4812: 4330: 4100: 4076: 3823: 3748: 3717: 3485:

and stationed federal troops in nine South Carolina counties by invoking the

3465: 3335: 3236: 3232: 3183: 3168: 2635: 2472: 2242: 1849: 1785: 1770: 1626: 1591: 1571: 1442: 1385: 1320: 715: 618: 272: 10518:"'Justice failed Austin Callaway': Town attempts to atone for 1940 lynching" 7631: 6924:"Racist, antisemitic fliers dropped in Virginia neighborhood before MLK Day" 6810:"Ku Klux Klan Revived in South; Leader Says Organization Will Fight "kikes"" 4354:. After Stephenson's conviction, the Klan declined dramatically in Indiana. 3855:

in the South. Close to half of Michigan's 80,000 Klansmen lived in Detroit.

3376:

Milder encounters, including some against white teachers, also occurred. In

3134:

This Frank Bellew cartoon links the Democratic Party with secession and the

3086:, created the original Ku Klux Klan on December 24, 1865, shortly after the 2557:, while also stressing its opposition to the alleged political power of the 19361: 19337: 19248: 18936: 18924: 18775: 18430: 18344: 17799: 17164: 17028: 16822: 16667: 15894: 15299: 15277: 12745: 11767:"Women's Appeal for Justice in Chattanooga – US Department of Justice" 11111: 6065: 6024: 5996: 5986: 5747: 5713: 5574: 5485: 5255: 5239: 5130: 5104: 5058: 5005: 4983: 4871: 4836: 4808: 4707: 4677: 4511: 4310: 4264:. By 1925, the Klan was a political force in the state, as leaders such as 4261: 4214: 4180: 4173: 3985:

has explained the Klan's strategy in appealing to members of both parties:

3721: 3634: 3566: 3516: 3436: 3356: 3289: 3195: 3179: 3120: 3059: 3043: 2884: 2880: 2743: 2718: 2714: 2464: 2440: 2076: 1955: 1775: 1742: 1722: 1646: 1636: 1616: 1596: 1224: 1124: 852: 827: 683: 623: 588: 558: 553: 292: 203: 41: 14932:

Not a Catholic Nation: The Ku Klux Klan Confronts New England in the 1920s

14582: 12550: 12517:"Ku Klux Klan – Extremism in America – Active Groups (by state)" 12100: 11830:"History Around the Nation; Jury Award to 5 Blacks Hailed as Blow to Klan" 9952: 5754: 5166:

The 1967 multiple bombings in Jackson, Mississippi, of the residence of a

5050:., who was forced by Klansmen to jump to his death from a bridge into the 4321:

Many groups and leaders, including prominent Protestant ministers such as

4285:

unable to break the planters' and rural areas' hold on legislative power.

4209:

Two children wearing Ku Klux Klan robes and hoods stand on either side of

19043: 18908: 18348: 18186: 18154: 18114: 17004: 16747: 16714: 16292: 16272: 15703: 15481:, examines the influence of the second KKK in the state during the 1920s. 15246:

Lewis, Michael, and Serbu, Jacqueline, "Kommemorating the Ku Klux Klan".

15041: 14303: 14090:

Klansville, U.S.A: The Rise and Fall of the Civil Rights-era Ku Klux Klan

13820:

The International Encyclopedia of Secret Societies & Fraternal Orders

13185: 11618:"Daily Illini 10 September 1971 — Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections" 11278:"No Assistance Given In Case". Lake Charles American Press. May 18, 1965. 11108:

Notre Dame vs. The Klan: How the Fighting Irish Defeated the Ku Klux Klan

11086: 10381: 10055: 5892: 5788: 5554: 5549:

Recent KKK membership campaigns have stimulated people's anxieties about

5477: 5414: 5089: 4979: 4970: 4820: 4281: 4257: 4116: 3753: 3729: 3377: 3205:

Despite Gordon's and Forrest's work, local Klan units never accepted the

3095: 2850: 2837: 2499:

began taking action against it around 1871. The Klan sought to overthrow

2424: 1970: 1930: 1898: 1757: 1717: 1551: 1464: 1415: 1390: 1290: 982: 705: 688: 643: 563: 277: 123: 15588: 15333: 14476:

The Rise of the Ku Klux Klan: Right-wing Movements and National Politics

11260:

Activities of Ku Klux Klan Organizations of the United States; Parts 1–5

9555: 8334:"The KKK is in rapid decline – but its symbols remain worryingly potent" 7408:

Civil War on the Western Border: The Missouri-Kansas Conflict, 1855–1865

7154: 7150: 6993: 6961: 4807:, while men of "more elite or liberal" Protestant denominations such as 3489:. The Klansmen were apprehended and prosecuted in federal court. Judges 19221: 18671: 18424: 18210: 18082: 17823: 17791: 17132: 17020: 16643: 16297: 16287: 16224: 15837: 15709: 15697: 15512: 15285: 14730: 14544: 14245:

Everyday Klansfolk: White Protestant Life and the KKK in 1920s Michigan

14206: 14018: 10485: 10243: 10059: 8790: 8758: 7463: 6394:"Historical Flags of Our Ancestors – Flags of Extremism – Part 1 (a-m)" 6393: 5866: 5772: 5761: 5562: 5528: 5492: 5473: 5457: 5360: 5232: 4963: 4883: 4800: 4746: 4696: 4436: 4375: 4273: 4129: 3894:

at its churches. White's pro-Klan writings were collected in her books

3394: 3228: 3148: 3027: 2972:

right-wing's perception of the Klan as outdated and unfashionable. The

2802: 2693: 2646: 2456: 2401: 2252: 2247: 2128: 2123: 2019: 1995: 1844: 1737: 1695: 1651: 1459: 1447: 1420: 1410: 1330: 732: 727: 698: 633: 469: 282: 51: 15565: 14915: 12607:"Arkansas Klan Group Loses Legal Battle with North Carolina Newspaper" 10949: 10616: 9119:. "Kuklux Trials – Sentence of the Prisoners". December 29, 1871. 8286:

Dallas.FBI.gov "Domestic terrorism by the Klan remained a key concern"

7171:

The Boys in Butte: The Ku Klux Klan confronts the Catholics, 1923–1929

6015:

The Primary symbol used by the clan for the past century has been the

5335:

On November 3, 1979, five communist protesters were killed by KKK and

5235:

program began attempts to infiltrate and disrupt civil rights groups.

4699:. They could not revive the Klan's declining membership. In 1944, the 3272: 18573: 18477: 18412: 17615: 16807: 16742: 16247: 15575: 15135:

White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction

14566: 11971: 10416: 10183: 8285: 8049:. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. pp. 43, 89. 7433: 6007:

The Ku Klux Klan has utilized a variety of symbols over its history.

5834: 5735: 5720: 5710: 5646: 5279: 5171: 5167: 4334: 3822:

The second Klan was a response to the growing power of Catholics and

3775: 3700:

glorified the original Klan. The film was based on the book and play

3511: 3315: 3215: 3110: 3103: 2676: 2664: 2436: 2397: 2153: 2101: 1802: 1395: 503: 183: 15591:, at the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library. 14722: 14536: 14393:

1963 Birmingham Church Bombing: The Ku Klux Klan's History of Terror

13109:"KKK garb on Northern Irish streets – then a swift display of unity" 10235: 8774: 8373:"Tattered Robes: The State of the Ku Klux Klan in the United States" 5118:

in Mississippi. In August 2007, based on the confession of Klansman

4256:

In Alabama, Klan members advocated better public schools, effective

3862: 3523: 3303: 3109:

Historians generally classify the KKK as part of the post-Civil War

2595:. Although members of the KKK swear to uphold "Christian morality", 50:, used by some in the Third Klan and named after former Klan leader 18814: 16777: 12453: 12001: 11257: 11244:"Simmons Order Growing Rapidly". Arkansas Gazette. October 6, 1924. 10941: 10551: 8260: 6830:"Anti-Semitic and racist KKK fliers dropped in Philadelphia suburb" 6622: 5807: 5795: 5731: 5678: 5642: 5638: 5570: 5524: 5247: 4952: 4901:, was lynched for failing to address a police officer as "Mister". 4859: 4796: 4725: 4402: 4199: 4159: 4070:

Indiana showed that the rural stereotype was false for that state:

3199: 3130: 3055: 3052: 2968:, passed a resolution declaring the Klan a terrorist organization. 2833: 2829: 2642: 2509: 2118: 1940: 1859: 1504: 1430: 1335: 1295: 663: 658: 653: 578: 573: 513: 15453: 15383:

Tattered Robes: The State of the Ku Klux Klan in the United States

14966:

Rogers, William; Ward, Robert; Atkins, Leah; Flynt, Wayne (1994).

11578:

Times, William K. Stevens Special to The New York (May 22, 1973).

11039:

Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan

9134:"The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow – The Enforcement Acts (1870–1871)" 7971:

Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan

5601:

carried an editorial titled "Klan needs to ride again" written by

5330: 16936: 16737: 12583:. White Camelia Knights of the Ku Klux Klan. 2011. Archived from 9450:

Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America

8226:"Samuel Bowers, 82, Klan Leader Convicted in Fatal Bombing, Dies" 6731:"Ku Klux Klan plans rally to support anti-gay counseling student" 6643:"Ku Klux Klan plans rally to support anti-gay counseling student" 6463:

Dictionary of antisemitism from the earliest times to the present

5681:. It claims to be the largest Klan organization in America today. 5403: 5134: 5021: 4760: 4424: 4242: 4128:, Thomas Dixon Jr. borrows the idea that the first Klan had used 4047: 3999:

nationally prominent religious leader said he was a Klan member.

3852: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3795: 3420: 3048: 2946: 2895: 2786: 2753: 583: 474: 454: 427: 402: 325: 10648: 10646: 9324:"The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow: The Enforcement Acts, 1870–1871" 7713:

Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World

7243:"Alabama KKK actively recruiting to 'fight the spread of Islam'" 5429:

sued the KKK in civil court in Alabama. Her lawsuit against the

5076:

girls and injured 22 people. The perpetrators were Klan members

4672:

In 1939, after experiencing several years of decline due to the

4317:, a white schoolteacher, led to the decline of the Indiana Klan. 4280:, who had long dominated the state. In 1926, with Klan support, 4035:"The End" referring to the end of Catholic influence in the US. 16115: 15627: 14058:

Backfire: how the Ku Klux Klan helped the civil rights movement

12503: 7669: 7296:

Klan War: Ulysses S Grant and the Battle to Save Reconstruction

6755:"Mississippi KKK leader defends post-Orlando anti-gay leaflets" 5995:

The imperial kaliff was the second-highest position, after the

5965: 5904: 5814: 5532: 5481: 5209: 4329:

was formed in the early 20th century in response to attacks on

3844: 3836: 2998: 2910: 1556: 568: 459: 437: 432: 382: 14793:

Keeping Canada British: The Ku Klux Klan in 1920s Saskatchewan

12041:"Ku Klux Klan – Affiliations – Extremism in America" 10259:

After Wilson: The Struggle for the Democratic Party, 1920–1934

8046:

Grand Dragon: D. C. Stephenson and the Ku Klux Klan in Indiana

4276:

tried to build political power against the Black Belt wealthy

3866:

Klan gathering on August 31, 1929, in front of Assembly Hall,

3510:

In 1870, a federal grand jury determined that the Klan was a "

3280:, September 1871, for the attempted murder of an entire family 2667:

movement in resistance to Reconstruction. Confederate veteran

18914: 16752: 11207:"Imperial Wizard Says KKK's Membership Very Small in Texas". 10643: 10490: 8641:. "Civil War Threatened in Tennessee". September 3, 1868: 2; 8449: 8441: 8425: 8417: 7876: 6352: 5634: 5606: 5175: 4505: 4342: 2996: 2688:, which were intended to prosecute and suppress Klan crimes. 2639: 2373: 2324: 1566: 387: 19554:

Organizations based in North America designated as terrorist

18883:

Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching

13332:"Ex-Klansman David Duke Sets Sights on Russian Anti-Semites" 12993:

The African American Experience in Vietnam: Brothers in Arms

12880:

La Cristiada: the Mexican people's war for religious liberty

12577:"White Camelia Knights of the Ku Klux Klan – Home page" 12016:

WIPO Arbitration and Mediation Center: Case No. DTV2001-0023

10261:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ch. 2–3. 9899:

Red States, Blue States, and the Coming Sharecropper Society

7089:"Principles and Purposes of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan" 6856:"KKK drops antisemitic fliers in Florida to recruit members" 6619:"KKK Allegedly Threatens Gay Political Candidate in Florida" 5148:

Sr., 58, in Mississippi. In 1998 former Ku Klux Klan wizard

5072:

in September 1963 in Birmingham, Alabama, which killed four

4839:, whose conviction for the 1925 kidnap, rape, and murder of 4031: 3223:, was that they called themselves, or were called, Klansmen. 15295:"The KKK's Mount Rushmore: the problem with Stone Mountain" 13616:"A Visual Database of Extremist Symbols, Logos and Tattoos" 12780: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12772: 12770: 12768: 11312: 10749: 10747: 10745: 10625:

North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources

9879: 9877: 9875: 8696: 8694: 8611:

A Battle from the Start: The Life of Nathan Bedford Forrest

6900:"Antisemitic, racist KKK fliers dropped in Cherry Hill, NJ" 5873: 5768: 5566: 4121: 3010: 2558: 2554: 2413: 2200: 2029: 19564:

Organizations that oppose LGBT rights in the United States

15536:

Invisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866–1871

14321:

Invisible Empire: The Story of the Ku Klux Klan, 1866–1871

14212:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

13245:"German police raid far-right group members, find weapons" 12189:"Leader of a Ku Klux Klan Group Is Found Dead in Missouri" 11455: 10897: 10491:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

9940: 8879: 8867: 8843: 8524: 8512: 8403:, Southern Poverty Law Center (accessed October 21, 2017). 7950: 5527:, their history of violence, a proliferation of competing 5033:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

4343:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

3651: 3476:

signed Butler's legislation. The Ku Klux Klan Act and the

2512:, designed to be terrifying and to hide their identities. 16084: 14616:

Terror in the Night: The Klan's Campaign Against the Jews

12584: 12478: 12432:"A.C.L.U. Lawsuit Backs Klan In Seeking Permit for Cross" 11732:

Betty A. Dobratz & Stephanie L. Shanks-Meile (2000).

11174: 10521: 9767:

Amber Jolly and Ted Banks, "Dallas Ku Klux Klan No. 66,"

9244: 8948: 7591:. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office. 1967. 6876:"KKK Flyers Threatening Blacks And Jews Found In Florida" 6495: 6493: 5717: 5195:), who had campaigned for three years, and Willard Cole ( 4909:

In 1944, the second KKK was disbanded by Imperial Wizard

3641:; membership was kept secret by wearing masks in public. 2389:, is the name of several historical and current American 2370: 2355: 2335: 14554:

Citizen Klansmen: The Ku Klux Klan in Indiana, 1921–1928

14323:. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith Publishing Corporation. 12765: 12330:"Anti-Immigrant Sentiments Fuel Ku Klux Klan Resurgence" 10909: 10796: 10742: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10696: 10694: 9872: 9818:"Baldwin: Local Klan enforced their version of law here" 9256: 9173: 9171: 8691: 8193:"Inquiry Begun on Klan Ties Of 2 Icons at Virginia Tech" 8149: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8139: 6936:"Ku Klux Klan extends antisemitic campaign to Argentina" 4788:

Protestant social values than a repressive hate group."

3765:

white womanhood". Joseph Simmons published the pamphlet

2785:

on which the film was based. When the film was shown in

21:"KKK" and "Klansman" redirect here. For other uses, see 19100:

National Museum of African American History and Culture

15430:

Revised and Amended Prescript of the Order of the * * *

15012:

Schamber, Jon F.; Stroud, Scott R. (November 9, 2000).

13670: 13638: 13155:

Fememorde und Fememordprozesse in der Weimarer Republik

12400:"KKK-supportive notes dropped in Erie County driveways" 10296: 10294: 9928: 9575: 9515: 9475: 9473: 9471: 9469: 7508:"At 150, KKK sees opportunities in US political trends" 6567:"Ku Klux Klan rallies against homosexuals in Lancaster" 5696: 4921:

as Imperial Wizard in 1949, and Roper was succeeded by

4874:

kept the students on campus to avert further violence.

3774:

of Indiana took over as imperial wizard, opposition to

2951:

bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham

2917:

in 1926–1928, where Klansmen denounced immigrants from

10968: 10956: 9587: 9383: 8980: 8978: 8965: 8963: 8928: 8679: 8645:. "A Talk with General Forrest". September 8, 1868: 1. 7757: 7659: 7657: 6490: 6451:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. pp. 21, 30, 55. 5456:

and Chloê Hardin, the ex-wife of the KKK grand wizard

5258:. They were also the basis for prosecution in 1991 in 4958:

in the 1950s, for instance, individual Klan groups in

4124:, and other overtly religious symbolism. In his novel 3703:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

2781:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

2630:, on December 24, 1865, by six former officers of the 19321: 14965: 14186:

Politics, Society, and the Klan in Alabama, 1915–1949

13747: 13745: 12962: 12465:

Criss, Doug and Burnside, Tina (February 20, 2019). "

11860:"Ex-Klansman sheds tears for victim before execution" 11713: 10691: 10422: 10387: 10369: 10210:

Empire Statesman: The Rise and Redemption of Al Smith

10157:. Northern Indiana Center for History. Archived from 9860: 9565: 9563: 9493:"Nation: The Various Shady Lives of The Ku Klux Klan" 9452:. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC. p. 65. 9168: 8500: 8136: 8112: 6346: 6343: 6040: 5891:

In the 1920s, the Klan had been rumoured to exist in

5516:, with another third situated primarily in the lower 4775: 3190:

state governments, people such as Tennessee governor

3034:

Nathan Bedford Forrest § Ku Klux Klan membership

2816:. Its official rhetoric focused on the threat of the 2645:

hood, or it may be traced to the uniform of Southern

2614:

Nathan Bedford Forrest § Ku Klux Klan leadership

2367: 2364: 2358: 2349: 2341: 2338: 2329: 2321: 2318: 14740:

Ku-Klux: The Birth of the Klan during Reconstruction

13912:

The Ku Klux Klan: A History of Racism & Violence

13650: 13049:. University of British Columbia. 1992. p. 557. 12237:"About the Ku Klux Klan – Extremism in America" 12131:"About the Ku Klux Klan – Extremism in America" 11640: 11258:

Committee on Un-American Activities (January 1966).

11017: 10873: 10291: 9964: 9842:

Daniel M. Berman, "Hugo L. Black: The Early Years".

9466: 9305: 9208: 9196: 9039: 8990: 8855: 8706: 7938: 7864: 6349: 5441: 4850:

Social historian Leonard Moore titled his monograph

4732: 3413:, and patrolled the streets to protect their homes. 2994:

The name was probably formed by combining the Greek

2875:

In 1923, Simmons was ousted as leader of the KKK by

2515:

The second Klan started in 1915 as a small group in

2503:

state governments in the South, especially by using

2352: 2332: 19599:

Religiously motivated violence in the United States

14742:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 14369:(1992 ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 14034:

Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan

12996:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 85. 11005: 10331: 10306: 10130:

The Ku Klux Klan: A Guide to an American Subculture

9993: 9640:

Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture

9429: 9424:

American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice

9220: 9127: 9125: 9051: 8975: 8960: 8124: 8036: 7996: 7994: 7926: 7812: 7654: 7370: 7301: 6711:"KKK members protest LGBTQ pride march in Florence" 5734:had a Ku Klux Klan, led by Len Idensohn, attacking 3349:Klansmen killed more than 150 African Americans in 2346: 14362: 13742: 12708:"The KKK leader who says he backs Hillary Clinton" 12643:. Archived from the original on September 23, 2019 12363:"The Ku Klux Klan: America's Forgotten Terrorists" 11485:. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved November 8, 2013. 11063: 10980: 10444:. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved November 8, 2013. 9560: 8667: 7632:"Ku Klux Klan not founded by the Democratic Party" 7526: 7337:The Ku Klux Klan: A History of Racism and Violence 7174:(MA thesis). University of Montana. Archived from 6816:. United States. December 11, 1945. Archived from 6465:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1997, p. 267. 5857:. Branches of the Klan have previously existed in 5652:Church of the American Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 5088:, convicted in 2001 and 2002. The fourth suspect, 4061:, including some first-generation immigrants. The 3674:, by Arthur I. Keller. Note figures in background. 19429:Anti-communist organizations in the United States 16923: 16803:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 14649:The Invisible Empire: The Ku Klux Klan in Florida 14199:Ku Klux Klan: Its Origins, Growth and Disbandment 13955:(2008 ed.). University of California Press. 13271:"German police raid suspected KKK members' homes" 13181:"German Police Kept Jobs Despite KKK Involvement" 12551:"No. 2 Klan group on trial in Ky. teen's beating" 11580:"5 Ex-Klansmen Convicted in School Bus Bomb Plot" 11382:"Mississippi verdict greeted by a generation gap" 10406:: a Gannett Company. Retrieved November 8, 2013. 10135: 10036: 9103:p. 5, United States Circuit Court (4th Circuit). 8579:"Ku Klux Klan, Organization and Principles, 1868" 8488: 8307:"Klan named terrorist organization in Charleston" 7888: 7600: 7598: 7167: 6449:Religion and terrorism: an interfaith perspective 5535:activists who are willing to join groups at all. 5061:in Mississippi. In 1994, former Ku Klux Klansman 4528:in the 1910s. During the 1920s, Monson published 4459:, for a minor social infraction; and 16-year-old 4091: 2713:After the Klan was suppressed, similar insurgent 2164:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 19405: 18544:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN) 15612:Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan No. 51 records 15595:"Quaint Customs and Methods of the Ku Klux Klan" 15571:1871 Congressional Testimony on the Ku Klux Klan 13563:"Discovering Fiji: Cakobau and the Ku Klux Klan" 13062:The Making of the Black Working Class in Britain 11654:. Appleton, Wisconsin. May 23, 1975. p. 9. 11494: 11290:"Robert Shelton, 73, Leader of Big Klan Faction" 10885: 10054: 9659: 9122: 9002: 8825:"History of the Ku Klux Klan – Preach the Cross" 8367: 8365: 8363: 8361: 8359: 7991: 7434:"See the rise of the KKK in the U.S., 1915–1940" 7288: 7132: 5833:In the 1920s, the Klan was rumoured to exist in 5633:Bayou Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, prevalent in 5577:propaganda and distributed anti-Islamic flyers. 5468:, which has become a prominent online forum for 4994:and demonstrably biased verdicts and sentences. 4953:1950s–1960s: post-war opposition to civil rights 4163:Sheet music to "We Are All Loyal Klansmen", 1923 3790:joined 12 different fraternal organizations and 3520:men who commit crimes call themselves Ku Klux". 2921:as a threat to Canada's "Anglo-Saxon" heritage. 19589:Race-related controversies in the United States 13073: 13071: 11497:"January 1958 – The Lumbees face the Klan" 9390:. Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 272–273. 9274: 9075:"The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant, 1869–1877" 8759:"The Ku Klux Klan in South Carolina, 1868–1871" 7410:. Digital History, Kansas City Public Library. 6667:"KKK to Floridians: End AIDS by 'bashing gays'" 5331:Massacre of Communist Workers' Party protesters 2487:The first Klan, established in the wake of the 1808:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 16:American white supremacist terrorist hate group 15538:(1939), Forest History Society, Inc., May 1978 15479:Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project 15011: 14577:(4). Johns Hopkins University Press: 555–573. 12969:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 55. 12938:"Jovem ligado Ku Klux Klan detido em So Paulo" 12152: 12150: 12148: 10652: 10280: 10278: 10060:"Were Scots responsible for the Ku Klux Klan?" 9792:"Baldwin: The Ku Klux Klan in Randolph County" 9743:"Backstory: When the KKK paraded in Oak Cliff" 9694:women....were best served by joining the Klan. 9025:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 57–58. 8897: 8614:. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 8159: 7769: 7595: 7538: 6240:Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials 6178:Ku Klux Klan members in United States politics 5354: 5208:, the Klan burned crosses at the homes of two 5031:The 1951 Christmas Eve bombing of the home of 4741: 4724:radio program, resulting in episodes in which 4405:and voted the Democratic Party line as usual. 3310:was assassinated for his pro-Black sentiments. 2721:, which started in Louisiana in 1874; and the 1284:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 16938:List of lynching victims in the United States 16909: 16100: 15643: 12327: 12071:"Immigration fuels Klan surge | Facing South" 11959:RedState, White Supremacy, and Responsibility 10720:"The Various Shady Lives of The Ku Klux Klan" 10117:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 9732:, pp. 350–368, quotes on pages 360, 363. 9345:"The Various Shady Lives of the Ku Klux Klan" 8356: 8217: 8185: 6779:"Klan leader calls for death for homosexuals" 6321: 6319: 5620: 4904: 3655:Frontispiece to the first edition of Dixon's 2289: 15440:: first edition of the Klan's 1868 prescript 15425:: first edition of the Klan's 1867 prescript 15243:(2nd ed. University of Illinois Press, 2004) 15149:The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America 15083:. Hamilton printing and publishing company. 13362:"David Duke, To Russia With Hate – CBS News" 13068: 12297: 12295: 11525: 11186: 10548:"Nightly News Full Broadcast (January 27th)" 10353:. Indiana Historical Society. Archived from 9634: 9131: 9068: 9066: 8726:"Former Negro Slave Resident of Shippenberg" 7263:"In the Army and the Klan, he hated Muslims" 7182: 6369:An analysis of this cartoon can be found in 18974:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act 15182:The Fiery Cross The Ku Klux Klan in America 14826: 14287: 14277:Race and History: Selected Essays 1938–1988 13329: 13020:Vietnam, PTSD, USMC, Black-Americans and Me 12912:"El día que llegó el Ku Klux Klan a México" 12854:Under the Skin: The Death of White Rhodesia 12509: 12259: 12158:"Church of the American Knights of the KKK" 12145: 11501:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 10591: 10589: 10467:, March 24, 1940; accessed February 3, 2017 10275: 10178: 10176: 10005: 9958: 9883: 9014: 8248: 6198:List of Confederate monuments and memorials 5144:The 1966 firebombing death of NAACP leader 4313:. His conviction in 1925 for the murder of 3744:Three Ku Klux Klan members at a 1922 parade 3586:. It ruled that Congress's power under the 1500:List of people killed for being transgender 18945: 18790:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore 18520:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken 16916: 16902: 16107: 16093: 15650: 15636: 15576:Mapping the Second Ku Klux Klan, 1915–1940 14968:Alabama: The History of a Deep South State 14682:The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi: A History 14426:(4). Cambridge University Press: 971–992. 13594:. Amsterdam University Press. p. 69. 13538:The Federation Movement in Fiji, 1880–1902 12989: 11433:"Klan Murder Shines Light on Bogalusa, La" 10475: 10473: 10011: 8331: 8299: 7606:"Ku Klux Klan – Extremism in America" 7544: 7438:Mapping the Second Ku Klux Klan, 1915–1940 7371:Jacobs, David; O'Donnell, Patrick (2006). 7359:one of the nation's first terrorist groups 7113: 6446: 6316: 5921:(A Klansman I am) completes the greeting. 5794:In the 1920s, the Klan briefly existed in 5760:The Klan has also been established in the 5393: 5057:The 1963 assassination of NAACP organizer 4767:Pegram says this original interpretation: 4506:Development of Christian Identity Theology 4470: 4337:in Atlanta, and to the Klan's campaign to 3817: 3546:their reasons for doing so were numerous. 3380:, according to the Congressional inquiry: 2760:In 1915, the second Klan was founded atop 2566: 2296: 2282: 19266:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain) 18726:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes 17504:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner 16773:Interminority racism in the United States 14509: 14446: 14389: 14126:Black Reconstruction in America 1860–1880 13784:"Why Does the Ku Klux Klan Burn Crosses?" 13524:. Suva: The Fiji Times. pp. 120–124. 13305:Staatsanwanltschaft Stuttgart (in German) 12292: 12101:"Report: Supremacist activity flourishes" 11924: 11920: 11918: 11282: 10802: 10753: 10663: 10661: 10583:, New York: Touchstone Book, 2002, p. 75. 10575: 10573: 10087:"Why does the Ku Klux Klan burn crosses?" 9608:"Patriotic Day at Zarephath Camp-Meeting" 9447: 9063: 8542: 8153: 7059:"Ku Klux Klan Ledgers | History Colorado" 6218:Mass racial violence in the United States 6163:History of the Ku Klux Klan in New Jersey 6030: 5252:murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner 5097:murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner 4297: 4187:in his successful campaign for governor. 4107:, the founder of the second Klan in 1915. 3601: 3292:and intimidated Southern Republicans and 2591:" blood, hearkening back to 19th-century 19604:Right-wing populism in the United States 19489:Christian terrorism in the United States 19424:1915 establishments in the United States 15977:University of Georgia desegregation riot 15833:Original Ku Klux Klan of the Confederacy 15589:Ku Klux Klan collection, circa 1875–1990 15132: 15099: 14641:. New York / London: Garland Publishing. 14031: 13908: 13587: 13519: 13392:"Ku Klux Klan sets up Australian branch" 13178: 12784: 12328:Knickerbocker, Brad (February 9, 2007). 12229: 12028:World Intellectual Property Organization 11893:"Klan Member Put to Death In Race Death" 11719: 11273: 11271: 11269: 10915: 10706: 10586: 10516:Grinberg, Emanuella (January 27, 2017). 10515: 10447: 10393: 10351:"D. C. Stephenson manuscript collection" 10186:. Indiana State Library. November 2000. 10173: 9895: 9605: 9177: 9072: 8937:, pp. 1–30. Newton quotes from the 8900:"Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era" 8466:"Ku Klux Klan in the Reconstruction Era" 8386: 8169:. Anti-Defamation League. Archived from 8042: 7763: 7608:. Anti-Defamation League. Archived from 7145:(1). Georgia Historical Society: 63–75. 6511: 5898: 5872:A Ku Klux Klan group was established in 5278: 5261:Bray v. Alexandria Women's Health Clinic 5110:The 1964 murder of two Black teenagers, 4996: 4745: 4365: 4301: 4204: 4158: 4095: 4030: 3861: 3778:became another primary aim of the Klan. 3747: 3739: 3677: 3665: 3650: 3644: 3522: 3501: 3419: 3355: 3302: 3271: 3147: 3129: 3042: 3021: 2849: 2840:, many of whom were Jewish or Catholic. 2747: 2617: 2539:popular fraternal organization structure 599:Social determinants of health in poverty 19574:Political violence in the United States 19095:National Memorial for Peace and Justice 15910:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers 15868:Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 15398:Ku Klux Klan – Active Groups (By State) 15076: 14835: 14789: 14706: 14469: 14373: 14365:The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930 14360: 14196: 14183: 14150: 14119: 14107:from the original on September 23, 2020 13817: 13781: 13676: 13644: 13456: 13454: 13452: 13450: 12823: 12553:. Associated Press. November 11, 2008. 11887: 11885: 11809:from the original on September 19, 2015 11648:"'Ladies' Become Vocal in Ku Klux Klan" 11318: 11253: 11251: 11180: 11035: 11000:The Ku Klux Klan in the City, 1915–1930 10879: 10768:"Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century" 10470: 10300: 10190:from the original on September 18, 2009 9934: 9593: 9581: 9521: 9479: 8916:from the original on September 19, 2008 8885: 8873: 8849: 8753: 8685: 8530: 8518: 8506: 8476:from the original on September 19, 2008 8415:, p. 11 states that Reed proposed 8130: 8084:"Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century" 7968: 7962: 7956: 7678:"The Ku Klux Klan: Some of Its Leaders" 7663: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7333: 6717:from the original on September 12, 2020 6677:from the original on September 12, 2020 6629:from the original on September 12, 2020 6605:from the original on September 12, 2020 6325:In addition to previous Klan ideologies 6297:The Ku Klux Klan has been described as 6213:List of white nationalist organizations 5849:In Australia in the late 1990s, former 5685:Loyal White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 5531:, and a decline in the number of young 5502: 5377: 3952:and new sexual freedoms. It emphasized 3288:The Klan attacked Black members of the 3276:Three Ku Klux Klan members arrested in 19439:Anti-black racism in the United States 19406: 16845:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 14900: 14757:Pegram, Thomas R. (October 16, 2011). 14756: 14678: 14645: 14609: 14597:from the original on February 24, 2021 14522: 13933:from the original on December 29, 2022 13794:from the original on November 10, 2021 13782:Koerner, Brendan (December 17, 2002). 13501:from the original on February 14, 2023 13460: 13435:from the original on February 14, 2012 13420: 13342:from the original on December 13, 2022 13193:from the original on September 4, 2012 13059: 13016: 12265: 12180: 11915: 11547: 11545: 11528:"The Civil Rights Movement, 1964–1968" 11461: 11430: 11379: 11357:"Justice Still Absent in Bridge Death" 11105: 11042:. Oxford University Press. p. 8. 11011: 10974: 10962: 10903: 10848: 10658: 10609: 10570: 10497:from the original on February 15, 2017 10400:"History of the Montgomery Advertiser" 10147: 9946: 9866: 9729: 9683:from the original on November 22, 2023 9144:from the original on February 28, 2016 9020: 8954: 8934: 8583:State University of New York at Albany 7777:"John W. Morton Passes Away in Shelby" 7732: 7569:The Ku Klux Klan in the City 1915–1930 7532: 7249:from the original on November 15, 2020 7095:from the original on November 27, 2022 7069:from the original on December 25, 2022 7046:from the original on December 25, 2022 7008:from the original on December 25, 2022 6499: 6478:, Vol. 77, No. 4 (June 1999), p. 1463. 6039:, but in fact represents three letter 5649:, and other areas of the Southern U.S. 5591:The February 14, 2019, edition of the 5269:House Un-American Activities Committee 4053:In the medium-size industrial city of 3038: 2941:; or with governor's offices, as with 2663:and spread throughout the South as an 19519:History of the Southern United States 19449:Anti-Catholicism in the United States 18732:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels 18638:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA 18329: 16935: 16897: 16088: 15631: 15322:The Southwestern Historical Quarterly 15319: 15307:from the original on October 24, 2018 15263: 15232:(H.H. Wilson Reference Shelf) (1926) 15028:from the original on December 8, 2021 14868: 14564: 14551: 14327: 14205: 13988:The Ku Klux Klan in Wood County, Ohio 13826: 13569:from the original on October 27, 2022 13372:from the original on January 22, 2022 13330:Daniszewski, John (January 6, 2001). 13311:from the original on December 9, 2021 13281:from the original on December 9, 2021 13251:from the original on December 9, 2021 13151: 13135:"Orden der Ritter vom feurigen Kreuz" 12877: 12850: 12796: 12186: 11925:Kornbluth, Jesse (November 1, 1987). 11903:from the original on October 15, 2015 11577: 11266: 11262:. United States Congress. p. 49. 11159:from the original on February 4, 2017 11069: 11023: 10986: 10927: 10784:from the original on October 25, 2005 10669:"The Ku Klux Klan, a brief biography" 10558:from the original on February 2, 2017 10528:from the original on February 2, 2017 10375: 10256: 10221: 10084: 10066:from the original on October 23, 2017 9999: 9735: 9705: 9628: 9569: 9337: 9250: 9165:. "N. B. Forrest". September 3, 1868. 8996: 8861: 8749: 8747: 8712: 8700: 8607: 8257:"Court Will Review Cross Burning Ban" 8254: 8100:from the original on October 25, 2005 7944: 7894: 7882: 7870: 7745:from the original on February 5, 2023 7688:from the original on October 23, 2016 7676:Dixon, Thomas Jr. (August 27, 1905). 7675: 7444:from the original on October 13, 2016 7414:from the original on January 26, 2023 7229:from the original on October 20, 2020 6959: 6910:from the original on October 30, 2020 6886:from the original on October 21, 2020 6862:from the original on October 30, 2020 6842:from the original on November 2, 2020 6697:from the original on October 24, 2020 6404:from the original on January 12, 2021 6370: 4115:The second Klan embraced the burning 3606: 3159:Former Confederate brigadier general 2894:with its membership primarily in the 2491:, was a defining organization of the 55: 19584:Progressive Era in the United States 19307:Lynching deaths in the United States 18437:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman 18330: 16868: 16069: 15848:National Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 15553:A History of Central Florida Podcast 15485:Buffalo Ku Klux Klan Membership List 15468:The Ku Klux Klan in Washington State 15346: 15292: 15178: 15145: 15040: 14798:University of British Columbia Press 14777:from the original on August 12, 2022 14318: 14017: 13945: 13899: 13862: 13656: 13447: 13402:from the original on October 4, 2013 13225:from the original on August 25, 2012 13179:Gathmann, Florian (August 2, 2012). 12738: 12705: 12687:from the original on October 1, 2018 12557:from the original on October 4, 2013 12398:Rink, Matthew (September 25, 2020). 12397: 11978: 11882: 11443:from the original on August 14, 2017 11248: 11104:See also the semi-fictional account 10509: 10337: 10312: 10141: 10042: 9970: 9435: 9311: 9262: 9238: 9226: 9214: 9202: 9190: 9073:Scaturro, Frank (October 26, 2006). 9057: 9045: 9008: 8984: 8969: 8827:. preachthecross.net. Archived from 8805:from the original on August 10, 2023 8673: 8662: 8494: 8436: 8412: 8332:Allerfeldt, Kristofer (March 2019). 8267:from the original on October 6, 2010 8205:from the original on October 6, 2010 8118: 8000: 7932: 7787:from the original on October 8, 2016 7576: 6789:from the original on July 28, 2022. 6422:Blow, Charles M. (January 7, 2016). 6255:White supremacy in the United States 5697:Outside the United States and Canada 4481:Congress of Industrial Organizations 4172:moved north into Canada, especially 3994:Religion was a major selling point. 3576:In 1882, the Supreme Court ruled in 2964:plant. In 1999, the city council of 1306:Capital punishment for homosexuality 604:Social determinants of mental health 19454:Anti-communism in the United States 18968:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act 18744:O'Day Short, wife, and two children 18526:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey 16258:Discrimination based on nationality 15511:by biracial director and filmmaker 14999:from the original on April 24, 2023 14953:from the original on April 24, 2023 14814:from the original on April 24, 2023 14565:Moore, Leonard J. (December 1996). 14497:from the original on April 24, 2023 14348:from the original on April 24, 2023 14248:. Michigan State University Press. 14241: 14229:from the original on April 24, 2023 13887:from the original on April 24, 2023 13534: 13475:from the original on April 26, 2012 12944:from the original on March 11, 2014 12753:from the original on March 17, 2016 12720:from the original on March 14, 2016 12438:. December 16, 1993. Archived from 12342:from the original on March 27, 2008 12280:from the original on March 25, 2012 11939:from the original on August 8, 2016 11870:from the original on August 4, 2016 11827: 11701:from the original on August 6, 2009 11542: 11394:from the original on June 29, 2006. 11354: 10891: 9916:from the original on April 16, 2016 9824:from the original on March 26, 2019 9798:from the original on March 26, 2019 9749:from the original on March 27, 2019 9404:from the original on April 14, 2015 8223: 7843: 7783:. November 21, 1914. pp. 1–2. 6589:. February 13, 2015. Archived from 6512:Dibranco, Alex (February 3, 2020). 6461:Michael, Robert, and Philip Rosen. 6010: 4539: 4530:Satan's Seat: The Enemy of Our Race 4440:magazine, as well as local papers. 4192:1924 Democratic National Convention 3405:Union Army veterans in mountainous 2545:communities, it sought to maintain 2435:and—especially in later iterations— 1426:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 19494:Christianity-related controversies 15293:Shah, Khushbu (October 24, 2018). 15208: 15166:from the original on April 7, 2023 15087:from the original on April 8, 2023 15064:from the original on April 7, 2023 15047:White Hoods: Canada's Ku Klux Klan 14856:from the original on April 8, 2023 14666:from the original on April 8, 2023 14619:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 14558:University of North Carolina Press 14262:from the original on April 8, 2023 14171:from the original on April 8, 2023 14005:from the original on April 8, 2023 13969:from the original on April 8, 2023 13902:Drink: A Social History of America 13850:from the original on April 7, 2023 13115:from the original on June 18, 2022 13089:from the original on June 18, 2022 12918:from the original on June 18, 2022 12827:Rhodesia: The Struggle for Freedom 12490:Gore, Leada (February 21, 2019). " 12412:from the original on March 2, 2021 12309:from the original on April 2, 2016 12164:. October 22, 1999. Archived from 11658:from the original on March 7, 2016 11408:. January 24, 2007. Archived from 10826:from the original on July 23, 2018 10631:from the original on July 31, 2017 10493:. October 1940. pp. 323–324. 10097:from the original on June 19, 2010 10024:from the original on July 24, 2009 10012:Greenhouse, Linda (May 29, 2002). 9669:. University of California Press. 8744: 8224:Lee, Jennifer (November 6, 2006). 8201:. November 16, 1997. p. 138. 8063:from the original on June 28, 2022 7852:from the original on March 4, 2012 7733:Kinney, Alison (January 8, 2016). 6926:. January 16, 2018. Archived from 6653:from the original on July 13, 2022 6203:List of Ku Klux Klan organizations 6188:Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary 5909:Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary 5611:University of Southern Mississippi 5070:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 4776:New social history interpretations 4683:sold the national organization to 4492:16th Street Baptist Church bombing 3495:South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials 3493:and George S. Bryan presided over 3062:(right) on March 4, 1869, the day 14: 19630: 19559:Organizations established in 1865 19529:Islamophobia in the United States 19524:20th century in the United States 18868:American Crusade Against Lynching 18514:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 15853:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 15812:Black Legion (political movement) 15685:Members in United States politics 15341: 14937:University of Massachusetts Press 14639:The Ku Klux Klan: An Encyclopedia 13866:Hugo L. Black: Cold Steel Warrior 13763:from the original on May 25, 2021 13730:from the original on June 2, 2021 13588:van Dijk, Kees (March 14, 2015). 13139:politische-bildung-brandenburg.de 12360: 12187:Stack, Liam (February 13, 2017). 12111:from the original on July 4, 2023 12081:from the original on July 4, 2023 11840:from the original on May 12, 2011 11779:from the original on May 22, 2011 11628:from the original on July 7, 2023 11598:from the original on July 7, 2023 11495:Graham, Nicholas (January 2005). 11300:from the original on May 18, 2009 10861:from the original on May 11, 2015 9535:"Imperial Nighthawk Vol. 1 No. 8" 8344:from the original on May 16, 2022 8313:from the original on June 5, 2015 8236:from the original on May 12, 2011 8024:from the original on July 5, 2022 7914:from the original on May 27, 2018 7642:from the original on July 7, 2020 7514:from the original on July 1, 2016 6737:. October 5, 2010. Archived from 6573:. August 24, 1991. Archived from 6524:from the original on June 2, 2020 6153:Black Legion (political movement) 5820:In Germany, a KKK-related group, 5691:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 5442:Neo-Nazi alliances and Stormfront 5325:University of Southern California 5201:Pulitzer Prize for Public Service 5170:activist, Robert Kochtitzky, the 5159:, a stronghold of Klan activity, 4941:White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan 4733:Historiography of the second Klan 4475:In major Southern cities such as 4154: 3870:, for "Patriotic Day" during the 3362:Ku Klux Klan in Southern Illinois 19504:Democratic Party (United States) 19419:1865 establishments in Tennessee 19391: 19379: 19367: 19355: 19343: 19331: 19080:America's Black Holocaust Museum 18863:American anti-lynching activists 18835:Nadir of American race relations 18425:Steve Long and two half-brothers 18361:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX 16877: 16867: 16858: 16857: 16068: 16059: 16058: 15657: 15623:University of Maryland Libraries 15502:interview with hooded KKK member 15444:The Ku Klux Klan in Shelby, N.C. 15139:Louisiana State University Press 14281:Louisiana State University Press 14197:Fleming, Walter J., ed. (1905). 13775: 13712: 13700:from the original on May 8, 2021 13682: 13608: 13581: 13555: 13528: 13513: 13487: 13463:"We have infiltrated party: KKK" 13414: 13384: 13354: 13323: 13293: 13263: 13237: 13205: 13172: 13145: 13127: 13101: 13053: 13037: 13010: 12983: 12956: 12930: 12914:(in Spanish). December 5, 2020. 12904: 12871: 12844: 12817: 12790: 12732: 12699: 12669: 12629: 12599: 12569: 12543: 12484: 12459: 12424: 12391: 12354: 12321: 12303:"The Year in Hate and Extremism" 12203: 12123: 12093: 12063: 12033: 12008: 11951: 11852: 11821: 11791: 11759: 11725: 11681: 11673: 11610: 11571: 11519: 11488: 11467: 11424: 11398: 11373: 11348: 11324: 11237: 11226: 11215: 11200: 11141: 11128: 11098: 11075: 11029: 10992: 10921: 10842: 10808: 10759: 10712: 10540: 10428: 10343: 10318: 10286:The invisible empire in the West 10250: 10215: 10202: 10122: 10109: 10078: 10048: 9976: 9889: 9836: 9810: 9784: 9761: 9699: 9653: 9599: 9545: 9527: 9485: 9441: 9416: 9377: 9317: 9268: 9232: 9183: 9156: 9110: 9097: 8383:, Anti-Defamation League (2016). 7846:"The Enforcement Acts (1870–71)" 7139:The Georgia Historical Quarterly 6978:10.1111/j.1748-5959.2012.00402.x 6942:. March 20, 2015. Archived from 6339: 6124: 6108: 6096: 6084: 6047: 5565:and encourages violence against 5274: 4936:assassination of John F. Kennedy 4545:Estimated membership statistics 3582:that the Klan Act was partially 3447:of Massachusetts introduced the 3334:cast 1,222 votes for Republican 3155:in Confederate military uniform 2404:. Various historians, including 2314: 1919:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 1748:Law for Protection of the Nation 1642:White genocide conspiracy theory 324: 40: 19286:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 18920:National Conference on Lynching 18478:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya 18355:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre 17696:Mary Turner and her unborn baby 16878: 15900:Assassination of George Ashburn 15621:, Mt. Rainier, Maryland at the 14738:Parsons, Elaine Frantz (2016). 14710:The Journal of American History 14652:. University Press of Florida. 14525:The Journal of Southern History 14334:. University of Alabama Press. 13909:Baudouin, Richard, ed. (1997). 13904:. New York: Carroll & Graf. 13810: 13522:Fiji's Times: A History of Fiji 12706:Tait, Robert (March 14, 2016). 12370:Law Enforcement Executive Forum 12266:Palmer, Brian (March 8, 2012). 11355:Cox, Major W. (March 2, 1999). 10765: 10726:. April 9, 1965. Archived from 10595:Mark Hand (November 18, 2004). 10155:"Indiana History Chapter Seven" 9606:Lawrence, L.S. (October 1929). 9499:. April 9, 1965. Archived from 9384:John Milton Cooper Jr. (2011). 9353:. April 9, 1965. Archived from 8891: 8817: 8718: 8648: 8632: 8601: 8571: 8552: 8458: 8406: 8393:"Extremist Files: Ku Klux Klan" 8325: 8279: 8081: 8075: 8014:"The Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s" 8006: 7900: 7837: 7806: 7726: 7704: 7624: 7500: 7456: 7426: 7396: 7364: 7340:. DIANE Publishing. p. 6. 7327: 7212: 7161: 7126: 7107: 7081: 7020: 6953: 6799: 6761:. June 22, 2016. Archived from 6540: 6505: 6363: 6328: 6291: 5775:and using the fear of the 1912 5225:Federal Bureau of Investigation 5182: 5016:According to a report from the 4026: 3935: 3781: 2704:leaders of the South. He says: 1753:MSM blood donation restrictions 1495:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 19619:Terrorism in the United States 19579:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 18402:Gallatin County, KY, race riot 16763:Go back to where you came from 16007:Macedonia Baptist Church arson 15532:Interview with Stanley F. Horn 15407: 15077:Stevens, Albert Clark (1907). 14291:Quarterly Journal of Economics 13836:. University Press of Kansas. 13461:Jensen, Erik (July 10, 2009). 12613:. July 9, 2009. Archived from 11989:Circling the Wagons in Georgia 11559:(21 ed.): 1517–1525. 1965 11431:Keller, Larry (May 29, 2009). 11380:Axtman, Kris (June 23, 2005). 10085:Adams, Cecil (June 18, 1993). 9988:New England Journal of History 9844:Catholic University Law Review 6966:History of Education Quarterly 6481: 6468: 6455: 6440: 6424:"Gun Control and White Terror" 6416: 6386: 6282: 6273: 6250:Terrorism in the United States 5738:for his perceived moderation. 5582:American Civil Liberties Union 5413:With the support of attorneys 5092:, died before he was indicted. 4176:, where it opposed Catholics. 4092:Costumes and the burning cross 4038:Klansmen: Guardians of Liberty 4010: 3903:Klansmen: Guardians of Liberty 3878:One notable exception was the 3543:called out the militia against 3340:November presidential election 3278:Tishomingo County, Mississippi 3051:threatening that the KKK will 2870:Southern Publicity Association 2733: 2654:The Cyclopædia of Fraternities 2626:The first Klan was founded in 1766:(as religious or racial quota) 234:Third Klan (1946/1950–present) 1: 19614:Social movement organizations 19539:Neo-Confederate organizations 19534:Lynching in the United States 19302:Lynching in the United States 18603:Springfield race riot of 1908 17021:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer 16925:Lynching in the United States 15515:for her documentary The Aryan 14481:University of Minnesota Press 14447:Lindemann, Albert S. (1991). 14215:. Perennial (HarperCollins). 14129:(1998 ed.). Free Press. 13421:Ansley, Greg (June 5, 1999). 12990:Westheider, James E. (2007). 12677:"Knights of the Ku Klux Klan" 12335:The Christian Science Monitor 11927:"The Woman Who Beat The Klan" 11532:Southern Methodist University 11387:The Christian Science Monitor 10489:. Vol. 47, no. 10. 9990:, Vol. 66 Issue 1, pp. 62–78. 9896:Cummings, Stephen D. (2008). 9718:I believe in white supremacy. 8309:. Reuters. October 14, 1999. 8043:Lutholtz, M. William (1993). 7487:Hate and Bias Crime: A Reader 6261: 6183:Ku Klux Klan raid (Inglewood) 6017:Mystic Insignia of a Klansman 5293:busing to desegregate schools 5242:, the government revived the 3411:Bennettsville, South Carolina 3400: 3251: 2924: 2864:The second Klan was a formal 2607: 2381:), commonly shortened to the 2196:Second-generation gender bias 1904:Constitutional colorblindness 594:Social determinants of health 243:Stone Mountain, Georgia, U.S. 169: 19196:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson 19127:And you are lynching Negroes 18979:Emmett Till Antilynching Act 18714:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith 18620:Harris County, GA, lynchings 18562:Wilmington, NC, insurrection 18408:New Orleans massacre of 1866 15817:Association of Georgia Klans 15566:FBI file on the Ku Klux Klan 14836:Quarles, Chester L. (1999). 14760:One Hundred Percent American 14361:Jackson, Kenneth T. (1967). 14275:Franklin, John Hope (1992). 14027:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 13218:International Business Times 12824:Kapungu, Leonard T. (1974). 11195:Atlanta Journal-Constitution 10773:The New Georgia Encyclopedia 8905:The New Georgia Encyclopedia 8763:The Journal of Negro History 8450: 8426: 8255:Brush, Pete (May 28, 2002). 8020:. American Experience. PBS. 7910:. Southern Hollows podcast. 7813:J. Michael Martinez (2007). 7710:Michael K. Jerryson (2020), 6447:Al-Khattar, Aref M. (2003). 6379: 6229:One Hundred Percent American 5661:Knights of the White Camelia 5625:A list is maintained by the 5283:Violence at a Klan march in 5133:. She was a Southern-raised 5043:, resulting in their deaths. 4823:, were less likely to join. 4333:, including the lynching of 3897:The Ku Klux Klan in Prophecy 3594:Klan costumes, also called " 3100:Knights of the White Camelia 2997: 2989: 7: 19444:Anti-Catholic organizations 19434:Anti-black racism in Canada 19105:Southern Poverty Law Center 18750:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings 18378:? Lachenais and four others 17816:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 17133:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson 15357:Southern Poverty Law Center 15225:(1998) 35#6 pp. 71–77. 15218:(1986) 49#1 pp. 26–48. 15185:. Oxford University Press. 15133:Trelease, Allen W. (1995). 14985:. McFarland & Company. 14972:University of Alabama Press 14929:Richard, Mark Paul (2015). 14877:University of Georgia Press 14842:. McFarland & Company. 14831:. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press. 14571:Reviews in American History 14420:Journal of American Studies 14383:University Press of Florida 14190:University of Alabama Press 14093:. Oxford University Press. 14055:Chalmers, David M. (2003). 14032:Chalmers, David M. (1987). 13917:Southern Poverty Law Center 13247:. AP News. April 30, 2021. 12940:(in Brazilian Portuguese). 12857:. Allen Lane. p. 211. 12830:. Orbis Books. p. 48. 12739:Blau, Max (July 19, 2015). 12681:Southern Poverty Law Center 12219:Southern Poverty Law Center 11932:The New York Times Magazine 10617:"'Death to the Klan' March" 10224:Journal of Southern History 9448:McWhirter, Cameron (2011). 9387:Woodrow Wilson: A Biography 9326:, Public Broadcast Service 9138:Public Broadcasting Service 8910:Georgia Southern University 8740:– via Newspapers.com. 8608:Wills, Brian Steel (1992). 7735:"How the Klan Got Its Hood" 7567:Kenneth T. Jackson, in his 7545:Perlmutter, Philip (1999). 7475:Southern Poverty Law Center 7375:. 8: Idea Men Productions. 7194:Southern Poverty Law Center 6235:Racism in the United States 6193:Leaders of the Ku Klux Klan 6140: 6069:, and its film adaptation, 5823:Ritter des Feurigen Kreuzes 5741: 5510:Southern Poverty Law Center 5488:in the early 21st century. 5419:Southern Poverty Law Center 5372:Southern Poverty Law Center 5355:Jerry Thompson infiltration 5129:The 1965 Alabama murder of 4978:states such as Alabama and 4742:Anti-modern interpretations 4526:Christian Identity Theology 3767:ABC of the Invisible Empire 3241:right to keep and bear arms 3008:, which means circle) with 2974:Southern Poverty Law Center 2903:abduction, rape, and murder 2602: 2582:Southern Poverty Law Center 2107:Medical model of disability 1951:Hate speech laws by country 10: 19635: 19544:American fascist movements 18586:1906 Atlanta race massacre 18556:Phoenix, SC, election riot 18532:New Orleans 1891 lynchings 18484:Benjamin and Mollie French 16114: 15905:San Francisco riot of 1877 15473:September 9, 2012, at the 15388:November 18, 2017, at the 14790:Pitsula, James M. (2013). 14637:; Newton, Judy Ann (199). 14552:Moore, Leonard J. (1991). 14453:Cambridge University Press 14087:Cunningham, David (2012). 13822:. New York: Facts On File. 13423:"Dark mystique of the KKK" 12498:February 22, 2019, at the 12473:February 22, 2019, at the 11553:"Ku Klux Klan Probe Begun" 11481:November 12, 2013, at the 11036:MacLean, Nancy K. (1995). 10653:Schamber & Stroud 2000 10257:Craig, Douglas B. (1992). 10208:Robert A. Slayton (2001). 10058:; Frantz Parsons, Elaine. 9982:Emily Parker (Fall 2009). 9334:. Retrieved April 5, 2008. 9079:College of St. Scholastica 8442: 8418: 8379:November 18, 2017, at the 7497:, Routledge, 2003, p. 112. 7480:February 19, 2010, at the 7404:"Ku Klux Klan Established" 7294:Fergus Bordewich. (2023). 6571:United Press International 6437:. Retrieved March 3, 2022. 6168:Ku Klux Klan Honor Society 6051: 6002: 5937: – local organization 5902: 5865:, as well as allegedly in 5844: 5621:Current Klan organizations 5445: 5400:Michael Donald was lynched 5343:, in what is known as the 5341:Greensboro, North Carolina 5197:Whiteville, North Carolina 5193:Tabor City, North Carolina 4905:Later Klans: 1950s–present 4877: 4835:, the Grand Dragon of the 4826: 4509: 4399:1928 presidential election 4395:Editorial Writing Pulitzer 4393:for the crusade, the 1928 4143: 3977:and Democrats, as well as 3859:major secular newspapers. 3537:governor of North Carolina 3453:governor of South Carolina 3210:describes the membership: 3031: 3025: 2984: 2966:Charleston, South Carolina 2798:prominent in many cities. 2737: 2611: 2527:. Taking inspiration from 2216:Social model of disability 649:Discrimination against men 20: 19294: 19113: 19072: 18991: 18893:William O'Connell Bradley 18853: 18807: 18803: 18632:East St. Louis, IL, riots 18384:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre 18367:New York City draft riots 18336: 18325: 18074: 17343: 16948: 16944: 16931: 16853: 16730: 16563: 16331: 16233: 16122: 16054: 16019: 15964: 15923: 15887: 15880: 15863:Imperial Klans of America 15825: 15804: 15794:Women of the Ku Klux Klan 15784: 15775: 15719: 15693: 15665: 15581:October 13, 2016, at the 15435:October 23, 2012, at the 15420:October 23, 2012, at the 15266:Journal of Social History 14979:Sánchez, Juan O. (2016). 14869:Rable, George C. (1984). 14510:McWhorter, Diane (2001). 14432:10.1017/S0021875813001357 14319:Horn, Stanley F. (1939). 12882:. Square One Publishers. 12661:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 12211:"Active U.S. Hate Groups" 11828:UPI (February 28, 1982). 11622:idnc.library.illinois.edu 11338:January 18, 2012, at the 10851:"Superman Versus the KKK" 10597:"The Greensboro Massacre" 10459:February 4, 2017, at the 10440:October 31, 2013, at the 10184:"Ku Klux Klan in Indiana" 9778:November 3, 2023, at the 9709:Heroes of the Fiery Cross 9330:October 19, 2017, at the 9021:Ranney, Joseph A (2006). 8732:. July 7, 1933. p. 6 8643:The Charleston Daily News 7848:. Jim Crow Stories. PBS. 7133:Philip N. Racine (1973). 5801: 5704: 5656:Imperial Klans of America 5421:(SPLC) and state senator 5317:University of Mississippi 5254:; and the 1965 murder of 5139:Selma to Montgomery March 5037:Harry and Harriette Moore 5018:Southern Regional Council 4944:had about 1,500 members. 4235:Orange County, California 4146:Women of the Ku Klux Klan 3909:Heroes of the Fiery Cross 3192:William Gannaway Brownlow 2709:governments in the South. 2679:group, the Klan targeted 2671:founded a KKK chapter in 1547:Opposition to immigration 438:Race / Ethnicity 255: 247: 239: 232: 176: 165: 154: 147: 101: 93: 82: 75: 63: 39: 23:Clansman (disambiguation) 19157:Deaths in police custody 18644:Jenkins County, GA, riot 18455:Chinese massacre of 1871 18373:Detroit race riot (1863) 18008:Lynching of Raymond Gunn 17800:Dick Rowland (attempted) 15951:La Paloma nightclub raid 15179:Wade, Wyn Craig (1998). 15152:. Simon & Schuster. 15146:Wade, Wyn Craig (1987). 15100:Thompson, Jerry (1982). 14679:Newton, Michael (2009). 14646:Newton, Michael (2001). 14390:Klobuchar, Lisa (2009). 14063:Rowman & Littlefield 13720:"Triangular Klan Symbol" 13541:. iUniverse. p. 7. 13017:Jordan, John H. (2016). 12305:. Southern Poverty Law. 11817:– via Google News. 10603:October 6, 2008, at the 10410:August 25, 2012, at the 10324:Roger K. Newman (1997). 9275:Balkin, Jack M. (2002). 8470:New Georgia Encyclopedia 8167:"About the Ku Klux Klan" 8089:New Georgia Encyclopedia 7885:, pp. 101, 110–111. 7821:Rowman & Littlefield 7551:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 7469:October 3, 2012, at the 7388:: CS1 maint: location ( 6266: 6019:, commonly known as the 5349:Communist Workers' Party 5082:Thomas Edwin Blanton Jr. 4868:University of Notre Dame 4701:Internal Revenue Service 4496:Communist Workers' Party 4339:prohibit private schools 4139: 4055:Worcester, Massachusetts 3735: 3487:Insurrection Act of 1807 3449:Civil Rights Act of 1871 3445:Benjamin Franklin Butler 3429:Civil Rights Act of 1871 3425:Benjamin Franklin Butler 3360:Garb and weapons of the 3330:gubernatorial election, 2854:The "Ku Klux Number" of 1542:Occupational segregation 1311:Compulsory sterilization 19138:Battle of Liberty Place 19133:Attack on John Shillady 19121:James Allen (collector) 18954:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill 18738:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot 18662:Omaha race riot of 1919 18650:Longview, TX, race riot 18626:Newberry, FL, lynchings 18568:Julia and Frazier Baker 18550:Porter and Spencer (MS) 18502:Thibodeax, LA, massacre 18460:Meridian, MS, race riot 18443:Opelousas, LA, massacre 17416:Paul Reed and Will Cato 17101:Big Nose George Parrott 16793:Psychometrics of racism 16243:Anti-miscegenation laws 15843:United Klans of America 15617:August 2, 2020, at the 15600:August 2, 2020, at the 15547:March 11, 2016, at the 15507:August 7, 2022, at the 15490:April 22, 2021, at the 15454:Civil Rights Greensboro 15257:August 3, 2020, at the 14328:Hubbs, G. Ward (2015). 14184:Feldman, Glenn (1999). 13871:Oxford University Press 13023:. Dorrance Publishing. 12878:Meyer, Jean A. (2013). 12637:"FAQ—The Knights Party" 12022:March 26, 2017, at the 11965:April 27, 2016, at the 11799:"Bonds for Klan Upheld" 11332:Who Was Harry T. Moore? 11083:The Story of Notre Dame 10326:Hugo Black: A Biography 10119:vol. 7 no. 1 pp. 89–119 9902:. Algora. p. 119. 9884:Fryer & Levitt 2012 9853:March 11, 2024, at the 9846:(1959). 8 (2): 103–116 8564:August 3, 2020, at the 7975:Oxford University Press 7969:MacLean, Nancy (1995). 7168:Christine K. Erickson. 7063:www.historycolorado.org 6940:Jewish Telegraph Agency 6814:Jewish Telegraph Agency 6119:, North Carolina (1958) 5782: 5431:United Klans of America 5394:Michael Donald lynching 5174:, and the residence of 5103:was convicted of state 4750:Ku Klux Klan parade in 4471:Labor and anti-unionism 4219:Stone Mountain, Georgia 3874:'s annual Camp Meeting. 3818:Perceived moral threats 3579:United States v. Harris 3478:Enforcement Act of 1870 3351:Jackson County, Florida 2597:Christian denominations 2553:stance, and it opposed 2497:Federal law enforcement 2398:terrorist organizations 2092:Internalized oppression 1946:Fighting Discrimination 1936:Fat acceptance movement 1894:Anti-discrimination law 1520:Native American mascots 159:Stone Mountain, Georgia 149:Second Klan (1915–1944) 58:is shown in the centre. 19484:Christian anti-Judaism 19479:Antisemitism in Europe 19474:Antisemitism in Canada 19464:Anti-Italian sentiment 19272:United States v. Shipp 19024:Rebecca Latimer Felton 18855:Anti-lynching movement 18772:Freedom Summer Murders 18702:Rosewood, FL, massacre 18667:Knoxville riot of 1919 17536:Laura and L. D. Nelson 16758:Ethnic plastic surgery 16253:Biological determinism 15987:Murder of Frank Morris 15956:Murder of Maceo Snipes 15558:July 14, 2018, at the 15496:Buffalo History Museum 15448:Buffalo History Museum 15401:(2011) – archived list 15376:Anti-Defamation League 15367:April 6, 2018, at the 15248:Sociological Quarterly 15228:Johnsen, Julia E. ed. 14151:Egerton, John (1994). 13818:Axelrod, Alan (1997). 13757:Anti-Defamation League 13724:Anti-Defamation League 13694:Anti-Defamation League 13620:Anti-Defamation League 13520:Gravelle, Kim (1988). 13428:The New Zealand Herald 13152:Nagel, Irmela (1991). 12611:Anti-Defamation League 12527:. 2011. Archived from 12525:Anti-Defamation League 12241:Anti-Defamation League 12162:Anti-Defamation League 12135:Anti-Defamation League 12045:Anti-Defamation League 11092:March 1, 2010, at the 8399:April 6, 2018, at the 8292:March 5, 2010, at the 7719:April 7, 2023, at the 7493:April 7, 2023, at the 7464:Anti-Defamation League 7334:Bullard, Sara (1998). 7298:. Penguin Random House 6693:. September 13, 2010. 6429:March 4, 2022, at the 6103:Triangular Klan symbol 6031:Triangular Klan symbol 5949: – initiation fee 5627:Anti-Defamation League 5514:Southern United States 5384:Chattanooga, Tennessee 5288: 5120:Charles Marcus Edwards 5013: 4895:Brownsville, Tennessee 4773: 4755: 4449:Brownsville, Tennessee 4371: 4364: 4327:Anti-Defamation League 4318: 4309:, Grand Dragon of the 4298:Resistance and decline 4222: 4164: 4108: 4085: 4042: 4021:Union County, Arkansas 3992: 3875: 3792:recruited for the Klan 3757: 3745: 3706:, as well as the book 3689: 3675: 3663: 3619:William Joseph Simmons 3602:Second Klan: 1915–1944 3563: 3553:led the prosecutions. 3532: 3432: 3407:Blount County, Alabama 3390: 3373: 3311: 3281: 3225: 3178:was elected the first 3176:Nathan Bedford Forrest 3156: 3153:Nathan Bedford Forrest 3141:At an 1867 meeting in 3138: 3075: 2978:Anti-Defamation League 2962:natural gas processing 2866:fraternal organization 2861: 2766:William Joseph Simmons 2757: 2740:Ku Klux Klan in Canada 2711: 2623: 2599:widely denounce them. 2578:Anti-Defamation League 2211:Social identity threat 2184:Reverse discrimination 2174:Racial color blindness 1632:Violence against women 1612:Sex-selective abortion 77:First Klan (1865–1872) 19469:Anti-Slavic sentiment 19350:Civil Rights Movement 19243:Summer in Mississippi 19190:Mississippi Cold Case 19144:The Birth of a Nation 19085:Civil Rights Memorial 19014:Sidney Johnston Catts 18992:Defenders of lynching 18678:Duluth, MN, lynchings 18656:Elaine, AR, race riot 18614:Laura and L.D. Nelson 18580:Watkinsville lynching 18538:Ruggles Brothers (CA) 18496:Hamburg, SC, massacre 18472:Election riot of 1874 18419:Camilla, GA, massacre 18341:Death of Joseph Smith 16965:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 16678:In Jewish communities 16656:Hispanic & Latino 16045:The Birth of a Nation 15992:Murder of Lemuel Penn 15982:Birmingham bus attack 15946:Murder of Oneal Moore 15760:Inglewood, California 15670:Titles and vocabulary 15460:July 6, 2014, at the 15415:Prescript of the * * 14921:July 1, 2010, at the 14583:10.1353/rah.1996.0084 14038:Duke University Press 14024:The Mind Of The South 13900:Barr, Andrew (1999). 13863:Ball, Howard (1996). 13468:Sydney Morning Herald 13158:(in German). Böhlau. 12851:Caute, David (1983). 12199:on February 15, 2017. 11995:June 4, 2011, at the 11803:The Victoria Advocate 11697:. November 18, 2004. 11369:on November 26, 2010. 11362:Montgomery Advertiser 11106:Tucker, Todd (2004). 10849:von Busack, Richard. 10404:Montgomery Advertiser 10128:Marty Gitlin (2009). 9745:. February 28, 2017. 9618:Pillar of Fire Church 8831:on September 16, 2014 7245:. December 10, 2015. 6673:. November 23, 2015. 6173:Ku Klux Klan in Maine 6075:The Birth of a Nation 5899:Titles and vocabulary 5886:Francis Herbert Dufty 5598:The Democrat-Reporter 5497:white power skinheads 5462:bulletin board system 5313:University of Georgia 5309:Vanderbilt University 5282: 5080:, convicted in 1977, 5000: 4969:During the tenure of 4803:, and members of the 4769: 4749: 4564:4,000,000–6,000,000* 4524:and began to develop 4488:civil rights movement 4434:and the NAACP in its 4386:Montgomery Advertiser 4369: 4359: 4305: 4291:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4208: 4162: 4134:The Birth of a Nation 4099: 4072: 4034: 4004:multi-level marketing 3987: 3969:eligible population. 3884:Zarephath, New Jersey 3880:Pillar of Fire Church 3872:Pillar of Fire Church 3868:Zarephath, New Jersey 3865: 3751: 3743: 3698:The Birth of a Nation 3685:The Birth of a Nation 3681: 3669: 3654: 3646:The Birth of a Nation 3639:The Birth of a Nation 3614:The Birth of a Nation 3558: 3526: 3502:End of the first Klan 3461:Meridian, Mississippi 3423: 3382: 3359: 3306: 3275: 3212: 3151: 3133: 3046: 3022:First Klan: 1865–1871 2931:civil rights movement 2853: 2808:The Mind of the South 2771:The Birth of a Nation 2751: 2706: 2621: 2574:civil rights movement 2534:The Birth of a Nation 2478:civil rights movement 2179:Religious intolerance 2139:Political correctness 1961:Intersex human rights 1909:Cultural assimilation 1577:Religious persecution 1341:Disability hate crime 172:3 million – 6 million 19459:Anti-Irish sentiment 18961:Costigan-Wagner Bill 18898:Ella Barksdale Brown 18696:Perry, FL, race riot 18608:Slocum, TX, massacre 18508:Mart and Tom Horrell 18466:Colfax, LA, massacre 18449:Bear River City riot 18299:James Craig Anderson 18099:Robert "Bobbie" Hall 17704:Hazel "Hayes" Turner 16768:Herrenvolk democracy 15972:Battle of Hayes Pond 15519:"Inside Today's KKK" 15278:10.1353/jsh/24.2.341 15106:. New York: Putnam. 14516:Simon & Schuster 13368:. February 2, 2001. 13307:. January 16, 2019. 13111:. November 4, 2018. 13060:Ramdin, Ron (2017). 12797:Burke, Kyle (2018). 12531:on February 12, 2011 12168:on September 1, 2010 12107:. February 6, 2007. 11211:. February 11, 1961. 11155:. January 13, 1950. 11138:October 1940, p. 324 10998:Kenneth T. Jackson, 9706:White, Alma (1928). 9370:Woodmen of the World 8898:Bryant, Jonathan M. 8431:) and Kennedy added 8296:, FBI, Dallas office 8173:on December 26, 2009 7638:. October 23, 2018. 7612:on February 12, 2011 7034:. January 17, 1927. 6960:Laats, Adam (2012). 6906:. October 16, 2018. 6882:. October 10, 2017. 6858:. October 18, 2017. 5767:Klan was present in 5503:Current developments 5448:Stormfront (website) 5378:Chattanooga shooting 5299:, and the more open 5218:Battle of Hayes Pond 5063:Byron De La Beckwith 4754:, September 13, 1926 4689:veterinary physician 4532:in which he adopted 4196:William Gibbs McAdoo 3839:in the Midwest, and 3588:Fourteenth Amendment 3551:Amos Tappan Ackerman 3540:William Woods Holden 3370:Missouri Republican, 3174:Confederate general 3143:Nashville, Tennessee 3074:, September 1, 1868. 2673:Nashville, Tennessee 2531:'s 1915 silent film 1562:Political repression 549:Anti-left handedness 539:Anti-intellectualism 256:Political ideologies 177:Political ideologies 102:Political ideologies 27:KKK (disambiguation) 19203:The Ox-Bow Incident 19183:Mississippi Burning 19034:John Trotwood Moore 18690:Tulsa race massacre 18684:Ocoee, FL, massacre 18179:Mack Charles Parker 18107:Willie James Howard 16788:Perpetual foreigner 16002:Fort Chaffee crisis 15997:Greensboro massacre 15936:Tulsa race massacre 15858:Silver Dollar Group 15712:(1946/1950–present) 15606:The Literary Digest 15500:Video clip of 2014 15494:, digitized by the 15103:My Life in the Klan 14910:Winner of the 1918 14556:. Chapel Hill, NC: 14242:Fox, Craig (2011). 14201:. Neale Publishing. 13535:Ali, Ahmed (2008). 13083:Intelligence Report 13079:"The Klan Overseas" 12803:. UNC Press Books. 12713:The Daily Telegraph 12587:on February 8, 2011 12442:on October 6, 2010. 12215:Intelligence Report 12075:www.facingsouth.org 12030:, January 13, 2002. 11975:, December 5, 2005. 11836:. Chattanooga, TN. 11538:on August 27, 2005. 11507:on October 24, 2007 11464:, pp. 208–211. 11437:Intelligence Report 11343:The Palm Beach Post 11321:, pp. 562–563. 11209:Dallas Morning News 10930:The History Teacher 10906:, pp. 221–228. 10435:"Editorial Writing" 10390:, pp. 432–433. 10357:on February 8, 2010 9949:, pp. 119–156. 9265:, pp. 109–110. 9253:, pp. 458–459. 8957:, pp. 157–158. 8888:, pp. 680–681. 8876:, pp. 674–675. 8852:, pp. 677–678. 8755:Simkins, Francis B. 8703:, pp. 425–426. 8533:, pp. 671–675. 8521:, pp. 679–680. 8472:. October 3, 2002. 7959:, pp. 241–242. 7315:. November 17, 2023 7267:The Washington Post 6835:The Times of Israel 6649:. October 5, 2010. 6625:. August 31, 2017. 6301:, as well as being 6288:Peaked in 1924–1925 6037:Sierpiński triangle 5969: – ritual book 5595:, weekly newspaper 5551:illegal immigration 5345:Greensboro massacre 5337:American Nazi Party 5321:University of Akron 5163:was found murdered. 5157:Bogalusa, Louisiana 5116:Charles Eddie Moore 5046:The 1957 murder of 4960:Birmingham, Alabama 4805:Disciples of Christ 4546: 4534:Russel Kelso Carter 4500:Greensboro massacre 4477:Birmingham, Alabama 4410:Pennsylvania Avenue 4383:Sr., editor of the 4227:Anaheim, California 4221:, on July 24, 1948. 3946:Edward Young Clarke 3888:Alma Bridwell White 3808:Imperial Night-Hawk 3709:The Leopard's Spots 3556:Foner argues that: 3472:In 1871, President 3439:Republican senator 3072:Independent Monitor 3068:Tuscaloosa, Alabama 3039:Creation and naming 2939:Birmingham, Alabama 2892:Evansville, Indiana 2805:, in his 1941 book 2549:, often took a pro- 2482:far-right extremist 2449:right-wing populism 2087:Historical eugenics 1602:Segregation academy 1582:Religious terrorism 1371:Enemy of the people 1279:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 789:Jehovah's Witnesses 674:Perpetual foreigner 273:Anti-trade unionism 199:Social conservatism 194:Right-wing populism 134:Christian terrorism 36: 19594:Reconstruction Era 19549:Christian Identity 19499:COINTELPRO targets 19217:Reconstruction era 19029:John Temple Graves 18873:Jessie Daniel Ames 18820:Indiana White Caps 18490:Ellenton, SC, riot 18413:Reno Brothers Gang 18163:Judge Edward Aaron 17360:Ballie Crutchfield 16818:Racial integration 16798:Race and sexuality 16603:Japanese Americans 16323:Racial segregation 16313:Racial nationalism 15050:. New Star Books. 14970:. Tuscaloosa, AL: 14902:Rhodes, James Ford 14685:. McFarland, Inc. 14304:10.1093/qje/qjs028 14188:. Tuscaloosa, AL: 13983:Brooks, Michael E. 13915:(fifth ed.). 13690:"Blood Drop Cross" 13626:on August 15, 2012 13085:. March 15, 1998. 12436:The New York Times 12379:on October 1, 2020 12193:The New York Times 11897:The New York Times 11834:The New York Times 11805:. April 22, 1980. 11584:The New York Times 11345:, August 16, 1999. 11296:. March 20, 2003. 11294:The New York Times 11153:The New York Times 11134:"Sixth Lynching", 10820:The New York Times 10679:on August 25, 2012 10673:www.aaregistry.org 10423:Rogers et al. 1994 10388:Rogers et al. 1994 10018:The New York Times 9961:, pp. 25–52 . 9820:. March 10, 2010. 9539:Imperial Nighthawk 9163:The New York Times 9132:Wormser, Richard. 9117:The New York Times 8730:The News-Chronicle 8230:The New York Times 8198:The New York Times 7844:Wormser, Richard. 6820:on June 21, 2023. 6487:Barkun, pp. 60–85. 6435:The New York Times 5931: – treasurers 5425:, Donald's mother 5423:Michael A. Figures 5297:affirmative action 5289: 5112:Henry Hezekiah Dee 5086:Bobby Frank Cherry 5035:(NAACP) activists 5014: 4911:James A. Colescott 4845:Kenneth T. Jackson 4817:Congregationalists 4756: 4685:James A. Colescott 4681:Hiram Wesley Evans 4544: 4516:Christian Identity 4372: 4319: 4251:disenfranchisement 4223: 4165: 4109: 4105:William J. Simmons 4103:was introduced by 4043: 3876: 3788:William J. Simmons 3772:James A. Colescott 3758: 3746: 3690: 3676: 3664: 3611:In 1915, the film 3607:Refounding in 1915 3533: 3433: 3374: 3326:In the April 1868 3312: 3282: 3267:their ears cropped 3157: 3139: 3136:Confederate cause. 3116:William L. Sharkey 3084:Pulaski, Tennessee 3076: 2877:Hiram Wesley Evans 2862: 2758: 2628:Pulaski, Tennessee 2624: 2541:. Rooted in local 2505:voter intimidation 2493:Reconstruction era 2427:positions such as 1991:Social integration 1986:Self-determination 1976:Racial integration 1924:Diversity training 1914:Cultural pluralism 1889:Affirmative action 1781:Racial segregation 1691:Crime of apartheid 1587:Religious violence 1089:Indigenous people 465:Sexual orientation 288:Anti-globalization 263:Anti-miscegenation 189:Christian Identity 87:Pulaski, Tennessee 65:Political position 34: 19319: 19318: 19315: 19314: 19260:They Won't Forget 19177:Lynching postcard 19090:The Legacy Museum 19059:James K. Vardaman 18999:Theodore G. Bilbo 18987: 18986: 18878:Martin C. Ansorge 18799: 18798: 18784:Michael Schwerner 18591:Kemper County, MS 18431:Pulaski, TN, riot 18321: 18320: 18317: 18316: 18024:Shedrick Thompson 17904:Bernice Raspberry 17624:Name unknown (MS) 17528:Name unknown (TX) 17149:Joseph Vermillion 17117:John Wesley Heath 16891: 16890: 16639:African Americans 16586:Chinese Americans 16283:Ethnic stereotype 16082: 16081: 16015: 16014: 15876: 15875: 15750:Southern Illinois 15347:Official websites 15239:Lay, Shawn, ed., 14875:(2007 ed.). 14379:The Klan Unmasked 13991:. History Press. 13952:Women of the Klan 13947:Blee, Kathleen M. 13336:Los Angeles Times 12641:The Knights Party 12617:on April 12, 2010 12361:Akins, J. Keith. 12225:on April 6, 2005. 12141:on July 25, 2010. 11652:The Post-Crescent 11526:Simon, Dennis M. 11412:on March 28, 2008 11183:, pp. 80–83. 10579:Diane McWhorter, 10161:on April 11, 2008 10091:The Straight Dope 9794:. March 3, 2010. 9769:Handbook of Texas 9676:978-0-520-07876-5 9666:Women of the Klan 9503:on August 6, 2009 9422:Brian R. Farmer, 9357:on August 6, 2009 8943:The KKK testimony 8659:, August 28, 1868 8121:, pp. 52–53. 7347:978-0-7881-7031-7 7225:. March 2, 2015. 7178:on July 28, 2022. 7157:on July 28, 2022. 6946:on July 28, 2022. 6930:on June 12, 2021. 6785:. July 13, 1992. 6713:. June 13, 2017. 6557:on July 1, 2021. 6502:, pp. 47–88. 6245:Rosewood massacre 6131:Cross burning in 6115:Cross burning in 5961: – gathering 5955: – secretary 5943: – recruiter 5725:Rhodes University 5615:Auburn University 5559:same-sex marriage 5470:white nationalism 5427:Beulah Mae Donald 5305:Pontiac, Michigan 5155:In July 1966, in 5048:Willie Edwards Jr 4841:Madge Oberholtzer 4670: 4669: 4522:British Israelism 4465:LaGrange, Georgia 4352:Madge Oberholtzer 4315:Madge Oberholtzer 4270:David Bibb Graves 4245:moved to Kansas. 4213:, a Ku Klux Klan 4059:Swedish Americans 3810:(1923–1924), and 3786:New Klan founder 3682:Movie poster for 3531:of North Carolina 3457:riot and massacre 3435:In January 1871, 3320:St. Landry Parish 3308:George W. Ashburn 3294:Freedmen's Bureau 3258:Rockingham County 2907:Madge Oberholtzer 2881:a breakaway group 2860:, August 16, 1924 2429:white nationalism 2410:African Americans 2391:white supremacist 2306: 2305: 2169:Racism by country 2097:Intersectionality 2082:Heteronormativity 1865:Voter suppression 1607:Sexual harassment 1406:Forced conversion 1326:Cultural genocide 988:African Americans 799:post–Cold War era 784:Eastern Orthodoxy 534:Anti-drug addicts 529:Anti-homelessness 448:Scientific racism 301: 300: 139:Neo-Confederatism 119:White nationalism 109:Anti-black racism 19626: 19396: 19395: 19394: 19384: 19383: 19382: 19372: 19371: 19370: 19360: 19359: 19358: 19348: 19347: 19336: 19335: 19334: 19327: 19114:Related articles 19064:Thomas E. Watson 19054:Benjamin Tillman 19019:Thomas Dixon Jr. 18943: 18942: 18805: 18804: 18708:Jim and Mark Fox 18396:Memphis massacre 18331:Multiple victims 18327: 18326: 18310: 18302: 18294: 18286: 18278: 18270: 18262: 18254: 18246: 18238: 18230: 18227:Wharlest Jackson 18222: 18214: 18206: 18198: 18190: 18182: 18174: 18166: 18158: 18150: 18142: 18134: 18126: 18123:John Cecil Jones 18118: 18110: 18102: 18094: 18086: 18067: 18059: 18051: 18043: 18035: 18027: 18019: 18016:Matthew Williams 18011: 18003: 17995: 17987: 17979: 17971: 17963: 17955: 17947: 17939: 17931: 17923: 17915: 17907: 17899: 17891: 17883: 17875: 17867: 17859: 17851: 17843: 17835: 17827: 17819: 17811: 17803: 17795: 17787: 17779: 17776:Berry Washington 17771: 17763: 17755: 17747: 17739: 17731: 17723: 17715: 17707: 17699: 17691: 17683: 17675: 17667: 17659: 17651: 17643: 17640:Anthony Crawford 17635: 17632:Jesse Washington 17627: 17619: 17611: 17603: 17595: 17587: 17579: 17571: 17563: 17555: 17552:Zachariah Walker 17547: 17539: 17531: 17523: 17515: 17512:Grant Richardson 17507: 17499: 17491: 17483: 17475: 17467: 17459: 17456:Earnest Williams 17451: 17443: 17435: 17427: 17419: 17411: 17403: 17395: 17387: 17379: 17371: 17363: 17355: 17336: 17328: 17320: 17312: 17309:John Henry James 17304: 17296: 17288: 17280: 17272: 17264: 17261:Stephen Williams 17256: 17248: 17240: 17232: 17224: 17216: 17213:Ephraim Grizzard 17208: 17200: 17192: 17184: 17176: 17173:Brown Washington 17168: 17160: 17152: 17144: 17136: 17128: 17120: 17112: 17104: 17096: 17088: 17080: 17077:Arthur St. Clair 17072: 17064: 17056: 17048: 17040: 17037:John W. Stephens 17032: 17024: 17016: 17008: 17000: 16992: 16984: 16976: 16968: 16960: 16957:Francis McIntosh 16946: 16945: 16933: 16932: 16918: 16911: 16904: 16895: 16894: 16881: 16880: 16871: 16870: 16861: 16860: 16715:Racial supremacy 16673:Jewish Americans 16651:Native Americans 16620:Zainichi Koreans 16608:Japanese Koreans 16591:Zainichi Chinese 16564:Racism by target 16341:Global apartheid 16333:Racism by region 16318:Racial profiling 16308:Racial hierarchy 16109: 16102: 16095: 16086: 16085: 16072: 16071: 16062: 16061: 15885: 15884: 15782: 15781: 15652: 15645: 15638: 15629: 15628: 15528:, April 13, 2009 15337: 15316: 15314: 15312: 15289: 15203: 15201: 15199: 15175: 15173: 15171: 15142: 15129: 15127: 15125: 15120:on March 4, 2016 15116:. Archived from 15096: 15094: 15092: 15073: 15071: 15069: 15037: 15035: 15033: 15027: 15020: 15008: 15006: 15004: 14975: 14962: 14960: 14958: 14909: 14897: 14895: 14893: 14865: 14863: 14861: 14832: 14823: 14821: 14819: 14786: 14784: 14782: 14753: 14734: 14703: 14701: 14699: 14675: 14673: 14671: 14642: 14630: 14606: 14604: 14602: 14561: 14548: 14519: 14506: 14504: 14502: 14466: 14443: 14414: 14412: 14410: 14386: 14375:Kennedy, Stetson 14370: 14368: 14357: 14355: 14353: 14324: 14315: 14298:(4): 1883–1925. 14284: 14271: 14269: 14267: 14238: 14236: 14234: 14202: 14193: 14180: 14178: 14176: 14147: 14145: 14143: 14116: 14114: 14112: 14083: 14081: 14079: 14051: 14028: 14014: 14012: 14010: 13978: 13976: 13974: 13942: 13940: 13938: 13905: 13896: 13894: 13892: 13859: 13857: 13855: 13823: 13804: 13803: 13801: 13799: 13779: 13773: 13772: 13770: 13768: 13749: 13740: 13739: 13737: 13735: 13716: 13710: 13709: 13707: 13705: 13686: 13680: 13674: 13668: 13666: 13662: 13654: 13648: 13642: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13631: 13622:. Archived from 13612: 13606: 13605: 13585: 13579: 13578: 13576: 13574: 13565:. June 7, 2020. 13559: 13553: 13552: 13532: 13526: 13525: 13517: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13491: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13480: 13458: 13445: 13444: 13442: 13440: 13418: 13412: 13411: 13409: 13407: 13398:. June 2, 1999. 13388: 13382: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13358: 13352: 13351: 13349: 13347: 13327: 13321: 13320: 13318: 13316: 13297: 13291: 13290: 13288: 13286: 13267: 13261: 13260: 13258: 13256: 13241: 13235: 13234: 13232: 13230: 13221:. July 2, 2014. 13209: 13203: 13202: 13200: 13198: 13176: 13170: 13169: 13149: 13143: 13142: 13131: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13120: 13105: 13099: 13098: 13096: 13094: 13075: 13066: 13065: 13057: 13051: 13050: 13041: 13035: 13034: 13014: 13008: 13007: 12987: 12981: 12980: 12966:Cuban Studies 40 12960: 12954: 12953: 12951: 12949: 12934: 12928: 12927: 12925: 12923: 12908: 12902: 12901: 12875: 12869: 12868: 12848: 12842: 12841: 12821: 12815: 12814: 12794: 12788: 12782: 12763: 12762: 12760: 12758: 12736: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12725: 12703: 12697: 12696: 12694: 12692: 12673: 12667: 12666: 12660: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12633: 12627: 12626: 12624: 12622: 12603: 12597: 12596: 12594: 12592: 12573: 12567: 12566: 12564: 12562: 12547: 12541: 12540: 12538: 12536: 12513: 12507: 12488: 12482: 12463: 12457: 12443: 12428: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12395: 12389: 12388: 12386: 12384: 12378: 12367: 12358: 12352: 12351: 12349: 12347: 12325: 12319: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12299: 12290: 12289: 12287: 12285: 12263: 12257: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12247:on July 25, 2010 12243:. Archived from 12233: 12227: 12226: 12221:. Archived from 12207: 12201: 12200: 12195:. Archived from 12184: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12173: 12154: 12143: 12142: 12137:. Archived from 12127: 12121: 12120: 12118: 12116: 12097: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12086: 12067: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12056: 12051:on July 29, 2010 12047:. Archived from 12037: 12031: 12012: 12006: 11982: 11976: 11955: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11922: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11899:. June 6, 1997. 11889: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11875: 11866:. June 6, 1997. 11856: 11850: 11849: 11847: 11845: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11795: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11778: 11771: 11763: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11752: 11729: 11723: 11717: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11706: 11685: 11679: 11678: 11677: 11671: 11665: 11663: 11644: 11638: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11614: 11608: 11607: 11605: 11603: 11575: 11569: 11568: 11566: 11564: 11549: 11540: 11539: 11534:. Archived from 11523: 11517: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11503:. Archived from 11492: 11486: 11471: 11465: 11459: 11453: 11452: 11450: 11448: 11428: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11417: 11402: 11396: 11395: 11377: 11371: 11370: 11365:. Archived from 11352: 11346: 11328: 11322: 11316: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11286: 11280: 11279: 11275: 11264: 11263: 11255: 11246: 11245: 11241: 11235: 11234: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11219: 11213: 11212: 11204: 11198: 11190: 11184: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11166: 11164: 11145: 11139: 11132: 11126: 11125: 11102: 11096: 11079: 11073: 11067: 11061: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11033: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11009: 11003: 10996: 10990: 10984: 10978: 10972: 10966: 10960: 10954: 10953: 10925: 10919: 10913: 10907: 10901: 10895: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10866: 10846: 10840: 10839: 10833: 10831: 10822:. May 31, 1946. 10812: 10806: 10800: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10763: 10757: 10751: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10735: 10716: 10710: 10704: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10675:. 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Press Action. 10593: 10584: 10577: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10544: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10502: 10481:"Sixth Lynching" 10477: 10468: 10451: 10445: 10432: 10426: 10420: 10414: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10347: 10341: 10335: 10329: 10322: 10316: 10310: 10304: 10298: 10289: 10282: 10273: 10272: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10219: 10213: 10206: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10180: 10171: 10170: 10168: 10166: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10126: 10120: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10082: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10052: 10046: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10031: 10029: 10009: 10003: 9997: 9991: 9985: 9980: 9974: 9968: 9962: 9959:Prendergast 1987 9956: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9870: 9864: 9858: 9840: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9788: 9782: 9765: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9739: 9733: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9714:The Good Citizen 9703: 9697: 9696: 9690: 9688: 9661:Blee, Kathleen M 9657: 9651: 9650: 9632: 9626: 9625: 9613:The Good Citizen 9603: 9597: 9591: 9585: 9579: 9573: 9567: 9558: 9549: 9543: 9542: 9531: 9525: 9519: 9513: 9512: 9510: 9508: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9464: 9463: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9427: 9420: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9381: 9375: 9374: 9364: 9362: 9341: 9335: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9293:on March 4, 2016 9292: 9286:. 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Archived from 7258: 7256: 7254: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7200:on July 23, 2013 7196:. Archived from 7186: 7180: 7179: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7153:. Archived from 7130: 7124: 7123: 7122:on May 14, 2022. 7118:. Archived from 7114:Kristin Dimick. 7111: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7100: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7076: 7074: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6931: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6825: 6803: 6797: 6793: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6765:on July 28, 2022 6750: 6748: 6746: 6741:on July 13, 2022 6726: 6724: 6722: 6706: 6704: 6702: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6601:. May 24, 2016. 6594: 6593:on July 5, 2021. 6578: 6577:on July 4, 2021. 6562: 6553:. 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Thomas Heflin 4239:Catholic Germans 3714:Thomas Dixon Jr. 3661:Arthur I. Keller 3584:unconstitutional 3491:Hugh Lennox Bond 3474:Ulysses S. Grant 3344:Ulysses S. Grant 3002: 2913:, especially in 2888:D. C. Stephenson 2822:anti-Catholicism 2702:Democratic Party 2686:Enforcement Acts 2632:Confederate army 2445:anti-Catholicism 2433:anti-immigration 2406:Fergus Bordewich 2380: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2298: 2291: 2284: 2221:Social privilege 2206:Social exclusion 2134:Police brutality 2055:Multiculturalism 2025:Amatonormativity 1840:Social exclusion 1676:Age of candidacy 1470:Homeless dumping 1376:Ethnic cleansing 328: 305: 304: 224:Anti-Catholicism 209:Anti-immigration 171: 56:Blood Drop Cross 44: 37: 33: 19634: 19633: 19629: 19628: 19627: 19625: 19624: 19623: 19569:Political masks 19404: 19403: 19402: 19392: 19390: 19380: 19378: 19368: 19366: 19356: 19354: 19342: 19332: 19330: 19322: 19320: 19311: 19290: 19227:Scottsboro Boys 19109: 19068: 18983: 18941: 18849: 18795: 18760:Harriette Moore 18720:Tate County, MS 18332: 18313: 18305: 18297: 18289: 18281: 18273: 18267:Arthur McDuffie 18265: 18257: 18249: 18241: 18233: 18225: 18217: 18209: 18201: 18193: 18185: 18177: 18169: 18161: 18153: 18145: 18137: 18129: 18121: 18113: 18105: 18097: 18089: 18081: 18070: 18064:Elbert Williams 18062: 18056:Austin Callaway 18054: 18046: 18038: 18030: 18022: 18014: 18006: 17998: 17990: 17982: 17974: 17966: 17960:Thomas Williams 17958: 17950: 17944:Thomas Bradshaw 17942: 17936:Albert Williams 17934: 17926: 17920:Joseph Upchurch 17918: 17910: 17902: 17894: 17886: 17878: 17870: 17862: 17854: 17846: 17838: 17830: 17822: 17814: 17806: 17798: 17790: 17782: 17774: 17766: 17758: 17750: 17742: 17734: 17726: 17718: 17710: 17702: 17694: 17686: 17678: 17670: 17662: 17654: 17646: 17638: 17630: 17622: 17614: 17606: 17598: 17590: 17582: 17576:George Saunders 17574: 17566: 17558: 17550: 17542: 17534: 17526: 17518: 17510: 17502: 17494: 17486: 17478: 17470: 17462: 17454: 17446: 17438: 17430: 17424:Bunk Richardson 17422: 17414: 17406: 17398: 17390: 17382: 17374: 17366: 17358: 17350: 17339: 17333:Benjamin Thomas 17331: 17323: 17315: 17307: 17299: 17293:Joseph H. 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Dee. 14750: 14737: 14723:10.2307/3659969 14697: 14695: 14693: 14669: 14667: 14660: 14635:Newton, Michael 14633: 14627: 14600: 14598: 14537:10.2307/2954550 14500: 14498: 14491: 14463: 14417: 14408: 14406: 14404: 14351: 14349: 14342: 14274: 14265: 14263: 14256: 14232: 14230: 14223: 14174: 14172: 14165: 14141: 14139: 14137: 14121:Du Bois, W.E.B. 14110: 14108: 14101: 14086: 14077: 14075: 14073: 14054: 14048: 14040:. p. 512. 14008: 14006: 13999: 13981: 13972: 13970: 13963: 13936: 13934: 13927: 13890: 13888: 13881: 13853: 13851: 13844: 13828:Baker, Kelly J. 13813: 13808: 13807: 13797: 13795: 13780: 13776: 13766: 13764: 13753:"Burning Cross" 13751: 13750: 13743: 13733: 13731: 13718: 13717: 13713: 13703: 13701: 13688: 13687: 13683: 13675: 13671: 13664: 13660: 13659:, p. 142: 13655: 13651: 13643: 13639: 13629: 13627: 13614: 13613: 13609: 13602: 13586: 13582: 13572: 13570: 13561: 13560: 13556: 13549: 13533: 13529: 13518: 13514: 13504: 13502: 13493: 13492: 13488: 13478: 13476: 13459: 13448: 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Rable 2692:that historian 2661:white supremacy 2616: 2610: 2605: 2563:Catholic Church 2547:white supremacy 2363: 2345: 2328: 2317: 2313: 2302: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2269: 2144:Polyculturalism 2040:Civil liberties 2012: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1981:Reappropriation 1881: 1880:Countermeasures 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1798:Racial steering 1764:Numerus clausus 1668: 1660: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1381:Ethnic conflict 1316:Corrective rape 1271: 1263: 1262: 1261: 1260: 1259: 913: 902: 901: 900: 899: 898: 751: 741: 740: 739: 738: 737: 629:HIV/AIDS stigma 496: 488: 487: 486: 485: 484: 433:Mental disorder 375: 367: 366: 365: 364: 363: 336: 297: 235: 228: 150: 143: 114:White supremacy 78: 59: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19632: 19622: 19621: 19616: 19611: 19609:Stone Mountain 19606: 19601: 19596: 19591: 19586: 19581: 19576: 19571: 19566: 19561: 19556: 19551: 19546: 19541: 19536: 19531: 19526: 19521: 19516: 19511: 19506: 19501: 19496: 19491: 19486: 19481: 19476: 19471: 19466: 19461: 19456: 19451: 19446: 19441: 19436: 19431: 19426: 19421: 19416: 19401: 19400: 19388: 19386:Modern history 19376: 19364: 19352: 19340: 19317: 19316: 19313: 19312: 19310: 19309: 19304: 19298: 19296: 19292: 19291: 19289: 19288: 19283: 19275: 19268: 19263: 19256: 19246: 19239: 19237:Stone Mountain 19234: 19229: 19224: 19219: 19214: 19206: 19199: 19193: 19186: 19179: 19174: 19167: 19159: 19154: 19147: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19123: 19117: 19115: 19111: 19110: 19108: 19107: 19102: 19097: 19092: 19087: 19082: 19076: 19074: 19070: 19069: 19067: 19066: 19061: 19056: 19051: 19049:Goodloe Sutton 19046: 19041: 19039:John T. Morgan 19036: 19031: 19026: 19021: 19016: 19011: 19009:Julian S. Carr 19006: 19004:Cole L. Blease 19001: 18995: 18993: 18989: 18988: 18985: 18984: 18982: 18981: 18976: 18971: 18964: 18957: 18949: 18947: 18940: 18939: 18934: 18927: 18922: 18917: 18912: 18905: 18900: 18895: 18890: 18888:Flossie Bailey 18885: 18880: 18875: 18870: 18865: 18859: 18857: 18851: 18850: 18848: 18847: 18842: 18837: 18832: 18827: 18822: 18817: 18811: 18809: 18801: 18800: 18797: 18796: 18794: 18793: 18787: 18780:Andrew Goodman 18769: 18763: 18753: 18747: 18741: 18735: 18729: 18723: 18717: 18711: 18705: 18699: 18693: 18687: 18681: 18675: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18653: 18647: 18641: 18635: 18629: 18623: 18617: 18611: 18605: 18600: 18594: 18588: 18583: 18577: 18574:Pana, IL, riot 18571: 18565: 18559: 18553: 18547: 18541: 18535: 18529: 18523: 18517: 18511: 18505: 18499: 18493: 18487: 18481: 18475: 18469: 18463: 18457: 18452: 18446: 18440: 18434: 18428: 18422: 18416: 18410: 18405: 18399: 18393: 18387: 18381: 18375: 18370: 18364: 18358: 18352: 18337: 18334: 18333: 18323: 18322: 18319: 18318: 18315: 18314: 18312: 18311: 18303: 18295: 18291:James Byrd Jr. 18287: 18279: 18275:Michael Donald 18271: 18263: 18255: 18247: 18239: 18231: 18223: 18215: 18207: 18199: 18191: 18183: 18175: 18171:Willie Edwards 18167: 18159: 18151: 18143: 18135: 18127: 18119: 18111: 18103: 18095: 18091:Johannes Kunze 18087: 18078: 18076: 18072: 18071: 18069: 18068: 18060: 18052: 18044: 18036: 18032:George Armwood 18028: 18020: 18012: 18004: 17996: 17988: 17980: 17972: 17964: 17956: 17952:Winston Pounds 17948: 17940: 17932: 17924: 17916: 17908: 17900: 17892: 17884: 17876: 17868: 17860: 17852: 17844: 17836: 17828: 17820: 17812: 17804: 17796: 17788: 17780: 17772: 17764: 17760:John Hartfield 17756: 17752:Wesley Everest 17748: 17740: 17736:Wallace Baynes 17732: 17728:Olli Kinkkonen 17724: 17720:Jim McIlherron 17716: 17708: 17700: 17692: 17684: 17676: 17668: 17660: 17652: 17644: 17636: 17628: 17620: 17612: 17604: 17600:Charles Fisher 17596: 17588: 17580: 17572: 17564: 17556: 17548: 17540: 17532: 17524: 17516: 17508: 17500: 17492: 17484: 17476: 17468: 17460: 17452: 17444: 17436: 17428: 17420: 17412: 17408:Marie Thompson 17404: 17396: 17388: 17384:J. D. Mayfield 17380: 17372: 17364: 17356: 17347: 17345: 17341: 17340: 17338: 17337: 17329: 17321: 17313: 17305: 17297: 17289: 17281: 17273: 17265: 17257: 17249: 17241: 17233: 17225: 17221:Samuel J. Bush 17217: 17209: 17201: 17193: 17185: 17177: 17169: 17161: 17157:George Meadows 17153: 17145: 17137: 17129: 17121: 17113: 17105: 17097: 17089: 17081: 17073: 17065: 17057: 17049: 17045:Alexander Boyd 17041: 17033: 17025: 17017: 17009: 17001: 16993: 16985: 16977: 16973:Josefa Segovia 16969: 16961: 16952: 16950: 16942: 16941: 16929: 16928: 16921: 16920: 16913: 16906: 16898: 16889: 16888: 16886: 16885: 16875: 16865: 16854: 16851: 16850: 16848: 16847: 16842: 16840:Reverse racism 16837: 16836: 16835: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16813:Racial figleaf 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16745: 16740: 16734: 16732: 16731:Related topics 16728: 16727: 16725: 16724: 16723: 16722: 16712: 16707: 16702: 16697: 16692: 16690:Middle Eastern 16687: 16682: 16681: 16680: 16675: 16665: 16664: 16663: 16653: 16648: 16647: 16646: 16641: 16631: 16630: 16629: 16624: 16623: 16622: 16612: 16611: 16610: 16605: 16595: 16594: 16593: 16588: 16573: 16567: 16565: 16561: 16560: 16558: 16557: 16556: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16535: 16534: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16513: 16512: 16511: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16486: 16485: 16484: 16482:United Kingdom 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16424: 16419: 16418: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16397: 16396: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16370: 16360: 16359: 16358: 16353: 16343: 16337: 16335: 16329: 16328: 16326: 16325: 16320: 16315: 16310: 16305: 16300: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16239: 16237: 16234:Manifestations 16231: 16230: 16228: 16227: 16222: 16217: 16212: 16207: 16202: 16197: 16192: 16187: 16182: 16177: 16172: 16167: 16162: 16157: 16152: 16147: 16142: 16137: 16132: 16126: 16124: 16120: 16119: 16112: 16111: 16104: 16097: 16089: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16076: 16066: 16055: 16052: 16051: 16049: 16048: 16041: 16034: 16032:Stone Mountain 16029: 16023: 16021: 16017: 16016: 16013: 16012: 16010: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15968: 15966: 15962: 15961: 15959: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15941:Inglewood raid 15938: 15933: 15927: 15925: 15921: 15920: 15918: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15891: 15889: 15882: 15878: 15877: 15874: 15873: 15871: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15829: 15827: 15823: 15822: 15820: 15819: 15814: 15808: 15806: 15802: 15801: 15799: 15798: 15797: 15796: 15785: 15779: 15773: 15772: 15770: 15769: 15764: 15763: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15745:South Carolina 15742: 15737: 15732: 15726:United States 15723: 15721: 15717: 15716: 15714: 15713: 15707: 15701: 15694: 15691: 15690: 15688: 15687: 15682: 15677: 15672: 15666: 15663: 15662: 15655: 15654: 15647: 15640: 15632: 15626: 15625: 15609: 15592: 15586: 15573: 15568: 15563: 15539: 15529: 15521:, multimedia, 15516: 15498: 15482: 15465: 15451: 15441: 15426: 15409: 15406: 15405: 15404: 15403: 15402: 15394: 15372: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15342:External links 15340: 15339: 15338: 15328:(4): 435–448. 15317: 15290: 15272:(2): 341–357. 15261: 15244: 15237: 15226: 15219: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15204: 15192:978-0195123579 15191: 15176: 15159:978-0195123579 15158: 15143: 15130: 15113:978-0399126956 15112: 15097: 15074: 15057:978-0919573123 15056: 15038: 15009: 14992:978-1476664859 14991: 14976: 14963: 14946:978-1625341884 14945: 14926: 14912:Pulitzer Prize 14908:. Vol. 7. 14898: 14886:978-0820330112 14885: 14866: 14849:978-0786406470 14848: 14833: 14824: 14807:978-0774824927 14806: 14787: 14770:978-1566639224 14769: 14754: 14749:978-1469625423 14748: 14735: 14717:(3): 811–836. 14704: 14692:978-0786457045 14691: 14676: 14659:978-0813021201 14658: 14643: 14631: 14626:978-0671692230 14625: 14607: 14562: 14549: 14531:(3): 355–368. 14520: 14507: 14490:978-0816656196 14489: 14467: 14461: 14444: 14415: 14403:978-0756540920 14402: 14387: 14371: 14358: 14341:978-0817318604 14340: 14325: 14316: 14285: 14272: 14255:978-0870139956 14254: 14239: 14222:978-0060914530 14221: 14203: 14194: 14181: 14164:978-0679408086 14163: 14148: 14136:978-0684856575 14135: 14117: 14100:978-0199911080 14099: 14084: 14072:978-0742523104 14071: 14052: 14047:978-0822307303 14046: 14036:. Durham, NC: 14029: 14015: 13998:978-1626193345 13997: 13979: 13962:978-0520942929 13961: 13943: 13926:978-0788170317 13925: 13906: 13897: 13880:978-0195078145 13879: 13860: 13843:978-0700617920 13842: 13824: 13814: 13812: 13809: 13806: 13805: 13774: 13741: 13711: 13681: 13669: 13649: 13647:, p. 160. 13637: 13607: 13601:978-9048516193 13600: 13580: 13554: 13548:978-1440102158 13547: 13527: 13512: 13486: 13446: 13413: 13383: 13353: 13322: 13292: 13275:Deutsche Welle 13262: 13236: 13204: 13171: 13165:978-3412062903 13164: 13144: 13126: 13100: 13067: 13064:. p. 216. 13052: 13036: 13030:978-1480972001 13029: 13009: 13003:978-0742569515 13002: 12982: 12976:978-0822978480 12975: 12955: 12929: 12903: 12889:978-0757003158 12888: 12870: 12864:978-0713913576 12863: 12843: 12837:978-0883444351 12836: 12816: 12810:978-1469640747 12809: 12789: 12787:, p. 319. 12764: 12731: 12698: 12668: 12628: 12598: 12568: 12542: 12508: 12483: 12458: 12423: 12390: 12353: 12320: 12291: 12273:Slate Magazine 12258: 12228: 12202: 12179: 12144: 12122: 12092: 12062: 12032: 12007: 12005:, May 8, 2003. 11977: 11950: 11914: 11881: 11851: 11820: 11790: 11758: 11745:978-0801865374 11744: 11724: 11712: 11694:Democracy Now! 11680: 11668:Newspapers.com 11639: 11609: 11570: 11541: 11518: 11487: 11475:Public Service 11466: 11454: 11423: 11397: 11372: 11347: 11323: 11311: 11281: 11265: 11247: 11236: 11225: 11214: 11199: 11185: 11173: 11140: 11127: 11121:978-0829417715 11120: 11097: 11074: 11062: 11049:978-0195098365 11048: 11028: 11016: 11004: 10991: 10979: 10977:, p. 225. 10967: 10965:, p. 222. 10955: 10942:10.2307/493879 10920: 10918:, p. 322. 10908: 10896: 10884: 10872: 10841: 10807: 10803:Klobuchar 2009 10795: 10758: 10754:Klobuchar 2009 10741: 10711: 10690: 10657: 10642: 10608: 10585: 10569: 10539: 10508: 10469: 10446: 10427: 10425:, p. 433. 10415: 10392: 10380: 10378:, p. 186. 10368: 10342: 10330: 10328:. pp. 87, 104 10317: 10305: 10290: 10274: 10268:978-0807820582 10267: 10249: 10230:(2): 211–228. 10214: 10201: 10172: 10146: 10134: 10121: 10108: 10077: 10047: 10035: 10004: 9992: 9975: 9973:, p. 370. 9963: 9951: 9939: 9937:, p. 184. 9927: 9909:978-0875866277 9908: 9888: 9871: 9859: 9835: 9809: 9783: 9760: 9734: 9722: 9698: 9675: 9652: 9627: 9598: 9586: 9584:, p. 241. 9574: 9559: 9544: 9526: 9524:, p. 296. 9514: 9484: 9465: 9459:978-0805089066 9458: 9440: 9428: 9415: 9397:978-0307277909 9396: 9376: 9336: 9316: 9314:, p. 109. 9304: 9267: 9255: 9243: 9231: 9219: 9217:, p. 362. 9207: 9205:, p. 360. 9195: 9182: 9167: 9155: 9121: 9109: 9096: 9062: 9050: 9048:, p. 373. 9038: 9032:978-0275989729 9031: 9013: 9001: 8999:, p. 435. 8989: 8987:, p. 102. 8974: 8972:, p. 375. 8959: 8947: 8927: 8890: 8878: 8866: 8864:, p. 432. 8854: 8842: 8816: 8769:(4): 606–647. 8743: 8717: 8715:, p. 342. 8705: 8690: 8688:, p. 816. 8678: 8666: 8647: 8631: 8625:978-0060924454 8624: 8600: 8570: 8551: 8543:Lindemann 1991 8535: 8523: 8511: 8499: 8487: 8457: 8405: 8385: 8355: 8324: 8298: 8278: 8247: 8216: 8184: 8158: 8154:McWhorter 2001 8135: 8123: 8111: 8074: 8055: 8035: 8005: 7990: 7984:978-0195098365 7983: 7961: 7949: 7947:, p. 248. 7937: 7935:, p. 337. 7925: 7899: 7887: 7875: 7873:, p. 458. 7863: 7836: 7830:978-0742572614 7829: 7823:. p. 24. 7805: 7797:Newspapers.com 7781:The Tennessean 7768: 7756: 7725: 7703: 7698:Newspapers.com 7684:. p. 22. 7682:The Tennessean 7668: 7653: 7623: 7594: 7575: 7562:978-0765604064 7561: 7537: 7525: 7499: 7455: 7425: 7395: 7363: 7346: 7326: 7300: 7287: 7284: 7283: 7259: 7239: 7218: 7211: 7190:"Ku Klux Klan" 7181: 7160: 7125: 7106: 7080: 7019: 6972:(3): 323–350. 6952: 6949: 6948: 6932: 6920: 6896: 6872: 6852: 6826: 6805: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6775: 6751: 6727: 6707: 6687: 6663: 6639: 6615: 6595: 6579: 6563: 6546: 6539: 6504: 6489: 6480: 6467: 6454: 6439: 6415: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6362: 6327: 6315: 6290: 6281: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6225: 6223:Ocoee massacre 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6148:Anti-mask laws 6144: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6133:Oak Hill, Ohio 6130: 6123: 6121: 6114: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6083: 6052:Main article: 6049: 6046: 6032: 6029: 6012: 6009: 6004: 6001: 5983: 5982: 5979:Imperial Kludd 5976: 5970: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5900: 5897: 5846: 5843: 5839:Czechoslovakia 5812:Northern Irish 5803: 5800: 5784: 5781: 5743: 5740: 5730:In the 1970s, 5706: 5703: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5650: 5622: 5619: 5603:Goodloe Sutton 5504: 5501: 5446:Main article: 5443: 5440: 5408:electric chair 5395: 5392: 5388:all-white jury 5379: 5376: 5365:FBI informants 5356: 5353: 5332: 5329: 5276: 5273: 5206:North Carolina 5184: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5164: 5153: 5142: 5127: 5108: 5093: 5066: 5065:was convicted. 5055: 5044: 4975:Freedom Riders 4954: 4951: 4946:Robert Shelton 4906: 4903: 4879: 4876: 4828: 4825: 4792:Kelly J. Baker 4782:social history 4777: 4774: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4558: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4541: 4538: 4507: 4504: 4472: 4469: 4453:Jesse Thornton 4391:Pulitzer Prize 4381:Grover C. Hall 4299: 4296: 4185:Edward Jackson 4156: 4155:Political role 4153: 4144:Main article: 4141: 4138: 4093: 4090: 4028: 4025: 4012: 4009: 3996:Kelly J. Baker 3966:anti-Communist 3962:anti-immigrant 3937: 3934: 3892:cross burnings 3819: 3816: 3783: 3780: 3737: 3734: 3726:Woodrow Wilson 3694:D. W. Griffith 3648: 3643: 3631:Prohibitionist 3623:Stone Mountain 3608: 3605: 3603: 3600: 3529:William Holden 3503: 3500: 3459:occurred in a 3402: 3399: 3372:in August 1875 3253: 3250: 3246:James M. Hinds 3163:developed the 3092:Reconstruction 3082:veterans from 3066:takes office. 3040: 3037: 3026:Main article: 3023: 3020: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2943:George Wallace 2926: 2923: 2919:Eastern Europe 2764:, Georgia, by 2762:Stone Mountain 2735: 2732: 2675:. As a secret 2669:John W. Morton 2649:celebrations. 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2529:D. W. Griffith 2473:cross burnings 2453:anti-communism 2304: 2303: 2301: 2300: 2293: 2286: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2260: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2192: 2191: 2189:Reverse racism 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2159:Prisoner abuse 2156: 2151: 2149:Power distance 2146: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2067:Ethnic penalty 2064: 2063: 2062: 2060:Neurodiversity 2057: 2047: 2045:Dehumanization 2042: 2037: 2035:Cisnormativity 2032: 2027: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2014: 2013: 2011:Related topics 2010: 2009: 2006: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1855:State religion 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1791:Nuremberg Laws 1788: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1733:Ghetto benches 1730: 1728:Gerrymandering 1725: 1720: 1715: 1713:Gender pay gap 1710: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1517: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1490:Lavender scare 1487: 1485:Kill Haole Day 1482: 1480:Indian rolling 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1445: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1366:Eliminationism 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1301:Cancel culture 1298: 1293: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1272: 1270:Manifestations 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1160:Middle Eastern 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 1001: 1000: 995: 990: 980: 975: 970: 969: 968: 963: 958: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 917: 916: 915: 914: 908: 907: 904: 903: 897: 896: 894:Zoroastrianism 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 870: 869: 859: 858: 857: 856: 855: 850: 845: 840: 825: 824: 823: 821:Untouchability 818: 808: 803: 802: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 771: 766: 761: 755: 754: 753: 752: 747: 746: 743: 742: 736: 735: 730: 725: 724: 723: 718: 713: 703: 702: 701: 696: 686: 681: 676: 671: 666: 661: 656: 651: 646: 641: 639:Leprosy stigma 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 500: 499: 498: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 483: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 451: 450: 445: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 405: 400: 395: 390: 385: 379: 378: 377: 376: 373: 372: 369: 368: 362: 361: 356: 351: 346: 340: 339: 338: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 321: 320: 318:Discrimination 314: 313: 299: 298: 296: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 268:Segregationism 265: 259: 257: 253: 252: 251:c. 5,000–8,000 249: 245: 244: 241: 237: 236: 233: 230: 229: 227: 226: 221: 216: 214:Anti-communism 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 180: 178: 174: 173: 167: 163: 162: 156: 152: 151: 148: 145: 144: 142: 141: 136: 131: 129:Segregationism 126: 121: 116: 111: 105: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 84: 80: 79: 76: 73: 72: 67: 61: 60: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19631: 19620: 19617: 19615: 19612: 19610: 19607: 19605: 19602: 19600: 19597: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19587: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19572: 19570: 19567: 19565: 19562: 19560: 19557: 19555: 19552: 19550: 19547: 19545: 19542: 19540: 19537: 19535: 19532: 19530: 19527: 19525: 19522: 19520: 19517: 19515: 19512: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19502: 19500: 19497: 19495: 19492: 19490: 19487: 19485: 19482: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19470: 19467: 19465: 19462: 19460: 19457: 19455: 19452: 19450: 19447: 19445: 19442: 19440: 19437: 19435: 19432: 19430: 19427: 19425: 19422: 19420: 19417: 19415: 19412: 19411: 19409: 19399: 19398:United States 19389: 19387: 19377: 19375: 19365: 19363: 19353: 19351: 19346: 19341: 19339: 19329: 19328: 19325: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19299: 19297: 19293: 19287: 19284: 19282: 19280: 19276: 19274: 19273: 19269: 19267: 19264: 19262: 19261: 19257: 19254: 19250: 19247: 19245: 19244: 19240: 19238: 19235: 19233: 19232:Silent Parade 19230: 19228: 19225: 19223: 19220: 19218: 19215: 19213: 19211: 19207: 19205: 19204: 19200: 19197: 19194: 19192: 19191: 19187: 19185: 19184: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19172: 19171:Hang 'Em High 19168: 19166: 19164: 19160: 19158: 19155: 19153: 19152: 19148: 19146: 19145: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19128: 19124: 19122: 19119: 19118: 19116: 19112: 19106: 19103: 19101: 19098: 19096: 19093: 19091: 19088: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19077: 19075: 19071: 19065: 19062: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19007: 19005: 19002: 19000: 18997: 18996: 18994: 18990: 18980: 18977: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18969: 18965: 18963: 18962: 18958: 18956: 18955: 18951: 18950: 18948: 18944: 18938: 18935: 18932: 18931:Strange Fruit 18928: 18926: 18923: 18921: 18918: 18916: 18913: 18910: 18906: 18904: 18903:Father Divine 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18864: 18861: 18860: 18858: 18856: 18852: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18825:Jim Crow laws 18823: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18812: 18810: 18806: 18802: 18791: 18788: 18785: 18781: 18777: 18773: 18770: 18767: 18764: 18761: 18757: 18754: 18751: 18748: 18745: 18742: 18739: 18736: 18733: 18730: 18727: 18724: 18721: 18718: 18715: 18712: 18709: 18706: 18703: 18700: 18697: 18694: 18691: 18688: 18685: 18682: 18679: 18676: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18657: 18654: 18651: 18648: 18645: 18642: 18639: 18636: 18633: 18630: 18627: 18624: 18621: 18618: 18615: 18612: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18598: 18597:Walker family 18595: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18581: 18578: 18575: 18572: 18569: 18566: 18563: 18560: 18557: 18554: 18551: 18548: 18545: 18542: 18539: 18536: 18533: 18530: 18527: 18524: 18521: 18518: 18515: 18512: 18509: 18506: 18503: 18500: 18497: 18494: 18491: 18488: 18485: 18482: 18479: 18476: 18473: 18470: 18467: 18464: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18450: 18447: 18444: 18441: 18438: 18435: 18432: 18429: 18426: 18423: 18420: 18417: 18414: 18411: 18409: 18406: 18403: 18400: 18397: 18394: 18391: 18388: 18385: 18382: 18379: 18376: 18374: 18371: 18368: 18365: 18362: 18359: 18356: 18353: 18350: 18346: 18342: 18339: 18338: 18335: 18328: 18324: 18308: 18307:Ahmaud Arbery 18304: 18300: 18296: 18292: 18288: 18284: 18283:Yusef Hawkins 18280: 18276: 18272: 18268: 18264: 18260: 18259:Betty Gardner 18256: 18252: 18251:Marian Pyszko 18248: 18244: 18240: 18236: 18235:Carol Jenkins 18232: 18228: 18224: 18220: 18219:Vernon Dahmer 18216: 18212: 18208: 18204: 18200: 18196: 18192: 18188: 18184: 18180: 18176: 18172: 18168: 18164: 18160: 18156: 18152: 18148: 18147:George W. Lee 18144: 18140: 18136: 18132: 18128: 18124: 18120: 18116: 18112: 18108: 18104: 18100: 18096: 18092: 18088: 18084: 18080: 18079: 18077: 18073: 18065: 18061: 18057: 18053: 18049: 18045: 18041: 18037: 18033: 18029: 18025: 18021: 18017: 18013: 18009: 18005: 18001: 18000:James Cameron 17997: 17993: 17992:George Hughes 17989: 17985: 17984:J. C. Collins 17981: 17977: 17976:Leonard Woods 17973: 17969: 17965: 17961: 17957: 17953: 17949: 17945: 17941: 17937: 17933: 17929: 17925: 17921: 17917: 17913: 17912:Owen Flemming 17909: 17905: 17901: 17897: 17893: 17889: 17885: 17881: 17877: 17873: 17869: 17865: 17864:Fred N. Selak 17861: 17857: 17853: 17849: 17845: 17841: 17837: 17833: 17829: 17825: 17821: 17817: 17813: 17809: 17805: 17801: 17797: 17793: 17789: 17785: 17781: 17777: 17773: 17769: 17765: 17761: 17757: 17753: 17749: 17745: 17741: 17737: 17733: 17729: 17725: 17721: 17717: 17713: 17712:George Taylor 17709: 17705: 17701: 17697: 17693: 17689: 17688:Robert Prager 17685: 17681: 17677: 17673: 17672:Charles Jones 17669: 17665: 17661: 17657: 17653: 17649: 17645: 17641: 17637: 17633: 17629: 17625: 17621: 17617: 17613: 17609: 17605: 17601: 17597: 17593: 17589: 17585: 17581: 17577: 17573: 17569: 17565: 17561: 17557: 17553: 17549: 17545: 17541: 17537: 17533: 17529: 17525: 17521: 17517: 17513: 17509: 17505: 17501: 17497: 17493: 17489: 17488:"Mose" Creole 17485: 17481: 17480:Matthew Chase 17477: 17473: 17469: 17465: 17461: 17457: 17453: 17449: 17448:William Burns 17445: 17441: 17437: 17433: 17429: 17425: 17421: 17417: 17413: 17409: 17405: 17401: 17397: 17393: 17389: 17385: 17381: 17377: 17373: 17369: 17365: 17361: 17357: 17353: 17352:Fred Rochelle 17349: 17348: 17346: 17342: 17334: 17330: 17326: 17322: 17318: 17317:F. W. Stewart 17314: 17310: 17306: 17302: 17301:John Anderson 17298: 17294: 17290: 17286: 17282: 17278: 17274: 17270: 17266: 17262: 17258: 17254: 17250: 17246: 17242: 17238: 17237:Alfred Blount 17234: 17230: 17229:John Peterson 17226: 17222: 17218: 17214: 17210: 17206: 17202: 17198: 17194: 17190: 17186: 17182: 17178: 17174: 17170: 17166: 17162: 17158: 17154: 17150: 17146: 17142: 17138: 17134: 17130: 17126: 17122: 17118: 17114: 17110: 17106: 17102: 17098: 17094: 17090: 17086: 17085:Michael Green 17082: 17078: 17074: 17070: 17066: 17062: 17058: 17054: 17050: 17046: 17042: 17038: 17034: 17030: 17026: 17022: 17018: 17014: 17010: 17006: 17002: 16998: 16997:Henry Plummer 16994: 16990: 16986: 16982: 16981:Pancho Daniel 16978: 16974: 16970: 16966: 16962: 16958: 16954: 16953: 16951: 16947: 16943: 16939: 16934: 16930: 16926: 16919: 16914: 16912: 16907: 16905: 16900: 16899: 16896: 16884: 16876: 16874: 16866: 16864: 16856: 16855: 16852: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16834: 16831: 16830: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16735: 16733: 16729: 16721: 16718: 16717: 16716: 16713: 16711: 16710:Wine industry 16708: 16706: 16703: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16693: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16670: 16669: 16666: 16662: 16659: 16658: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16636: 16635: 16632: 16628: 16625: 16621: 16618: 16617: 16616: 16613: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16600: 16599: 16596: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16583: 16582: 16579: 16578: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16568: 16566: 16562: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16540: 16539: 16538:South America 16536: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16526:United States 16524: 16522: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16516:North America 16514: 16510: 16507: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16491: 16490: 16487: 16483: 16480: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16429: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16402: 16401: 16398: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16365: 16364: 16361: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16348: 16347: 16344: 16342: 16339: 16338: 16336: 16334: 16330: 16324: 16321: 16319: 16316: 16314: 16311: 16309: 16306: 16304: 16303:Racialization 16301: 16299: 16296: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16268:Ethnic hatred 16266: 16264: 16261: 16259: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16240: 16238: 16232: 16226: 16223: 16221: 16218: 16216: 16213: 16211: 16208: 16206: 16203: 16201: 16198: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16188: 16186: 16185:Laissez-faire 16183: 16181: 16178: 16176: 16173: 16171: 16170:Institutional 16168: 16166: 16163: 16161: 16158: 16156: 16155:Environmental 16153: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16127: 16125: 16121: 16117: 16110: 16105: 16103: 16098: 16096: 16091: 16090: 16087: 16075: 16067: 16065: 16057: 16056: 16053: 16047: 16046: 16042: 16040: 16039: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16027:Cross burning 16025: 16024: 16022: 16018: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15969: 15967: 15963: 15957: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15931:Tulsa Outrage 15929: 15928: 15926: 15922: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15892: 15890: 15886: 15883: 15879: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15831: 15830: 15828: 15824: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15809: 15807: 15803: 15795: 15792: 15791: 15790: 15787: 15786: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15777:Organizations 15774: 15768: 15765: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15727: 15725: 15724: 15722: 15718: 15711: 15708: 15705: 15702: 15699: 15696: 15695: 15692: 15686: 15683: 15681: 15678: 15676: 15673: 15671: 15668: 15667: 15664: 15660: 15653: 15648: 15646: 15641: 15639: 15634: 15633: 15630: 15624: 15620: 15616: 15613: 15610: 15608:, August 1922 15607: 15603: 15599: 15596: 15593: 15590: 15587: 15584: 15580: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15561: 15557: 15554: 15550: 15546: 15543: 15542:Icons of Hate 15540: 15537: 15533: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15520: 15517: 15514: 15510: 15506: 15503: 15499: 15497: 15493: 15489: 15486: 15483: 15480: 15476: 15472: 15469: 15466: 15463: 15459: 15455: 15452: 15449: 15445: 15442: 15439: 15438: 15434: 15431: 15427: 15424: 15423: 15419: 15416: 15412: 15411: 15400: 15399: 15395: 15392: 15391: 15387: 15384: 15380: 15379: 15377: 15373: 15371: 15370: 15366: 15363: 15358: 15354: 15353: 15352: 15335: 15331: 15327: 15323: 15318: 15306: 15302: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15287: 15283: 15279: 15275: 15271: 15267: 15262: 15260: 15256: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15242: 15238: 15235: 15231: 15227: 15224: 15220: 15217: 15213: 15212: 15194: 15188: 15184: 15183: 15177: 15165: 15161: 15155: 15151: 15150: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15131: 15119: 15115: 15109: 15105: 15104: 15098: 15086: 15082: 15081: 15075: 15063: 15059: 15053: 15049: 15048: 15043: 15039: 15024: 15017: 15016: 15010: 14998: 14994: 14988: 14984: 14983: 14977: 14973: 14969: 14964: 14952: 14948: 14942: 14938: 14934: 14933: 14927: 14924: 14920: 14917: 14913: 14907: 14903: 14899: 14888: 14882: 14878: 14874: 14873: 14867: 14855: 14851: 14845: 14841: 14840: 14834: 14830: 14825: 14813: 14809: 14803: 14799: 14795: 14794: 14788: 14776: 14772: 14766: 14762: 14761: 14755: 14751: 14745: 14741: 14736: 14732: 14728: 14724: 14720: 14716: 14712: 14711: 14705: 14694: 14688: 14684: 14683: 14677: 14665: 14661: 14655: 14651: 14650: 14644: 14640: 14636: 14632: 14628: 14622: 14618: 14617: 14612: 14608: 14596: 14592: 14588: 14584: 14580: 14576: 14572: 14568: 14563: 14559: 14555: 14550: 14546: 14542: 14538: 14534: 14530: 14526: 14521: 14517: 14513: 14508: 14496: 14492: 14486: 14482: 14478: 14477: 14472: 14471:McVeigh, Rory 14468: 14464: 14458: 14454: 14450: 14445: 14441: 14437: 14433: 14429: 14425: 14421: 14416: 14405: 14399: 14395: 14394: 14388: 14384: 14380: 14376: 14372: 14367: 14366: 14359: 14347: 14343: 14337: 14333: 14332: 14326: 14322: 14317: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14301: 14297: 14293: 14292: 14286: 14282: 14278: 14273: 14261: 14257: 14251: 14247: 14246: 14240: 14228: 14224: 14218: 14214: 14213: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14195: 14191: 14187: 14182: 14170: 14166: 14160: 14156: 14155: 14149: 14138: 14132: 14128: 14127: 14122: 14118: 14106: 14102: 14096: 14092: 14091: 14085: 14074: 14068: 14064: 14060: 14059: 14053: 14049: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14030: 14026: 14025: 14020: 14016: 14004: 14000: 13994: 13990: 13989: 13984: 13980: 13968: 13964: 13958: 13954: 13953: 13948: 13944: 13932: 13928: 13922: 13918: 13914: 13913: 13907: 13903: 13898: 13886: 13882: 13876: 13872: 13868: 13867: 13861: 13849: 13845: 13839: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13816: 13815: 13793: 13789: 13785: 13778: 13762: 13758: 13754: 13748: 13746: 13729: 13725: 13721: 13715: 13699: 13695: 13691: 13685: 13678: 13673: 13658: 13653: 13646: 13641: 13625: 13621: 13617: 13611: 13603: 13597: 13593: 13592: 13584: 13568: 13564: 13558: 13550: 13544: 13540: 13539: 13531: 13523: 13516: 13500: 13496: 13490: 13474: 13470: 13469: 13464: 13457: 13455: 13453: 13451: 13434: 13430: 13429: 13424: 13417: 13401: 13397: 13393: 13387: 13371: 13367: 13363: 13357: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13326: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13296: 13280: 13276: 13272: 13266: 13250: 13246: 13240: 13224: 13220: 13219: 13214: 13208: 13192: 13188: 13187: 13182: 13175: 13167: 13161: 13157: 13156: 13148: 13140: 13136: 13130: 13114: 13110: 13104: 13088: 13084: 13080: 13074: 13072: 13063: 13056: 13048: 13047: 13040: 13032: 13026: 13022: 13021: 13013: 13005: 12999: 12995: 12994: 12986: 12978: 12972: 12968: 12967: 12959: 12943: 12939: 12933: 12917: 12913: 12907: 12899: 12895: 12891: 12885: 12881: 12874: 12866: 12860: 12856: 12855: 12847: 12839: 12833: 12829: 12828: 12820: 12812: 12806: 12802: 12801: 12793: 12786: 12785:Chalmers 1987 12781: 12779: 12777: 12775: 12773: 12771: 12769: 12752: 12748: 12747: 12742: 12735: 12719: 12715: 12714: 12709: 12702: 12691:September 30, 12686: 12682: 12678: 12672: 12664: 12658: 12642: 12638: 12632: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12602: 12586: 12582: 12578: 12572: 12556: 12552: 12546: 12530: 12526: 12522: 12518: 12512: 12505: 12501: 12497: 12493: 12487: 12480: 12476: 12472: 12468: 12462: 12455: 12451: 12447: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12427: 12411: 12407: 12406: 12401: 12394: 12375: 12371: 12364: 12357: 12341: 12337: 12336: 12331: 12324: 12308: 12304: 12298: 12296: 12279: 12275: 12274: 12269: 12262: 12246: 12242: 12238: 12232: 12224: 12220: 12216: 12212: 12206: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12183: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12153: 12151: 12149: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12126: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12096: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12066: 12050: 12046: 12042: 12036: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12011: 12004: 12003: 11998: 11994: 11990: 11986: 11985:Bill O'Reilly 11981: 11974: 11973: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11938: 11934: 11933: 11928: 11921: 11919: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11888: 11886: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11855: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11824: 11808: 11804: 11800: 11794: 11775: 11768: 11762: 11747: 11741: 11738:. JHU Press. 11737: 11736: 11728: 11721: 11720:Thompson 1982 11716: 11700: 11696: 11695: 11690: 11684: 11676: 11669: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11643: 11627: 11623: 11619: 11613: 11597: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11574: 11558: 11554: 11548: 11546: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11522: 11506: 11502: 11498: 11491: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11470: 11463: 11458: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11427: 11411: 11407: 11401: 11393: 11389: 11388: 11383: 11376: 11368: 11364: 11363: 11358: 11351: 11344: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11327: 11320: 11315: 11304:September 18, 11299: 11295: 11291: 11285: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11261: 11254: 11252: 11240: 11229: 11218: 11210: 11203: 11197: 11196: 11189: 11182: 11177: 11170: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11144: 11137: 11131: 11123: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11101: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11085:(1999) ch 26 11084: 11081:Arthur Hope. 11078: 11071: 11066: 11051: 11045: 11041: 11040: 11032: 11026:, p. 11. 11025: 11020: 11013: 11008: 11001: 10995: 10988: 10983: 10976: 10971: 10964: 10959: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10924: 10917: 10916:Chalmers 1987 10912: 10905: 10900: 10893: 10888: 10881: 10876: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10845: 10838: 10837:Klan ... 10825: 10821: 10817: 10811: 10805:, p. 84. 10804: 10799: 10783: 10779: 10778:Coker College 10775: 10774: 10769: 10762: 10756:, p. 74. 10755: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10715: 10708: 10707:Baudouin 1997 10703: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10664: 10662: 10655:, p. 11. 10654: 10649: 10647: 10630: 10626: 10622: 10618: 10612: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10592: 10590: 10582: 10576: 10574: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10512: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10487: 10482: 10476: 10474: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10455: 10450: 10443: 10439: 10436: 10431: 10424: 10419: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10396: 10389: 10384: 10377: 10372: 10356: 10352: 10346: 10340:, p. 96. 10339: 10334: 10327: 10321: 10315:, p. 16. 10314: 10309: 10302: 10297: 10295: 10288:, pp. 97–120. 10287: 10281: 10279: 10270: 10264: 10260: 10253: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10218: 10212:. pp. 211–213 10211: 10205: 10194:September 27, 10189: 10185: 10179: 10177: 10160: 10156: 10150: 10143: 10138: 10131: 10125: 10118: 10112: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10081: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10051: 10044: 10039: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10008: 10001: 9996: 9989: 9979: 9972: 9967: 9960: 9955: 9948: 9943: 9936: 9931: 9915: 9911: 9905: 9901: 9900: 9892: 9885: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9869:, p. 70. 9868: 9863: 9856: 9852: 9849: 9845: 9839: 9823: 9819: 9813: 9797: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9764: 9748: 9744: 9738: 9731: 9726: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9710: 9702: 9695: 9682: 9678: 9672: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9656: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9631: 9624: 9623:America pure. 9619: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9602: 9596:, p. 18. 9595: 9590: 9583: 9578: 9571: 9566: 9564: 9557: 9553: 9548: 9540: 9536: 9530: 9523: 9518: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9481: 9476: 9474: 9472: 9470: 9461: 9455: 9451: 9444: 9438:, p. 47. 9437: 9432: 9425: 9419: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9389: 9388: 9380: 9373: 9371: 9356: 9352: 9351: 9346: 9340: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9320: 9313: 9308: 9289: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9259: 9252: 9247: 9240: 9235: 9229:, p. 85. 9228: 9223: 9216: 9211: 9204: 9199: 9192: 9186: 9179: 9178:Trelease 1995 9174: 9172: 9164: 9159: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9128: 9126: 9118: 9113: 9106: 9100: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9067: 9060:, p. 88. 9059: 9054: 9047: 9042: 9034: 9028: 9024: 9017: 9010: 9005: 8998: 8993: 8986: 8981: 8979: 8971: 8966: 8964: 8956: 8951: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8931: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8894: 8887: 8882: 8875: 8870: 8863: 8858: 8851: 8846: 8835:September 15, 8830: 8826: 8820: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8748: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8714: 8709: 8702: 8697: 8695: 8687: 8682: 8676:, p. 27. 8675: 8670: 8664: 8660: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8640: 8635: 8627: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8612: 8604: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8555: 8548: 8544: 8539: 8532: 8527: 8520: 8515: 8509:, p. 27. 8508: 8503: 8496: 8491: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8461: 8454: 8452: 8446: 8438: 8434: 8430: 8428: 8422: 8414: 8409: 8402: 8398: 8394: 8389: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8362: 8360: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8328: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8282: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8251: 8235: 8231: 8227: 8220: 8204: 8200: 8199: 8194: 8188: 8172: 8168: 8162: 8155: 8150: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8132: 8127: 8120: 8115: 8099: 8095: 8094:Coker College 8091: 8090: 8085: 8078: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8048: 8047: 8039: 8023: 8019: 8015: 8009: 8002: 7997: 7995: 7986: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7913: 7909: 7903: 7896: 7891: 7884: 7879: 7872: 7867: 7851: 7847: 7840: 7832: 7826: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7809: 7802: 7798: 7791:September 25, 7786: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7766:, p. 18. 7765: 7764:Trelease 1995 7760: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7707: 7699: 7692:September 28, 7687: 7683: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7660: 7658: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7611: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7590: 7584: 7582: 7580: 7572: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7549: 7541: 7534: 7529: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7496: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7479: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7465: 7459: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7391: 7385: 7378: 7374: 7367: 7360: 7349: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7330: 7314: 7310: 7304: 7297: 7291: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7253:September 12, 7248: 7244: 7240: 7233:September 12, 7228: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7164: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7121: 7117: 7110: 7094: 7090: 7084: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7023: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6956: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6914:September 12, 6909: 6905: 6904:Jewish Ledger 6901: 6897: 6890:September 12, 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6866:September 12, 6861: 6857: 6853: 6846:September 12, 6841: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6721:September 12, 6716: 6712: 6708: 6701:September 12, 6696: 6692: 6688: 6681:September 12, 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6657:September 12, 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6633:September 12, 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6609:September 12, 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6561: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6536: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6508: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6484: 6477: 6476:Social Forces 6471: 6464: 6458: 6450: 6443: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6419: 6403: 6399: 6398:www.loeser.us 6395: 6389: 6385: 6372: 6366: 6357: 6337: 6336:mispronounced 6331: 6322: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6307:anti-abortion 6304: 6303:anti-feminist 6300: 6294: 6285: 6276: 6272: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6159: 6158:Camp Nordland 6156: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6134: 6127: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6106: 6099: 6094: 6087: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6055: 6054:Cross burning 6048:Burning cross 6045: 6042: 6038: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6008: 6000: 5998: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5906: 5896: 5894: 5889: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5797: 5792: 5790: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5765: 5763: 5758: 5756: 5751: 5749: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5702: 5692: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5541: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5464:(BBS) called 5463: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5439: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5281: 5275:1970s–present 5272: 5270: 5267:In 1965, the 5265: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5221: 5219: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5199:) shared the 5198: 5194: 5190: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5150:Samuel Bowers 5147: 5146:Vernon Dahmer 5143: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5053: 5052:Alabama River 5049: 5045: 5042: 5041:Mims, Florida 5038: 5034: 5030: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4929: 4924: 4923:Eldon Edwards 4920: 4916: 4912: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4888:Jim Crow laws 4885: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4813:Episcopalians 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4783: 4772: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4753: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4722: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4695:, an Atlanta 4694: 4690: 4687:, an Indiana 4686: 4682: 4679: 4675: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4644:6,000–10,000 4643: 4640: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4432: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4252: 4246: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4175: 4169: 4161: 4152: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4131: 4130:fiery crosses 4127: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4106: 4102: 4101:Cross burning 4098: 4089: 4084: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3997: 3991: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3958:anti-Catholic 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3933: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3917: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3825: 3824:American Jews 3815: 3813: 3809: 3806:(1919–1924), 3805: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3762: 3755: 3750: 3742: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3718:burning cross 3715: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3687: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3668: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3627:anti-Catholic 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3599: 3597: 3592: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3499: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3483:habeas corpus 3479: 3475: 3470: 3469: 3467: 3466:habeas corpus 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3389: 3387: 3386:Monroe County 3381: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3336:Rufus Bullock 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3290:Loyal Leagues 3286: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3242: 3238: 3237:voting rights 3234: 3233:planter class 3230: 3224: 3222: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3196:carpetbaggers 3194:, and other " 3193: 3189: 3185: 3184:Loyal Leagues 3181: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3169:Ironclad Oath 3166: 3162: 3161:George Gordon 3154: 3150: 3146: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3125:Southern Jews 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3090:, during the 3089: 3085: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3060:carpetbaggers 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3035: 3029: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3012: 3007: 3003: 3001: 3000: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2935:desegregation 2932: 2922: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2858: 2852: 2848: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2772: 2767: 2763: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2652:According to 2650: 2648: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2636:Sons of Malta 2633: 2629: 2620: 2615: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2311: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2276: 2266: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2243:Social stigma 2241: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2008: 2007: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1877: 1876: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1850:State atheism 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1786:Jim Crow laws 1784: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1771:One-drop rule 1769: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1686:Blood quantum 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1664: 1663: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1627:Victimisation 1625: 1623: 1622:Trans bashing 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1592:Religious war 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1572:Racialization 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1443:Glass ceiling 1441: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1386:Ethnic hatred 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1321:Counter-jihad 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1276: 1267: 1266: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1103:United States 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1071: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 999: 996: 994: 991: 989: 986: 985: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 967: 966:United States 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 953: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 912: 906: 905: 895: 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 879:Protestantism 877: 875: 872: 868: 865: 864: 863: 860: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 834: 831: 830: 829: 826: 822: 819: 817: 814: 813: 812: 809: 807: 804: 800: 797: 795: 794:LDS or Mormon 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 750: 745: 744: 734: 731: 729: 726: 722: 719: 717: 716:Transmisogyny 714: 712: 709: 708: 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Wells 18925:Paul Robeson 18830:Ku Klux Klan 18829: 18776:James Chaney 18766:Anniston, AL 18390:Plummer Gang 18345:Joseph Smith 18243:Henry Marrow 18203:Frank Morris 18131:Willie Earle 18040:Cordie Cheek 17968:Henry Choate 17888:Dan Anderson 17848:Raymond Byrd 17832:Samuel Smith 17784:Willie Baird 17664:Frank Little 17656:Paulo Boleta 17584:Robert Perry 17560:Mary Jackson 17520:King Johnson 17472:James Hodges 17392:George White 17376:Walker Davis 17277:Jacob Henson 17205:Robert Lewis 17165:Ellen Watson 17053:Jim Williams 17029:Wyatt Outlaw 16833:in Australia 16823:Racial quota 16467:Soviet Union 16410:Saudi Arabia 16351:South Africa 16278:Ethnic slurs 16273:Ethnic jokes 16175:Internalized 16043: 16038:The Clansman 16036: 15895:Pulaski riot 15659:Ku Klux Klan 15658: 15605: 15535: 15534:, author of 15523: 15428: 15413: 15396: 15381: 15362:Ku Klux Klan 15360: 15350: 15325: 15321: 15309:. 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J. 13937:October 23, 13315:December 8, 13285:December 8, 13255:December 8, 13186:Der Spiegel 12456:, or right. 11462:Nelson 1993 11136:The Crisis, 11055:December 7, 11012:Pegram 2011 10975:Pegram 2011 10963:Pegram 2011 10904:Pegram 2011 10855:MetroActive 10830:January 12, 10562:February 3, 10532:February 3, 10501:February 3, 9947:Pegram 2011 9867:Newton 2009 9730:Miller 1956 8955:Rhodes 1920 8935:Newton 2001 8655:Cincinnati 8018:www.pbs.org 7533:Newton 2001 7418:January 26, 7204:February 7, 6880:The Forward 6587:Independent 6500:Pegram 2011 6408:December 2, 5893:New Zealand 5789:Vietnam War 5787:During the 5667:Thomas Robb 5529:hate groups 5478:hate speech 5415:Morris Dees 5402:in 1981 in 5339:members in 5301:immigration 5090:Herman Cash 4980:Mississippi 4971:Bull Connor 4714:and author 4556:References 4553:Membership 4282:Bibb Graves 4258:Prohibition 4117:Latin cross 4077:Protestants 4017:Prohibition 4011:Prohibition 3975:Republicans 3954:anti-Jewish 3950:Prohibition 3882:, based in 3812:The Kourier 3804:Searchlight 3754:St. Patrick 3730:White House 3378:Mississippi 3096:New Orleans 3080:Confederate 3058:(left) and 2845:Red Knights 2838:Lithuanians 2814:Prohibition 2795:flourishing 2734:Second Klan 2589:Anglo-Saxon 2551:Prohibition 2425:reactionary 2402:hate groups 1971:Nonviolence 1966:LGBT rights 1931:Empowerment 1899:Anti-racism 1813:Segregation 1758:No kid zone 1552:Persecution 1465:Hate speech 1416:Gay bashing 1391:Ethnic joke 1346:Dog whistle 1291:Blood libel 978:Azerbaijani 874:Neopaganism 867:Persecution 833:Persecution 816:Persecution 779:Catholicism 706:Transphobia 689:Supremacism 644:Lesbophobia 564:Aporophobia 524:Anti-autism 359:Taste-based 354:Statistical 278:Neo-Fascism 124:Vigilantism 19514:Hate crime 19408:Categories 19295:Categories 19222:Red Summer 18915:N.A.A.C.P. 18840:Red Shirts 18672:Red Summer 18211:James Reeb 18083:Felix Hall 18075:After 1940 17824:Joe Pullen 17792:Roy Belton 17744:Will Brown 17648:Jeff Brown 17608:John Evans 17592:? Anderson 17496:"Pie" Hill 17464:Jim Miller 17440:Slab Pitts 17432:Ed Johnson 17269:Amos Hicks 17189:Dick Lundy 17181:Jim Taylor 16627:Vietnamese 16400:Arab world 16298:Hate group 16288:Hate crime 16225:Xenophobia 16205:Scientific 16190:Linguistic 15838:U.S. Klans 15735:New Jersey 15710:Third Klan 15698:First Klan 15513:Mo Asumang 14462:0521403022 13376:October 5, 13346:October 5, 13229:August 24, 13197:August 24, 12621:August 15, 12581:wckkkk.org 11705:August 15, 11563:August 14, 11557:CQ Almanac 11447:August 13, 11070:Moore 1991 11024:Baker 2011 10987:Moore 1996 10936:(4): 562. 10788:August 26, 10486:The Crisis 10376:Moore 1991 10165:October 7, 10070:October 4, 10000:Moore 1991 9646:(2): 350. 9570:Baker 2011 9251:Foner 1988 8997:Foner 1988 8920:August 26, 8862:Foner 1988 8809:August 10, 8736:August 10, 8713:Foner 1988 8701:Foner 1988 8657:Commercial 8545:, p. 8317:January 2, 8271:January 2, 8240:January 2, 8209:January 2, 8177:January 2, 8104:August 26, 8056:1557530467 7945:Baker 2011 7895:Rable 1984 7883:Rable 1984 7871:Foner 1988 6745:October 5, 6518:The Nation 6371:Hubbs 2015 6262:References 5947:Klecktoken 5867:Queensland 5851:One Nation 5773:Afro-Cuban 5762:Canal Zone 5563:homophobic 5474:Neo-Nazism 5466:Stormfront 5458:David Duke 5436:Tuscaloosa 5361:COINTELPRO 5323:, and the 5233:COINTELPRO 5223:While the 5183:Resistance 4964:Bombingham 4884:Hugo Black 4809:Unitarians 4801:Methodists 4729:the Klan. 4712:folklorist 4510:See also: 4418:Birmingham 4376:vigilantes 4274:Hugo Black 3964:and later 3930:Hugo Black 3886:. Founder 3712:, both by 3571:Red Shirts 3441:John Scott 3427:wrote the 3401:Resistance 3395:B. H. Hill 3252:Activities 3229:Eric Foner 3227:Historian 3221:Democratic 3188:Republican 3102:(1867) in 3032:See also: 3028:First Klan 2925:Third Klan 2896:midwestern 2803:W. J. Cash 2738:See also: 2723:Red Shirts 2694:Eric Foner 2647:Mardi Gras 2612:See also: 2608:First Klan 2543:Protestant 2501:Republican 2457:homophobia 2253:Stereotype 2248:Speciesism 2129:Oppression 2124:Oikophobia 2020:Allophilia 1996:Toleration 1845:Sodomy law 1738:Internment 1652:Witch-hunt 1530:Blackhawks 1460:Hate group 1448:Hate crime 1421:Gendercide 1411:Freak show 1401:Excellence 1361:Employment 1331:Defamation 1255:Vietnamese 1250:Venezuelan 1140:Lithuanian 806:Falun Gong 733:Xenophobia 728:Vegaphobia 711:Non-binary 669:Pedophobia 634:Homophobia 443:Skin color 403:Disability 374:Attributes 349:Structural 283:Neo-Nazism 240:Founded in 155:Founded in 83:Founded in 52:David Duke 19212:(musical) 17928:Joe Smith 17872:Tom Payne 17840:L. Q. Ivy 17768:Jay Lynch 17616:Leo Frank 17344:1900–1940 16808:Race card 16743:Alt-right 16543:Argentina 16504:Palestine 16422:Australia 16248:Apartheid 16236:of racism 15374:From the 15355:From the 15216:Historian 14591:143600463 14440:143647351 14409:April 14, 14312:155051122 14157:. Knopf. 13657:Wade 1987 12948:March 11, 12898:298184204 12757:March 15, 12724:March 15, 12647:March 16, 12591:March 15, 12535:March 15, 12416:March 10, 12313:April 29, 12284:March 25, 11972:Daily Kos 11907:August 9, 11592:0362-4331 11416:March 23, 10635:March 26, 10338:Ball 1996 10313:Ball 1996 10142:Sher 1983 10043:Wade 1998 9971:Barr 1999 9828:March 26, 9802:March 26, 9753:March 17, 9436:Blee 1991 9361:August 1, 9312:Wade 1987 9263:Wade 1987 9239:Wade 1987 9227:Wade 1987 9215:Horn 1939 9203:Horn 1939 9191:Wade 1987 9058:Wade 1987 9046:Horn 1939 9009:Wade 1987 8985:Wade 1987 8970:Horn 1939 8799:149858835 8783:0022-2992 8674:Horn 1939 8663:Wade 1987 8495:Horn 1939 8437:Wade 1987 8413:Horn 1939 8119:Sher 1983 8067:March 25, 8001:Blee 1991 7933:Cash 1941 7462:Both the 7448:March 31, 7384:cite book 7353:August 1, 7040:0040-781X 7028:"Kingdom" 7002:142780437 6986:0018-2680 6380:Citations 6334:Commonly 6311:anti-LGBT 6117:Lumberton 5835:Lithuania 5755:São Paulo 5736:Ian Smith 5721:Cape Town 5711:apartheid 5647:Louisiana 5542:groups". 5493:neo-Nazis 5454:Don Black 5452:In 1995, 5172:synagogue 5168:Methodist 5095:The 1964 5010:Schwerner 4992:all-white 4928:Roy Davis 4821:Lutherans 4764:system." 4335:Leo Frank 3776:Communism 3692:Director 3512:terrorist 3338:. By the 3316:Louisiana 3216:guerrilla 3207:Prescript 3200:scalawags 3165:Prescript 3111:insurgent 3104:Louisiana 3088:Civil War 3056:scalawags 2990:Etymology 2953:in 1963. 2890:based in 2677:vigilante 2665:insurgent 2489:Civil War 2437:Nordicism 2418:Catholics 2395:far-right 2226:Christian 2154:Prejudice 2102:Masculism 2050:Diversity 1828:religious 1803:Redlining 1396:Ethnocide 1356:Education 1240:Ukrainian 1175:Pakistani 1165:Mongolian 1093:Australia 1075:Hungarian 1030:Colombian 1010:Bulgarian 884:Rastafari 838:Ahmadiyya 749:Religious 721:Trans men 679:Pregnancy 614:Gayphobia 609:Fatphobia 509:Acephobia 504:Arophobia 480:Viewpoint 184:Nordicism 70:Far-right 48:Duke Flag 19279:Vendetta 18815:Lynching 18786:) (1964) 18351:) (1844) 17325:Sam Hose 16863:Category 16778:Lynching 16753:Casteism 16598:Japanese 16457:Portugal 16388:Thailand 16356:Zimbabwe 16220:Symbolic 16210:Societal 16200:Romantic 16165:Gendered 16145:Cultural 16135:Colorism 16130:Aversive 16064:Category 15965:3rd Klan 15924:2nd Klan 15888:1st Klan 15826:3rd Klan 15805:2nd Klan 15615:Archived 15598:Archived 15579:Archived 15556:Archived 15545:Archived 15526:magazine 15505:Archived 15488:Archived 15471:Archived 15458:Archived 15433:Archived 15418:Archived 15386:Archived 15365:Archived 15334:30236539 15305:Archived 15255:Archived 15164:Archived 15085:Archived 15062:Archived 15044:(1983). 15023:Archived 14997:Archived 14951:Archived 14919:Archived 14904:(1920). 14854:Archived 14812:Archived 14775:Archived 14664:Archived 14613:(1993). 14595:Archived 14495:Archived 14473:(2009). 14377:(1990). 14346:Archived 14260:Archived 14227:Archived 14209:(1988). 14169:Archived 14123:(1935). 14105:Archived 14021:(1941). 14003:Archived 13985:(2014). 13967:Archived 13949:(1991). 13931:Archived 13885:Archived 13848:Archived 13830:(2011). 13792:Archived 13761:Archived 13728:Archived 13698:Archived 13630:July 19, 13573:June 25, 13567:Archived 13499:Archived 13479:July 19, 13473:Archived 13439:July 19, 13433:Archived 13406:July 19, 13400:Archived 13396:BBC News 13370:Archived 13340:Archived 13309:Archived 13279:Archived 13249:Archived 13223:Archived 13191:Archived 13119:June 18, 13113:Archived 13093:June 18, 13087:Archived 12942:Archived 12922:June 18, 12916:Archived 12751:Archived 12718:Archived 12685:Archived 12657:cite web 12555:Archived 12496:Archived 12471:Archived 12410:Archived 12346:April 5, 12340:Archived 12307:Archived 12278:Archived 12251:July 28, 12172:July 28, 12109:Archived 12105:NBC News 12079:Archived 12055:July 28, 12020:Archived 12002:Fox News 11993:Archived 11963:Archived 11943:June 15, 11937:Archived 11901:Archived 11874:June 15, 11868:Archived 11838:Archived 11807:Archived 11774:Archived 11699:Archived 11662:July 15, 11656:Archived 11626:Archived 11596:Archived 11511:June 26, 11479:Archived 11441:Archived 11392:Archived 11336:Archived 11298:Archived 11157:Archived 11090:Archived 10892:Fox 2011 10859:Archived 10824:Archived 10782:Archived 10683:July 19, 10629:Archived 10601:Archived 10556:Archived 10552:NBC News 10526:Archived 10495:Archived 10457:Archived 10438:Archived 10408:Archived 10188:Archived 10132:. p. 20. 10095:Archived 10064:Archived 10022:Archived 9914:Archived 9851:Archived 9822:Archived 9796:Archived 9776:Archived 9747:Archived 9681:Archived 9663:(1991). 9408:June 27, 9402:Archived 9328:Archived 9142:Archived 9089:March 5, 8914:Archived 8803:Archived 8757:(1927). 8562:Archived 8474:Archived 8397:Archived 8377:Archived 8342:Archived 8311:Archived 8290:Archived 8265:Archived 8261:CBS News 8234:Archived 8203:Archived 8098:Archived 8061:Archived 8028:April 5, 8022:Archived 7912:Archived 7850:Archived 7785:Archived 7743:Archived 7723:, p. 217 7717:Archived 7686:Archived 7646:July 19, 7640:Archived 7512:Archived 7491:Archived 7478:Archived 7473:and the 7467:Archived 7442:Archived 7412:Archived 7247:Archived 7227:Archived 7151:40579872 7093:Archived 7091:. 1920. 7067:Archived 7044:Archived 7006:Archived 6994:23251451 6908:Archived 6884:Archived 6860:Archived 6840:Archived 6787:Archived 6769:June 22, 6759:CBS News 6715:Archived 6695:Archived 6675:Archived 6651:Archived 6627:Archived 6623:NBC News 6603:Archived 6522:Archived 6427:Archived 6402:Archived 6299:nativist 6141:See also 6025:yin-yang 5973:Kloreroe 5953:Kligrapp 5863:Victoria 5808:Midlands 5796:Shanghai 5742:Americas 5732:Rhodesia 5679:Arkansas 5671:Harrison 5643:Arkansas 5639:Oklahoma 5571:lesbians 5525:Internet 5248:Klan Act 5246:and the 5107:charges. 4860:gambling 4797:Baptists 4726:Superman 4721:Superman 4403:Al Smith 4278:planters 4200:Al Smith 3796:Kleagles 2834:Russians 2830:Italians 2826:nativism 2820:, using 2778:'s book 2681:freedmen 2643:capirote 2603:Overview 2593:nativism 2580:and the 2561:and the 2265:The talk 2201:Snobbery 2119:Net bias 1941:Feminism 1860:Ugly law 1701:Catholic 1667:Policies 1510:Mortgage 1505:Lynching 1436:examples 1431:Genocide 1351:Economic 1336:Democide 1296:Bullying 1205:Romanian 1170:Nigerian 1120:Japanese 1055:Georgian 1040:Filipino 973:Assyrian 946:Armenian 936:American 931:Albanian 911:national 889:Yazidism 811:Hinduism 769:Buddhism 664:Nepotism 659:Misogyny 654:Misandry 579:Clannism 574:Biphobia 514:Adultism 423:Language 310:a series 308:Part of 19374:History 19324:Portals 18808:General 17197:Joe Coe 17069:Jo Reed 16873:Commons 16783:Passing 16738:Ableism 16661:Mexican 16581:Chinese 16477:Ukraine 16442:Germany 16432:Denmark 16393:Vietnam 16074:Commons 16020:Related 15740:Georgia 15680:Leaders 15286:3787502 15223:Society 14916:history 14731:3659969 14545:2954550 13767:May 30, 13734:May 30, 13704:May 30, 12521:adl.org 12115:July 4, 12085:July 4, 11632:July 6, 11602:July 6, 10621:NCpedia 10244:2205041 10062:. BBC. 9771:(2022) 9687:May 24, 9556:1755269 8791:2714040 8639:The Sun 8348:May 16, 7918:June 3, 7856:May 12, 7636:AP News 7518:July 2, 7313:YouTube 7277:June 5, 6528:June 9, 6003:Symbols 5935:Klavern 5878:British 5845:Oceania 5629:(ADL): 5518:Midwest 5417:of the 5404:Alabama 5135:Detroit 5022:Atlanta 5002:Goodman 4878:Alabama 4827:Indiana 4761:fascism 4634:10,000 4594:14,000 4584:40,000 4574:30,000 4425:Atlanta 4243:Klavern 4048:Detroit 3853:Houston 3849:Memphis 3841:Atlanta 3833:Detroit 3829:Indiana 3596:regalia 3368:of the 3328:Georgia 3198:" and " 3049:cartoon 2985:History 2947:Alabama 2883:led by 2801:Writer 2787:Atlanta 2754:Chicago 2640:Spanish 2567:K-words 2521:Midwest 2517:Georgia 2385:or the 2072:Figleaf 1475:Housing 1235:Turkish 1185:Pashtun 1155:Mexican 1135:Kurdish 1115:Italian 1065:Haitian 1050:Finnish 1025:Chinese 1020:Chechen 1015:Catalan 1005:Bengali 926:African 909:Ethnic/ 862:Judaism 853:Sunnism 843:Shi'ism 759:Atheism 584:Elitism 470:Species 408:Genetic 398:Dialect 248:Members 166:Members 97:Unknown 94:Members 19210:Parade 19198:(1965) 19073:Memory 18792:(1964) 18768:(1961) 18762:(1952) 18752:(1946) 18746:(1945) 18740:(1943) 18734:(1937) 18728:(1933) 18722:(1932) 18716:(1930) 18710:(1927) 18704:(1923) 18698:(1922) 18692:(1921) 18686:(1920) 18680:(1920) 18674:(1919) 18658:(1919) 18652:(1919) 18646:(1919) 18640:(1918) 18634:(1917) 18628:(1916) 18622:(1912) 18616:(1911) 18610:(1910) 18599:(1908) 18593:(1906) 18582:(1905) 18576:(1899) 18570:(1898) 18564:(1898) 18558:(1898) 18552:(1897) 18546:(1892) 18540:(1892) 18534:(1891) 18528:(1880) 18522:(1879) 18516:(1879) 18510:(1878) 18504:(1878) 18498:(1876) 18492:(1876) 18486:(1876) 18480:(1874) 18468:(1873) 18462:(1871) 18451:(1868) 18445:(1868) 18439:(1868) 18433:(1868) 18427:(1868) 18421:(1868) 18415:(1868) 18404:(1866) 18398:(1866) 18392:(1864) 18386:(1864) 18380:(1863) 18369:(1863) 18363:(1862) 18357:(1858) 18309:(2020) 18301:(2011) 18293:(1998) 18285:(1989) 18277:(1981) 18269:(1979) 18261:(1978) 18253:(1975) 18245:(1970) 18237:(1968) 18229:(1967) 18221:(1966) 18213:(1965) 18205:(1964) 18197:(1964) 18189:(1964) 18181:(1959) 18173:(1957) 18165:(1957) 18157:(1955) 18149:(1955) 18141:(1955) 18133:(1947) 18125:(1946) 18117:(1944) 18109:(1944) 18101:(1943) 18093:(1943) 18085:(1941) 18066:(1940) 18058:(1940) 18050:(1934) 18042:(1933) 18034:(1933) 18026:(1932) 18018:(1931) 18010:(1931) 18002:(1930) 17994:(1930) 17986:(1928) 17978:(1927) 17970:(1927) 17962:(1927) 17954:(1927) 17946:(1927) 17938:(1927) 17930:(1927) 17922:(1927) 17914:(1927) 17906:(1927) 17898:(1927) 17890:(1927) 17882:(1927) 17874:(1927) 17866:(1926) 17858:(1926) 17850:(1926) 17842:(1925) 17834:(1924) 17826:(1923) 17818:(1922) 17810:(1921) 17802:(1921) 17794:(1920) 17786:(1920) 17778:(1919) 17770:(1919) 17762:(1919) 17754:(1919) 17746:(1919) 17738:(1919) 17730:(1918) 17722:(1918) 17714:(1918) 17706:(1918) 17698:(1918) 17690:(1918) 17682:(1917) 17674:(1917) 17666:(1917) 17658:(1916) 17650:(1916) 17642:(1916) 17634:(1916) 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16999:(1864) 16991:(1863) 16983:(1858) 16975:(1851) 16967:(1837) 16959:(1836) 16705:Slavic 16700:Romani 16695:Muslim 16668:Jewish 16615:Korean 16576:Asians 16548:Brazil 16531:Mexico 16521:Canada 16509:Turkey 16499:Israel 16462:Russia 16452:Poland 16437:France 16427:Europe 16346:Africa 16180:Patent 16160:Formal 16140:Covert 16116:Racism 15881:Crimes 15767:Canada 15755:Oregon 15332: 15284: 15252:Online 15234:online 15189: 15156: 15110: 15054: 14989: 14943: 14883: 14846: 14804: 14767: 14746: 14729: 14689: 14656: 14623: 14589: 14543: 14487: 14459: 14438: 14400: 14338: 14310: 14252: 14219: 14161: 14133: 14097: 14069: 14044: 13995: 13959: 13923: 13877: 13840: 13598: 13545: 13162: 13027: 13000: 12973: 12896: 12886: 12861: 12834: 12807: 12504:AL.com 12454:center 11742: 11590: 11118: 11087:online 11046: 11002:(1967) 10950:493879 10948: 10265: 10242: 9906: 9848:online 9773:online 9673: 9620:: 10. 9554: 9456: 9394: 9029: 8797: 8789: 8781: 8622: 8451:kuklux 8443:κύκλος 8427:kyklos 8419:κύκλος 8053: 7981: 7827: 7559: 7344: 7149: 7038: 7000: 6992: 6984: 6309:, and 6135:(1987) 5987:Wizard 5966:Kloran 5929:Klabee 5905:Kloran 5815:mosque 5802:Europe 5705:Africa 5557:, and 5533:racist 5484:, and 5482:racism 5398:After 5347:. The 5319:, the 5315:, the 5311:, the 5287:, 1977 5210:Lumbee 5008:, and 5006:Chaney 4819:, and 4710:, the 4706:After 4691:, and 4676:, the 4664:3,000 4624:6,500 4614:1,500 4437:Crisis 4272:, and 4063:ethnic 3906:, and 3851:, and 3845:Dallas 3837:Dayton 3239:, and 3006:κύκλος 2999:kyklos 2911:Canada 2836:, and 2463:, and 2416:, and 2258:threat 2112:autism 1833:sexual 1823:racial 1706:Jewish 1557:Pogrom 1535:Chiefs 1525:Braves 1245:Uyghur 1220:Somali 1215:Slavic 1200:Romani 1195:Quebec 1190:Polish 1130:Korean 1125:Jewish 1098:Canada 1085:Indian 1070:Hazara 1045:Fulani 956:France 921:Afghan 848:Sufism 569:Audism 495:Social 418:Height 161:, U.S. 89:, U.S. 54:. The 19362:Crime 19338:1920s 18756:Harry 16883:Index 16644:Women 16634:Black 16553:Chile 16472:Spain 16447:Italy 16415:Sudan 16405:Libya 16373:Japan 16368:China 16150:Cyber 15730:Maine 15604:from 15330:JSTOR 15282:JSTOR 15026:(PDF) 15019:(PDF) 14727:JSTOR 14587:S2CID 14541:JSTOR 14436:S2CID 14308:S2CID 13788:Slate 12377:(PDF) 12366:(PDF) 11777:(PDF) 11770:(PDF) 10946:JSTOR 10240:JSTOR 9291:(PDF) 9280:(PDF) 8795:S2CID 8787:JSTOR 8447:into 7147:JSTOR 6998:S2CID 6990:JSTOR 6267:Notes 5635:Texas 5607:NAACP 5176:Rabbi 4780:The " 4661:2016 4651:2009 4641:1991 4631:1979 4621:1975 4611:1974 4601:1970 4591:1968 4581:1965 4571:1930 4561:1925 4550:Year 4217:, at 4140:Women 4122:hymns 3736:Goals 3659:, by 3561:Klan. 3527:Gov. 3053:lynch 2857:Judge 2469:South 2236:white 1567:Purge 1225:Tatar 1150:Māori 1145:Malay 1110:Irish 1060:Greek 1035:Croat 993:China 951:Asian 828:Islam 694:White 428:Looks 393:Class 388:Caste 335:Forms 19253:list 19163:Fury 18845:Jews 18758:and 18474:(AL) 16685:LGBT 16571:Arab 16494:Iran 16363:Asia 15524:Life 15313:2018 15200:2021 15187:ISBN 15172:2021 15154:ISBN 15126:2016 15108:ISBN 15093:2021 15070:2021 15052:ISBN 15034:2021 15005:2021 14987:ISBN 14959:2021 14941:ISBN 14914:for 14894:2021 14881:ISBN 14862:2021 14844:ISBN 14820:2021 14802:ISBN 14783:2021 14765:ISBN 14744:ISBN 14700:2021 14687:ISBN 14672:2021 14654:ISBN 14621:ISBN 14603:2021 14503:2021 14485:ISBN 14457:ISBN 14411:2019 14398:ISBN 14354:2017 14336:ISBN 14268:2021 14250:ISBN 14235:2021 14217:ISBN 14177:2021 14159:ISBN 14144:2021 14131:ISBN 14113:2021 14095:ISBN 14080:2016 14067:ISBN 14042:ISBN 14011:2021 13993:ISBN 13975:2021 13957:ISBN 13939:2017 13921:ISBN 13893:2021 13875:ISBN 13856:2021 13838:ISBN 13800:2021 13769:2021 13736:2021 13706:2021 13632:2012 13596:ISBN 13575:2022 13543:ISBN 13507:2023 13481:2012 13441:2012 13408:2012 13378:2023 13348:2023 13317:2021 13287:2021 13257:2021 13231:2012 13199:2012 13160:ISBN 13121:2022 13095:2022 13025:ISBN 12998:ISBN 12971:ISBN 12950:2014 12924:2022 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