Reconstruction era

10013:, who in his PhD dissertation, finished in 1924, developed a complex new interpretation of Reconstruction. The Dunning School portrayed freedmen as mere pawns in the hands of northern whites. Beale argued that the whites themselves were pawns in the hands of Northern industrialists, who had taken control of the nation during the Civil War and who Beale felt would be threatened by return to power of the Southern Whites. Beale further argued that the rhetoric of civil rights for Blacks, and the dream of equality, was rhetoric designed to fool idealistic voters, calling it "claptrap", arguing: "Constitutional discussions of the rights of the Negro, the status of Southern states, the legal position of ex-rebels, and the powers of Congress and the president determined nothing. They were pure sham." The Beard–Beale interpretation of Reconstruction became known as "revisionism", and replaced the Dunning School for most historians until the 1950s, after which it was largely discredited. 8027:

the Constitution of the United States and then engaged in rebellion.... Sheridan interpreted these restrictions stringently, barring from registration not only all pre-1861 officials of state and local governments who had supported the Confederacy but also all city officeholders and even minor functionaries such as sextons of cemeteries. In May Griffin ... appointed a three-man board of registrars for each county, making his choices on the advice of known scalawags and local Freedmen's Bureau agents. In every county where practicable a freedman served as one of the three registrars.... Final registration amounted to approximately 59,633 whites and 49,479 blacks. It is impossible to say how many whites were rejected or refused to register (estimates vary from 7,500 to 12,000), but blacks, who constituted only about 30 percent of the state's population, were significantly over-represented at 45 percent of all voters.

8435: 9862:, which set up a 15-member commission of eight Republicans and seven Democrats to settle the disputed 1876 election. Since the Constitution did not explicitly indicate how Electoral College disputes were to be resolved, Congress was forced to consider other methods to settle the crisis. Many Democrats argued that Congress as a whole should determine which certificates to count. However, the chances that this method would result in a harmonious settlement were slim, as the Democrats controlled the House, while the Republicans controlled the Senate. Several Hayes supporters, on the other hand, argued that the President pro tempore of the Senate had the authority to determine which certificates to count, because he was responsible for chairing the congressional session at which the electoral votes were to be tallied. Since the office of president pro tempore was occupied by a Republican, Senator 7187:

Black freedmen workers were tied to labor on plantations for one year at a pay rate of $ 10 a month. Only 10% of the state's electorate had to take the loyalty oath in order for the state to be readmitted into the U.S. Congress. The state was required to abolish slavery in its new state constitution. Identical Reconstruction plans would be adopted in Arkansas and Tennessee. By December 1864, the Lincoln plan of Reconstruction had been enacted in Louisiana and the legislature sent two senators and five representatives to take their seats in Washington. However, Congress refused to count any of the votes from Louisiana, Arkansas, and Tennessee, in essence rejecting Lincoln's moderate Reconstruction plan. Congress, at this time controlled by the Radicals, proposed the Wade–Davis Bill that required a majority of the state electorates to take the oath of loyalty to be admitted to Congress. Lincoln

9648:) hit the Southern economy hard and disillusioned many Republicans who had gambled that railroads would pull the South out of its poverty. The price of cotton fell by half; many small landowners, local merchants, and cotton factors (wholesalers) went bankrupt. Sharecropping for Black and White farmers became more common as a way to spread the risk of owning land. The old abolitionist element in the North was aging away, or had lost interest, and was not replenished. Many northern whites returned to the North or joined the Redeemers. Blacks had an increased voice in the Republican Party, but across the South it was divided by internal bickering and was rapidly losing its cohesion. Many local Black leaders started emphasizing individual economic progress in cooperation with White elites, rather than racial political progress in opposition to them, a conservative attitude that foreshadowed 7533:

judicial system had been wholly refigured to make one of its primary purposes the coercion of African Americans to comply with the social customs and labor demands of whites. Trials were discouraged and attorneys for Black misdemeanor defendants were difficult to find. The goal of county courts was a fast, uncomplicated trial with a resulting conviction. Most Blacks were unable to pay their fines or bail, and "the most common penalty was nine months to a year in a slave mine or lumber camp". The South's judicial system was rigged to generate fees and claim bounties, not to ensure public protection. Black women were socially perceived as sexually avaricious and since they were portrayed as having little virtue, society held that they could not be raped. One report indicates two freed women, Frances Thompson and Lucy Smith, described their violent sexual assault during the

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low. The planters had provided privately for their own needs. There was some fraudulent spending in the postwar years; a collapse in state credit because of huge deficits, forced the states to increase property tax rates. In places, the rate went up to 10 times higher—despite the poverty of the region. The planters had not invested in infrastructure and much had been destroyed during the war. In part, the new tax system was designed to force owners of large plantations with huge tracts of uncultivated land either to sell or to have it confiscated for failure to pay taxes. The taxes would serve as a market-based system for redistributing the land to the landless freedmen and White poor. Mississippi, for instance, was mostly frontier, with 90% of the bottom lands in the interior undeveloped.

6300: 8073:. "Proscription" was the policy of disqualifying as many ex-Confederates as possible. For example, in 1865 Tennessee had disenfranchised 80,000 ex-Confederates. However, proscription was soundly rejected by the Black element, which insisted on universal suffrage. The issue would come up repeatedly in several states, especially in Texas and Virginia. In Virginia, an effort was made to disqualify for public office every man who had served in the Confederate Army even as a private, and any civilian farmer who sold food to the Confederate States Army. Disenfranchising Southern Whites was also opposed by moderate Republicans in the North, who felt that ending proscription would bring the South closer to a republican form of government based on the 32672: 9066:

Nevertheless, thousands of miles of lines were built as the Southern system expanded from 11,000 miles (18,000 km) in 1870 to 29,000 miles (47,000 km) in 1890. The lines were owned and directed overwhelmingly by Northerners. Railroads helped create a mechanically skilled group of craftsmen and broke the isolation of much of the region. Passengers were few, however, and apart from hauling the cotton crop when it was harvested, there was little freight traffic. As Franklin explains: "numerous railroads fed at the public trough by bribing legislators ... and through the use and misuse of state funds". According to one businessman, the effect "was to drive capital from the state, paralyze industry, and demoralize labor".

7087:. Lincoln planned to free the Southern slaves in the Emancipation Proclamation and he was concerned that freedmen would not be well treated in the United States by Whites in both the North and South. Although Lincoln gave assurances that the United States government would support and protect any colonies that were established for former slaves, the leaders declined the offer of colonization. Many free Blacks had been opposed to colonization plans in the past because they wanted to remain in the United States. Lincoln persisted in his colonization plan in the belief that emancipation and colonization were both part of the same program. By April 1863, Lincoln was successful in sending Black colonists to 7321: 364: 9578: 7688:

the Fourteenth Amendment (except for Tennessee, all former Confederate states did refuse to ratify, as did the border states of Delaware, Maryland, and Kentucky). Radical Republicans in Congress, led by Stevens and Sumner, opened the way to suffrage for male freedmen. They were generally in control, although they had to compromise with the moderate Republicans (the Democrats in Congress had almost no power). Historians refer to this period as "Radical Reconstruction" or "congressional Reconstruction". The business spokesmen in the North generally opposed Radical proposals. Analysis of 34 major business newspapers showed that 12 discussed politics, and only one,

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of the war was accompanied by a large migration of newly freed people to the cities, where they were relegated to the lowest paying jobs, such as unskilled and service labor. Men worked as rail workers, rolling and lumber mills workers, and hotel workers. Black women were largely confined to domestic work employed as cooks, maids, and child nurses, or in hotels and laundries. The large population of slave artisans during the prewar period did not translate into a large number of free artisans during Reconstruction. The dislocations had a severe negative impact on the Black population, with a large amount of sickness and death.

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authorities. As to my personal experience, I will only mention that during my two days sojourn at Atlanta, one Negro was stabbed with fatal effect on the street, and three were poisoned, one of whom died. While I was at Montgomery, one Negro was cut across the throat evidently with intent to kill, and another was shot, but both escaped with their lives. Several papers attached to this report give an account of the number of capital cases that occurred at certain places during a certain period of time. It is a sad fact that the perpetration of those acts is not confined to that class of people which might be called the rabble.

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office. In most states, the more Whiggish Republicans fought for control with the more Radical Republicans and their Black allies. Most of the 430 Republican newspapers in the South were edited by native Southerners—only 20 percent were edited by northerners. White businessmen generally boycotted Republican papers, which survived through government patronage. Nevertheless, in the increasingly bitter battles inside the Republican Party, those who supported Reconstruction usually lost; many of the disgruntled losers switched over to the Whig-leaning or Democratic side. In Mississippi, the Whiggish faction led by

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April 1866, that limited the treasury to a currency contraction of only $ 10 million over six months. Meanwhile, the Senate refunded the entire national debt, but the House failed to act. By early 1867, postwar prosperity was a reality, and the optimists wanted an end to contraction, which Congress ordered in January 1868. Meanwhile, the Treasury issued new bonds at a lower interest rate to refinance the redemption of short-term debt. While the old state bank notes were disappearing from circulation, new national bank notes, backed by species, were expanding. By 1868 inflation was minimal.

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common-law marriages or community-recognized relationships. The acknowledgement of marriage by the state increased the state's recognition of freed people as legal actors and eventually helped make the case for parental rights for freed people against the practice of apprenticeship of Black children. These children were legally taken away from their families under the guise of "providing them with guardianship and 'good' homes until they reached the age of consent at twenty-one" under acts such as the Georgia 1866 Apprentice Act. Such children were generally used as sources of unpaid labor.

6589: 2096: 8870: 6983: 3579: 6805: 8327: 8178: 8253:. Within a year, the three remaining states—Mississippi, Virginia, and Texas—adopted the new amendment—and were admitted to Congress. Grant put military pressure on Georgia to reinstate its black legislators and adopt the new amendment. Georgia complied, and on February 24, 1871, its senators were seated in Congress, with all the former Confederate states represented. Southern Reconstructed states were controlled by Republicans and former slaves. Eight years later, in 1877, the Democratic Party had full control of the region and Reconstruction was dead. 10229:, "in the post-bellum South economic competition among Whites played an important part in protecting blacks from racial coercion", was accepted in whole or part by 66% of the economists, but by only 22% of the historians. Whaples says this highlights: "A recurring difference dividing historians and economists. The economists have more faith in the power of the competitive market. For example, they see the competitive market as protecting disenfranchised blacks and are less likely to accept the idea that there was exploitation by merchant monopolists." 7631: 7879: 10324: 8044: 6165:, Lincoln declared that "an extraordinary occasion" existed in the South and raised an army to quell "combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings." Over the next four years, 237 named battles were fought between the Union and Confederate armies, resulting in the dissolution of the Confederate States in 1865. During the war, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that "all persons held as slaves" within the Confederate territory "are, and henceforward shall be free." 11589: 8647:

who had been pro-slavery were angry with governments that had African Americans in office. Furious white Southerners told the rumor that Reconstruction was secretly promoting Black Americans having full control over whites. Many congressional elections in the South were contested. Even states with majority-African-American populations often elected only one or two African American representatives to Congress. Exceptions included South Carolina; at the end of Reconstruction, four of its five congressmen were African Americans.

15632: 13598: 11601: 11471: 16869: 16597: 15130: 11454: 8314:"A condition of affairs now exists in some of the States of the Union rendering life and property insecure, and the carrying of the mails and the collection of the revenue dangerous. The proof that such a, condition of affairs exists in some localities is now before the Senate. That the power to correct these evils is beyond the control of State authorities, I do not doubt. That the power of the Executive of the United States, acting within the limits of existing laws, is sufficient for present emergencies, is not clear." 6867: 7680: 7216: 8077:, as called for by the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. Strong measures that were called for in order to forestall a return to the defunct Confederacy increasingly seemed out of place, and the role of the United States Army and controlling politics in the state was troublesome. Historian Mark Summers states that increasingly "the disenfranchisers had to fall back on the contention that denial of the vote was meant as punishment, and a lifelong punishment at that ... Month by month, the un- 9409:. Democrats nominated some Blacks for political office and tried to entice other Blacks from the Republican side. When these attempts to combine with the Blacks failed, the planters joined the common farmers in simply trying to displace the Republican governments. The planters and their business allies dominated the self-styled "conservative" coalition that finally took control in the South. They were paternalistic toward the Blacks but feared they would use power to raise taxes and slow business development. 9429:

with sticks and stones, the firing of rival club-houses. Republican clubs marched the streets of Philadelphia, amid revolver shots and brickbats, to save the Negroes from the "rebel" savages in Alabama.... The project to make voters out of black men was not so much for their social elevation as for the further punishment of the Southern white people—for the capture of offices for Radical scamps and the entrenchment of the Radical party in power for a long time to come in the South and in the country at large.

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fighting the Radical positions. There is considerable debate on how well Lincoln, had he lived, would have handled Congress during the Reconstruction process that took place after the Civil War ended. One historical camp argues that Lincoln's flexibility, pragmatism, and superior political skills with Congress would have solved Reconstruction with far less difficulty. The other camp believes that the Radicals would have attempted to impeach Lincoln, just as they did to his successor, Andrew Johnson, in 1868.

9351: 7537:. However, Black women were vulnerable even in times of relative normalcy. Sexual assaults on African-American women were so pervasive, particularly on the part of their white employers, that Black men sought to reduce the contact between white males and Black females by having the women in their family avoid doing work that was closely overseen by whites. Black men were construed as being extremely sexually aggressive and their supposed or rumored threats to white women were often used as a pretext for 9496:", included founders of the party who expressed dismay that the party had succumbed to corruption. They were further wearied by the continued insurgent violence of Whites against Blacks in the South, especially around every election cycle, which demonstrated that the war was not over and changes were fragile. Leaders included editors of some of the nation's most powerful newspapers. Charles Sumner, embittered by the corruption of the Grant administration, joined the new party, which nominated editor 10059:

on the part of the dominant Republican Party. Some wanted high tariffs and some low. Some wanted greenbacks and others wanted gold. There was no conspiracy to use Reconstruction to impose any such unified economic policy on the nation. Northern businessmen were widely divergent on monetary or tariff policy, and seldom paid attention to Reconstruction issues. Furthermore, the rhetoric on behalf of the rights of the freedmen was not claptrap but deeply-held and very serious political philosophy.

9724: 34392: 31352: 5780: 8361:, who replaced Hoar, was zealous in his attempt to destroy the Klan. Akerman and South Carolina's U.S. marshal arrested over 470 Klan members, but hundreds of Klansmen, including the Klan's wealthy leaders, fled the state. Akerman returned over 3,000 indictments of the Klan throughout the South and obtained 600 convictions for the worst offenders. By 1872, Grant had crushed the Klan, and African Americans peacefully voted in record numbers in elections in the South. Attorney General 9446:, but retreated before federal troops reached the city. None was prosecuted. Their election-time tactics included violent intimidation of African American and Republican voters prior to elections, while avoiding conflict with the U.S. Army or the state militias, and then withdrawing completely on election day. White supremacist violence continued in both the North and South; the White Liners movement to elect candidates dedicated to white supremacy reached as far as Ohio in 1875. 9046: 9001:

were too expensive and unnecessary for a region where the vast majority of people were cotton or tobacco farmers. They had no expectation of better education for their residents. One historian found that the schools were less effective than they might have been because "poverty, the inability of the states to collect taxes, and inefficiency and corruption in many places prevented successful operation of the schools". After Reconstruction ended and White elected officials

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it. Meanwhile, white northern Republicans were becoming more conservative. Republicans and Black Americans lost power in the South. By 1870, most Republicans felt the war goals had been achieved, and they turned their attention to other issues such as economic policies. White Americans were in almost full control again by the start of the 1900s and did not enforce Black voting rights. The United States government eventually pulled all its troops from the Southern states.

34380: 10114:, they rejected the Dunning School and found a great deal to praise in Radical Reconstruction. Foner, the primary advocate of this view, argued that it was never truly completed, and that a "Second Reconstruction" was needed in the late 20th century to complete the goal of full equality for African Americans. The neo-abolitionists followed the revisionists in minimizing the corruption and waste created by Republican state governments, saying it was no worse than 34335: 33999: 33095: 32509: 28417: 28381: 10492:"It is our hope that states and districts will adopt these guidelines for their own educational standards, curricula, and professional development," the report states. "In so doing, they will be better equipped to teach students the true history of Reconstruction, help students understand its significance and make connections to the present day. And they will empower teachers to educate their students and themselves about ongoing Reconstruction scholarship." 3504: 3465: 7671:

influence to block the amendment in the states since three-fourths of the states were required for ratification (the amendment was later ratified). The moderate effort to compromise with Johnson had failed, and a political fight broke out between the Republicans (both Radical and moderate) on one side, and on the other side, Johnson and his allies in the Democratic Party in the North, and the groupings (which used different names) in each Southern state.

6602: 7615: 7456: 28427: 3514: 6935:) held Black slaves and signed treaties supporting the Confederacy. During the war, a war among pro-Union and anti-Union Native Americans had raged. Congress passed a statute that gave the president the authority to suspend the appropriations of any tribe if the tribe is "in a state of actual hostility to the government of the United States ... and, by proclamation, to declare all treaties with such tribe to be abrogated by such tribe". 34454: 32521: 6105:. According to historians Downs and Masur, "Reconstruction began when the first US soldiers arrived in slaveholding territory, and enslaved people escaped from plantations and farms, some of them fleeing into free states, and others trying to find safety with US forces." Soon afterwards, early discourse and experimentation began in earnest regarding Reconstruction policies. The Reconstruction policies provided opportunities to enslaved 7156: 9618:. Across the South, some Democrats switched from the race issue to taxes and corruption, charging that Republican governments were corrupt and inefficient. With a continuing decrease in cotton prices, taxes squeezed cash-poor farmers who rarely saw $ 20 in currency a year, but had to pay taxes in currency or lose their farms. But major planters, who had never paid taxes before, often recovered their property even after confiscation. 7287:, and an alternative subordinate status of servitude for Blacks rather than slavery. Lincoln flatly rejected recognition of the Confederacy, and said that the slaves covered by his Emancipation Proclamation would not be re-enslaved. He said that the Union states were about to pass the Thirteenth Amendment, outlawing slavery. Lincoln urged the governor of Georgia to remove Confederate troops and "ratify this constitutional amendment 34437: 8339: 9260:, which was legal tender but not backed by gold or silver. In addition about $ 275 million of coin was in circulation. The new administration policy announced in October 1865 would be to make all the paper convertible into specie, if Congress so voted. The House of Representatives passed the Alley Resolution on December 18, 1865, by a vote of 144 to 6. In the Senate it was a different matter, for the key player was Senator 34471: 8040:", and in-between delegates. The Radicals were a coalition: 40% were Southern White Republicans; 25% were White and 34% were Black. In addition to expanding the franchise, they pressed for provisions designed to promote economic growth, especially financial aid to rebuild the ruined railroad system. The conventions set up systems of free public schools funded by tax dollars, but did not require them to be racially integrated. 9248: 9413:

the Negroes work better, drove the worst of the Radical leaders from the country and started the whites on the way to gain political supremacy". The evil result, Fleming said, was that lawless elements "made use of the organization as a cloak to cover their misdeeds ... The lynching habits of today are largely due to conditions, social and legal, growing out of Reconstruction." Historians have noted that the peak of

58: 7021:... the liberating slaves of traitorous owners, will alarm our Southern Union friends, and turn them against us—perhaps ruin our fair prospect for Kentucky." After Frémont refused to rescind the emancipation order, Lincoln terminated him from active duty on November 2, 1861. Lincoln was concerned that the border states would secede from the Union if slaves were given their freedom. On May 26, 1862, Union Major General 6296:

century, the South was locked into a system of poverty. How much of this failure was caused by the war and by previous reliance on slavery remains the subject of debate among economists and historians. In both the North and South, modernization and industrialization were the focus of the post-war recovery, built on the growth of cities, railroads, factories, and banks and led by Radical Republicans and former Whigs.

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Reconstruction. Some slaves had learned to read from White playmates or colleagues before formal education was allowed by law; African Americans started "native schools" before the end of the war; Sabbath schools were another widespread means that freedmen developed to teach literacy. When they gained suffrage, Black politicians took this commitment to public education to state constitutional conventions.

10055:, he wrote "when the war closed, Northern business men looked to the South as a colony into which business might expand". Further in the same book, he wrote: "Moderates, Liberals, and Democrats continued to deplore Southern conditions until the Northern business man was persuaded that only a restoration of native white government would bring the peace necessary for economic penetration into the South." 34368: 7602:

parties, and give evidence, to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property, and to full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property, as is enjoyed by white citizens, and shall be subject to like punishment, pains, and penalties and to none other, any law, statute, ordinance, regulation, or custom to the Contrary notwithstanding.

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years "about 15 percent of the officeholders in the South were Black—a larger proportion than in 1990". Most of those offices were at the local level. In 1860, Blacks constituted the majority of the population in Mississippi and South Carolina, 47% in Louisiana, 45% in Alabama, and 44% in Georgia and Florida, so their political influence was still far less than their percentage of the population.

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suffer the increased burden imposed upon them by the cruel taskmaster, whose only interest is their labor, wrung from them by every device an inhuman ingenuity can devise; hence the lash and murder is resorted to intimidate those whom fear of an awful death alone cause to remain, while patrols, Negro dogs and spies, disguised as Yankees, keep constant guard over these unfortunate people.

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the states and in authorizing military commissions for the trial of civilians in time of peace. There should have been as little military government as possible; no military commissions; no classes excluded from suffrage; and no oath except one of faithful obedience and support to the Constitution and laws, and of sincere attachment to the constitutional government of the United States.

6699:. The Radicals insisted that meant Congress decided how Reconstruction should be achieved. The issues were multiple: Who should decide, Congress or the president? How should republicanism operate in the South? What was the status of the former Confederate states? What was the citizenship status of the leaders of the Confederacy? What was the citizenship and suffrage status of freedmen? 183: 7862:, as originally passed, were initially called "An act to provide for the more efficient Government of the Rebel States". The legislation was enacted by the 39th Congress, on March 2, 1867. It was vetoed by President Johnson, and the veto then overridden by a two-thirds majority, in both the House and the Senate, the same day. Congress also clarified the scope of the federal writ of 7172:

states. Eventually, as the U.S. Army advanced into the Confederacy, millions of slaves were set free. Many of these freedmen joined the U.S. Army and fought in battles against the Confederate forces. Yet hundreds of thousands of freed slaves died during emancipation from illnesses that devastated army regiments. Freed slaves suffered from smallpox, yellow fever, and malnutrition.

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attempted to fix by federal law "a perfect equality of the white and black races in every state of the Union". Johnson said it was an invasion by federal authority of the rights of the states; it had no warrant in the Constitution and was contrary to all precedents. It was a "stride toward centralization and the concentration of all legislative power in the national government".

8417:, Grant sent in tens of thousands of armed, uniformed federal marshals and other election officials to regulate the 1870 and subsequent elections. Democrats across the North then mobilized to defend their base and attacked Grant's entire set of policies. On October 21, 1876, President Grant deployed troops to protect Black and White Republican voters in Petersburg, Virginia. 10186:, Cecelia O'Leary, Laura Edwards, LeeAnn Whites, and Edward J. Blum has encouraged greater attention to race, religion, and issues of gender while at the same time pushing the effective end of Reconstruction to the end of the 19th century, while monographs by Charles Reagan Wilson, Gaines Foster, W. Scott Poole, and Bruce Baker have offered new views of the Southern " 6292:

untouched areas, the lack of maintenance and repair, the absence of new equipment, the heavy over-use, and the deliberate relocation of equipment by the Confederates from remote areas to the war zone ensured the system would be ruined at war's end. Restoring the infrastructure—especially the railroad system—became a high priority for Reconstruction state governments.

9740:. The White League took over and held the state house and city hall, but they retreated before the arrival of reinforcing federal troops. Kellogg had asked for reinforcements before, and Grant finally responded, sending additional troops to try to quell violence throughout plantation areas of the Red River Valley, although 2,000 troops were already in the state. 9078:. In the South, wealthy landowners were allowed to self-assess the value of their own land. These fraudulent assessments were almost valueless, and pre-war property tax collections were lacking due to property value misrepresentation. State revenues came from fees and from sales taxes on slave auctions. Some states assessed property owners by a combination of 7113:

military governors kept the administration of Reconstruction under presidential control, rather than that of the increasingly unsympathetic Radical Congress. On March 3, 1862, Lincoln installed a loyalist Democrat, Senator Andrew Johnson, as military governor with the rank of brigadier general in his home state of Tennessee. In May 1862, Lincoln appointed

9264:, who said that inflation contraction was not nearly as important as refunding the short-term and long-term national debt. The war had been largely financed by national debt, in addition to taxation and inflation. The national debt stood at $ 2.8 billion. By October 1865, most of it in short-term and temporary loans. Wall Street bankers typified by 10225:, who studied American history in all time periods. He asked whether they wholly or partly accepted, or rejected, 40 propositions in the scholarly literature about American economic history. The greatest difference between economics PhDs and history PhDs came in questions on competition and race. For example, the proposition originally put forward by 6340:" under which a loyal unionist state government would be established when ten percent of its 1860 voters pledged an oath of allegiance to the Union, with a complete pardon for those who pledged such an oath. By 1864, Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas had established fully functioning Unionist governments under this plan. However, Congress passed the 9540:

away from the river fronts, but freedmen often did not have the stake to get started. They hoped that the government would help them acquire land which they could work. Only South Carolina created any land redistribution, establishing a land commission and resettling about 14,000 freedmen families and some poor Whites on land purchased by the state.

9684:, freedmen fearing a Democratic attempt to take over the parish government reinforced defenses at the small Colfax courthouse in late March. White militias gathered from the area a few miles outside the settlement. Rumors and fears abounded on both sides. William Ward, an African American Union veteran and militia captain, mustered his company in 7495:, which gave the freedmen greater economic independence and social autonomy than gang labor. However, because they lacked capital and the planters continued to own the means of production (tools, draft animals, and land), the freedmen were forced into producing cash crops (mainly cotton) for the land-owners and merchants, and they entered into a 9464:, the classically liberal, pro-business faction of the Democratic Party. They were a coalition which sought to regain political power, reestablish white supremacy, and oust the Radical Republicans from influence. Led by rich former planters, businessmen, and professionals, they dominated Southern politics in most areas from the 1870s to 1910. 10039:

Fourteenth Amendment, which gave the Negro his citizenship, Beard found significant primarily as a result of a conspiracy of a few legislative draftsmen friendly to corporations to use the supposed elevation of the blacks as a cover for a fundamental law giving strong protection to business corporations against regulation by state government.

8955:, a Methodist bishop, played a leading role in mobilizing the Northern Methodists for the cause. Biographer Robert D. Clark called him the "High Priest of the Radical Republicans". The Methodist Ministers Association of Boston, meeting two weeks after Lincoln's assassination, called for a hard line against the Confederate leadership: 9870:, this method would have favored Hayes. Still others proposed that the matter should be settled by the Supreme Court. In a stormy session that began on March 1, 1877, the House debated the objection for about twelve hours before overruling it. Immediately, another spurious objection was raised, this time to the electoral votes from 7228:

without deference to a person's color, authorized the bureau to lease confiscated land for a period of three years and to sell it in portions of up to 40 acres (16 ha) per buyer. The bureau was to expire one year after the termination of the war. Lincoln was assassinated before he could appoint a commissioner of the bureau.

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Left unaffected was that states would still determine voter registration and electoral laws. The amendments were directed at ending slavery and providing full citizenship to freedmen. Northern congressmen believed that providing Black men with the right to vote would be the most rapid means of political education and training.

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and accommodations and ambitious economic development programs (including aid to railroads and other enterprises)." Despite these achievements the interpretation of Reconstruction has been a topic of controversy because nearly all historians hold that Reconstruction ended in failure, but for very different reasons.

10077:, published in 1935, compared results across the states to show achievements by the Reconstruction legislatures and to refute claims about wholesale African American control of governments. He showed Black contributions, as in the establishment of universal public education, charitable and social institutions and 9902:, including help with a railroad in Texas (which never happened) and name a Southerner to his cabinet (this did happen). With the end to the political role of Northern troops, the president had no method to enforce Reconstruction; thus, this "back room" deal signaled the end of American Reconstruction. 9708:, first in parishes of the Red River Valley. The new organization operated openly and had political goals: the violent overthrow of Republican rule and suppression of Black voting. White League chapters soon rose in many rural parishes, receiving financing for advanced weaponry from wealthy men. In the 9696:

This marked the beginning of heightened insurgency and attacks on Republican officeholders and freedmen in Louisiana and other Deep South states. In Louisiana, Judge T. S. Crawford and District Attorney P. H. Harris of the 12th Judicial District were shot off their horses and killed by ambush October

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Not all Democrats agreed; an insurgent element continued to resist Reconstruction no matter what. Eventually, a group called "Redeemers" took control of the party in the Southern states. They formed coalitions with conservative Republicans, including supporters of Reconstruction, emphasizing the need

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By 1870, the Democratic leadership across the South decided it had to end its opposition to Reconstruction and Black suffrage to survive and move on to new issues. The Grant administration had proven by its crackdown on the Ku Klux Klan that it would use as much federal power as necessary to suppress

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Finally, some of the more prosperous freedmen were joining the Democrats, as they were angered at the failure of the Republicans to help them acquire land. The South was "sparsely settled"; only 10 percent of Louisiana was cultivated, and 90 percent of Mississippi bottom land was undeveloped in areas

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Fleming described the first results of the insurgent movement as "good", and the later ones as "both good and bad". According to Fleming (1907), the KKK "quieted the Negroes, made life and property safer, gave protection to women, stopped burnings, forced the Radical leaders to be more moderate, made

9376:

groups, such as the White League in Louisiana and the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas, that assassinated and intimidated both Black and White Republican leaders at election time. Historian George C. Rable called such groups the "military arm of the Democratic Party". By the mid-1870s, the

9276:

to the West Coast, and especially the flourishing of manufacturing during the war. The gold premium over greenbacks was $ 145 in greenbacks to $ 100 in gold, and the optimists thought that the heavy demand for currency in an era of prosperity would return the ratio to 100. A compromise was reached in

9255:

The Civil War had been financed primarily by issuing short-term and long-term bonds and loans, plus inflation caused by printing paper money, plus new taxes. Wholesale prices had more than doubled, and reduction of inflation was a priority for Secretary McCulloch. A high priority, and by far the most

8982:

God's gift of freedom. They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Most of all, they could form their own churches, associations, and conventions. These

8646:

guaranteed only that voting could not be restricted on the basis of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. From 1868 on, campaigns and elections were surrounded by violence as White insurgents and paramilitaries tried to suppress the Black vote, and fraud was rampant. Many white southerners

7592:

laws are to be enacted and enforced depriving persons of African descent of privileges which are essential to freemen.... A law that does not allow a colored person to go from one county to another, and one that does not allow him to hold property, to teach, to preach, are certainly laws in violation

7572:

In January 1866, Congress renewed the Freedmen's Bureau; however, Johnson vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill in February 1866. Although Johnson had sympathy for the plight of the freedmen, he was against federal assistance. An attempt to override the veto failed on February 20, 1866. This veto shocked

7231:

With the help of the bureau, the recently freed slaves began voting, forming political parties, and assuming the control of labor in many areas. The bureau helped to start a change of power in the South that drew national attention from the Republicans in the North to the Democrats in the South. This

7065:

to "adopt a system of gradual emancipation which should work the extinction of slavery in twenty years". On March 26, 1862, Lincoln met with Senator Charles Sumner and recommended that a special joint session of Congress be convened to discuss giving financial aid to any border states who initiated a

7036:

On April 16, 1862, Lincoln signed a bill into law outlawing slavery in Washington, D.C., and freeing the estimated 3,500 slaves in the city. On June 19, 1862, he signed legislation outlawing slavery in all U.S. territories. On July 17, 1862, under the authority of the Confiscation Acts and an amended

6895:

African Americans held public office in the South; some of them were men who had escaped to the North and gained educations, and returned to the South. They did not hold office in numbers representative of their proportion in the population, but often elected Whites to represent them. The question of

6862:

As president in 1865, Johnson wrote to the man he appointed as governor of Mississippi, recommending: "If you could extend the elective franchise to all persons of color who can read the Constitution in English and write their names, and to all persons of color who own real estate valued at least two

6649:

swearing that they had never supported the Confederacy or been one of its soldiers. This oath also entailed having them to swear a loyalty to the Constitution and the Union before they could have state constitutional meetings. Lincoln blocked it. Pursuing a policy of "malice toward none" announced in

6312:

From its origins, questions existed as to the legal significance of the Civil War, whether secession had actually occurred, and what measures, if any, were necessary to restore the governments of the Confederate States. For example, throughout the conflict, the United States government recognized the

6173:

The Civil War had immense social implications for the United States. Emancipation had altered the legal status of 3.5 million persons, threatened the end of the plantation economy of the South, and provoked questions regarding the legal and social inequality of the races in the United States. The end

10436:

Politically, the film offers a conservative view of Georgia and the South. In her novel, despite her Southern prejudices, Mitchell showed clear awareness of the shortcomings of her characters and their region. The film is less analytical. It portrays the story from a clearly Old South point of view:

9946:

The first generation of Northern historians believed that the former Confederates were traitors and Johnson was their ally who threatened to undo the Union's constitutional achievements. By the 1880s, however, Northern historians argued that Johnson and his allies were not traitors but had blundered

9629:

In the North, a live-and-let-live attitude made elections more like a sporting contest. But in the Deep South, many White citizens had not reconciled with the defeat of the war or the granting of citizenship to freedmen. As an Alabamian supporter of Reconstruction explained: "Our contest here is for

9515:

In the South, political and racial tensions built up inside the Republican Party as they were attacked by the Democrats. In 1868, Georgia Democrats, with support from some Republicans, expelled all 28 Black Republican members from the state house, arguing Blacks were eligible to vote but not to hold

9417:

took place near the turn of the century, decades after Reconstruction ended, as Whites were imposing Jim Crow laws and passing new state constitutions that disenfranchised the Blacks. The lynchings were used for intimidation and social control, with a frequency associated more with economic stresses

9237:

The argument made by the taxpayers, however, was plausible and it may be conceded that, upon the whole, they were about right; for no doubt it would have been much easier upon the taxpayers to have increased at that time the interest-bearing debt of the state than to have increased the tax rate. The

9061:

Every Southern state subsidized railroads, which modernizers believed could haul the South out of isolation and poverty. Millions of dollars in bonds and subsidies were fraudulently pocketed. One ring in North Carolina spent $ 200,000 in bribing the legislature and obtained millions of state dollars

9020:

In the late 19th century, the federal government established land grant legislation to provide funding for higher education across the United States. Learning that Blacks were excluded from land grant colleges in the South, in 1890 the federal government insisted that Southern states establish Black

8964:

The denominations all sent missionaries, teachers and activists to the South to help the freedmen. Only the Methodists made many converts, however. Activists sponsored by the Northern Methodist Church played a major role in the Freedmen's Bureau, notably in such key educational roles as the bureau's

8425:

Grant's support from Congress and the nation declined due to scandals within his administration and the political resurgence of the Democrats in the North and South. Anti-Reconstruction whites claimed that wealthy white landowners had lost power, and they blamed governmental scandals in the South on

8095:

During the Civil War, many in the North believed that fighting for the Union was a noble cause—for the preservation of the Union and the end of slavery. After the war ended, with the North victorious, the fear among Radicals was that President Johnson too quickly assumed that slavery and Confederate

8026:

The first critical step ... was the registration of voters according to guidelines established by Congress and interpreted by Generals Sheridan and Charles Griffin. The Reconstruction Acts called for registering all adult males, white and black, except those who had ever sworn an oath to uphold

7711:

to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and granting them federal civil rights. The Fifteenth Amendment, proposed in late February 1869, and passed in early February 1870, decreed that the right to vote could not be denied because of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".

7687:

Concerned by multiple reports of abuse of black freedmen by Southern white officials and plantation owners, Republicans in Congress took control of Reconstruction policies after the election of 1866. Johnson ignored the policy mandate, and he openly encouraged Southern states to deny ratification of

7478:

The Black Codes indicated the plans of the Southern whites for the former slaves. The freedmen would have more rights than did free Blacks before the war, but they would still have only second-class civil rights, no voting rights, and no citizenship. They could not own firearms, serve on a jury in a

7200:

Before 1864, slave marriages had not been recognized legally; emancipation did not affect them. When freed, many sought official marriages. Before emancipation, slaves could not enter into contracts, including the marriage contract. Not all free people formalized their unions. Some continued to have

7103:

activist, criticized Lincoln by stating that he was "showing all his inconsistencies, his pride of race and blood, his contempt for Negroes and his canting hypocrisy". African Americans, according to Douglass, wanted citizenship and civil rights rather than colonies. Historians are unsure if Lincoln

7001:

into law, the first on August 6, 1861, and the second on July 17, 1862, safeguarding fugitive slaves who crossed from the Confederacy across Union lines and giving them indirect emancipation if their masters continued insurrection against the United States. The laws allowed the confiscation of lands

6817:

for former Confederates was one of two main concerns. A decision needed to be made whether to allow just some or all former Confederates to vote (and to hold office). The moderates in Congress wanted virtually all of them to vote, but the Radicals resisted. They repeatedly imposed the Ironclad Oath,

6749:

no longer applied to counting the population of Blacks. After the 1870 Census, the South would gain numerous additional representatives in Congress, based on the full population of freedmen. One Illinois Republican expressed a common fear that if the South were allowed to simply restore its previous

6685:

vehemently opposed Johnson's plans for an abrupt end to Reconstruction, insisting that Reconstruction must "revolutionize Southern institutions, habits, and manners .... The foundations of their institutions ... must be broken up and relaid, or all our blood and treasure have been spent in

10473:

In social studies standards for 45 out of 50 states and the District of Columbia, discussion of Reconstruction is "partial" or "non-existent", according to historians who reviewed how the period is discussed in K-12 social studies standards for public schools nationwide. In a report produced by the

10165:

concluded that from the Black point of view "Reconstruction must be judged a failure." Foner stated Reconstruction was "a noble if flawed experiment, the first attempt to introduce a genuine inter-racial democracy in the United States". According to him, the many factors contributing to the failure

10058:

The Beard–Beale interpretation of the monolithic Northern industrialists fell apart in the 1950s when it was closely examined by numerous historians, including Robert P. Sharkey, Irwin Unger, and Stanley Coben. The younger scholars conclusively demonstrated that there was no unified economic policy

9933:

Numerous African-Americans were elected to local office through the 1880s, and in the 1890s in some states, biracial coalitions of populists and Republicans briefly held control of state legislatures. In the last decade of the 19th century, Southern states elected five Black U.S. congressmen before

9897:

The Democrats agreed not to block Hayes' inauguration based on a "back room" deal. Key to this deal was the understanding that federal troops would no longer interfere in Southern politics despite substantial election-associated violence against Blacks. The Southern states indicated that they would

9778:

The campaigns and elections of 1876 were marked by additional murders and attacks on Republicans in Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida. In South Carolina the campaign season of 1876 was marked by murderous outbreaks and fraud against freedmen. Red Shirts paraded with arms behind

9663:

president in 1876. President Grant was not running for re-election and seemed to be losing interest in the South. States fell to the Redeemers, with only four in Republican hands in 1873: Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and South Carolina. Arkansas then fell after the violent Brooks–Baxter War in

9535:

Meanwhile, in state after state the freedmen were demanding a bigger share of the offices and patronage, squeezing out white allies but never commanding the numbers equivalent to their population proportion. By the mid-1870s: "The hard realities of Southern political life had taught the lesson that

9524:. The party lost support steadily as many supporters of Reconstruction left it; few recruits were acquired. The most bitter contest took place inside the Republican Party in Arkansas, where the two sides armed their forces and confronted each other in the streets; no actual combat took place in the 9486:

Congress was right in not limiting, by its Reconstruction acts, the right of suffrage to Whites; but wrong in the exclusion from suffrage of certain classes of citizens and all unable to take its prescribed retrospective oath, and wrong also in the establishment of despotic military governments for

9322:

leader (Forrest denied in his congressional testimony being a member). Other Southerners interviewed included farmers, doctors, merchants, teachers, and clergymen. The committee heard numerous reports of White violence against Blacks, while many Whites denied Klan membership or knowledge of violent

9256:

controversial, was the currency question. The old paper currency issued by state banks had been withdrawn, and Confederate currency was worthless. The national banks had issued $ 207 million in currency, which was backed by gold and silver. The federal treasury had issued $ 428 million in

9065:

There were complaints among taxpayers because taxes had historically been low, as the planter elite was not committed to public infrastructure or public education. Taxes historically had been much lower in the South than in the North, reflecting the lack of government investment by the communities.

8959:

Resolved, that no terms should be made with traitors, no compromise with rebels.... That we hold the national authority bound by the most solemn obligation to God and man to bring all the civil and military leaders of the rebellion to trial by due course of law, and when they are clearly convicted,

8886:

Freedmen were very active in forming their own churches, mostly Baptist or Methodist, and giving their ministers both moral and political leadership roles. In a process of self-segregation, practically all Blacks left White churches so that few racially integrated congregations remained (apart from

8446:

to local, state, and national offices; though they did not dominate any electoral offices, Black men as representatives voting in state and federal legislatures marked a drastic social change. At the beginning of 1867, no African American in the South held political office, but within three or four

8288:

between 1870 and 1871, designed to protect blacks and Reconstruction governments. These were criminal codes that protected the freedmen's right to vote, to hold office, to serve on juries, and receive equal protection of laws. Most important, they authorized the federal government to intervene when

8021:

in which the military closely supervised local government, supervised elections, and tried to protect office holders and freedmen from violence. Blacks were enrolled as voters; former Confederate leaders were excluded for a limited period. No one state was entirely representative. Randolph Campbell

7601:

All persons born in the United States ... are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States; and such citizens of every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of slavery ... shall have the same right in every State ... to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be

7432:

Historians generally agree that President Johnson was an inept politician who lost all his advantages by unskilled maneuvering. He broke with Congress in early 1866 and then became defiant and tried to block enforcement of Reconstruction laws passed by the U.S. Congress. He was in constant conflict

6874:

Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens, leaders of the Radical Republicans, were initially hesitant to enfranchise the largely illiterate freedmen. Sumner preferred at first impartial requirements that would have imposed literacy restrictions on Blacks and Whites. He believed that he would not succeed

6833:

proposed, unsuccessfully, that all former Confederates lose the right to vote for five years. The compromise that was reached disenfranchised many Confederate civil and military leaders. No one knows how many temporarily lost the vote, but one estimate placed the number as high as 10,000 to 15,000.

10461:

said, "for no other period of American history does so wide a gap exist between current scholarship and popular historical understanding, which, judging from references to Reconstruction in recent newspaper articles, films, popular books, and in public monuments across the country, still bears the

10313:

If we see Reconstruction's purpose as making sure that the main goals of the war would be fulfilled, of a Union held together forever, of a North and South able to work together, of slavery extirpated, and sectional rivalries confined, of the permanent banishment of the fear of vaunting appeals to

10254:

A fourth school sees the major reason for the failure of Reconstruction as the states' inability to suppress the violence of Southern Whites when they sought reversal for Blacks' gains. Etcheson (2009) points to the "violence that crushed black aspirations and the abandonment by Northern whites of

10125:

ideals. They argued that the tragedy of Reconstruction was not that it failed because Blacks were incapable of governing, especially as they did not dominate any state government, but that it failed because Whites raised an insurgent movement to restore White supremacy. White-elite-dominated state

10016:

The Beardian interpretation of the causes of the Civil War downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. It ignored constitutional issues of states' rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war. Indeed, the ferocious combat itself was

9991:

Reconstruction was a battle between two extremes: the Democrats, as the group which included the vast majority of the whites, standing for decent government and racial supremacy, versus the Republicans, the Negroes, alien carpetbaggers, and renegade scalawags, standing for dishonest government and

9942:

Besides the election of Southern black people to state governments and the United States Congress, other achievements of the Reconstruction era include "the South's first state-funded public school systems, more equitable taxation legislation, laws against racial discrimination in public transport

9688:

and went to the courthouse. On Easter Sunday, April 13, 1873, the Whites attacked the defenders at the courthouse. There was confusion about who shot one of the White leaders after an offer by the defenders to surrender. It was a catalyst to mayhem. In the end, three Whites died and 120–150 Blacks

9561:

with a few exceptions, were less efficient, less capable, and knew less about matters of state and governmental administration than many of the former slaves.... As a rule, therefore, the Whites that came into the leadership of the Republican Party between 1872 and 1875 were representatives of the

9428:

Outrages upon the former slaves in the South there were in plenty. Their sufferings were many. But white men, too, were victims of lawless violence, and in all portions of the North and the late "rebel" states. Not a political campaign passed without the exchange of bullets, the breaking of skulls

9000:

The rural areas faced many difficulties opening and maintaining public schools. In the country, the public school was often a one-room affair that attracted about half the younger children. The teachers were poorly paid, and their pay was often in arrears. Conservatives contended the rural schools

7549:

During fall 1865, out of response to the Black Codes and worrisome signs of Southern recalcitrance, the Radical Republicans blocked the readmission of the former rebellious states to the Congress. Johnson, however, was content with allowing former Confederate states into the Union as long as their

7514:

The number of murders and assaults perpetrated upon Negroes is very great; we can form only an approximative estimate of what is going on in those parts of the South which are not closely garrisoned, and from which no regular reports are received, by what occurs under the very eyes of our military

7410:

Smith argues that "Johnson attempted to carry forward what he considered to be Lincoln's plans for Reconstruction." McKitrick says that in 1865 Johnson had strong support in the Republican Party, saying: "It was naturally from the great moderate sector of Unionist opinion in the North that Johnson

7186:

Lincoln was determined to effect a speedy restoration of the Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War. In 1863, he proposed a moderate plan for the Reconstruction of the captured Confederate state of Louisiana. The plan granted amnesty to rebels who took an oath of loyalty to the Union.

7163:

In July 1862, Lincoln became convinced that "a military necessity" was needed to strike at slavery in order to win the Civil War for the Union. The Confiscation Acts were only having a minimal effect to end slavery. On July 22, he wrote a first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the

6644:

of 1864 passed in Congress by the Radicals was designed to permanently disfranchise the Confederate element in the South. The bill asked the government to grant African American men the right to vote and that anyone who willingly gave weapons to the fight against the United States should be denied

9672:

In the lower South, violence increased as new insurgent groups arose, including the Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas, and the White League in Louisiana. The disputed election in Louisiana in 1872 found both Republican and Democratic candidates holding inaugural balls while returns were

9094:

The following table shows property tax rates for South Carolina and Mississippi. Many local town and county assessments effectively doubled the tax rates reported in the table. These taxes were still levied upon the landowners' own sworn testimony as to the value of their land, which remained the

9090:

During Reconstruction, the state legislature mobilized to provide for public need more than had previous governments: establishing public schools and investing in infrastructure, as well as charitable institutions such as hospitals and asylums. They set out to increase taxes, which were unusually

8992:

Historian James D. Anderson argues that the freed slaves were the first Southerners "to campaign for universal, state-supported public education". Blacks in the Republican coalition played a critical role in establishing the principle in state constitutions for the first time during congressional

7532:

Much of the violence that was perpetrated against African Americans was shaped by gender prejudices regarding African Americans. Black women were in a particularly vulnerable situation. To convict a white man of sexually assaulting Black women in this period was exceedingly difficult. The South's

7299:

Lincoln continued to advocate his Louisiana Plan as a model for all states up until his assassination on April 15, 1865. The plan successfully started the Reconstruction process of ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment in all states. Lincoln is typically portrayed as taking the moderate position and

6837:

Second, and closely related, was the issue of whether the 4 million freedmen were to be received as citizens: Would they be able to vote? If they were to be fully counted as citizens, some sort of representation for apportionment of seats in Congress had to be determined. Before the war, the

10038:

the Northern capitalists were able to impose their economic program, quickly passing a series of measures on tariffs, banking, homesteads, and immigration that guaranteed the success of their plans for economic development. Solicitude for the freedmen had little to do with Northern policies. The

9958:

during Reconstruction, concluded later that: "the Reconstruction experiment in racial democracy failed because it began at the wrong end, emphasizing political means and civil rights acts rather than economic means and self-determination". His solution was to concentrate on building the economic

9790:

A 2019 study found that counties that were occupied by the U.S. Army to enforce enfranchisement of emancipated slaves were more likely to elect Black politicians. The study also found that "political murders by White-supremacist groups occurred less frequently" in these counties than in Southern

8941:

A War Department order of November 1863, applicable to the Southwestern states of the Confederacy, authorized the Northern Methodists to occupy "all houses of worship belonging to the Methodist Episcopal Church South in which a loyal minister, appointed by a loyal bishop of said church, does not

8115:

to protect and gradually incorporate refugee slaves in west Tennessee and northern Mississippi into the Union war effort and pay them for their labor. It was the beginning of his vision for the Freedmen's Bureau. Grant opposed President Johnson by supporting the Reconstruction Acts passed by the

8012:

from Virginia in 1863, and Tennessee, which had already been re-admitted in 1866, were not included in the military districts. Federal troops, however, were kept in West Virginia through 1868 in order to control civil unrest in several areas throughout the state. Federal troops were removed from

7527:

who board some of the boats; after the boats leave they hang, shoot, or drown the victims they may find on them, and all those found on the roads or coming down the rivers are almost invariably murdered. The bewildered and terrified freedmen know not what to do—to leave is death; to remain is to

7171:

On January 1, 1863, the actual Emancipation Proclamation was issued, specifically naming 10 states in which slaves would be "forever free". The proclamation did not name the states of Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware, and specifically excluded numerous counties in some other

6890:

Sumner soon concluded that "there was no substantial protection for the freedman except in the franchise". This was necessary, he stated, "(1) For his own protection; (2) For the protection of the white Unionist; and (3) For the peace of the country. We put the musket in his hands because it was

10133:

Re-establishment of White supremacy meant that within a decade African Americans were excluded from virtually all local, state, and federal governance in all states of the South. Lack of representation meant that they were treated as second-class citizens, with schools and services consistently

7697:

The South's White leaders, who held power in the immediate post-bellum era before the vote was granted to the freedmen, renounced secession and slavery, but not White supremacy. People who had previously held power were angered in 1867 when new elections were held. New Republican lawmakers were

7645:

Although strongly urged by moderates in Congress to sign the Civil Rights bill, Johnson broke decisively with them by vetoing it on March 27, 1866. His veto message objected to the measure because it conferred citizenship on the freedmen at a time when 11 out of 36 states were unrepresented and

6783:

personnel to administer the region until new governments loyal to the Union—that accepted the Fourteenth Amendment and the right of freedmen to vote—could be established. Congress temporarily suspended the ability to vote of approximately 10,000 to 15,000 former Confederate officials and senior

6295:

Over a quarter of Southern White men of military age—the backbone of the White workforce—died during the war, leaving their families destitute, and per capita income for White Southerners declined from $ 125 in 1857 to a low of $ 80 in 1879. By the end of the 19th century and well into the 20th

9731:

Later in 1874 the White League mounted a serious attempt to unseat the Republican governor of Louisiana, in a dispute that had simmered since the 1872 election. It brought 5,000 troops to New Orleans to engage and overwhelm forces of the metropolitan police and state militia to turn Republican

7227:

became law, sponsored by the Republicans to aid freedmen and White refugees. A federal bureau was created to provide food, clothing, fuel, and advice on negotiating labor contracts. It attempted to oversee new relations between freedmen and their former masters in a free labor market. The act,

6894:

The Republicans believed that the best way for men to get political experience was to be able to vote and to participate in the political system. They passed laws allowing all male freedmen to vote. In 1867, Black men voted for the first time. Over the course of Reconstruction, more than 1,500

6270:

The Confederate States in 1861 had 297 towns and cities, with a total population of 835,000 people; of these, 162, with 681,000 people, were at some point occupied by Union forces. Eleven cities were destroyed or severely damaged by military action, including Atlanta, Charleston, Columbia, and

7720:

most Blacks and many poor Whites in the South. From 1890 to 1910, Southern states passed new state constitutions that completed the disenfranchisement of Blacks. U.S. Supreme Court rulings on these provisions upheld many of these new Southern state constitutions and laws, and most Blacks were

7670:

on reservations), penalized states that did not give the vote to freedmen, and most important, created new federal civil rights that could be protected by federal courts. It guaranteed the federal war debt would be paid (and promised the Confederate debt would never be paid). Johnson used his

7191:

the bill and the rift widened between the moderates, primarily concerned with preserving the Union and winning the war, and the Radicals, who wanted to effect a more complete change within Southern society. Frederick Douglass denounced Lincoln's 10% electorate plan as undemocratic since state

7112:

Starting in March 1862, in an effort to forestall Reconstruction by the Radicals in Congress, Lincoln installed military governors in certain rebellious states under Union military control. Although the states would not be recognized by the Radicals until an undetermined time, installation of

6858:

veterans. Johnson also believed that such service should be rewarded with citizenship. Lincoln proposed giving the vote to "the very intelligent, and especially those who have fought gallantly in our ranks". In 1864, Governor Johnson said: "The better class of them will go to work and sustain

6045:

Historians continue to disagree about the legacy of Reconstruction. Criticism of Reconstruction focuses on the early failure to prevent violence, corruption, starvation, disease, and other problems. Some consider the Union's policy toward freed slaves as inadequate and it policy toward former

9824:

The White Democrats in the South agreed to accept Hayes' victory if he withdrew the last federal troops. By this point, the North was weary of insurgency. White Democrats controlled most of the Southern legislatures and armed militias controlled small towns and rural areas. Blacks considered

6842:

of a corresponding number of free Whites. By having 4 million freedmen counted as full citizens, the South would gain additional seats in Congress. If Blacks were denied the vote and the right to hold office, then only Whites would represent them. Many, including most White Southerners,

6291:

service available to move crops and animals to market. Railroad mileage was located mostly in rural areas; over two-thirds of the South's rails, bridges, rail yards, repair shops, and rolling stock were in areas reached by Union armies, which systematically destroyed what they could. Even in

10081:

as important results, and he noted their collaboration with Whites. He also pointed out that Whites benefited most by the financial deals made, and he put excesses in the perspective of the war's aftermath. He noted that despite complaints, several states kept their Reconstruction-era state

8973:

God had chastised them and given them a special mission—to maintain orthodoxy, strict biblicism, personal piety, and traditional race relations. Slavery, they insisted, had not been sinful. Rather, emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God's

10274:

Historian Donald R. Shaffer maintained that the gains during Reconstruction for African Americans were not entirely extinguished. The legalization of African American marriages and families and the independence of Black churches from White denominations were a source of strength during the

9925:

The Democrats gained control of the Senate, and had complete control of Congress, having taken over the House in 1875. Hayes vetoed bills from the Democrats that outlawed the Republican Enforcement Acts; however, with the military underfunded, Hayes could not adequately enforce these laws.

8455:

before the war, who had achieved education and positions of leadership elsewhere. Other African American men elected to office were already leaders in their communities, including a number of preachers. As happened in White communities, not all leadership depended upon wealth and literacy.

7440:

However, the fears of the planter elite and other leading white citizens were partly assuaged by the actions of President Johnson, who ensured that a wholesale land redistribution from the planters to the freedmen did not occur. President Johnson ordered that confiscated or abandoned lands

7427:

It is likely that had he lived, Lincoln would have followed a policy similar to Johnson's, that he would have clashed with congressional Radicals, that he would have produced a better result for the freedmen than occurred, and that his political skills would have helped him avoid Johnson's

9082:

and a capitation tax, a tax on each worker employed. This tax was often assessed in a way to discourage a free labor market, where a slave was assessed at 75 cents, while a free White was assessed at a dollar or more, and a free African American at $ 3 or more. Some revenue also came from

10396:(1915); it stimulated the formation of the 20th-century version of the KKK. Many other authors romanticized the supposed benevolence of slavery and the elite world of the antebellum plantations, in memoirs and histories which were published in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the 8917:

Blacks in the South made up a core element of the Republican Party. Their ministers had powerful political roles that were distinctive since they did not depend on White support, in contrast to teachers, politicians, businessmen, and tenant farmers. Acting on the principle as stated by

9364:

While Republican whites supported measures for black civil rights, other whites typically opposed these measures. Some supported armed attacks to suppress blacks. They self-consciously defended their own actions within the framework of a white American discourse of resistance against

7433:

constitutionally with the Radicals in Congress over the status of freedmen and whites in the defeated South. Although resigned to the abolition of slavery, many former Confederates were unwilling to accept both social changes and political domination by former slaves. In the words of

8365:, Akerman's replacement, suspended his prosecutions of the Klan in North Carolina and South Carolina in the Spring of 1873, but prior to the election of 1874, he changed course and prosecuted the Klan. Civil rights prosecutions continued but with fewer yearly cases and convictions. 8922:, an AME minister in Florida: "A man in this state cannot do his whole duty as a minister except he looks out for the political interests of his people." More than 100 Black ministers were elected to state legislatures during Reconstruction, as well as several to Congress and one, 6356:

In addition to the legal status of the seceded states, Congress debated the legal consequences for Confederate veterans and others who had engaged in "insurrection and rebellion" against the government and the legal rights of those freed from slavery. These debates resulted in the

10454:" dominated white scholarship about Reconstruction during most of the 20th century. Black scholarship on the Reconstruction era was mostly ignored until the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, though the racist interpretations of the Dunning School continue to this day. 6694:

Since the war had ended, Congress rejected Johnson's argument that he had the war power to decide what to do. Congress decided it had the primary authority to decide how Reconstruction should proceed, because the Constitution stated the United States had to guarantee each state a

7715:

Many Blacks took an active part in voting and political life, and rapidly continued to build churches and community organizations. Following Reconstruction, White Democrats and insurgent groups used force to regain power in the state legislatures, and pass laws that effectively

9747:, another paramilitary group, arose in 1875 in Mississippi and the Carolinas. Like the White League and White Liner rifle clubs, to which 20,000 men belonged in North Carolina alone, these groups operated as a "military arm of the Democratic Party", to restore White supremacy. 9625:

used state troops against the Klan, but the prisoners were released by federal judges. Holden became the first governor in American history to be impeached and removed from office. Republican political disputes in Georgia split the party and enabled the Redeemers to take over.

9507:" faction of his party (which depended on his patronage), and the Southern Republican Party. Grant won with 55.6% of the vote to Greeley's 43.8%. The Liberal Republican Party vanished and many former supporters—even former abolitionists—abandoned the cause of Reconstruction. 8217:

used his patronage powers to integrate the postal system and appointed a record number of African-American men and women as postal workers across the nation, while also expanding many of the mail routes. Grant appointed Republican abolitionist and champion of black education

7694:, supported radicalism. The other 11 opposed a "harsh" Reconstruction policy, favored the speedy return of the Southern states to congressional representation, opposed legislation designed to protect the freedmen, and deplored the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. 7291:, so as to take effect—say in five years... Slavery is doomed." Lincoln also urged compensated emancipation for the slaves as he thought the North should be willing to share the costs of freedom. Although the meeting was cordial, the parties did not settle on agreements. 5965:

over Johnson's vetoes, setting out the terms by which the former Confederate states could be readmitted to the Union. Constitutional conventions held throughout the South gave Black men the right to vote. New state governments were established by a coalition of freedmen,

9392:

The Negro troops, even at their best, were everywhere considered offensive by the native whites.... The Negro soldier, impudent by reason of his new freedom, his new uniform, and his new gun, was more than Southern temper could tranquilly bear, and race conflicts were

19932: 9983:, analyzed Reconstruction as a failure after 1866 for different reasons. They claimed that Congress took freedoms and rights from qualified Whites and gave them to unqualified Blacks who were being duped by what they called "corrupt carpetbaggers and scalawags". As 7239:

Even with the benefits that it gave to the freedmen, the Freedmen's Bureau was unable to operate effectively in certain areas. Terrorizing freedmen for trying to vote, hold a political office, or own land, the Ku Klux Klan was the nemesis of the Freedmen's Bureau.

9787:, South Carolina massacres. One historian estimated 150 Blacks were killed in the weeks before the 1876 election across South Carolina. Red Shirts prevented almost all Black voting in two majority-Black counties. The Red Shirts were also active in North Carolina. 9294:), on the same day, the U.S. Congress launched a 21-member investigation committee on the status of the Southern Reconstruction states North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Congressional members on the committee included Rep. 6847:, and some Northern Republicans, opposed voting rights for African-Americans. The small fraction of Republican voters opposed to Black suffrage contributed to the defeats of several suffrage measures voted on in most Northern states. Some Northern states that had 6070:

in 1863 until the withdrawal of the final federal troops stationed in the South in 1877. However, historians have proposed different start and end dates for the Reconstruction era, and the exact period of Reconstruction may vary depending on the state or subject.

9062:

for its railroads. Instead of building new track, however, it used the funds to speculate in bonds, reward friends with extravagant fees, and enjoy lavish trips to Europe. Taxes were quadrupled across the South to pay off the railroad bonds and the school costs.

6906:

From 1890 to 1908, Southern states passed new state constitutions and laws that disenfranchised most Blacks and tens of thousands of poor Whites with new voter registration and electoral rules. When establishing new requirements such as subjectively administered

10126:

legislatures passed disenfranchising state constitutions from 1890 to 1908 that effectively barred most Blacks and many poor Whites from voting. This disenfranchisement affected millions of people for decades into the 20th century, and closed African Americans

9878:, refused to entertain dilatory motions. Eventually, the filibusterers gave up, allowing the House to reject the objection in the early hours of March 2. The House and Senate then reassembled to complete the count of the electoral votes. At 4:10 am on March 2, 10353:

during Grady's time as editor from 1880 to 1889. Harris wrote many editorials in which he encouraged Southerners to accept the changed conditions along with some Northern influences, but he asserted his belief that change should proceed under White supremacy.

9397:

Often, these White Southerners identified as the "Conservative Party" or the "Democratic and Conservative Party" in order to distinguish themselves from the national Democratic Party and to obtain support from former Whigs. These parties sent delegates to the

6784:

officers, while constitutional amendments gave full citizenship to all African Americans, and suffrage to the adult men. With the power to vote, freedmen began participating in politics. While many enslaved people were illiterate, educated Blacks (including

10437:

the South is presented as a great civilization, the practice of slavery is never questioned, and the plight of the freedmen after the Civil War is implicitly blamed on their emancipation. A series of scenes whose racism rivals that of D. W. Griffith's film

8996:

The Republicans created a system of public schools, which were segregated by race everywhere except New Orleans. Generally, elementary and a few secondary schools were built in most cities, and occasionally in the countryside, but the South had few cities.

6788:) moved down from the North to aid them, and natural leaders also stepped forward. They elected White and Black men to represent them in constitutional conventions. A Republican coalition of freedmen, Southerners supportive of the Union (derisively called " 9016:

in Mississippi. The normal schools and state colleges produced generations of teachers who were integral to the education of African American children under the segregated system. By the end of the century, the majority of African Americans were literate.

9323:

activities. The majority report by Republicans concluded that the government would not tolerate any Southern "conspiracy" to resist violently the congressional Reconstruction. The committee completed its 13-volume report in February 1872. While President

10482:, highlights the historical connections to Reconstruction that surround us today and examines Reconstruction's place in state social studies standards across the United States and the barriers to teaching effective Reconstruction history. According to a 9491:

By 1872, President Ulysses S. Grant had alienated large numbers of leading Republicans, including many Radicals, by the corruption of his administration and his use of federal soldiers to prop up Radical state regimes in the South. The opponents, called

6128:

The conventional end of Reconstruction is 1877, when the federal government withdrew the last troops stationed in the South as part of the Compromise of 1877. However, some scholars offer later dates, such as 1890, when Republicans failed to pass the

9342:, with chapters active in Mississippi and the Carolinas. They used intimidation and outright attacks to run Republicans out of office and repress voting by Blacks, leading to White Democrats regaining power by the elections of the mid-to-late 1870s. 8983:

institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed. As a result, black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help them; God would be their rock in a stormy land.

8205:. Grant met with prominent black leaders for consultation and signed a bill into law, on March 18, 1869, that guaranteed equal rights to both blacks and whites, to serve on juries, and hold office, in Washington D.C. In 1870 Grant signed into law a 6690:

on March 27, 1866. While Democrats celebrated, the Republicans rallied, passed the bill again, and overrode Johnson's repeat veto. Full-scale political warfare now existed between Johnson (now allied with the Democrats) and the Radical Republicans.

1862: 9750:

Democrats and many Northern Republicans agreed that Confederate nationalism and slavery were dead—the war goals were achieved—and further federal military interference was an undemocratic violation of historical Republican values. The victory of

8016:

The 10 Southern state governments were re-constituted under the direct control of the United States Army. One major purpose was to recognize and protect the right of African Americans to vote. There was little to no combat, but rather a state of

10474:

education nonprofit Zinn Education Project, the study's authors say they are concerned that American children will grow up to be uninformed about a critical period of history that helps explain why full racial equality remains unfulfilled today.

8968:

Many Americans interpreted great events in religious terms. Historian Wilson Fallin Jr. contrasts the interpretation of the Civil War and Reconstruction in White versus Black Baptist sermons in Alabama. White Baptists expressed the view that:

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plan. In April 1862, the joint session of Congress met; however, the border states were not interested and did not make any response to Lincoln or any congressional emancipation proposal. Lincoln advocated compensated emancipation during the

7248:

Other legislation was signed that broadened equality and rights for African Americans. Lincoln outlawed discrimination on account of color, in carrying U.S. mail, in riding on public street cars in Washington, D.C., and in pay for soldiers.

6037:

on the understanding that federal troops would be withdrawn from the South, effectively bringing Reconstruction to an end. Post-Civil War efforts to enforce federal civil rights protections in the South ended in 1890 with the failure of the

11040: 9601:

offered the chance for a clean slate without having to re-fight the Civil War every election. Furthermore, many wealthy Southern landowners thought they could control part of the newly enfranchised Black electorate to their own advantage.

6882:

before the war. In 1880, for example, the White illiteracy rate was about 25% in Tennessee, Kentucky, Alabama, South Carolina, and Georgia, and as high as 33% in North Carolina. This compares with the 9% national rate, and a Black rate of

7441:

administered by the Freedmen's Bureau would not be redistributed to the freedmen but would be returned to pardoned owners. Land was returned that would have been forfeited under the Confiscation Acts passed by Congress in 1861 and 1862.

6617:, 1865, entitled "The Rail Splitter At Work Repairing the Union". The caption reads (Johnson): "Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever." (Lincoln): "A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended." 22990: 14358: 7706:

Three constitutional amendments, known as the Reconstruction amendments, were adopted. The Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery was ratified in 1865. The Fourteenth Amendment was proposed in 1866 and ratified in 1868, guaranteeing

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explained that although the constitutional amendments and civil rights legislation on their own merit were remarkable achievements, no permanent government agency whose specific purpose was civil rights enforcement had been created.

9433:

As Reconstruction continued, Whites accompanied elections with increased violence in an attempt to run Republicans out of office and suppress Black voting. The victims of this violence were overwhelmingly African American, as in the

7378:

had taken a hard line and spoke of hanging Confederates, but when he succeeded Lincoln as president, Johnson took a much softer position, pardoning many Confederate leaders and other former Confederates. Former Confederate President

14740: 7499:. Widespread poverty, disruption to an agricultural economy too dependent on cotton, and the falling price of cotton, led within decades to the routine indebtedness of the majority of the freedmen, and the poverty of many planters. 33259: 8158:

landslide of 214 votes to Seymour's 80. Seymour received a majority of white votes, but Grant was aided by 500,000 votes cast by blacks, winning him 52.7 percent of the popular vote. He lost Louisiana and Georgia primarily due to

7490:

work patterns that had been used in slavery. Instead of gang labor, freed people preferred family-based labor groups. They forced planters to bargain for their labor. Such bargaining soon led to the establishment of the system of

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The Democratic Party, proclaiming itself the party of white men, North and South, supported Johnson. However, the Republicans in Congress overrode his veto (the Senate by the close vote of 33–15, and the House by 122–41) and the

5715: 5602: 7437:, President Johnson's choice as the provisional governor of South Carolina: "First, the Negro is to be invested with all political power, and then the antagonism of interest between capital and labor is to work out the result." 9547:

celebrated a cross-racial coalition of poor Whites and Blacks, such coalitions rarely formed in these years. Writing in 1913, former Congressman Lynch, recalling his experience as a Black leader in Mississippi, explained that:

8119:

In northern cities Grant contended with a strong immigrant, and particularly in New York City an Irish, anti-Reconstructionist Democratic bloc. Republicans sought to make inroads campaigning for the Irish taken prisoner in the

7403:—were ever executed for war crimes. Andrew Johnson's racist view of Reconstruction did not include the involvement of blacks in government, and he refused to heed Northern concerns when Southern state legislatures implemented 6046:

slaveholders as too lenient. However, Reconstruction is credited with restoring the federal Union, limiting reprisals against the South, and establishing a legal framework for racial equality via the constitutional rights to

19929: 19509:

The Statutes at Large of the Provisional Government of the Confederate States of America, from the Institution of the Government, February 8, 1861, to its Termination, February 18, 1862, Inclusive; Arranged in Chronological

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in 1939. In each case, the second half of the story focuses on Reconstruction in Atlanta. The book sold millions of copies nationwide; the film is regularly re-broadcast on television. In 2018, it remained at the top of the

21879: 7523:, Major J. P. Houston noted that whites who killed 12 African Americans in his district never came to trial. Many more killings never became official cases. Captain Poillon described white patrols in southwestern Alabama: 9909:

to have full control of these states. President Grant had already removed troops from Florida, before Hayes was inaugurated, and troops from the other Reconstruction states had long since been withdrawn. Hayes appointed

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to provide for Black higher education, in order to continue to receive funds for their already established White schools. Some states classified their Black state colleges as land grant institutions. Former Congressman

8450:

About 137 Black officeholders had lived outside the South before the Civil War. Some who had escaped from slavery to the North and had become educated returned to help the South advance in the postwar era. Others were

6954:

in September 1865, and was attended by hundreds of Native Americans representing dozens of tribes. Over the next several years the commission negotiated treaties with tribes that resulted in additional re-locations to

6352:

supported the Confederate government and disfranchised all those who had. Lincoln vetoed the Wade–Davis Bill, but it established a lasting conflict between the presidential and congressional visions of reconstruction.

8946:

Across the North, several denominations—especially the Methodists, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians, as well as the Quakers—strongly supported Radical policies. The focus on social problems paved the way for the

6275:

stock of horses, mules, and cattle was much depleted. Forty percent of Southern livestock had been killed. The South's farms were not highly mechanized, but the value of farm implements and machinery according to the

9552:

While the colored men did not look with favor upon a political alliance with the poor whites, it must be admitted that, with very few exceptions, that class of whites did not seek, and did not seem to desire such an

10308:

magazine the effects if Reconstruction had not failed. However, in 2014, historian Mark Summers argued that the "failure" question should be looked at from the viewpoint of the war goals; in that case, he argues:

8401:, schools, transportation, and selecting juries. Although weakly enforceable, the law spread fear among whites opposed to interracial justice and was overturned by the Supreme Court in 1883. The later enforceable 6812:

Congress had to consider how to restore to full status and representation within the Union those Southern states that had declared their independence from the United States and had withdrawn their representation.

10050:

politician and historian, adhered to the point that there were Northeastern businessmen wanting to control the Southern economy before and after the war, implying that they did by owning railroads. In his book,

6225:

vision, which demanded strict segregation of the races and the preservation of political and cultural domination of Blacks by Whites, opposed any right to vote by Blacks, and accepted intimidation and violence;

7654:

became law. Congress also passed a watered-down Freedmen's Bureau bill; Johnson quickly vetoed as he had done to the previous bill. Once again, however, Congress had enough support and overrode Johnson's veto.

9774:

asked Grant for federal troops to fight back; Grant initially refused, saying public opinion was "tired out" of the perpetual troubles in the South. Ames fled the state as the Democrats took over Mississippi.

7573:

the congressional Radicals. In response, both the Senate and House passed a joint resolution not to allow any senator or representative seat admittance until Congress decided when Reconstruction was finished.

9770:, in which Red Shirts and Democratic rifle clubs, operating in the open, threatened or shot enough Republicans to decide the election for the Democrats. Hundreds of Black men were killed. Republican Governor 28879: 8377:, which restored political rights to former Confederates, except for a few hundred former Confederate officers. Grant wanted people to vote and practice free speech despite their "views, color or nativity." 7721:

prevented from voting in the South until the 1960s. Full federal enforcement of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments did not reoccur until after passage of legislation in the mid-1960s as a result of the

10029:

The Beards were especially interested in the Reconstruction era, as the industrialists of the Northeast and the farmers of the West cashed in on their great victory over the Southern aristocracy. Historian

9689:

were killed, some 50 that evening while being held as prisoners. The disproportionate numbers of Black to White fatalities and documentation of brutalized bodies are why contemporary historians call it the

14978: 6677:

became president. Radicals considered Johnson to be an ally, but upon becoming president, he rejected the Radical program of Reconstruction. He was on good terms with ex-Confederates in the South and ex-

9377:"conservatives" and Democrats had aligned with the national Democratic Party, which enthusiastically supported their cause even as the national Republican Party was losing interest in Southern affairs. 30724: 30719: 9037:, increases in Black politicians led to greater tax revenue, which was put towards public education spending (and land tenancy reforms). Logan finds that this led to greater literacy among Black men. 7168:

was enough of a battlefield victory to enable him to release the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation that gave the rebels 100 days to return to the Union or the actual proclamation would be issued.

28716: 19813: 16829:, p. 256: Foner adds: "What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed, and that for blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude cannot be obscured by the accomplishments that endured." 13603: 13601: 11608: 11606: 11604: 8443: 6796:")—some of whom were returning natives, but were mostly Union veterans—organized to create constitutional conventions. They created new state constitutions to set new directions for Southern states. 1857: 9697:

8, 1873, while going to court. One widow wrote to the Department of Justice that her husband was killed because he was a Union man, telling "the efforts made to screen those who committed a crime".

5884:

Throughout the war, the Union was confronted with the issue of how to administer areas it captured and how to handle the steady stream of slaves who were escaping to Union lines. In many cases, the

10221:

Economists and economic historians have different interpretations of the economic impact of race on the postwar Southern economy. In 1995, Robert Whaples took a random survey of 178 members of the

8051:'s caricature of the forces arraigned against Grant and Reconstruction in the 1868 election. Atop a black Union veteran reaching for a ballot box: the New York City Irish; Confederate and Klansman 15135: 15133: 11461: 11459: 11457: 10582:

Although Grant and Attorney General Amos T. Akerman set up a strong legal system to protect African Americans, the Department of Justice did not set up a permanent Civil Rights Division until the

6753:

The election of 1866 decisively changed the balance of power, giving the Republicans two-thirds majorities in both houses of Congress, and enough votes to overcome Johnson's vetoes. They moved to

16646: 10266:

Other historians emphasize the failure to fully incorporate Southern Unionists into the Republican coalition. Derek W. Frisby points to "Reconstruction's failure to appreciate the challenges of

7164:

slaves in states in rebellion. After he showed his Cabinet the document, slight alterations were made in the wording. Lincoln decided that the defeat of the Confederate invasion of the North at

30731: 23623: 10255:

Southern Republicans". Etcheson wrote that it is hard to see Reconstruction "as concluding in anything but failure". Etcheson adds: "W. E. B. DuBois captured that failure well when he wrote in

6074:

In the twentieth century, most scholars of the Reconstruction era began their review in 1865, with the end of formal hostilities between the North and South. However, in his landmark monograph

5587: 14352: 9229:

Called upon to pay taxes on their property, essentially for the first time, angry plantation owners revolted. The conservatives shifted their focus away from race to taxes. Former Congressman

8373:

In addition to fighting for African American civil rights, Grant wanted to reconcile with white southerners, out of a spirit of Appomattox. To placate the South, in May 1872, Grant signed the

5892:

in the South, protecting freedmen's legal rights, and creating educational and religious institutions. Despite its reluctance to interfere with the institution of slavery, Congress passed the

30472: 24343: 19708:

Influential book which blamed Carpetbaggers for what it deemed to be the failure of Reconstruction; the Dunning School has been referred to as "part of the edifice of the Jim Crow System";

14730: 11008: 9442:, the White League entered New Orleans with 5,000 members and defeated the police and militia, to occupy federal offices for three days in an attempt to overturn the disputed government of 9372:

The opponents of Reconstruction formed state political parties, affiliated with the national Democratic Party and often named the "Conservative Party." They supported or tolerated violent

5919:

Republicans disagreed over the nature of secession, the conditions for readmission, and the desirability of social reforms as a consequence of the Confederate defeat. Lincoln favored the "

22224: 7666:. It was designed to put the key provisions of the Civil Rights Act into the Constitution, but it went much further. It extended citizenship to everyone born in the United States (except 7017:, confiscated Confederate property, and emancipated their slaves. Lincoln immediately ordered Frémont to rescind his emancipation declaration, stating: "I think there is great danger that 5519: 9012:

After the war, Northern missionaries founded numerous private academies and colleges for freedmen across the South. In addition, every state founded state colleges for freedmen, such as

24835: 20473: 19900: 9030:

wrote: "there are very many liberal, fair-minded and influential Democrats in the state who are strongly in favor of having the state provide for the liberal education of both races".

7002:

for colonization from those who aided and supported the rebellion. However, these laws had limited effect as they were poorly funded by Congress and poorly enforced by Attorney General

5597: 8276:

to prosecute the Klan. In Grant's two terms he strengthened Washington's legal capabilities to directly intervene to protect citizenship rights even if the states ignored the problem.

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reviewed. Both certified their own slates for local parish offices in many places, causing local tensions to rise. Finally, federal support helped certify the Republican as governor.

5582: 28836: 28463: 23136: 22703: 22627: 22515: 22454: 22403: 10294:

What remains certain is that Reconstruction failed, and that for Blacks its failure was a disaster whose magnitude cannot be obscured by the genuine accomplishments that did endure.

10174:

Supreme Court decisions that dismantled previous congressional civil rights legislation; and the economic reestablishment of Whiggish white planters in the South by 1877. Historian

9805:

Reconstruction continued in South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida until 1877. The elections of 1876 were accompanied by heightened violence across the Deep South. A combination of

6002:

to disrupt the efforts of the Reconstruction governments and terrorize Republicans. Congressional anger at President Johnson's repeated attempts to veto radical legislation led to

22139: 22125: 17499: 28731: 8163:

violence against African-American voters. At the age of 46, Grant was the youngest president yet elected, and the first president elected after the nation had outlawed slavery.

6333:

focused on whether secession was legally valid, the implications of secession for the nature of the seceded states, and the legitimate method of their readmission to the Union.

4235: 33828: 17396: 8069:

Until 1872, most former Confederate or prewar Southern office holders were disqualified from voting or holding office; all but 500 top Confederate leaders were pardoned by the

7550:

state governments adopted the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery. By December 6, 1865, the amendment was ratified and Johnson considered Reconstruction over. According to

32835: 32095: 30407: 29166: 28666: 28621: 28536: 24708: 19959: 13350: 9809:

and intimidating Blacks suppressed their vote even in majority Black counties. The White League was active in Louisiana. After Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won the disputed

8914:

had split before the war due to disagreements about slavery. By 1871, the Northern Methodists had 88,000 Black members in the South, and had opened numerous schools for them.

6197:

and rented small lots to the freedmen and their families. Thus, the main structure of the Southern economy changed from an elite minority of landed gentry slaveholders into a

6113:

when all the white residents and slaveholders fled the area after the arrival of the Union. After the Battle of Port Royal, reconstruction policies were implemented under the

4881: 3543: 17205: 9597:

open anti-Black violence. Democrats in the North concurred with these Southern Democrats. They wanted to fight the Republican Party on economic grounds rather than race. The

8397:. Grant endorsed the measure, despite his previous feud with Sumner, signing it into law on March 1, 1875. The law, ahead of its times, outlawed discrimination for blacks in 33490: 32656: 29171: 29161: 28576: 28541: 20368: 6722:

was convinced that Johnson's Southern appointees were disloyal to the Union, hostile to loyal Unionists, and enemies of the Freedmen. Radicals used as evidence outbreaks of

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After assuming office on March 4, 1877, President Hayes removed troops from the capitals of the remaining Reconstruction states, Louisiana and South Carolina, allowing the

8151:

of Missouri for vice president. The Democrats advocated the immediate restoration of former Confederate states to the Union and amnesty from "all past political offenses".

6021:. However, continuing resistance to Reconstruction by Southern whites and its high cost contributed to its losing support in the North during the Grant administration. The 20809: 20804: 20799: 20794: 20789: 20784: 20779: 7606:

The bill did not give freedmen the right to vote. Congress quickly passed the Civil Rights Bill; the Senate on February 2 voted 33–12; the House on March 13 voted 111–38.

7236:

between Grant and Seymour (Johnson did not get the Democratic nomination), where almost 700,000 Black voters voted and swayed the election 300,000 votes in Grant's favor.

4294: 4246: 33833: 33495: 11494: 32068: 29201: 24425: 10025:

social cataclysm in which the capitalists, laborers, and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South.

8671: 5592: 5544: 22766: 33284: 32265: 24430: 14675:"Table I. Population of the United States (by States and Territories) in the Aggregate and as White, Colored, Free Colored, Slave, Chinese, and Indian, at Each Census" 9405:

Most White members of both the planter and business class and common farmer class of the South opposed Reconstruction, Black civil rights and military rule and sought

8664: 5554: 5549: 4151: 1983: 13176:. Foner (1988) entitles his sixth chapter "The Making of Radical Reconstruction". Benedict argues the Radical Republicans were conservative on many other issues, in: 33304: 33299: 33289: 33279: 27644: 26823: 24525: 23865: 23735: 23345: 23102: 22746: 10550:

Georgia had a Republican governor and legislature, but the Republican hegemony was tenuous at best, and Democrats continued to win presidential elections there. See

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black constituents needed to be represented by black officials." The financial depression increased the pressure on Reconstruction governments, dissolving progress.

7622:

was nationwide. This 1866 Pennsylvania election poster alleged that the bureau kept the Negro in idleness at the expense of the hardworking white taxpayer. A racist

5820: 5564: 2804: 2356: 19761: 9306:. Subcommittee members traveled into the South to interview the people living in their respective states. Those interviewed included top-ranking officials, such as 34701: 29114: 19634: 11029: 6263:

had nearly zero value, and the Southern banking system was in collapse by the war's end. Where scarce Union dollars could not be obtained, residents resorted to a

229: 31601: 14994: 8911: 34218: 31842: 25115: 23995: 22470: 18801: 10793: 7698:

elected by a coalition of White Unionists, freedmen and Northerners who had settled in the South. Some leaders in the South tried to accommodate new conditions.

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protect the lives of African Americans; however, such promises were largely not kept. Hayes' friends also let it be known that he would promote federal aid for

34611: 31549: 31257: 31252: 30801: 29533: 29390: 29109: 28953: 28896: 27506: 27325: 25874: 24602: 24370: 24204: 23860: 23305: 23207: 22741: 22290: 22260: 22020: 20373: 19121: 10502: 10374: 7690: 7659: 6900: 6634: 6529: 6457: 4437: 2666: 2523: 1847: 1378: 17307: 13438:

Chin, Gabriel Jackson (September 14, 2004). "The 'Voting Rights Act of 1867': The Constitutionality of Federal Regulation of Suffrage During Reconstruction".

10441:(1915) mainly portrays Reconstruction as a time when Southern whites were victimized by freed slaves, who themselves were exploited by Northern carpetbaggers. 10206:(1988) focusing on the situation in the South, covers 1863 to 1865. While 1877 is the usual date given for the end of Reconstruction, some historians such as 6745:. The Republicans sought to prevent Johnson's Southern politicians from "restoring the historical subordination of Negroes". Since slavery was abolished, the 34601: 31064: 30936: 29521: 28456: 27947: 24891: 24458: 24348: 22419: 9871: 8643: 8246: 7415:

under the leadership of Presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson, favored a mild policy toward the South." David A. Lincove, citing Lincoln biographers

6536: 5469: 5459: 4278: 3094: 22834: 19805: 10689: 10009:, revisionists focused on economics, downplaying politics and constitutional issues. The central figure was a young scholar at the University of Wisconsin, 34706: 33269: 28806: 25947: 24226: 18226: 9438:

of 1873. After federal suppression of the Klan in the early 1870s, White insurgent groups tried to avoid open conflict with federal forces. In 1874 in the

7475:". However, they were abolished in 1866 and seldom had effect, because the Freedmen's Bureau (not the local courts) handled the legal affairs of freedmen. 5539: 4216: 1732: 1104: 841: 31527: 5950:

that restricted the rights of freedmen. His actions outraged many Northerners and stoked fears that the Southern elite would regain its political power.

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necessary; for the same reason we must give him the franchise." The support for voting rights was a compromise between moderate and Radical Republicans.

5529: 5524: 2830: 2820: 1468: 1109: 20112: 19608: 19349: 13567: 11382:

Trelease, Allen W. (August 1976). "Republican Reconstruction in North Carolina: A Roll-call Analysis of the State House of Representatives, 1866–1870".

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The year 1877 is also commonly used as a dividing point for two-semester survey courses and two-volume textbooks that aim to cover all of U.S. history.

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Chacón, Mario L.; Jensen, Jeffrey L. (2020). "Democratization, De Facto Power, and Taxation: Evidence from Military Occupation during Reconstruction".

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that was over 70% in the South. By 1900, however, with emphasis within the Black community on education, the majority of Blacks had achieved literacy.

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considered failure inevitable because it felt that taking the right to vote or hold office away from Southern Whites was a violation of republicanism.

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nationalism were dead and that the Southern states could return. The Radicals sought out a candidate for president who represented their viewpoint.

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Force Bill of 1795, he authorized the recruitment of freed slaves into the U.S. Army and seizure of any Confederate property for military purposes.

6329:.) As additional territory came under Union control, reconstructed governments were established in Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana. Debates over 34269: 30714: 29085: 29049: 28884: 28449: 27866: 27491: 27440: 24857: 24830: 24147: 23016: 21712: 13327: 9074:

Reconstruction changed the means of taxation in the South. In the U.S. from the earliest days until today, a major source of state revenue was the

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in part of South Carolina and he also sent federal troops to help marshals, who initiated prosecutions of Klan members. Grant's Attorney General,

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writing in 1913, Johnson was following the moderate Lincoln presidential Reconstruction policy to get the states readmitted as soon as possible.

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Grant was so adamant about the passage of the Ku Klux Klan Act, he earlier had sent a message to Congress, on March 23, 1871, in which he said:

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was held in prison for two years, but other Confederate leaders were not. There were no trials on charges of treason. Only three people—Captain

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hundred and fifty dollars, and pay taxes thereon, you would completely disarm the adversary , and set an example the other states will follow."

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constitutions into the early 20th century. Despite receiving favorable reviews, his work was largely ignored by White historians of his time.

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of 1867 which outlined the terms in which the rebel states would be readmitted to the Union. Under these acts Republican Congress established

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with the rank of brigadier general. Stanly resigned almost a year later when he angered Lincoln by closing two schools for Black children in

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Northern anger over the assassination of Lincoln and the immense human cost of the war led to demands for punitive policies. Vice President

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However, Radical politicians took up the task at the state level. In Tennessee alone, over 80,000 former Confederates were disenfranchised.

6325:. (This recognition was rendered moot when the Pierpont government separated the northwestern counties of the state and sought admission as 34586: 32591: 32205: 32031: 31677: 31032: 30868: 30577: 30567: 30225: 30215: 28851: 28826: 27531: 27471: 27370: 27117: 27045: 26946: 26857: 26833: 26739: 26620: 26536: 26459: 26407: 26327: 24845: 24442: 24258: 24199: 23782: 23740: 23496: 23491: 23486: 23481: 23476: 23471: 23466: 23461: 23456: 23451: 23320: 20236: 17528: 14689: 10158:

of 1965 that segregation was outlawed and suffrage restored, under what has in retrospect been referred to as the "Second Reconstruction".

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There were few African Americans elected or appointed to national office. African Americans voted for both White and Black candidates. The

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Republicans took control of all Southern state governorships and state legislatures, except for Virginia. The Republican coalition elected

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in the House of Representatives. Congress, on December 4, 1865, rejected Johnson's moderate presidential Reconstruction, and organized the

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proposed 1861 as a starting date, interpreting Reconstruction as beginning "as soon as the Union captured territory in the Confederacy" at

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state sovereignty, backed by armed force, then Reconstruction looks like what in that respect it was, a lasting and unappreciated success.

8111:, a Radical, to be reinstated as secretary of war. As early as 1862, during the Civil War, Grant had appointed the Ohio military chaplain 7683:

1868 Republican cartoon identifies Democratic candidates Seymour and Blair (right) with KKK violence and with Confederate soldiers (left).

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Highly detailed narrative by Pulitzer Prize winner; argues was a political disaster because it violated the rights of White Southerners.

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for economic modernization. Railroad building was seen as a panacea since Northern capital was needed. The new tactics were a success in

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The 11 Southern states held constitutional conventions giving Black men the right to vote, where the factions divided into the Radical, "

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gave up on the idea of African American colonization at the end of 1863 or if he actually planned to continue this policy up until 1865.

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says that in 1866 congressmen "described the oath as the last bulwark against the return of ex-rebels to power, the barrier behind which

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This article is about the history of the United States from 1865 until 1877. For the U.S. legislation enacted between 1867 and 1868, see

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met with three Southern representatives to discuss the peaceful Reconstruction of the Union and the Confederacy on February 3, 1865, in

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A second school sees the reason for failure as Northern Republicans' lack of effectiveness in guaranteeing political rights to Blacks.

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Instead, they emphasized that suppression of the rights of African Americans was a worse scandal, and a grave corruption of America's

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As it became clear that the war would end in a Union victory, Congress debated the process for the readmission of the seceded states.

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Conklin, Forrest (1993). "'Wiping Out' Andy" Johnson's Moccasin Tracks: The Canvass of Northern States By Southern Radicals, 1866".

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Reconstruction a failure because the federal government withdrew from enforcing their ability to exercise their rights as citizens.

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themselves, and that class ought to be allowed to vote, on the ground that a loyal Negro is more worthy than a disloyal White man."

6336:

The first plan for legal reconstruction was introduced by Lincoln in his Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction, the so-called "

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life, for the right to earn our bread, ... for a decent and respectful consideration as human beings and members of society."

9493: 9473: 8090: 7943:, placed 10 of the former Confederate states—all but Tennessee—under military control, grouping them into five military districts: 7479:

lawsuit involving whites, or move about without employment. The Black Codes outraged Northern opinion. They were overthrown by the

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Report of the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States February 19, 1872

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Williams, Frank J. (2006). "'Doing Less' and 'Doing More': The President and the Proclamation Legally, Militarily, Politically".

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Nationally, President Grant was blamed for the depression; the Republican Party lost 96 seats in all parts of the country in the

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Grant's Justice Department destroyed the Ku Klux Klan, but during both of his terms, Blacks lost their political strength in the

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regularly skewered Andrew Johnson's reconstruction policies as dangerous and destructive; clockwise from top left: Johnson as a

7283:. The Southerners proposed the Union recognition of the Confederacy, a joint Union–Confederate attack on Mexico to oust Emperor 34681: 34591: 34561: 34521: 34178: 33440: 33237: 32260: 32051: 32046: 31822: 31463: 31326: 31321: 31289: 31059: 30963: 30926: 30873: 30707: 27559: 27398: 27383: 27308: 27291: 26018: 25727: 25410: 25315: 25145: 25093: 25054: 24621: 24616: 24470: 24407: 24360: 24338: 24303: 23958: 23814: 22979: 22025: 21632: 21600: 21389: 21349: 21188: 21081: 20987: 20833: 12263: 12090: 11489: 8270: 5429: 5414: 5321: 3605: 2719: 2558: 2543: 1166: 584: 18046: 16958: 13807:

Simpson, Brooks D. (1999). "Ulysses S. Grant and the Freedmen's Bureau". In Cimbala, Paul A. & Miller, Randall M. (eds.).

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Paskoff, Paul F. (2008). "Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War's Destructiveness in the Confederacy".

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Four main groups competed with each other across the South to form new Methodist churches composed of freedmen. They were the

6255:

The enormous cost of the Confederate war effort took a high toll on the region's economic infrastructure. The direct costs in

6090:, and the earnest debate of Reconstruction policies during the Civil War. Many historians now follow this 1863 periodization. 34686: 34641: 33818: 33743: 32861: 31862: 31713: 31672: 31446: 31284: 31242: 31054: 29602: 29468: 29463: 29348: 29301: 29251: 29064: 28420: 27988: 27885: 27793: 27538: 27420: 27377: 27242: 26210: 26205: 26192: 25834: 25722: 25592: 25496: 25405: 25329: 24874: 24840: 23855: 23845: 23840: 23698: 23693: 23557: 23522: 21900: 21740: 21682: 21667: 21548: 21523: 21441: 21404: 21384: 21270: 21235: 21158: 21121: 21106: 21007: 20982: 20972: 20915: 20883: 20873: 20853: 20191:. 2015. – This is part of an extensive assessment of the Civil War and slavery which gives particular attention to children. 19379:

Twenty Years of Congress: From Lincoln to Garfield. With a review of the events which led to the political revolution of 1860

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passed over as merely an ephemeral event. Much more important was the calculus of class conflict. As the Beards explained in

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finally prevailed when the White House intervened, but both sides were badly weakened, and the Democrats soon came to power.

7823: 7667: 5842: 5381: 4458: 4447: 4309: 4263: 4258: 4231: 4118: 4113: 3507: 3135: 3099: 3040: 2948: 2698: 2580: 2537: 2345: 2135: 1744: 1421: 1193: 27330: 18118: 17041:(March 1995). "Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions". 7137:, elected in December 1862, to the House, which capitulated and voted to seat them. In July 1862, Lincoln installed Colonel 6650:

his second inaugural address, Lincoln asked voters only to support the Union in the future, regardless of the past. Lincoln

34501: 34136: 33603: 33462: 33354: 32880: 32820: 31895: 31872: 31232: 31217: 31081: 30990: 30985: 30919: 29380: 29211: 29054: 28681: 28646: 27204: 26117: 26030: 25927: 25864: 25854: 25737: 25528: 25491: 25420: 25252: 25217: 24768: 24498: 24231: 24002: 23953: 23926: 23850: 23809: 22865: 22371: 21871: 21760: 21755: 21725: 21699: 21657: 21647: 21595: 21590: 21570: 21543: 21461: 21456: 21431: 21374: 21364: 21312: 21307: 21292: 21260: 21178: 21173: 21148: 21096: 21039: 21024: 20935: 20930: 20920: 20905: 20843: 20710: 20705: 16501: 16447: 16038: 14598: 12086: 10507: 10345:(mostly after Reconstruction), tried to advance racial and sectional reconciliation in the late 19th century. He supported 9859: 9834: 8899: 8887:

some Catholic churches in Louisiana). They started many new Black Baptist churches and soon, new Black state associations.

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July 19, 1867: Congress passes the third Reconstruction Act, creating a system of military government throughout the South.

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Quigley, David (January 2008). "Constitutional Revision and the City: The Enforcement Acts and Urban America, 1870–1894".

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era. Reconstruction was never forgotten within the Black community and it remained a source of inspiration. The system of

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Stevens and his followers viewed secession as having left the states in a status like new territories. Sumner argued that

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A third school blames the failure on not giving land to the freedmen so they could have their own economic base of power.

9891: 9760: 9744: 9737: 9399: 9339: 9087:. These taxes were more than poor people could pay, with the designed and inevitable consequence that they did not vote. 8318:

Grant also recommended the enforcement of laws in all parts of the United States to protect life, liberty, and property.

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Frisby, Derek W. (2010). "A Victory Spoiled: West Tennessee Unionists During Reconstruction". In Cimbala, Paul (ed.).

13575:. 2016 Annual Meeting of the Southern Political Science Association, San Juan, Puerto Rico. p. 18. Archived from 10745: 6549:

February 24, 1871: Representatives from Georgia, the final Confederate state to be readmitted, are seated in Congress.

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Smith, Stacey L. (November 3, 2016). "Beyond North and South: Putting the West in the Civil War and Reconstruction".

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At the national level, textbooks typically date the era from 1865 to 1877. Eric Foner's textbook of national history

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had destroyed statehood but the Constitution still extended its authority and its protection over individuals, as in

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prosecuted the Ku Klux Klan, believing that the strong arm of the federal Justice Department could pacify the South.

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Northern officials gave varying reports on conditions for the freedmen in the South. One harsh assessment came from

7033:... forever free". Lincoln, embarrassed by the order, rescinded Hunter's declaration and canceled the emancipation. 34541: 34536: 34426: 34141: 33733: 33662: 33210: 33029: 32856: 32210: 32088: 31968: 31922: 31596: 31272: 31237: 31222: 30980: 30582: 29826: 29796: 29612: 29341: 28906: 28816: 28636: 28631: 28506: 27853: 27107: 26936: 26769: 26729: 26608: 26142: 26006: 25952: 25937: 25839: 25674: 25150: 25103: 25098: 25000: 24927: 24627: 24392: 23921: 22064: 22059: 21968: 21672: 21642: 21533: 21508: 21394: 21359: 21245: 21220: 21111: 20992: 20863: 20229: 18954: 12341: 10874: 10654: 10091: 9915: 9810: 9756: 9238:

latter course, however, had been adopted and could not then be changed unless of course they wanted to change them.

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African-Americans remained involved in Southern politics, particularly in Virginia, which was run by the biracial

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state superintendent or assistant superintendent of education for Virginia, Florida, Alabama, and South Carolina.

6734:. Radical Republicans demanded a prompt and strong federal response to protect freedmen and curb Southern racism. 1667: 34661: 33850: 33838: 33314: 33309: 33294: 32735: 32730: 32725: 32720: 32315: 32152: 32073: 32061: 32036: 31616: 31611: 31279: 31202: 30997: 30841: 30572: 30437: 30142: 29781: 29266: 28726: 28691: 28596: 28571: 28054: 27788: 27744: 27140: 26638: 26494: 26040: 25829: 25770: 25679: 25570: 25545: 25042: 25032: 24597: 24515: 24453: 24437: 24283: 24278: 24042: 24022: 24012: 24007: 23066: 22997: 22939: 22849: 22776: 22566: 22398: 22337: 22244: 22079: 22004: 21978: 21887: 19677: 18751:

Stewart, Megan A., and Karin E. Kitchens. "Social transformation and violence: Evidence from US Reconstruction."

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Tyack, David; Lowe, Robert (1986). "The constitutional moment: Reconstruction and Black education in the South".

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and incorporate these loyal Southerners into a strategy that would positively affect the character of the peace".

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White Leaguers attacking the New Orleans integrated police force and state militia, Battle of Liberty Place, 1874

9712:

in 1874, the White League assassinated six White Republican officeholders and five to 20 Black witnesses outside

9273: 6314: 5291: 5158: 4976: 4903: 3957: 3947: 3201: 2943: 2894: 1946: 1717: 523: 35: 19102:"Reconstruction Reconsidered: A Historiography of Reconstruction, from the Late Nineteenth Century to the 1960s" 18206: 14767: 6303:

The distribution of wealth per capita in 1872, illustrating the disparity between North and South in that period

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Benedict, Michael Les (1974). "Preserving the Constitution: The Conservative Basis of Radical Reconstruction".

11639: 10425: 9887: 9851: 8185: 8172: 7569:, a 15-member panel to devise Reconstruction requirements for the Southern states to be restored to the Union. 6990: 6738: 6681:

in the North. He appointed his own governors and tried to close the Reconstruction process by the end of 1865.

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indicated his "let alone" policy toward the South would become Republican policy, as happened when he won the

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March 2 and 3, 1868: Congress impeaches President Johnson on eleven articles of impeachment for violating the

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Lash, Jeffrey N. (1993). "Civil War Irony: Confederate Commanders and the Destruction of Southern Railways".

10187: 9987:(who was a sharp critic of the Dunning School) noted, the Dunning scholars portrayed the era in stark terms: 9414: 8129: 7126: 6754: 6670: 6154: 6003: 5854: 5391: 5361: 5346: 5331: 5306: 5286: 4908: 4542: 4409: 3982: 3849: 3779: 3764: 3672: 3386: 3003: 2988: 2918: 2908: 2879: 2869: 1988: 1771: 632: 154: 14603: 13112: 7320: 34671: 34338: 34239: 34022: 32687: 32552: 32465: 32167: 32124: 32006: 31770: 30909: 30885: 30880: 30863: 30831: 30774: 29887: 29836: 29669: 29271: 29124: 28869: 28846: 28831: 28783: 28561: 28491: 28472: 27838: 27812: 27798: 27773: 27763: 27714: 27630: 27237: 26747: 26521: 26415: 26200: 26126: 26070: 26063: 25996: 25859: 25742: 25664: 25654: 25508: 25469: 25425: 25385: 25342: 25290: 25222: 25195: 25155: 25133: 24942: 24756: 24703: 24636: 24493: 24449: 24377: 24298: 24216: 24027: 23891: 23720: 23628: 23436: 22844: 22812: 22698: 22561: 22449: 22332: 22202: 22171: 22164: 22110: 21999: 21865: 21833: 21828: 21823: 21818: 21813: 21808: 21803: 19585: 19574: 17524: 17357: 17224: 16987: 16237: 10922: 10222: 9577: 9295: 8125: 7969: 7350: 7309: 7219:

Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population.

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After the war ended, President Andrew Johnson gave back most of the land to the former White slave owners.

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Documentary History of Reconstruction: Political, Military, Social, Religious, Educational, and Industrial

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Lynch reported that poor Whites resented the job competition from freedmen. Furthermore, the poor Whites:

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believed that the economy was about to grow rapidly, thanks to the development of agriculture through the

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that had not joined the Confederacy were not subject to military Reconstruction. West Virginia, which had

6025:

was marked by widespread Black voter suppression in the South, and the result was close and contested. An

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to recognize a lawful state of war between Ireland and England. In 1867 Grant personally intervened with

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Stazak, Luke; Masur, Kate; Williams, Heather Andrea; Downs, Gregory P.; Glymph, Thavolia; Hahn, Steven;

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used the Army to seize control of Methodist churches in large cities, over the vehement protests of the

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14 mills (1.4%) "a rate which virtually amounted to confiscation" (highest rate between 1822 and 1898)

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The Civil War had a devastating economic and material impact on the South, where most combat occurred.

5995: 5862: 5657: 5637: 5140: 5075: 4848: 4750: 4717: 4504: 4389: 3987: 3977: 3889: 3829: 3794: 3759: 3716: 3584: 3013: 2998: 2858: 1912: 1764: 1749: 1640: 836: 506: 293: 31512: 22536: 20034: 19682:. Explores the economics and politics of the era from a labor perspective; an early rejection of the 17461:"Erasing the Black Freedom Struggle: How State Standards Fail to Teach the Truth About Reconstruction" 14792:

A Rock in a Weary Land: The African Methodist Episcopal Church During the Civil War and Reconstruction

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Journal of the Senate of the State of West Virginia for the Sixth Session, Commencing January 21, 1868

10650:

Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana's Sugar Parishes, 1862–1880

10237:

Reconstruction is widely considered a failure, though the reason for this is a matter of controversy.

9272:, the expansion of railroads, especially rebuilding the devastated Southern railroads and opening the 8230:

Immediately upon inauguration in 1869, Grant bolstered Reconstruction by prodding Congress to readmit

6271:

Richmond, though the rate of damage in smaller towns was much lower. Farms were in disrepair, and the

5946:

bills, he pardoned thousands of Confederate leaders, and he allowed Southern states to pass draconian

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Railroads, Reconstruction, and the Gospel of Prosperity: Aid Under the Radical Republicans, 1865–1877

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Foner, Eric (2016). ""Epilogue" in The Reconstruction Era: Official National Park Service Handbook".

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between Hayes and Tilden results in an electoral dispute over Florida, South Carolina, and Louisiana.

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Locks, Catherine; Mergel, Sarah; Roseman, Pamela; Spike, Tamara; Lasseter, Marie (October 1, 2013).

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The Macroeconomic Effects of War Finance in the United States: Taxes, Inflation, and Deficit Finance

10480:

Erasing the Black Freedom Struggle: How State Standards Fail to Teach the Truth About Reconstruction

10259:(1935): 'The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery. 9095:

dubious and exploitable system used by wealthy landholders in the South well into the 20th century.

8209:

that opened a path to citizenship for foreign-born Black residents in the US. Additionally, Grant's

7506:, who reported on the situation in the states along the Gulf Coast. His report documented dozens of 34096: 33652: 33554: 32920: 32762: 32513: 32300: 32222: 31652: 31522: 31375: 30791: 30355: 30268: 29912: 29701: 29516: 29456: 29446: 29372: 29070: 28353: 28328: 28244: 28149: 28109: 27701: 27247: 27090: 27075: 26976: 26924: 26882: 26870: 26707: 26509: 26110: 25587: 24967: 24937: 24932: 24922: 24688: 24644: 24485: 24246: 24032: 23896: 23710: 23650: 22839: 22726: 22505: 22105: 22100: 21916: 21911: 20061: 16147: 12938: 12770: 12129: 10684: 10629: 10583: 10151: 9784: 9614:

built a winning coalition. In Tennessee, the Redeemers formed a coalition with Republican Governor

9503:

Grant made up for the defections by new gains among Union veterans and by strong support from the "

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In August 1862, Lincoln met with African American leaders and urged them to colonize some place in

7072: 7046: 6687: 6574: 6471: 6464: 6413: 6385: 6371: 6259:, government expenditures, and physical destruction totaled $ 3.3 billion. By early 1865, the 6018: 5191: 4971: 4818: 4702: 4476: 4357: 4185: 3859: 3391: 3296: 3256: 2851: 1788: 1657: 1210: 999: 484: 385: 34151: 31621: 26784: 19983: 18189:

Climbing up to Glory: A Short History of African Americans During the Civil War and Reconstruction

15885: 15490:"Resistance, Rebirth, and Redemption: The Rhetoric of White Supremacy in Post-Civil War Louisiana" 15063: 14706: 9843: 9206: 8978:

In sharp contrast, Black Baptists interpreted the Civil War, emancipation, and Reconstruction as:

8242:

into the Union, while ensuring their state constitutions protected every citizen's voting rights.

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Pulitzer-prize winning history, and most detailed synthesis of original and previous scholarship.

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Sick from Freedom: African-American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction

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Slavery by Another Name: The Re-enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II

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and the settlement of sharecropper accounts at the end of the season, than for any other reason.

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was one of the last major acts of Congress and Grant to preserve Reconstruction and equality for

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had to be permanently destroyed. Moderates said this could be easily accomplished as soon as the

6543: 6488: 6322: 6125:, and labor reform. This transition to a free society was called "Rehearsal for Reconstruction." 5705: 5647: 5110: 5070: 4793: 4692: 4570: 4384: 4090: 3884: 3824: 3819: 3754: 3749: 3356: 3346: 3341: 3321: 1973: 1712: 1662: 1590: 1363: 1141: 1085: 1068: 499: 308: 31488: 26260: 19473:. Vol. XII. Atlanta, Georgia: Confederate Publishing Company. pp. 267–568 – via 14674: 13062:. Vol. 7: The Reconstruction Period (Revised ed.). New York: Kraus Reprints. pp. 13016:

Freedwomen and the Freedmen's Bureau: Race, Gender, and Public Policy in the Age of Emancipation

9369:

government, and they broadly succeeded in convincing many fellow White citizens, says Steedman.

34264: 34168: 33843: 33527: 33457: 33008: 33003: 32914: 32162: 31986: 31827: 31039: 30769: 30007: 29801: 29791: 29729: 29539: 29478: 29139: 29103: 28761: 28374: 28358: 28297: 28124: 28039: 27983: 27267: 27199: 27135: 27063: 26828: 26581: 26526: 26437: 26360: 26265: 26250: 26079: 25533: 24883: 24693: 24673: 24475: 24330: 24125: 24072: 24057: 23901: 23589: 23310: 23199: 23033: 22818: 22475: 20437: 20167:– Historians Eric Foner, David Blight and Ed Ayers discuss "Civil Rights During Reconstruction" 18605:

History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the McKinley–Bryan Campaign of 1896

17247:

Mixon, Wayne (1977). "Joel Chandler Harris, the Yeoman Tradition, and the New South Movement".

15154:

A Century of Agriculture in the 1890 Land Grant Institutions and Tuskegee University, 1890–1990

13322: 12625: 11345:

Alexander, Thomas B. (August 1961). "Persistent Whiggery in the Confederate South, 1860–1877".

10363: 10002: 9681: 9381: 9315: 8898:, both independent Black denominations founded in Philadelphia and New York, respectively; the 8350: 8133: 8052: 7995: 7593:

of the rights of a freeman... The purpose of this bill is to destroy all these discriminations.

7392: 7284: 6763:. Johnson was acquitted by one vote, but he lost the influence to shape Reconstruction policy. 6678: 6592:

The Southern economy had been ruined by the war. Charleston, South Carolina: Broad Street, 1865

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February 3, 1865: Lincoln meets to discuss reconciliation with Southern representatives at the

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Weisberger, Bernard A. (1959). "The dark and bloody ground of Reconstruction historiography".

18198:

Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family, from Slavery to the Present

17178: 16763:

McPherson, James M. (1978). "The Dimensions of Change: The First and Second Reconstructions".

16419: 16320: 14828: 13880:"Failing to 'unite with the abolitionists': the Irish Nationalist Press and U.S. emancipation" 13845: 13672: 13569:

Republican Party Politics and the American South: From Reconstruction to Redemption, 1865–1880

13543:

Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags: the Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction

13341:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875" 12745: 12651:. North's Civil War. Vol. 2. New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 138, 141, 145. 12351: 12299: 12225: 12087:"Act of Congress, R.S. Sec. 2080 derived from act July 5, 1862, ch. 135, Sec. 1, 12 Stat. 528" 11570: 10648: 9947:

badly in rejecting the Fourteenth Amendment and setting the stage for Radical Reconstruction.

7129:

as military governor of Louisiana in May 1862, Shepley sent two anti-slavery representatives,

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Coben, Stanley (1959). "Northeastern Business and Radical Reconstruction: A Re-examination".

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Feminism and suffrage: The emergence of an independent women's movement in America, 1848–1869

11253: 10392: 10207: 10147: 10111: 10043: 9899: 9615: 9525: 9217: 8398: 8362: 7936: 7722: 7584:, leader of the moderate Republicans, took affront to the Black Codes. He proposed the first 7534: 7519:

The report included sworn testimony from soldiers and officials of the Freedmen's Bureau. In

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In an effort to keep border states in the Union, Lincoln, as early as 1861, designed gradual

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article entitled "The South's schools are failing to teach accurate Reconstruction history":

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Blair, William (2005). "The use of military force to protect the gains of reconstruction".

16169:

Green, Fletcher M. (November 1936). "Walter Lynwood Fleming: Historian of Reconstruction".

15876: 12157:. North's Civil War (1st ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. pp. 285, 305. 11527: 10338: 9951: 9649: 9622: 9443: 8869: 8452: 8112: 7679: 7619: 7460: 7388: 7210: 7026: 6951: 6804: 6645:

the right to vote. The bill required voters, fifty-one percent of White males, to take the

6498:

return large majorities for the radicals, ending presidential reconstruction under Johnson.

6110: 5905: 5784: 5236: 4481: 4273: 4206: 4002: 3972: 3967: 3814: 3517: 3396: 3361: 3266: 3241: 2938: 2928: 2235: 2224: 2169: 2020: 1924: 1887: 1815: 1759: 1628: 1585: 1399: 1329: 1004: 784: 686: 570: 477: 138: 71: 19890: 18050: 17434: 15039:. Religion and American culture. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. pp. 52–53. 13921:"The Irish Republic: Reconstructing Liberty, Right Principles, and the Fenian Brotherhood" 8326: 8177: 7092: 6505:, establishing requirements for the readmission of additional states, over Johnson's veto. 8: 34302: 34248: 34045: 33988: 33960: 33813: 33779: 33385: 33205: 33200: 32938: 32777: 32752: 32387: 32363: 31955: 31936: 31912: 31667: 31483: 31139: 30497: 30412: 29892: 29681: 29571: 29501: 29291: 28234: 28184: 28139: 28129: 28114: 28104: 28089: 28069: 28044: 28034: 28024: 27778: 27598: 27588: 27030: 26779: 26472: 26390: 26385: 26335: 26235: 26103: 25624: 25540: 25350: 25066: 24751: 24382: 23579: 23383: 23162: 23089: 23023: 22984: 22901: 22824: 22612: 22439: 22386: 22320: 22234: 22212: 22192: 21994: 21927: 20338: 20286: 20149: 19912:

Let Us Have Peace: Ulysses S. Grant and the Politics of War and Reconstruction, 1861–1868

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The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction

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Reconstructing Democracy: Grassroots Black Politics in the Deep South after the Civil War

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as their vice-presidential candidate. Grant won favor with the Radicals after he allowed

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Congress, however, controlled by the Radicals, had other plans. The Radicals were led by

7354: 7280: 6896: 6792:" by White Democrats), and Northerners who had migrated to the South (derisively called " 6772: 6757:

because of his constant attempts to thwart Radical Reconstruction measures, by using the

6711: 6641: 6622: 6502: 6341: 6034: 6013:, Radical Republicans passed additional legislation to enforce civil rights, such as the 5962: 5924: 5912: 5881:

to intimidate and control people of color and to discourage or prevent them from voting.

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Searching for Freedom after the Civil War: Klansman, Carpetbagger, Scalawg, and Freedman

17887:

The Wars of Reconstruction: The Brief, Violent History of America's Most Progressive Era

16951:"History in the Making: A History of the People of the United States of America to 1877" 16445:

Hesseltine, William B. (1935). "Economic Factors in the Abandonment of Reconstruction".

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Political violence was endemic in Louisiana. In 1874, the White militias coalesced into

6189:

had minimal capital to pay freedmen workers to bring in crops. As a result, a system of

6109:

populations in the Sea Islands who became free overnight on November 7, 1861, after the

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Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1867

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reads "My boy, we've toiled and taken care of you long enough. Now you've got to work!"

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that gave the freedmen more legal equality (although still without the right to vote).

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in Central America; however, none of the colonies were able to remain self-sufficient.

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I Saw Death Coming: A History of Terror and Survival in the War Against Reconstruction

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2 vols. Presents a broad collection of primary sources; Vol. 1: On National Politics;

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Remembering Reconstruction: Struggles over the Meaning of America's Most Turbulent Era

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Grant won the popular vote by 300,000 votes out of 5,716,082 votes cast, receiving an

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was also debated but was rejected. Women eventually gained the right to vote with the

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established powers, that the "reward of treason will be an increased representation".

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large collection of speeches and primary documents, 1865–1870, complete text online.

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Simpson, Brooks D. (2016). "Mission Impossible: Reconstruction Policy Reconsidered".

19072: 19030: 18988: 18974: 18939: 18918: 18908: 18895: 18847: 18818: 18778: 18716: 18712: 18698: 18686: 18674: 18660: 18638: 18589: 18568: 18538: 18514: 18499: 18410: 18390: 18380: 18356: 18322: 18281: 18249: 18218: 18151: 18108: 18087: 18066: 18059: 18028: 18009: 17987: 17952: 17928: 17909: 17890: 17859: 17831: 17821: 17793: 17786: 17760: 17728: 17695: 17669: 17647: 17618: 17558: 17388: 17336: 17184: 17141: 17122: 17101:

Etcheson, Nicole (June 2009). "Reconstruction and the Making of a Free-Labor South".

17072: 16929: 16903: 16893: 16856: 16708: 16654: 16628: 16563: 16542: 16425: 16402: 16351: 16326: 16301: 16266: 16211: 16080: 16004: 15992: 15931: 15681: 15656: 15526: 15489: 15458: 15431: 15404: 15375: 15346: 15200: 15157: 15093: 15040: 14984: 14945: 14938: 14918: 14883: 14834: 14795: 14654: 14554: 14139: 14111: 13979: 13944: 13901: 13851: 13812: 13752: 13739: 13678: 13654: 13546: 13494: 13447: 13418: 13415:

The Rivers Ran Backward: The Civil War and the Remaking of the American Middle Border

13165: 13067: 13019: 12994: 12969: 12825: 12807: 12780: 12749: 12738: 12716: 12677: 12652: 12620: 12566: 12541: 12498: 12471: 12407: 12375: 12365: 12330: 12320: 12243: 12202: 12158: 12053: 12020: 11995: 11946: 11917: 11865: 11805: 11793: 11775: 11706: 11681: 11656: 11576: 11263: 11211: 11186: 11004: 10870: 10789: 10769: 10658: 10412: 10323: 10267: 10171: 10155: 9984: 9875: 9685: 9517: 9461: 8919: 8250: 8202: 8043: 7400: 7358: 7264: 7130: 6998: 6875:

in passing legislation to disenfranchise illiterate Whites who already had the vote.

6854:

Lincoln had supported a middle position: to allow some Black men to vote, especially

6851:

on the subject limited the ability of their own small populations of Blacks to vote.

6606: 6477:

July 24, 1866: Tennessee is the first state reestablished or readmitted to the Union.

6446: 6402:" for the recognizing unionist governments in Union-controlled Confederate territory. 6240: 6221: 5893: 4828: 4669: 4176: 4042: 3677: 3513: 3336: 3291: 3231: 3206: 3161: 3104: 2123: 1842: 1560: 1555: 1498: 1483: 1463: 1285: 1280: 1215: 1178: 1011: 977: 806: 659: 548: 427: 17138:

The Great Task Remaining Before Us: Reconstruction as America's Continuing Civil War

17086:

Burton, Vernon (2006). "Civil War and Reconstruction". In Barney, William L. (ed.).

15305:

Schell, Herbert S. (1930). "Hugh McCulloch and the Treasury Department, 1865–1869".

12271: 11153: 10947: 9934:

disenfranchising state constitutions were passed throughout the former Confederacy.

7878: 7141:

as military governor of Arkansas, though he resigned soon after due to poor health.

6686:

vain." Johnson broke decisively with the Republicans in Congress when he vetoed the

5208: 34317: 34091: 33912: 33855: 33625: 33559: 33532: 33517: 33180: 33141: 33072: 32429: 32200: 31723: 31532: 30815: 30786: 30781: 30679: 30647: 30620: 30345: 29962: 29932: 29922: 29917: 29484: 28916: 28741: 28219: 28099: 28064: 27962: 27877: 27872: 27363: 26801: 26764: 26690: 26648: 26544: 26504: 26305: 26300: 25523: 25370: 25076: 24896: 23906: 23747: 23730: 23725: 23564: 23246: 23193: 23073: 23060: 23050: 23010: 22792: 22736: 22693: 22688: 22604: 22480: 22151: 21958: 20547: 20525: 20515: 20281: 20208: 19828: 19649: 19522: 19514: 19474: 19466: 19231: 19182: 19153: 19113: 19020: 19000: 18465: 18374: 18308: 17740: 17635: 17604: 17594: 17583:"The Long Shadow of Slavery: The Persistence of Slave Owners in Southern Lawmaking" 17555:

Passage of the Republic: An Interdisciplinary History of Nineteenth Century America

17291: 17110: 17052: 16950: 16623: 16551: 16510: 16456: 16246: 16180: 16111: 15984: 15712: 15501: 15314: 15190: 14542: 13932: 13891: 13634: 13226: 13189: 12533: 12034: 11767: 11393: 11356: 11220: 11133: 10992: 10911:. National Park Service: The National Historic Landmarks Program. pp. 3–4, 91. 10850: 10761: 10358: 10115: 10068: 10006: 9927: 9780: 9767: 9717: 9660: 9544: 9324: 9307: 9303: 8390: 8294: 8285: 8273: 8219: 8198: 8181: 8100: 7867: 7562: 7496: 7416: 7181: 6956: 6928: 6879: 6830: 6715: 6682: 6560: 6435: 6399: 6337: 6272: 6216:

vision, which focused on coping with the death and devastation the war had brought;

6014: 6010: 5920: 5889: 5203: 5060: 4888: 4823: 4803: 4712: 4075: 3904: 3366: 3246: 3211: 3109: 3032: 3027: 2509: 2334: 2032: 1610: 1605: 1595: 1570: 1535: 1503: 1473: 1346: 1334: 1312: 1290: 1237: 1073: 1041: 343: 324: 158: 124: 67: 19966:

major Southern conservative magazine; stress on business, economics and statistics

18885: 18456:

Morrow, Ralph E. (1954). "Northern Methodism in the South during Reconstruction".

18341: 15678:

For Free Press and Equal Rights: Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South

13896: 13879: 12937:(Report). U.S. Senate Exec. Doc. No. 2, 39th Congress, 1st session. Archived from 12199:

The Emancipation Proclamation : three views (social, political, iconographic)

9959:

infrastructure of the Black community, in part by his leadership and the Southern

8201:

was considered an effective civil rights executive, concerned about the plight of

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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)

30323: 30278: 30132: 30122: 30102: 30087: 29987: 29862: 29852: 29491: 29075: 29003: 28941: 28287: 28224: 28179: 28079: 27085: 27018: 26914: 26875: 26759: 26702: 26574: 26477: 26375: 26295: 26290: 26240: 25232: 25008: 24906: 24678: 23978: 23911: 23680: 23601: 23547: 23350: 23240: 23163:

The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution

23055: 22945: 22880: 22771: 22617: 22587: 22551: 22069: 20520: 20271: 20204: 20182: 20097: 20041: 19990: 19963: 19936: 19799: 19734: 19612: 19436: 19375: 19323: 19307: 19299: 19291: 19283: 19275: 19267: 19024: 18968: 18964: 18933: 18912: 18836: 18812: 18805: 18772: 18634: 18628: 18583: 18562: 18273: 18243: 18176: 18145: 18102: 18081: 18006:

The Second Founding: How the Civil War and Reconstruction Remade the Constitution

17946: 17853: 17754: 17722: 17688: 17657:

Reforging the White Republic: Race, Religion, and American Nationalism, 1865–1898

17435:"Why It Matters That U.S. Schools Are Failing to Teach the Reconstruction Period" 17330: 16100:

Moore, James T. (May 1975). "Black Militancy in Readjuster Virginia, 1879–1883".

16030: 14735: 14713: 13397: 13345: 12152: 11911: 11675: 11498: 11174: 10613: 10183: 10175: 10139: 10010: 9879: 9863: 9818: 9806: 9690: 9659:. The Bourbon Democrats took control of the House and were confident of electing 9645: 9479: 9435: 9406: 8952: 8873: 8358: 8331: 8290: 8144: 8104: 7991: 7845: 7804: 7380: 7215: 7084: 6986: 6614: 6231: 6205: 6150: 5979: 5897: 5231: 5038: 4788: 4707: 4037: 4007: 3644: 3427: 3371: 3326: 3226: 2301: 1941: 1832: 1827: 1580: 1550: 1545: 1268: 1232: 1031: 949: 654: 400: 298: 116: 20194: 19595:

We Ask Only for Even-Handed Justice: Black Voices from Reconstruction, 1865–1877

17666:

Bluecoats and Tar Heels: Soldiers and Civilians in Reconstruction North Carolina

13111:. Digital History Project, University of Houston. image 11 of 40. Archived from 12094: 11832: 11179: 9350: 6657:

Following Lincoln's veto, the Radicals lost support but regained strength after

6474:

in Memphis, Tennessee kill 48, primarily freed African Americans, and injure 75.

5869:. To circumvent these legal achievements, the former Confederate states imposed 34372: 33981: 33339: 32872: 32631: 32568: 32499: 32492: 32453: 32399: 32352: 32344: 32217: 32130: 31963: 31740: 31566: 31247: 30652: 30615: 30605: 30365: 30360: 30302: 30137: 30067: 29997: 29992: 29496: 29420: 28441: 27967: 27035: 27013: 26991: 26969: 26964: 26489: 26420: 26350: 26095: 25702: 25602: 24985: 24120: 24110: 24105: 24100: 23772: 23635: 23569: 23214: 23038: 22363: 20552: 20542: 20276: 20172: 19756: 19683: 19630: 19556: 19540:

2 vols. (1998), 900 pp; his speeches plus and letters to and from Stevens.

19458: 18861:

Sweet, William W. (1914). "The Methodist Episcopal Church and Reconstruction".

18329: 18178:

To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War

17744: 17038: 15426:

The Greenback Era: A Social and Political History of American Finance 1865–1879

14138:. Vol. 19. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. pp. xiii. 11108: 10451: 10416: 10383: 10346: 10242: 10099: 9972: 9611: 9497: 9385: 9079: 9027: 9009:

laws, they consistently underfunded Black institutions, including the schools.

8394: 8056: 7960: 7951: 7638: 7577: 7558: 7551: 7520: 7411:

could draw his greatest comfort." Ray Allen Billington says: "One faction, the

7396: 7375: 7138: 7118: 6818:

which would effectively have allowed no former Confederates to vote. Historian

6719: 6674: 6610: 6450: 6378: 6284: 6281: 6198: 5939: 5874: 5690: 5115: 5085: 4843: 4833: 4664: 4108: 4027: 3899: 3114: 2191: 2025: 1919: 811: 452: 410: 120: 20188: 19727: 18313: 18296: 17878:

The Age of Reconstruction: How Lincoln's New Birth of Freedom Remade the World

17599: 17582: 17332:

Blood and Irony: Southern White Women's Narratives of the Civil War, 1861–1937

17056: 16907: 16577:

Montgomery, David (1961). "Radical Republicanism in Pennsylvania, 1866–1873".

15988: 15928:

But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction

15701:

Woodward, Earl F. (1971). "The Brooks and Baxter War in Arkansas, 1872–1874".

15195: 15178: 13920: 11660: 11335:

Direct costs for the Confederacy are based on the value of the dollar in 1860.

11137: 10854: 9723: 9588:, a political cartoon about the Wheeler Compromise in Louisiana, published in 9285: 5986:'s control of Southern governments and society. Violent groups, including the 34490: 34116: 33954: 33544: 32988: 32944: 32405: 32157: 31456: 30205: 30187: 30177: 30147: 30092: 30047: 30032: 29977: 29967: 29952: 29902: 29897: 29867: 29664: 29592: 29415: 29228: 28978: 28921: 27177: 26954: 24683: 23983: 23792: 23427: 23315: 23279: 23180: 22875: 22658: 22622: 22582: 20557: 20407: 20158: 19582: 18652: 18222: 17835: 17460: 17392: 16658: 16305: 15996: 15578: 15435: 15408: 15204: 13905: 12379: 11992:

Freedom's lawmakers: a directory of Black officeholders during Reconstruction

10773: 10570: 10280: 10276: 10122: 9955: 9771: 9639: 9529: 9521: 9354: 9269: 9230: 8948: 8414: 8303: 8214: 8108: 8078: 7863: 7793: 7492: 7114: 6908: 6646: 6512: 6427: 6326: 6256: 6190: 6186: 5971: 5759: 5754: 3627: 1963: 1892: 1339: 1322: 1097: 927: 917: 701: 351: 90: 18147:

The Emancipation Proclamation: Three Views (Social, Political, Iconographic)

15505: 14297: 14295: 6808:

Monument in honor of the Grand Army of the Republic, organized after the war

34582:

African-American history between emancipation and the civil rights movement

33942: 33034: 32641: 32447: 32147: 32078: 31980: 31745: 31718: 31591: 31493: 30517: 30285: 30210: 30182: 30167: 30152: 30107: 30082: 30062: 29972: 29942: 29937: 29907: 29857: 29709: 29395: 27166: 27102: 26643: 24990: 24962: 24017: 23355: 23325: 23117: 22756: 22668: 22444: 22207: 22084: 20562: 20500: 20485: 20480: 20090: 19867: 19841: 19741:

Reconstruction in Alabama: From Civil War to Redemption in the Cotton South

18394: 17873: 15462: 13215:

Kolchin, Peter (1967). "The Business Press and Reconstruction, 1865–1868".

13071: 12829: 12502: 12334: 12171: 10484: 10379: 10304: 10226: 10135: 10103: 9992:

alien ideals. These historians wrote literally in terms of white and black.

9911: 9705: 9677: 9373: 9335: 9328: 9319: 9311: 9261: 9075: 9045: 9034: 8266: 8160: 8121: 7973: 7762: 7663: 7510:

and claimed that hundreds or thousands more African Americans were killed:

7336: 7134: 7022: 7003: 6819: 6793: 6723: 6654:

the Wade–Davis Bill, which was much more strict than the ten percent plan.

5991: 5987: 5243: 5055: 4783: 4646: 3711: 3689: 3684: 1968: 1805: 1781: 1687: 1680: 1411: 939: 912: 875: 853: 740: 457: 437: 415: 405: 395: 390: 380: 265: 146: 19930:"Slavery, Reconstruction, and Bureaucratic Capacity in the American South" 19366:

Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War

19186: 19157: 19117: 19026:

Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction

18935:

The Trial of Democracy: Black Suffrage and Northern Republicans, 1860–1910

18691: 17639: 17492:"The South's schools are failing to teach accurate Reconstruction history" 16705:

The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama

16555: 15453:

Money, Class, and Party: An Economic Study of Civil War and Reconstruction

14922: 14887: 14594:"America's Civil War: Date of Secession Compared to 1860 Black Population" 13936: 13677:(4th ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 436. 12537: 12050:

The Disfranchisement Myth: Poor Whites and Suffrage Restriction in Alabama

11797: 11789: 11267: 11224: 10996: 10765: 9219:

Studies in State Taxation with Particular Reference to the Southern States

8140:, articulate in its support for black equality, to New York from Chicago. 7407:

that set the status of the freedmen much lower than that of white people.

1220: 34203: 33918: 33483: 32381: 32024: 30537: 30522: 30370: 30333: 30172: 30127: 30112: 29877: 29872: 29719: 29080: 28973: 28968: 27058: 26986: 26902: 26722: 26447: 25267: 24798: 24135: 24037: 23777: 23640: 23396: 23148: 22556: 20395: 20390: 20385: 19885: 18721:. New York: Vintage Books; short survey; rejects Dunning School analysis. 18043:

Stony the Road: Reconstruction, White Supremacy, and the Rise of Jim Crow

17750: 17683: 15627:. New York, D. Appleton and Company. p. 585 – via Archive.org. 14292: 13007: 12930: 12649:

Abraham Lincoln, Constitutionalism, and Equal Rights in the Civil War Era

12492: 11113:"The economic cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and implications" 10367: 9585: 8374: 8342: 8298: 8235: 8048: 8018: 7503: 7487: 7486:

The freedmen, with the strong backing of the Freedmen's Bureau, rejected

7464: 7328: 7188: 6651: 6626: 6567: 6388:

becomes law, providing the legal basis for the Emancipation Proclamation.

6178: 6162: 6102: 6098: 6051: 5409: 5065: 4918: 4798: 4582: 1810: 1798: 1151: 954: 944: 902: 716: 19138:

Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction: Documents and Essays

18875: 18829: 17778: 17609: 17260: 16590: 15724: 15566: 15090:

Schools for All: The Blacks and Public Education in the South, 1865–1877

13318: 11834:

Tennessee's Radical Army: The State Guard and Its Role in Reconstruction

11652: 10862: 10832: 10781: 10400:

promoted influential works which were written in these genres by women.

10283:

granted Blacks a considerable amount of freedom as compared to slavery.

8438:"Radical members of the first legislature after the war, South Carolina" 7935:

on July 19, 1867. The first Reconstruction Act, authored by Oregon Sen.

7271:, Virginia. The Southern delegation included Confederate Vice President 7029:, and Florida, declaring all "persons ... heretofore held as slaves 6633:

surrendered and the Southern states repealed secession and accepted the

5849:

and was dominated by the legal, social, and political challenges of the

57: 34384: 34296: 33549: 32441: 30072: 30057: 30027: 30022: 29771: 29739: 29578: 29546: 29281: 27145: 27053: 26959: 26892: 26665: 24130: 23936: 23762: 23757: 23675: 23274: 23130: 19855:

Between Freedom and Progress: The Lost World of Reconstruction Politics

19747: 19661: 19407:– via Project Gutenberg; the most detailed study; Dunning School. 19357: 19243: 19012: 18477: 18001: 17979: 17967: 17942: 17303: 17114: 17064: 16983:

The American Yawp: A Massively Collaborative Open U.S. History Textbook

16522: 16468: 16407:. Vol. 2. New York: Macmillan. p. 54 – via Archive.org. 16346:

Charles, Allan D. (1983). "Howard K Beale". In Wilson, Clyde N. (ed.).

16258: 16192: 16123: 15326: 14726: 14546: 13646: 13238: 13201: 11771: 11531:. Vol. 284, no. 3. September 1999. p. 60. Archived from 11424: 11405: 11368: 11145: 10828: 10541:

All Blacks would be counted in 1870, whether or not they were citizens.

10458: 10287: 10162: 10107: 9919: 9366: 9331: 9251:$ 20 banknote with portrait of Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch 7982: 7623: 7384: 6848: 6601: 6208:

identified three visions of the social implications of Reconstruction:

6130: 6079: 6039: 5870: 4514: 4253: 4065: 4012: 3914: 2444: 2290: 1958: 1255: 959: 826: 191: 34477: 34014: 30408:

Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)

29217: 26981: 20010: 18745:

Giants: The Parallel Lives of Frederick Douglass & Abraham Lincoln

14450: 12991:

Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction

12563:

Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction

10210:

extend the era to the 1890s to include the imposition of segregation.

9327:

had been able to suppress the KKK through the Enforcement Acts, other

7614: 7455: 6878:

In the South, many poor Whites were illiterate as there was almost no

33500: 30686: 30532: 30037: 29821: 29759: 29654: 26811: 26430: 26280: 25619: 25612: 22541: 20495: 20214: 20207:. Full semester course in text/audio/video; materials free under the 20126: 18774:

Rebuilding Zion: The Religious Reconstruction of the South, 1863–1877

18764:

The Railroads of the South, 1865–1900: A Study in Finance and Control

18245:

The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant: Preserving the Civil War's Legacy

18207:"Federal Enforcement of Civil Rights During the First Reconstruction" 16832: 16647:"Nine decades later, W.E.B. Du Bois's work faces familiar criticisms" 15716: 14481: 14311: 13975: 10630:"History & Culture - Reconstruction Era National Historical Park" 10350: 10047: 9906: 9713: 9455: 9265: 9050: 7783: 7751: 7013:, Union commander of the Western Department, declared martial law in 6288: 6149:, seceded from the United States following the election of President 5999: 5975: 5967: 5739: 5080: 4813: 4592: 4419: 3962: 3617: 1203: 868: 730: 282: 34379: 29333: 19653: 19235: 19004: 18469: 17295: 17154: 16514: 16460: 16250: 16184: 16115: 15318: 14152: 13230: 13193: 11719: 11618: 11397: 11360: 9676:

Slates for local offices were certified by each candidate. In rural

8297:, passed on April 20, 1871, that authorized the president to impose 8284:

Congress and Grant passed a series (three) of powerful civil rights

7155: 885: 33252: 33110: 31159: 31154: 30664: 27187: 27125: 26897: 26816: 23802: 23752: 23340: 20490: 20468: 19712:"How Radical Change Occurs: An Interview With Historian Eric Foner" 18659:(7th ed.). Macmillan Library Reference USA. pp. 245–260. 18487:

A History of the United States Since the Civil War: 1865–68. Vol. 1

17784:

Cimbala, Paul Alan; Miller, Randall M.; Simpson, Brooks D. (2002).

16729: 16369: 16367: 13638: 12982: 11945:(15th anniversary ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 418. 11041:

Proclamation Calling Militia and Convening Congress, April 15, 1861

9867: 9006: 8338: 8261:

In 1870, to enforce Reconstruction, Congress and Grant created the

8231: 8143:

The Democrats, having abandoned Johnson, nominated former governor

7747: 7581: 7538: 7159:

Celebration of the Emancipation Proclamation in Massachusetts, 1862

7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7014: 6961: 6932: 6884: 6814: 6789: 6525:

May 26, 1868: The Senate narrowly votes against convicting Johnson.

6487:

August 27 through September 15, 1866: President Johnson launches a

6236: 5908:

to provide much-needed food and shelter to the newly freed slaves.

5896:

to seize Confederates' slaves, providing a precedent for President

5866: 5125: 5050: 5043: 1793: 1351: 1295: 1247: 907: 752: 607: 513: 31367: 30423:

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

19788:

When It Was Grand: The Radical Republican History of the Civil War

18794:

A Dangerous Stir: Fear, Paranoia, and the Making of Reconstruction

18083:

Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation: The End of Slavery in America

16853:

What Reconstruction Meant: Historical Memory in the American South

16031:"Hayes vs. Tilden: The Electoral College Controversy of 1876–1877" 15900: 15522:

The Sequel of Appomattox: A Chronicle of the Reunion of the States

15035:

Uplifting the People: Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama

13825: 13512: 13510: 13085: 12401: 10704: 9510: 9247: 6484:

in New Orleans at a racially integrated constitutional convention.

32537: 32471: 29776: 19447:(1911); via Internet Archive. North Carolina "scalawag" governor. 18991:(November 1946). "An Analysis of Some Reconstruction Attitudes". 18144:

Holzer, Harold; Medford, Edna Greene; Williams, Frank J. (2006).

17925:

America's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War

17711:

Reconstructions: New Perspectives on the Postbellum United States

17180:

Interpretations of American History Vol. I Through Reconstruction

13258:(1876) belongs at the heart of the American constitutional canon" 13109:

America's Reconstruction: People and Politics After the Civil War

12860: 12712:

A Just and Lasting Peace: A Documentary History of Reconstruction

12554: 12201:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. pp. 54–59. 11743: 11731: 11503: 10680:"What America owes: How reparations would look and who would pay" 9500:. The loosely-organized Democratic Party also supported Greeley. 9467: 9290:

On April 20, 1871, prior to the passage of the Ku Klux Klan Act (

6146: 5954:

candidates swept to power in the 1866 midterm elections, gaining

5213: 4519: 1776: 858: 538: 355: 22126:

Fort Smith Conference and Cherokee Reconstruction Treaty of 1866

18887:

Reconstruction In Georgia: Economic, Social, Political 1865–1872

17816:

Donald, David Herbert; Baker, Jean H.; Holt, Michael F. (2001).

16981: 16890:

Give me liberty! : an American history. volume 2, From 1865

16696: 16634:. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company – via Archive.org. 16384: 16382: 16364: 13691: 13417:(1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 296. 13402:, Wheeling: John Frew, 1868, p. 10 – via Google Books 12521: 6381:

of Tennessee as the first military governor of a Southern state.

30610: 18336:. New York, Evanston, and London: Harper & Row, Publishers. 16296:

The Critical Year; A study of Andrew Johnson and reconstruction

14653:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 13507: 12908: 12604: 11677:

The Two Reconstructions: The Struggle for Black Enfranchisement

11185:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 7332: 6395:, freeing all persons held in slavery in Confederate territory. 6264: 6106: 5120: 1478: 1300: 880: 863: 725: 560: 528: 21953: 19724:

Splendid Failure: Postwar Reconstruction in the American South

18136:

With Charity for All: Lincoln and the Restoration of the Union

17690:

The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses S. Grant in War and Peace

16892:(Brief 5th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. C. 14630: 13127: 13059:

History of the United States of America under the Constitution

12884: 12872: 12803:

Reconstruction in the United States: An Annotated Bibliography

10952:

National Park Service History Electronic Library & Archive

8420: 8031: 34402: 30422: 28837:

Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863

20369:

United States Congressional Joint Committee on Reconstruction

18890:(reprint ed.). New York: The Columbia University Press; 18681:(2nd ed.). Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 16379: 14983:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 212–213. 13847:

Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862–1872

13738:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 99. 8239: 7088: 4893: 4080: 735: 721: 696: 19602:'Our Domestic Relations: or, How to Treat the Rebel States' 19454:(1967), collection of long political speeches and pamphlets. 15919: 15469: 15247: 15223: 14830:

The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia

12532:. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. p. 240. 11971: 9566: 8289:

states did not act. Urged by Grant and his Attorney General

8225: 7471:

Southern state governments quickly enacted the restrictive "

7444: 30467: 20080:"Reconstruction Historiography: A Source of Teaching Ideas" 19998:

daily edition online through ProQuest at academic libraries

19863:"When the South Was the Most Progressive Region in America" 18297:"Do Black Politicians Matter? Evidence from Reconstruction" 17788:

An Uncommon Time: The Civil War and the Northern Home Front

15872:"Forty Acres and a Mule: The Ruined Hope of Reconstruction" 15602: 15590: 15179:"Do Black Politicians Matter? Evidence from Reconstruction" 14108:

The Man Who Saved the Union: Ulysses Grant in War and Peace

14007: 13764: 12530:

The Making of the American South: A Short History 1500–1877

12154:

An uncommon time: the Civil War and the northern home front

11959: 11896:

Johnson to Gov. William L. Sharkey, August 1865; quoted in

10333:, which is set during the Civil War and Reconstruction eras 10193: 10143: 9975:

of scholars, who were trained at the history department of

9286:

Congressional investigation into Reconstruction states 1872

9233:, a Black Republican leader from Mississippi, later wrote: 7362: 7346: 4923: 602: 432: 195: 27:

Military occupation of southern US states from 1865 to 1877

23388: 23137:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

20030:, from the Teach the Black Freedom Struggle online series. 19587:

After the War: A Southern Tour, May 1, 1865 to May 1, 1866

19576:

The prostrate state: South Carolina under negro government

18814:

The Ordeal of the Reunion: A New History of Reconstruction

17984:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

17972:

Forever Free: The Story of Emancipation and Reconstruction

17948:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

17381:"Henry Louis Gates Jr. and the Long Arc of Reconstruction" 16077:

Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction

14502: 14500: 14471: 14469: 14046: 13809:

The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction: Reconsiderations

13139: 12690: 12461: 12459: 12310: 12308: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12186: 11236: 11234: 11076: 11074: 10204:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877

9996: 7467:

denouncing KKK and White League murders of innocent Blacks

6946:

who had affiliated with the Confederacy. The council, the

6405:

January 16, 1865: General William Tecumseh Sherman issues

182: 23346:

Technological and industrial history of the United States

20154: 19597:(University of Massachusetts Press, 2014). xviii, 133 pp. 19502:

One of the first Black congressmen during Reconstruction.

19362:

Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867

19351:

History of the Thirty-ninth Congress of the United States

18585:

The Civil War and Reconstruction [Second Edition]

18280:. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. pp. 15–21. 17845:

After Appomattox: Military Occupation and the Ends of War

16707:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. pp. 135–136. 16210:. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. p. 164. 16053: 15827: 15803: 15791: 15767: 15755: 15743: 15731: 15374:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 174–196. 15283: 15106: 15069: 14894: 14755: 14426: 14414: 14256: 14244: 13931:(3 & 4). Irish-American Cultural Institute: 252–271. 13788: 13776: 13586: 13522: 13470: 13458: 10890:

is almost literally a landmark. It defines the territory.

10678:

Lynn, Samara; Thorbecke, Catherine (September 27, 2020).

6235:

vision, which emphasized full freedom, citizenship, male

6168: 19069:

Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–18

18906: 17335:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 128–130. 16844: 16672: 16273: 15839: 15779: 15556: 15554: 15118: 14573: 14392: 14390: 14388: 14332: 14330: 14280: 14024: 14022: 13997: 13995: 13715: 12177: 11812: 11766:. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 93. 10826: 10357:

In popular literature, two early 20th-century novels by

9914:

from Tennessee, a Southern Democrat, to the position of

9582:

A Republican Form of Government and No Domestic Violence

8345:

illustration entitled "Halt," published October 17, 1874

7870:

unlawful state court convictions or sentences, in 1867.

7303: 7192:

admission and loyalty only depended on a minority vote.

7040: 6972: 34219:

List of federal judges appointed by Rutherford B. Hayes

19914:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. 18496:

Forgotten Abolitionist: John A. J. Creswell of Maryland

16948: 14980:

Religion and the Radical Republican Movement, 1860–1870

14731:"South Carolina's Forgotten Black Political Revolution" 14618: 14512: 14497: 14466: 14402: 14176: 14164: 14089: 14087: 14085: 14058: 13378: 13051: 13049: 13047: 12509: 12456: 12444: 12305: 12183: 11941:

The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction

11231: 11071: 10130:

poor Whites out of the political process in the South.

9922:" packed up and headed to new opportunities in Kansas. 7049:

programs paid for by government bonds. Lincoln desired

237: 62:

From left to right and top to the bottom: The ruins of

23306:

African American founding fathers of the United States

23208:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

20374:

United States House Select Committee on Reconstruction

19850:(1979). Pulitzer Prize; social history of the freedmen 19743:(LSU Press, 2017) 464 pp; a standard scholarly history 19208:

Uses primary documents to present opposing viewpoints.

19094:

A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865–1881

17581:

Bellani, Luna; Hager, Anselm; Maurer, Stephan (2022).

17459:

Rosado, Ana; Cohn-Postar, Gideon; Eisen, Mimi (2022).

17458: 16928:(1st ed.). New York: Hill and Wang. p. 312. 16684: 15956: 15009: 14859: 14268: 14220: 14034: 12993:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 202. 12836: 12676:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 205. 11547: 11061: 11059: 10503:

African American founding fathers of the United States

10375:

The Clansman: A Historical Romance of the Ku Klux Klan

9766:

An explosion of violence accompanied the campaign for

9693:

rather than the Colfax Riot, as it was known locally.

9520:

was decisively defeated by the Radical faction led by

8413:

To counter vote fraud in the Democratic stronghold of

8405:

borrowed many of the earlier 1875's law's provisions.

8166: 6901:

Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

6530:

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

6515:

from office over his military reconstruction policies.

6458:

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

34356: 20091:"Jensen's Guide to Reconstruction History, 1861–1877" 19452:

The Radical Republicans and Reconstruction, 1861–1870

19333:

The American year-book and national register for 1869

18351:

McFeely, William S. (1974). Woodward, C. Vann (ed.).

18143: 17880:. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press. 16801: 16011: 15944: 15815: 15624:

The Life and Public Services of Salmon Portland Chase

15551: 15271: 15259: 15211: 14958: 14808: 14561: 14438: 14385: 14327: 14232: 14070: 14019: 13992: 13703: 13566:

Jenkins, Jeffery A.; Heersink, Boris (June 4, 2016).

12848: 12565:. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. p. 53. 12470:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 38–41. 12291: 12289: 11878: 11764:

To Try Men's Souls: Loyalty Tests in American History

8929:

In a highly controversial action during the war, the

8644:

Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

8001:

20,000 U.S. troops were deployed to enforce the act.

7107: 6537:

Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

6280:

was $ 81 million and was reduced by 40% by 1870. The

5961:

In 1867 and 1868, the Radical Republicans passed the

28807:

Slavery in the colonial history of the United States

21880:

The Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Women

19861:

Roberts, Blain; Kytle, Ethan J. (January 17, 2018).

19214:

Reconstruction: An Anthology of Revisionist Writings

18535:

The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869–1879

18353:

Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct

17783: 15930:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 132. 15539: 14847: 14373: 14082: 13811:(1st ed.). New York: Fordham University Press. 13044: 13032: 12896: 12579: 12128:(1). Oklahoma Historical Society: 30. Archived from 12052:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 136. 11841: 9482:, a leading Radical during the war, concluded that: 9402:

and abandoned their separate names by 1873 or 1874.

5927:, which proposed strict conditions for readmission. 1733:

Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery

20127:"Proclamation Declaring the Insurrection at an End" 19693:

Reconstruction: Political & Economic, 1865–1877

19212:Stampp, Kenneth M.; Litwack, Leon F., eds. (1969). 18655:(2002). "Ulysses S. Grant". In Graff, Henry (ed.). 18537:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 18526:

Unionism and Reconstruction in Tennessee, 1860–1869

15235: 13018:. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 160. 12945: 12779:. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3. 12484: 12432: 12420: 11564: 11562: 11086: 11056: 10923:"Nov. 7, 1861: The Port Royal Experiment Initiated" 10808: 10428:, adjusted in order to keep up with inflation. The 10034:paraphrases the Beards as arguing that in victory: 9388:, describes the mounting anger of Southern Whites: 8910:(predominantly White Methodists of the North). The 8192: 7959:: North Carolina and South Carolina, under General 6596: 6511:August 12, 1867: Johnson suspends Secretary of War 6185:. Having lost their enormous investment in slaves, 6066:The Reconstruction era is typically dated from the 5865:to grant citizenship and equal civil rights to the 5716:

Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers

28822:Slave markets and slave jails in the United States 22131:Choctaw and Chickasaw Treaty of Washington of 1866 20020:The Reconstruction Era National Historical Network 19928:Suryanarayan, Pavithra, and White, Steven (2020). 18690: 18407:Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution 18175: 17785: 17687: 17580: 16627: 16579:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 16293: 15450: 15423: 15396: 15367: 15032: 14937: 14188: 13493:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 276. 12737: 12497:. New York: McClure, Phillips and Co. p. 76. 11938: 11864:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 155. 11862:Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America: a biography 11837:(PhD thesis). University of Tennessee. p. 59. 11181:Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory 11178: 10720: 10170:designed for the enforcement of civil rights; the 9121:1 mill (0.1%) (lowest rate between 1822 and 1898) 8321: 7931:With the Radicals in control, Congress passed the 7882:Map of the five Reconstruction military districts 7637:cover of July 29, 1865; the text in the planter's 7195: 6193:was developed, in which landowners broke up large 21922:District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act 20195:"The Civil War and Reconstruction Era, 1845–1877" 19555:. The American Presidency Project. Archived from 19536:Palmer, Beverly Wilson; Byers Ochoa, Holly; eds. 19325:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1877 19317:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1876 19309:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1875 19301:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1873 19293:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1872 19285:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1870 19277:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1869 19269:Appleton's American Annual Cyclopedia... for 1868 17183:(7th ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 409. 17140:. New York: Fordham University Press. p. 9. 16855:. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 14882:. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press. 14794:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 13545:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 12406:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 11705:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. 11030:First Inaugural Address—Final Text, March 4, 1861 10838:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 9779:Democratic candidates; they killed Blacks in the 9069: 9040: 8429: 8059:, a burning freedmen's school in the background. 7588:, because the abolition of slavery was empty if: 7252: 6965:creation (initially by treaty) of an unorganized 6145:, eleven Southern states, all of which permitted 70:voting for the first time in 1867; office of the 34488: 30458:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) 29086:Movement to reopen the transatlantic slave trade 28471: 26125: 24831:Native American recognition in the United States 18914:The Library of Congress Civil War Desk Reference 18863:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 18435:The Age of Hate: Andrew Johnson and the Radicals 18426:Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction 17986:(updated ed.). New York: Harper Perennial. 17355: 17177:Couvares, Francis G.; et al., eds. (2000). 16784:"The United States Needs a Third Reconstruction" 15680:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 14682:Population by States and Territories – 1790–1870 13164:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. pp. 51, 174 ff. 11569:Alexander, Leslie M.; Rucker, Walter C. (2010). 11559: 10341:, who wrote under the name "Joe Harris" for the 10232: 9858:On January 29, 1877, President Grant signed the 8256: 7968:: Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, under Generals 1848:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution 34702:Race-related controversies in the United States 30503:Black players in professional American football 30453:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 28875:Slavery as a positive good in the United States 19889:. Vol. 4. pp. 735–748. Archived from 19710:Konczal, Mike; Foner, Eric (February 3, 2015). 19087:A Companion to the Civil War and Reconstruction 17815: 17576:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 17545:The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935 16475: 16401:Beard, Charles A. & Beard, Mary R. (1927). 16206:Harlan, Louis R. (1988). Smock, Raymond (ed.). 15300: 15298: 13565: 13491:Gone to Texas: a history of the Lone Star State 13266:Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review 12925: 12923: 12890: 12866: 12768: 12674:Abraham Lincoln and a nation worth fighting for 12403:Generals in Blue: Lives of the Union Commanders 11749: 11737: 11725: 11624: 11595: 11568: 11509: 10005:became popular among scholars. As disciples of 9511:The Republican coalition splinters in the South 9099:State Property Tax Rates during Reconstruction 9057:in ruins shortly after the end of the Civil War 8279: 8099:In May 1868, the Republicans unanimously chose 7674: 22266:Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 20070:Reconstructing the South: What Really Happened 19984:Primary sources from Gilder-Lehrman collection 19550: 19065:"Introduction to the 2014 Anniversary Edition" 18493: 18423: 17534: 16781: 15394: 14158: 14013: 13618: 13616: 12819: 12367:Andrew Johnson: military governor of Tennessee 10833:"Eric Foner's 'Reconstruction' at Twenty-five" 9966: 9664:1874 ripped apart the Republican Party there. 9478:As early as 1868, Supreme Court Chief Justice 9468:Republicans split nationally: election of 1872 9222:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. p. 192. 8859: 8081:character of the regime looked more glaring." 6942:ordered a meeting of representatives from all 4443:Education of freed people during the Civil War 34612:History of voting rights in the United States 34030: 33126: 32553: 31383: 29349: 28842:Slavery at American colleges and universities 28457: 26396:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 26111: 25228:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 23412: 22240:First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson 20230: 19211: 19136:Perman, Michael and Amy Murrell Taylor, eds. 18917:. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. 18581: 18498:. Carlisle, Pennsylvania: Dickinson College. 18494:Osborne, John M.; Bombaro, Christine (2015). 18379:. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company. 18086:. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. 18008:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 16373: 15870:Alexander, Danielle (January–February 2004). 13667: 13157: 13013: 12744:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 12242:. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. viiii. 12151:Cimbala, Paul A.; Miller, Randall M. (2002). 12150: 11977: 11419: 11417: 11415: 11262:. New York: Prentice-Hall. pp. 573–574. 10948:"Reconstruction Era National Historical Park" 10677: 10166:included: lack of a permanent federal agency 9318:, a former Confederate general and prominent 7789:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era 7662:, whose principal drafter was Representative 7597:The key to the bill was the opening section: 6918: 6640:Lincoln broke with the Radicals in 1864. The 6344:in opposition, which instead proposed that a 5814: 4145: 3537: 2054: 223: 34602:History of civil rights in the United States 30216:Historically black colleges and universities 28827:Kidnapping into slavery in the United States 27320:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 19860: 19709: 19425: 19364:(1982), 970 pp. of archival documents; also 18970:American Ulysses: A Life of Ulysses S. Grant 18346:. New York: McClure, Philips, & Company. 18278:Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War 17922: 17739:scholarly review and response by Calhoun at 17529:Bibliography of slavery in the United States 16812:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFoner1990255 ( 16325:. Manchester University Press. p. 226. 15974: 15584: 15572: 15295: 14833:. University of Georgia Press. p. 264. 14110:. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 463–479. 13850:. New York: Alfred Knopf. pp. 130–133. 12920: 12820:Randall, J. G.; Current, Richard N. (1955). 11296:Prologue: Quarterly of the National Archives 10390:for the screen in his anti-Republican movie 9937: 9828: 9460:The Redeemers were the Southern wing of the 9242: 7701: 7294: 7243: 7144: 7125:. After Lincoln installed Brigadier General 5857:into the United States. During this period, 4454:Historically black colleges and universities 1853:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom 34707:Andrew Johnson administration controversies 32867:President Andrew Johnson Museum and Library 29307:Family reunification ads after emancipation 20011:Reconstruction Era National Historical Park 19974:leading New York news magazine; pro-Radical 19947: 19551:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. (2018b). 19381:(1886). By Republican Congressional leader 18938:. Athens: The University of Georgia Press. 18484: 18204: 17203: 16979: 15629:; letter of May 30, 1868 to August Belmont. 15596: 14460: 14286: 13837: 13613: 12878: 11680:. University of Chicago Press. p. 29. 11107: 10146:in other legislation. It was not until the 9208:Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865–1877 8421:National support of Reconstruction declines 8408: 8380: 8032:State constitutional conventions: 1867–1869 7117:military governor of the coastal region of 6095:Reconstruction Era National Historical Park 6033:, which awarded the election to Republican 5956:large majorities in both houses of Congress 5853:and the reintegration of the eleven former 4438:Education during the slave period in the US 34037: 34023: 33133: 33119: 32560: 32546: 31390: 31376: 29356: 29342: 29020:Slavery and the United States Constitution 28464: 28450: 26118: 26104: 23426: 23419: 23405: 20237: 20223: 19803: 19547:, 2 vols. (1990); Vol. 2 covers 1859–1874. 19488:. New York: The Neale Publishing Company. 19354:(1868). Summary of Congressional activity. 19221: 18630:A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction 18424:McPherson, James M.; Hogue, James (2009). 18264:Judicial power and Reconstruction politics 18182:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 18169:. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press. 17923:Foner, Eric; Mahoney, Olivia (June 1997). 17847:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 17273: 16730:"Democracy, Anti-democracy, and the Canon" 16630:Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 16576: 16481: 16444: 16417: 16400: 16388: 16350:. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 32–38. 15395:Studenski, Paul; Kroos, Herman E. (1963). 15026: 15024: 14129: 14127: 13843: 13541:Hume, Richard L.; Gough, Jerry B. (2008). 13158:Teed, Paul E.; Ladd Teed, Melissa (2015). 12806:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood. p. 80. 11412: 11252: 11204: 11202: 10901: 10403:Of much more lasting impact was the story 10074:Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 9918:. By 1879, thousands of African American " 9211:. Columbia, SC: The State Co. p. 329. 8393:. The initial bill was created by Senator 8249:that said states could not disenfranchise 8055:; and big-money Democratic Party chairman 7981:: Arkansas and Mississippi, under General 7873: 6637:—most of which happened by December 1865. 6177:During the war, Lincoln experimented with 5821: 5807: 4761:National Black Caucus of State Legislators 4152: 4138: 3544: 3530: 2061: 2047: 230: 216: 56: 34677:Political repression in the United States 32657:Drunk vice-presidential inaugural address 30433:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC) 26844:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 24841:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 22798:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 20108:. Links to primary and secondary sources. 19521: 18894: 18874: 18401: 18312: 18140:Portrays Lincoln as opponent of Radicals. 17608: 17598: 17204:Gordon-Reed, Annette (October 26, 2015). 16782:Codrington III, Wilfred (July 20, 2020). 16762: 16608:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFoner1982 ( 15869: 15638: 15620: 15194: 14917:. New York: Macmillan. pp. 245–267. 14579: 13895: 13622: 13540: 12735: 12597: 12237: 11830: 11700: 11612: 11553: 11344: 11240: 10421:Hollywood blockbuster with the same title 10302:described in an October 2015 article for 9384:, associated with the early 20th-century 8226:Final four Reconstruction states admitted 7445:Freedmen and the enactment of Black Codes 6838:population of slaves had been counted as 6438:, effectively ending hostilities on land. 6398:December 8, 1863: Lincoln announces his " 5998:, engaged in paramilitary insurgency and 4217:Slavery in the colonial history of the US 4124:Mass racial violence in the United States 320:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876 34597:History of African-American civil rights 34122:1876 United States presidential election 33446:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act 33436:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1871 31994:When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd 31903:1860 United States presidential election 29110:Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution 23321:History of the United States (1865–1917) 20131:American Historical Documents, 1000–1904 19505: 19019: 18987: 18883: 18841: 18739: 18560: 18339: 18022: 17775:The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction 17773:Cimbala, Paul, and Randall Miller, eds. 17727:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 17541: 17356:Ruppersburg, Hugh; Dobbs, Chris (2017). 17322: 17176: 17100: 16807: 16678: 16322:The Debate on the American Civil War Era 16279: 16059: 15700: 15560: 15487: 15475: 15370:A financial history of the United States 15253: 15229: 15151: 15124: 15075: 15059: 13733: 13607: 13488: 13412: 13177: 13055: 12963: 12822:Lincoln the President: Last Full Measure 12515: 12490: 12465: 12450: 12196: 12178:Wagner, Gallagher & McPherson (2002) 11965: 11897: 11575:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 699. 11572:Encyclopedia of African American History 11381: 10974: 10646: 10322: 10216: 10194:Dating the end of the Reconstruction era 10134:underfunded in segregated societies, no 9842: 9801:1876 United States presidential election 9722: 9576: 9474:1872 United States presidential election 9424:(a Northern scholar) in 1917 explained: 9349: 9280: 9246: 9044: 8868: 8433: 8337: 8325: 8245:Grant advocated the ratification of the 8176: 8091:1868 United States presidential election 8042: 7877: 7678: 7629: 7613: 7454: 7319: 7214: 7154: 6981: 6865: 6803: 6600: 6587: 6298: 6058:, and male suffrage regardless of race. 1858:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf 1723:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery 1703:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90 34235:Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center 34044: 32815:1868 impeachment managers investigation 28812:Indentured servitude in British America 26999:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 24892:List of counties and county equivalents 19906: 19875: 19838:(2021). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 19836:, and the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 19689: 19629: 19538:The Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens 19392:Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama 19388: 19201: 19143: 19099: 18810: 18791: 18770: 18673: 18626: 18512: 18369: 18350: 18186: 17884: 17749: 17717: 17663: 17571: 17328: 17230: 17206:"What If Reconstruction Hadn't Failed?" 17037: 16838: 16702: 16622: 16535: 16345: 16318: 16071: 15608: 15518: 15448: 15403:(2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 15340: 15021: 14935: 14900: 14773: 14705:The complete 1870 census documents are 14530: 14518: 14506: 14491: 14475: 14408: 14347: 14345: 14305: 14210: 14182: 14170: 14124: 14064: 14040: 13963: 13912: 13877: 13806: 13794: 13770: 13214: 12988: 12842: 12799: 12696: 12560: 12240:Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction 12118:"Oklahoma, A Foreordained Commonwealth" 12047: 11859: 11673: 11636: 11477: 11208: 11199: 10726: 10554:"This Day in Georgia History: March 28" 9997:Revisionists and Beardians, 1930s–1940s 9621:In North Carolina, Republican Governor 9449: 9033:According to a 2020 study by economist 8896:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church 7618:The debate over Reconstruction and the 6915:" to enable illiterate Whites to vote. 6307: 6247: 6181:by giving land to African-Americans in 2077:This article is part of a series on the 18:Reconstruction era of the United States 14: 34489: 34179:United States Civil Service Commission 32191: 31823:Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial 31332:Topics related to the African diaspora 30438:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) 23389:Articles related to Reconstruction era 22980:Bibliography of the Reconstruction era 22026:Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln 20244: 20145:"Reconstruction: The Second Civil War" 19545:The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner 19062: 19046:Encyclopedia of the Reconstruction Era 19043: 18817:. University of North Carolina Press. 18761: 18711: 18602: 18582:Randall, J. G.; Donald, David (2016). 18551: 18532: 18523: 18455: 18432: 18272: 18173: 18133: 18100: 18079: 18056: 17978: 17682: 17552: 17490:Barber, Benjamin (February 17, 2022). 17489: 17433:Waxman, Olivia B. (January 12, 2022). 17432: 17378: 17160: 17135: 17085: 17008: 16980:Locke, Joseph L.; Wright, Ben (2022). 16920: 16744:from the original on November 21, 2018 16727: 16230: 16205: 15962: 15845: 15785: 15675: 15650: 15545: 15399:Financial History of the United States 15304: 15241: 15087: 15030: 15015: 14976: 14877: 14865: 14789: 14274: 14226: 14206: 14105: 14052: 13969: 13918: 13758: 13736:Retreat from reconstruction: 1869–1879 13721: 13697: 13516: 13298: 13145: 13133: 13091: 12968:. New York: Anchor Books. p. 16. 12951: 12929: 12914: 12902: 12854: 12824:. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company. 12671: 12618: 12585: 12527: 12426: 12399: 12370:. Princeton University Press. p. 12347: 12314: 12295: 12221: 12091:United States House of Representatives 12014: 11909: 11903: 11884: 11465: 11312: 11173: 11080: 10746:"The Future of Reconstruction Studies" 10743: 10710: 10692:from the original on February 25, 2021 10551: 9562:most substantial families of the land. 9338:in 1874, active in Louisiana; and the 8651:African Americans in Office 1870–1876 8368: 8293:, the strongest of these laws was the 7990:: Texas and Louisiana, under Generals 7025:emancipated slaves in South Carolina, 6938:As a component of Reconstruction, the 6287:lay in ruins, with little railroad or 6169:Abolition of slavery and social reform 6133:to secure voting rights in the South. 6006:, but he was not removed from office. 5888:played a vital role in establishing a 3993:1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County 34632:Legal history of Georgia (U.S. state) 34607:History of the Southern United States 34018: 33114: 32862:Andrew Johnson National Historic Site 32541: 31863:Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site 31479:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 31371: 31312:Landmark African-American legislation 29363: 29337: 29252:Slavery during the American Civil War 29065:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 28445: 27927: 27689: 27351: 26155: 26099: 23400: 23387: 23265:Women's suffrage in the United States 21954:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction 20218: 20068:Eisen, Mimi and Ursula Wolfe-Rocca. " 19785: 19776: 19746: 19492:from the original on January 13, 2020 19481: 19399:from the original on October 12, 2015 19172: 19124:from the original on January 18, 2022 18963: 18952: 18860: 18766:. University of North Carolina Press. 18685: 18651: 18567:. New York: Oxford University Press. 18528:. University of North Carolina Press. 18294: 18266:(University of Chicago Press, 2022). 18241: 18195: 18164: 18000: 17966: 17941: 17903: 17872: 17858:. New York: Oxford University Press. 17851: 17842: 17779:https://doi.org/10.1515/9780823296828 17708: 17625: 17548:. University of North Carolina Press. 17417: 17379:Greene, Robert II (August 13, 2019). 17246: 17172: 16961:from the original on December 9, 2022 16887: 16875: 16850: 16826: 16690: 16644: 16603: 16498: 16348:Twentieth-century American Historians 16291: 16168: 16099: 16041:from the original on January 24, 2001 16017: 15950: 15925: 15911:sfnp error: no target: CITEREFFoner ( 15860:, January 13, 1875, pp. 106–107. 15833: 15821: 15809: 15797: 15773: 15761: 15749: 15737: 15421: 15365: 15289: 15277: 15265: 15217: 15176: 15139: 15112: 14964: 14912: 14880:Northern Methodism and Reconstruction 14853: 14826: 14814: 14761: 14743:from the original on November 4, 2020 14725: 14636: 14624: 14567: 14487: 14444: 14432: 14420: 14396: 14379: 14336: 14321: 14317: 14301: 14262: 14250: 14238: 14214: 14194: 14133: 14093: 14076: 14028: 14001: 13972:The Irish and the American Presidency 13951:from the original on December 1, 2020 13831: 13782: 13761:, Vol. 1 p. 323; Vol. 2 pp. 645, 698. 13709: 13592: 13528: 13476: 13464: 13384: 13353:from the original on December 3, 2020 13038: 12708: 12438: 12115: 11994:. New York: Oxford University Press. 11989: 11936: 11930: 11847: 11818: 11761: 11423: 11313:Ransom, Roger L. (February 1, 2010). 11103: 11101: 11092: 11065: 11011:from the original on January 18, 2022 10970: 10968: 10877:from the original on January 18, 2022 10814: 10796:from the original on January 18, 2022 10714: 10478:The Zinn Education Project's report, 10370:of the White Man's Burden – 1865–1900 10318: 9894:, by an electoral margin of 185–184. 9345: 8103:as their presidential candidate, and 7544: 7304:Johnson's presidential Reconstruction 7175: 7041:Gradual emancipation and compensation 6977: 6973:Lincoln's presidential Reconstruction 6009:Under Johnson's successor, President 4959:Athletic associations and conferences 4448:History of African-American education 1745:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention 1422:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea 211: 34409: 33604:Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant 33355:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 33140: 32836:1866 & 1867 U.S. House elections 31881:Republican National Convention, 1856 30443:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) 22372:Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo 22060:Confederates surrender at Appomattox 21872:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 20173:"Reconstruction: Era and Definition" 20165:"Civil Rights During Reconstruction" 19832:The Failed Promise: Reconstruction, 19513:. Richmond: R. M. Smith – via 19071:(Updated ed.). Harper Collins. 18931: 18718:The Era of Reconstruction, 1865–1877 18519:. New York: Oxford University Press. 18458:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 18150:. Louisiana State University Press. 17654: 17019:from the original on August 20, 2022 16990:from the original on August 21, 2022 16645:Jones, Martha S. (January 7, 2022). 16502:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 16448:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 15307:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 14944:. Nashville: Abingdon. p. 323. 14648: 14599:Sewanee: The University of the South 14456: 14342: 13437: 13251: 12935:Report on the Condition of the South 12646: 12619:Zebley, Kathleen (October 8, 2017). 12363: 12019:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 11913:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man 11293: 10902:Downs, Gregory; Masur, Kate (2017). 10739: 10737: 10735: 10508:Reconstruction Era National Monument 10085: 10021:(1927), the Civil War was really a: 9835:Electoral Commission (United States) 8047:"This is a white man's government", 7730: 7204: 7099:, a prominent 19th-century American 6870:Freedmen voting in New Orleans, 1867 6625:leaders argued that slavery and the 6494:October 9 through November 6, 1866: 6482:38 people are killed and 146 wounded 6391:January 1, 1863: Lincoln issues the 6348:of voters must pledge that they had 4882:Association for the Study of African 1937:Slave marriages in the United States 1541:Human trafficking in the Middle East 34587:Aftermath of the American Civil War 34174:Inauguration of Rutherford B. Hayes 34127:1876 Republican National Convention 32595:Vice President of the United States 31397: 30797:African-American Vernacular English 29257:End of slavery in the United States 23228:United Daughters of the Confederacy 22359:American Woman Suffrage Association 22354:National Woman Suffrage Association 22281:Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson 20580:Women during the Reconstruction era 19764:from the original on August 2, 2019 19690:Dunning, William Archibald (1905). 19457: 19204:Reconstruction: Opposing Viewpoints 18657:The Presidents: A Reference History 18061:Abraham Lincoln: Redeemer President 17310:from the original on April 29, 2019 17088:A Companion to 19th-century America 16300:. New York: F. Ungar. p. 147. 16208:Booker T. Washington in Perspective 15653:Encyclopedia of American Journalism 15005:– via University of Kentucky. 12598:Mikkelson, Barbara (May 27, 2011). 11831:Severance, Benjamin Horton (2002). 10398:United Daughters of the Confederacy 10062: 9794: 9400:1868 Democratic National Convention 8167:Grant's presidential Reconstruction 8084: 7658:The last moderate proposal was the 7626:of an African American is depicted. 7609: 6826:and Negroes protected themselves". 6501:March 4, 1867: Congress passes the 6463:March 27, 1866: Johnson vetoes the 6361:to the United States Constitution. 5696:Race and ethnicity in the US census 5197:African-American Vernacular English 4766:National Conference of Black Mayors 1276:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia 24: 32567: 32231:Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State 30715:U.S. cities with large populations 30418:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) 29135:John Quincy Adams and abolitionism 26686:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 26676:Assassination of James A. Garfield 23270:Labor history of the United States 22306:South Carolina readmitted to Union 22303:North Carolina readmitted to Union 22286:Impeachment managers investigation 22225:Constitutional conventions of 1867 21901:National Women's Rights Convention 19941:American Political Science Review. 19893:on September 22, 2006 – via 19816:from the original on June 27, 2021 19621: 19341: 18697:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 18485:Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson (1917). 18229:from the original on March 4, 2016 18121:from the original on April 7, 2023 18025:Reconstruction After the Civil War 17806: 17724:The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 17502:from the original on March 8, 2022 17471:from the original on March 8, 2022 17399:from the original on March 8, 2022 16233:"Historians of the Reconstruction" 15909:, pp. 555–556, Which source?. 15655:. London: Routledge. p. 441. 15488:Steedman, Marek D. (Spring 2009). 15457:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. 15339:For an econometric approach, see: 14936:Norwood, Fredrick A., ed. (1982). 14695:from the original on July 21, 2011 14591: 11442:from the original on June 16, 2012 11098: 10989:University of North Carolina Press 10987:(1). Chapel Hill, North Carolina: 10965: 10758:University of North Carolina Press 10756:(1). Chapel Hill, North Carolina: 8937:. Historian Ralph Morrow reports: 8902:(which was sponsored by the White 8900:Colored Methodist Episcopal Church 8892:African Methodist Episcopal Church 8265:that allowed the Attorney General 8022:describes what happened in Texas: 7357:, King Andy with "prime minister" 7108:Installation of military governors 6726:against Black people, such as the 6491:to rally support for his policies. 6239:, and constitutional equality for 4899:National Black Chamber of Commerce 2487: Modern Era 1930:last survivors of American slavery 25: 34718: 34697:Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes 34275:University, Hayes and Orton Halls 34194:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877 33787:Grant Cottage State Historic Site 33511:Indian Appropriations Act of 1871 32808:Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson 32111:Association of Lincoln Presenters 31550:13th Amendment abolishing slavery 29588:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013 29584:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009 29391:African American founding fathers 29302:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 29247:Origins of the American Civil War 28954:African American founding fathers 28897:Education during the slave period 26718:Assassination of William McKinley 24237:Director of National Intelligence 22511:United States expedition to Korea 22218:Reconstruction military districts 20004: 19635:"Reconstruction and its Benefits" 19055: 18902:. New York: W.W. Norton & Co. 18340:McCarthy, Charles Hallan (1901). 17906:A Short History of Reconstruction 16538:Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction 16404:The Rise of American Civilization 15906: 14361:from the original on June 4, 2021 13161:Reconstruction: A Reference Guide 12740:Andrew Johnson and Reconstruction 11429:"If Lincoln hadn't died ..." 11259:A History of the South, 1607–1936 11052:Text of Emancipation Proclamation 10975:Brundage, Fitzhugh (March 2017). 10732: 10636:. www.nps.gov. February 24, 2023. 10462:mark of the old Dunning School." 10182:More recent work by Nina Silber, 10019:The Rise of American Civilization 9791:counties that were not occupied. 8987: 8904:Methodist Episcopal Church, South 8462:state constitutional conventions 7824:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 7567:Joint Committee on Reconstruction 6082:proposed 1863, starting with the 5603:Places by plurality of population 4269:Civil rights movement (1954–1968) 4259:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 4212:Abolitionism in the United States 4119:Civil rights movement (1896–1954) 4114:Civil rights movement (1865–1896) 3745:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer 891:Field slaves in the United States 758:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate 34469: 34452: 34435: 34418: 34390: 34378: 34366: 34334: 34333: 34150: 33998: 33997: 33171:Grant and the American Civil War 33094: 33093: 32857:Andrew Johnson National Cemetery 32677: 32670: 32519: 32508: 32507: 32089:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins 31612:State of the Union Address, 1863 31350: 30468:United Negro College Fund (UNCF) 29613:Nadir of American race relations 29050:History of slavery by U.S. state 28817:Slave trade in the United States 28425: 28416: 28415: 28380: 28379: 26937:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 26730:Nadir of American race relations 26609:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 24393:Government Accountability Office 22065:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 20359:African-American representatives 20143:Smith, Llewellyn M., dir. 2004. 19553:"1868 Democratic Party Platform" 19506:Matthews, James M., ed. (1864). 19175:The Journal of the Civil War Era 19146:The Journal of the Civil War Era 18956:The Republic for Which It Stands 18842:Summers, Mark Wahlgren (2014a). 18516:The Reconstruction of the Nation 18343:Lincoln's Plan of Reconstruction 18104:Reconstruction A Concise History 17818:The Civil War and Reconstruction 17668:. University Press of Kentucky. 17483: 17452: 17426: 17411: 17372: 17349: 17267: 17249:The Georgia Historical Quarterly 17240: 17197: 17166: 17129: 17094: 17079: 17031: 17002: 16973: 16942: 16914: 16881: 16820: 16775: 16756: 16721: 16638: 16616: 16570: 16529: 16492: 16485:A History Of The South 1607 1936 16438: 16424:. Knopf Doubleday. p. 303. 16411: 16394: 16339: 16312: 16285: 16224: 16199: 16162: 16130: 16093: 16065: 16023: 15968: 15863: 15851: 15694: 15669: 15651:Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. (2007). 15644: 15614: 15512: 15481: 15442: 15415: 15388: 15359: 15333: 15170: 15145: 15092:. University Press of Kentucky. 15088:Vaughn, William Preston (2015). 15081: 14970: 14940:Sourcebook of American Methodism 14929: 14906: 14871: 14820: 14783: 14719: 14667: 14642: 14585: 14524: 14099: 13970:Yanoso, Nicole Anderson (2017). 13871: 13800: 13727: 13661: 13559: 13534: 13482: 13431: 13406: 13390: 13365: 13333: 13292: 13252:Pope, James Gray (Spring 2014). 13245: 13208: 13151: 13097: 12957: 12494:Lincoln's plan of Reconstruction 11916:. New York: Knopf. p. 201. 11315:"The Economics of the Civil War" 10905:The Reconstruction Era 1861–1900 10655:Louisiana State University Press 10607:"The First Vote" by William Waud 10576: 10544: 10327:A poster for the 1939 epic film 10053:A History of The South 1607-1936 9757:1875 Ohio gubernatorial election 9633: 8193:Effective civil rights executive 8124:into Canada, and calling on the 7735: 6597:Restoring the South to the Union 6377:March 3, 1862: Lincoln appoints 5778: 4300:Black Belt in the American South 3805:Frazier B. Baker and Julia Baker 3577: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3464: 3463: 2094: 768:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 763:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate 592:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate 362: 194: 181: 143:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 34652:Legal history of South Carolina 34647:Legal history of North Carolina 34270:Rutherford B. Hayes High School 32647:1864 U.S. presidential election 32520: 32074:Illinois Centennial half dollar 32015:Presidential Library and Museum 31691:Second inaugural address (1865) 29474:Civil rights movement 1954–1968 29464:Civil rights movement 1865–1896 26639:First transcontinental railroad 23067:Black Reconstruction in America 22940:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 22850:1876 State of the Union Address 22777:1875 State of the Union Address 22704:1874 State of the Union Address 22628:1873 State of the Union Address 22567:1872 State of the Union Address 22516:1871 State of the Union Address 22455:1870 State of the Union Address 22404:1869 State of the Union Address 22399:First transcontinental railroad 22338:1868 State of the Union Address 22245:1867 State of the Union Address 22080:1865 State of the Union Address 22005:1864 State of the Union Address 21979:1863 State of the Union Address 21888:Woman in the Nineteenth Century 20189:"The Civil War: Reconstruction" 20113:"Reconstruction in Mississippi" 19978:Nast, Thomas, magazine cartoons 19678:Black Reconstruction in America 19615:, early abolitionist manifesto. 18811:Summers, Mark Wahlgren (2014). 18792:Summers, Mark Wahlgren (2009). 18554:Emancipation and Reconstruction 18205:Kaczorowski, Robert J. (1995). 18027:. University of Chicago Press. 17518: 17044:The Journal of Economic History 17015:. University of Chicago Press. 16771:(2): 135–144 – via JSTOR. 16482:Hesseltine, William B. (1936). 15183:The Journal of Economic History 13301:"Thirteenth Amendment optimism" 13299:Greene, Jamal (November 2012). 12891:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 12867:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 12793: 12762: 12729: 12702: 12665: 12640: 12612: 12591: 12393: 12357: 12256: 12231: 12144: 12109: 12079: 12066: 12041: 12008: 11983: 11890: 11853: 11824: 11755: 11750:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 11738:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 11726:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 11694: 11667: 11630: 11625:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 11596:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 11515: 11510:Donald, Baker & Holt (2001) 11483: 11375: 11338: 11306: 11287: 11274: 11246: 11167: 11121:The Journal of Economic History 11111:; Lewis, Frank D. (June 1975). 11045: 11034: 11023: 10940: 10915: 10895: 10535: 10445: 10257:Black Reconstruction in America 9567:Democrats try a "New Departure" 8322:Prosecution of the Ku Klux Klan 8013:Kentucky and Missouri in 1866. 7263:Lincoln and Secretary of State 7196:Legalization of slave marriages 7078: 6315:unionist government in Virginia 6048:national birthright citizenship 5938:. He was replaced by President 5936:fighting was drawing to a close 5904:. Congress later established a 4904:National Council of Negro Women 3958:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 3948:Spring Valley Race Riot of 1895 3668:Expulsions of African Americans 1718:Committee of Experts on Slavery 1269:East, Southeast, and South Asia 36:Reconstruction (disambiguation) 34692:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 34069:29th and 32nd Governor of Ohio 34061:President of the United States 33155:President of the United States 33025:Bibliography of Andrew Johnson 32826:1866 National Union Convention 32768:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 32696:Inauguration of Andrew Johnson 32652:1864 National Union Convention 32584:President of the United States 32178:Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln 31735:Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co. 31678:First inaugural address (1861) 31663:Lincoln–Douglas debates (1858) 31413:President of the United States 30463:Thurgood Marshall College Fund 29469:Civil right movement 1896–1954 28912:List of American slave traders 28792:Slavery among Native Americans 26036:Separation of church and state 24252:National Reconnaissance Office 24195:President of the United States 22140:Petition for Universal Freedom 22121:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 20106:University of Illinois Chicago 20055:Bragg, William Harris. 2019. 19980:pro-Radical editorial cartoons 19372:, and Steven F. Miller (1993). 19096:(2014). 30 essays by scholars. 18911:; McPherson, James M. (2002). 18884:Thompson, C. Mildred (2010) . 18846:. Princeton University Press. 18588:. Pickle Partners Publishing. 17951:. New York: Harper & Row. 17908:. New York: Harper Perennial. 17709:Brown, Thomas J., ed. (2008). 17208:. The Atlantic. Archived from 17012:Building the American Republic 16231:Taylor, A. A. (January 1938). 15430:. Princeton University Press. 14790:Walker, Clarence Earl (1982). 13489:Campbell, Randolph B. (2003). 13413:Phillips, Christopher (2016). 12505:– via Project Gutenberg. 11910:Donald, David Herbert (1970). 11640:Tennessee Historical Quarterly 11523:"The Second Inaugural Address" 10820: 10744:Harlow, Luke E. (March 2017). 10671: 10640: 10622: 10600: 10465:As reported in a January 2022 10426:list of highest-grossing films 9852:President of the United States 9292:Last of three Enforcement Acts 9274:transcontinental railroad line 9070:Taxation during Reconstruction 9041:Railroad subsidies and payoffs 8430:African American officeholders 8353:. By October, Grant suspended 8186:President of the United States 8173:Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant 8147:of New York for president and 7750:format but may read better as 7253:February 1865 peace conference 7009:In August 1861, Major General 6991:President of the United States 6673:in April 1865, Vice President 5843:Southern United States history 5701:Racism against Black Americans 1417:Slave raiding in Easter Island 13: 1: 34682:Presidency of Abraham Lincoln 34592:American military occupations 34562:1870s in Georgia (U.S. state) 34522:1860s in Georgia (U.S. state) 34199:Specie Payment Resumption Act 34189:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 33401:Specie Payment Resumption Act 32788:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 31843:Cottage at the Soldier's Home 31816:Little Pigeon Creek Community 30643:Cherokee freedmen controversy 29619:The Negro Motorist Green Book 29120:George Washington and slavery 28999:American Colonization Society 28994:African-American slave owners 23187:A Visit from the Old Mistress 22886:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 22752:Specie Payment Resumption Act 22377:Board of Indian Commissioners 22309:Louisiana readmitted to Union 22271:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 22135:Tennessee readmitted to Union 21969:Women's Loyal National League 20672:Straight-Out Democratic Party 20443:Confederate States of America 20033:Behn, Richard J., ed. 2020. 19895:Duke University School of Law 19590:(1866). By Republican editor. 19202:Stalcup, Brenda, ed. (1995). 19044:Zuczek, Richard, ed. (2006). 18753:Comparative Political Studies 18679:The Reconstruction Presidents 18561:Peterson, Merrill D. (1994). 18355:. New York: Delacorte Press. 16986:. Stanford University Press. 16841:, pp. 372–373, 424, 425. 16418:Hofstadter, Richard (2012) . 15704:Arkansas Historical Quarterly 14878:Morrow, Ralph Ernest (1956). 13897:10.1080/0144039x.2016.1208911 13674:The American South: A History 13671:; Terrill, Thomas E. (2009). 13626:American Journal of Education 13105:"The Freedman's Bureau, 1866" 12964:Blackmon, Douglas A. (2009). 12491:McCarthy, Charles H. (1901). 12466:Peterson, Merrill D. (1995). 12105:– via USCode.House.gov. 10977:"Reconstruction in the South" 10523: 10202:is an example. His monograph 9359:A Visit from the Old Mistress 9310:, former South Carolina Gov. 8257:Department of Justice created 8222:as U.S. Circuit Court judge. 7866:, to allow federal courts to 7232:is especially evident in the 6997:President Lincoln signed two 6911:, in some states, they used " 6771:In 1867, Congress passed the 6697:republican form of government 6155:Confederate States of America 6136: 6103:Sea Islands of South Carolina 5855:Confederate States of America 4909:National Pan-Hellenic Council 3983:Springfield race riot of 1908 177: 155:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 34687:Presidency of Andrew Johnson 34642:Legal history of Mississippi 33275:State of the Union addresses 32466:Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith 32173:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences 32168:Lincoln Trail State Memorial 31597:National Academy of Sciences 29125:Thomas Jefferson and slavery 28870:American proslavery movement 28832:Slave states and free states 28473:Slavery in the United States 27807:Hispanic and Latino American 26661:Second Industrial Revolution 26495:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 26201:Exploration of North America 26127:History of the United States 24398:Government Publishing Office 23866:Technological and industrial 22813:Battle of the Little Bighorn 22297:Arkansas readmitted to Union 22203:Knights of the White Camelia 22165:Slave Kidnapping Act of 1866 22111:New Orleans Massacre of 1866 22085:Founding of the Ku Klux Klan 22043:Special Field Orders No. 15 21866:Slavery in the United States 19777:Henry, Robert Selph (1938). 19752:"Why Reconstruction Matters" 19543:Palmer, Beverly Wilson, ed. 19471:Confederate Military History 19252: 18627:Richter, William L. (2009). 18524:Patton, James Welch (1934). 18433:Milton, George Fort (1930). 18187:Jenkins, Wilbert L. (2002). 18023:Franklin, John Hope (1961). 17792:. Fordham University Press. 17525:Reconstruction: Bibliography 17280:: A Study in Popular Racism" 17274:Bloomfield, Maxwell (1964). 17175:, p. 604 reprinted in: 16536:Pressly, Thomas J. (1961). " 16238:The Journal of Negro History 14159:Osborne & Bombaro (2015) 14014:Peters & Woolley (2018b) 13834:, pp. 437–453, 458–460. 13273:(2): 385–447. Archived from 13014:Farmer-Kaiser, Mary (2010). 12116:Perry, Dan W. (March 1936). 11674:Valelly, Richard M. (2004). 10981:Journal of the Civil War Era 10750:Journal of the Civil War Era 10593: 10223:Economic History Association 9543:Although historians such as 8882:, of a man reading the Bible 8280:Enforcement Acts (1870–1871) 7675:Congressional Reconstruction 7349:to a wounded soldier of the 7310:Presidency of Andrew Johnson 6732:New Orleans massacre of 1866 6056:equal protection of the laws 5968:supportive white Southerners 5711:School segregation in the US 5249:Black American Sign Language 5223:Languages and other dialects 4023:Washington race riot of 1919 2962:Hispanic and Latino American 1708:Temporary Slavery Commission 1369:Slavery in the Mongol Empire 261:New Orleans massacre of 1866 7: 34502:40th United States Congress 34209:Presidente Hayes Department 34087:23rd Ohio Infantry Regiment 33844:1922 Grant Memorial coinage 33051:Treason must be made odious 32716:Pardons for ex-Confederates 32101:Abraham Lincoln Association 31833:Lincoln-Berry General Store 31761:Political career, 1849–1861 31668:Cooper Union Address (1860) 31658:House Divided speech (1858) 31560:Department of the Northwest 30513:Black players in ice hockey 30448:National Urban League (NUL) 30274:American Society of Muslims 29512:Selma to Montgomery marches 29432:Brown v. Board of Education 29150:Abraham Lincoln and slavery 27331:Indictments of Donald Trump 26522:First Industrial Revolution 26356:Declaration of Independence 26346:Second Continental Congress 25870:Women's reproductive health 24836:Federally recognized tribes 24699:Public utilities commission 24603:Public Health Service Corps 24506:Code of Federal Regulations 24388:Congressional Budget Office 24242:Central Intelligence Agency 24148:Water supply and sanitation 23575:Declaration of Independence 23331:Race (human categorization) 22721:United States v. Cruikshank 22312:Alabama readmitted to Union 22300:Florida readmitted to Union 20117:The Historical Text Archive 20078:Green Jr., Robert P. 1991. 20074:The Zinn Education Project. 20057:"Reconstruction in Georgia" 20040:September 21, 2015, at the 19779:The Story of Reconstruction 19485:The Facts of Reconstruction 19389:Fleming, Walter L. (1905). 19224:Journal of Southern History 19029:. Oxford University Press. 18993:Journal of Southern History 18973:. Random House Publishing. 18900:Andrew Johnson: A Biography 18777:. Oxford University Press. 18771:Stowell, Daniel W. (1998). 18409:. Oxford University Press. 18301:Journal of Economic History 18134:Harris, William C. (1997). 18107:. Oxford University Press. 17809:The Negro in Reconstruction 17759:. New York: Penguin Press. 17587:Journal of Economic History 17553:Barney, William L. (1987). 17542:Anderson, James D. (1988). 17535:Scholarly secondary sources 17465:Teach Reconstruction Report 17420:Eastern National Publishing 17103:Reviews in American History 16728:Pildes, Richard H. (2000). 16374:Stampp & Litwack (1969) 16172:Journal of Southern History 16103:Journal of Southern History 15676:Abbott, Richard H. (2004). 15519:Fleming, Walter L. (1919). 15449:Sharkey, Robert P. (1967). 15366:Myers, Margaret G. (1970). 15156:. New York: Vantage Press. 15031:Fallin, Wilson Jr. (2007). 14915:The Life of Matthew Simpson 14686:United States Census Bureau 13256:United States v. Cruikshank 13218:Journal of Southern History 13181:Journal of American History 12776:American History After 1865 12736:McKitrick, Eric L. (1988). 12528:Harris, J. William (2006). 12238:Trefousse, Hans L. (1991). 11978:Randall & Donald (2016) 11701:Trefousse, Hans L. (1975). 11385:Journal of Southern History 11348:Journal of Southern History 10552:Jackson, Ed; Pou, Charles. 10496: 10411:, which enabled its author 10409:the best-selling 1936 novel 10094:historians emerged, led by 9967:Dunning School, 1900s–1920s 9768:Mississippi's 1875 election 9667: 8864: 8860:Social and economic factors 7853: 7800:United States v. Cruikshank 7451:Black Codes (United States) 6927:that had been relocated to 6799: 6407:Special Field Orders No. 15 6364: 5934:on April 14, 1865, just as 4538:African-American businesses 3910:James Harvey and Joe Jordan 1728:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery 773:Volga Bulgarian slave trade 10: 34723: 34657:Legal history of Tennessee 34637:Legal history of Louisiana 34107:Battle of Cloyd's Mountain 33540:Naturalization Act of 1870 33431:U.S. Department of Justice 33391:General Mining Act of 1872 32974:Andrew Johnson and slavery 32889:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum 32841:1868 Democratic Convention 32803:Second impeachment inquiry 31518:Overland Campaign strategy 30670:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 30428:Nashville Student Movement 29439:Children of the plantation 29224:Children of the plantation 29155:Andrew Johnson and slavery 29145:Zachary Taylor and slavery 29091:Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 29060:Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 29025:American slave court cases 28989:Amerindian slave ownership 27928: 27690: 27352: 27223:Killing of Osama bin Laden 26311:First Continental Congress 26156: 25048:Red states and blue states 24953:City commission government 24948:Council–manager government 22532:General Mining Act of 1872 22501:New York custom house ring 22491:Meridian race riot of 1871 22435:Naturalization Act of 1870 20203:. New Haven, Connecticut: 19935:December 14, 2020, at the 19642:American Historical Review 19417:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 19089:. Blackwell (2005) 518 pp. 18959:. Oxford University Press. 18953:White, Richard C. (2017). 18731:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 18564:Lincoln in American Memory 18447:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 18196:Jones, Jacqueline (2010). 17843:Downs, Gregory P. (2015). 17329:Gardner, Sarah E. (2006). 14977:Howard, Victor B. (1990). 14827:Grant, Donald Lee (1993). 14136:Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 13844:Montgomery, David (1967). 13734:Gillette, William (1982). 12989:Edwards, Laura F. (1997). 12800:Lincove, David A. (2000). 12709:Smith, John David (2013). 12561:Edwards, Laura F. (1997). 12468:Lincoln in American Memory 11497:December 12, 2022, at the 11432:American Heritage Magazine 11280:Ezell, John Samuel. 1963. 11130:Cambridge University Press 10847:Cambridge University Press 10653:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: 10647:Rodrigue, John C. (2001). 10634:U.S. National Park Service 10118:'s ring in New York City. 9832: 9811:1876 presidential election 9798: 9761:1876 Republican nomination 9702:paramilitary organizations 9637: 9570: 9471: 9453: 8908:Methodist Episcopal Church 8444:numerous African Americans 8170: 8088: 7950:: Virginia, under General 7448: 7368:Amphitheatrum Johnsonianum 7316:Andrew Johnson and slavery 7313: 7307: 7256: 7208: 7179: 7148: 6948:Southern Treaty Commission 6919:Southern Treaty Commission 6829:Radical Republican leader 6621:During the Civil War, the 6023:1876 presidential election 5942:. Johnson vetoed numerous 5863:United States Constitution 5076:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 4751:Congressional Black Caucus 4718:African Diaspora Religions 4505:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 3585:1906 Atlanta race massacre 1913:Great Dismal Swamp maroons 1750:Anti-Slavery International 1515:North Africa and West Asia 294:Meridian race riot of 1871 29: 34667:Legal history of Virginia 34622:Legal history of Arkansas 34312: 34283: 34227: 34159: 34148: 34079: 34052: 33976: 33897: 33864: 33742: 33724: 33683: 33613: 33595: 33572: 33471: 33451:Yellowstone National Park 33414: 33371:Public Credit Act of 1869 33363: 33325: 33228: 33163: 33148: 33060: 33040:Ledger-removal allegation 33017: 32966: 32907: 32849: 32798:First impeachment inquiry 32686: 32668: 32624: 32575: 32487: 32388:Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln 32343: 32311:Parliament Square, London 32106:Abraham Lincoln Institute 32003: 31921: 31871: 31784: 31751:Medical and mental health 31699: 31683:Gettysburg Address (1863, 31635: 31602:Department of Agriculture 31508:Emancipation Proclamation 31432: 31405: 31340: 31307:Index of related articles 31185: 31100: 30824: 30757: 30695: 30595: 30556: 30488: 30481: 30396: 30316: 30308:Doctrine of Father Divine 30254: 30196: 29845: 29700: 29692:Women's suffrage movement 29645:Reconstruction Amendments 29452:Voting Rights Act of 1965 29371: 29277:Emancipation Proclamation 29237: 29202:Sexual relations and rape 29180: 29130:James Madison and slavery 29012: 28860: 28782: 28775: 28754: 28740: 28479: 28401: 28367: 28311: 28275: 28263: 28002: 27976: 27938: 27934: 27923: 27696: 27685: 27358: 27347: 27213: 27116: 27044: 26945: 26856: 26807:Wall Street Crash of 1929 26738: 26619: 26604:Emancipation Proclamation 26535: 26458: 26406: 26373:Articles of Confederation 26326: 26211:Native American epidemics 26191: 26166: 26162: 26151: 26133: 26057: 25883: 25756: 25688: 25341: 25337: 25328: 25276: 25141: 25132: 25028: 24999: 24976: 24915: 24882: 24873: 24816: 24804:Comparison of governments 24779: 24742: 24719: 24635: 24615: 24546: 24484: 24406: 24329: 24187: 24178: 24174: 24165: 23887: 23878: 23823: 23783:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 23624:drafting and ratification 23597:Articles of Confederation 23510: 23444: 23435: 23394: 23368: 23298: 23257: 23173: 23124:Been in the Storm So Long 23044:William Archibald Dunning 23004:The American Commonwealth 22972: 22965: 22894: 22858: 22785: 22712: 22674:Election Massacre of 1874 22636: 22575: 22524: 22463: 22412: 22382:Public Credit Act of 1869 22346: 22321:Fourth Reconstruction Act 22253: 22230:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 22180: 22093: 22013: 21987: 21974:New York City draft riots 21944:Emancipation Proclamation 21936: 21853: 21846: 21796: 20818: 20772: 20726: 20619:National Union Convention 20599: 20592: 20451: 20428: 20364:Reconstruction Amendments 20354:African-American senators 20259: 20252: 20015:The National Park Service 19847:Been in the Storm So Long 19696:. Harper & brothers. 19675:Du Bois, W. E. B. (1935) 19531:. Solomons & Chapman. 19463:"The South Since the War" 19348:Barnes, William H., ed., 18755:54.11 (2021): 1939–1983. 18603:Rhodes, James F. (1920). 18513:Patrick, Rembert (1967). 18314:10.1017/S0022050719000755 18295:Logan, Trevon D. (2020). 18211:Fordham Urban Law Journal 18101:Guelzo, Allen C. (2018). 18080:Guelzo, Allen C. (2004). 18057:Guelzo, Allen C. (1999). 17885:Egerton, Douglas (2014). 17868:– via Google Books. 17664:Bradley, Mark L. (2009). 17600:10.1017/S0022050721000590 17057:10.1017/S0022050700040602 17009:Watson, Harry L. (2018). 16734:Constitutional Commentary 16292:Beale, Howard K. (1958). 15989:10.1017/S0043887119000157 15926:Rable, George C. (1984). 15621:Schuckers, J. W. (1874). 15196:10.1017/S0022050719000755 15177:Logan, Trevon D. (2020). 14913:Clark, Robert D. (1956). 14712:October 19, 2020, at the 14707:available from Census.gov 14534:Journal of Policy History 13867:– via Google Books. 13440:North Carolina Law Review 12672:Rawley, James A. (2003). 12364:Hall, Clifton R. (1916). 12167:– via Google Books. 11937:Ayers, Edward L. (2007). 11926:– via Google Books. 11860:Gienapp, William (2002). 11690:– via Google Books. 11319:Economic History Services 11138:10.1017/S0022050700075070 11128:(2). Cambridge, England: 10855:10.1017/S1537781414000516 10845:(1). Cambridge, England: 10612:February 2, 2014, at the 9938:Legacy and historiography 9882:announced that Hayes and 9829:Hayes ends Reconstruction 9573:New Departure (Democrats) 9334:organized, including the 9243:National financial issues 9216:Hollander, J. H. (1900). 8821: 8807: 8793: 8779: 8765: 8751: 8735: 8721: 8707: 8693: 8679: 8623: 8606: 8589: 8572: 8555: 8538: 8521: 8504: 8487: 8460:Race of delegates to 1867 8330:Grant's Attorney General 8136:to move their paper, the 7709:United States citizenship 7702:Constitutional amendments 7295:Historical legacy debated 7244:Bans color discrimination 7151:Emancipation Proclamation 7145:Emancipation Proclamation 6743:existing U.S. territories 6432:Army of Northern Virginia 6393:Emancipation Proclamation 6359:Reconstruction Amendments 6319:Francis Harrison Pierpont 6161:on the Union garrison at 6084:Emancipation Proclamation 6068:Emancipation Proclamation 6061: 5978:," who sought to restore 5923:" and vetoed the radical 5902:Emancipation Proclamation 5583:US states and territories 4884:American Life and History 4606:Lift Every Voice and Sing 4315:Treatment of the enslaved 4018:Chicago race riot of 1919 2009:Emancipation Proclamation 1681:Opposition and resistance 1439:Sex trafficking in Europe 1427:Blackbirding in Polynesia 990:Trans-Saharan slave trade 250: 190: 180: 172: 163:Reconstruction Amendments 134: 112: 102: 86: 55: 50: 45: 34627:Legal history of Florida 34617:Legal history of Alabama 34097:Battle of South Mountain 33653:Ulysses S. Grant Cottage 33555:Civil Rights Act of 1875 33463:Electoral Commission Act 33441:Civil Service Commission 33045:Buell Commission records 32921:Martha Johnson Patterson 32763:Civil Rights Act of 1866 32721:State of the Union, 1865 32382:Thomas "Tad" Lincoln III 32224:Abraham Lincoln: The Man 31806:Lincoln Boyhood Memorial 31523:Hampton Roads Conference 31357:United States portal 30792:African-American English 30221:Inventors and scientists 29913:George Washington Carver 29517:Chicago Freedom Movement 29262:Compensated emancipation 28293:Northern Mariana Islands 26866:Strike wave of 1945–1946 25823:Prescription drug prices 24943:Mayor–council government 24933:Coterminous municipality 24923:Consolidated city-county 24689:Agriculture commissioner 24339:House of Representatives 24247:National Security Agency 23897:Contiguous United States 22840:Safe burglary conspiracy 22727:Civil Rights Act of 1875 22506:Civil service commission 22106:Memphis massacre of 1866 22101:Civil Rights Act of 1866 21917:Confiscation Act of 1862 21912:Confiscation Act of 1861 20667:Liberal Republican Party 20349:Conservative Republicans 20062:New Georgia Encyclopedia 19948:Newspapers and magazines 19901:available via WikiSource 19877:Simkins, William Stewart 19804:Jon Bekken (July 2020). 19798:August 15, 2021, at the 19100:Parfait, Claire (2009). 18762:Stover, John F. (1955). 18552:Perman, Michael (2003). 18533:Perman, Michael (1985). 18248:. Westholme Publishing. 18200:. New York: Basic Books. 18174:Hunter, Tera W. (1997). 17655:Blum, Edward J. (2005). 17572:Behrend, Justin (2015). 17366:New Georgia Encyclopedia 16851:Baker, Bruce E. (2007). 16308:– via Archive.org. 15535:– via Archive.org. 15465:– via Archive.org. 15438:– via Archive.org. 15411:– via Archive.org. 15384:– via Archive.org. 15341:Ohanian, Lee E. (2018). 15152:Mayberry, B. D. (1992). 15049:– via Archive.org. 14954:– via Archive.org. 13919:Knight, Matthew (2017). 13081:– via Archive.org. 13056:Schouler, James (1913). 12917:, pp. 251, 284–286. 12758:– via Archive.org. 12400:Warner, Ezra J. (1964). 12389:– via Archive.org. 11955:– via Archive.org. 11491:New Georgia Encyclopedia 11270:– via Archive.org. 10584:Civil Rights Act of 1957 10558:Today in Georgia History 10528: 10430:New Georgia Encyclopedia 10152:Civil Rights Act of 1964 10136:representation on juries 9886:had been elected to the 9860:Electoral Commission Act 9422:Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer 9205:Reynolds, J. S. (1905). 8409:Countered election fraud 8403:Civil Rights Act of 1964 8387:Civil Rights Act of 1875 8381:Civil Rights Act of 1875 8301:and suspend the writ of 7979:Fourth Military District 7957:Second Military District 7916:Fourth Military District 7898:Second Military District 7481:Civil Rights Act of 1866 7387:, the commandant of the 7259:Hampton Roads Conference 7073:Hampton Roads Conference 7047:compensated emancipation 6710:By 1866, the faction of 6575:Civil Rights Act of 1875 6503:first Reconstruction Act 6480:July 30, 1866: At least 6465:Civil Rights Act of 1866 6441:April 14, 1865: Lincoln 6414:Hampton Roads Conference 6386:Confiscation Act of 1862 6372:Confiscation Act of 1861 6019:Civil Rights Act of 1875 5974:. They were opposed by " 5785:United States portal 5192:African-American English 4703:African-American Muslims 4264:Jim Crow era (1896–1954) 3978:Atlanta Massacre of 1906 2465: 2443: 2421: 2410: 2388: 2377: 2355: 2344: 2333: 2322: 2300: 2289: 2278: 2256: 2234: 2223: 2201: 2190: 2168: 2157: 1789:Compensated emancipation 1000:Indian Ocean slave trade 34542:1860s in South Carolina 34537:1860s in North Carolina 33523:Enforcement Act of 1870 32831:Swing Around the Circle 32456:(17th-century ancestor) 32376:William Wallace Lincoln 31858:Lincoln Pioneer Village 31673:Farewell Address (1861) 31582:Fanny McCullough letter 31513:West Virginia statehood 31503:Habeas Corpus suspended 31280:African-American firsts 30329:Back-to-Africa movement 30298:Black Hebrew Israelites 30078:Adam Clayton Powell Jr. 29626:Partus sequitur ventrem 29097:Partus sequitur ventrem 29040:Three-fifths Compromise 27828:Middle Eastern American 27645:Technology and industry 26515:Seneca Falls Convention 26316:Continental Association 26216:Settlement of Jamestown 25908:Criticism of government 25253:Social welfare programs 24846:State-recognized tribes 23831:Outline of U.S. history 23543:Continental Association 23336:Reconstruction Treaties 23155:A Nation Under Our Feet 23103:From Slavery to Freedom 22933:Williams v. Mississippi 22917:United States v. Harris 22808:Great Sioux War of 1876 22747:Yazoo City Riot of 1875 22649:Battle of Liberty Place 22537:Crédit Mobilier scandal 22486:Alcorn State University 22425:Enforcement Act of 1870 22291:Articles of impeachment 22198:Indian Peace Commission 22116:Swing Around the Circle 22053:Freedmen's Bureau bills 21895:Seneca Falls Convention 20624:Radical Democracy Party 20575:Freedman's Savings Bank 20111:Mabry, Donald J. 2006. 20096:August 1, 2015, at the 20089:Jensen, Richard. 2006. 20086:(July/August): 153–157. 20046:Mr. Lincoln and Freedom 19786:Keith, LeeAnna (2020). 19739:Fitzgerald, Michael R. 19728:excerpt and text search 19722:Fitzgerald, Michael W. 19593:Smith, John David, ed. 19482:Lynch, John R. (1913). 19444:Memoirs of W. W. Holden 19385:(via Internet Archive). 19132:– via Cairn Info. 19092:Frantz, Edward O., ed. 18835:March 20, 2021, at the 18799:excerpt and text search 18165:Hubbs, G. Ward (2015). 18041:Gates Jr, Henry Louis. 17694:. New York: Doubleday. 16703:Feldman, Glenn (2004). 15587:, Vol. II, pp. 328–329. 15506:10.3167/hrrh2009.350106 14651:A Nation under Our Feet 14134:Simon, John Y. (1967). 13884:Slavery & Abolition 13878:Gleeson, David (2016). 13254:"Snubbed landmark: Why 12769:Billington, Ray Allen; 12715:. Penguin. p. 17. 12048:Feldman, Glenn (2004). 11703:The Radical Republicans 10419:, and an award-winning 10407:, first in the form of 10150:and the passage of the 9755:in the hotly contested 9736:out of office and seat 9440:Battle of Liberty Place 9014:Alcorn State University 8879:The Lord is My Shepherd 8075:consent of the governed 7988:Fifth Military District 7966:Third Military District 7948:First Military District 7925:Fifth Military District 7907:Third Military District 7889:First Military District 7874:Military Reconstruction 7838:Williams v. Mississippi 7803:(1875), related to the 7759:converting this section 7435:Benjamin Franklin Perry 7395:, and guerilla leaders 7277:John Archibald Campbell 6766: 6747:Three-fifths Compromise 6705: 6671:Lincoln's assassination 6664: 6659:Lincoln's assassination 6631:Confederate States Army 6552:February 28, 1871: The 6544:Enforcement Act of 1870 6496:Congressional elections 6426:April 9, 1865: General 6101:in Virginia and in the 5706:Reparations for slavery 4794:Back-to-Africa movement 4693:Black Hebrew Israelites 4571:African-American beauty 4091:Back to Africa movement 3638:Anti-miscegenation laws 2983:Middle Eastern American 2805:Technology and industry 1713:1926 Slavery Convention 1469:Germany in World War II 1086:North and South America 608:Contract of manumission 309:Battle of Liberty Place 34662:Legal history of Texas 34265:Hayes County, Nebraska 34071:(1868–1872, 1876–1877) 33814:Ohio Statehouse statue 33528:Second Enforcement Act 33491:Native American policy 33220:Commanding generalship 32915:Eliza McCardle Johnson 32616:(1853–1857, 1862–1865) 32603:Senator from Tennessee 32163:Lincoln Heritage Trail 32148:Lincoln Park (Chicago) 32047:Photographs of Lincoln 31987:O Captain! My Captain! 31248:Spingarn Medal winners 30737:States and territories 30508:Black NFL quarterbacks 30008:Martin Luther King Jr. 29540:Dred Scott v. Sandford 29479:Montgomery bus boycott 29172:Supreme Court Justices 29140:John Tyler and slavery 29115:Presidents and slavery 29104:Dred Scott v. Sandford 27948:Admission to the Union 27314:Afghanistan withdrawal 27309:January 6 insurrection 27228:Rise in mass shootings 27200:Virginia Tech shooting 26753:Paris Peace Conference 26527:Second Great Awakening 26266:American Enlightenment 25970:Environmental movement 25813:Health insurance costs 25708:Educational attainment 25233:Federal Reserve System 25191:Science and technology 24694:Insurance commissioner 24232:Intelligence Community 23927:minor outlying islands 23690:Civil rights movement 23311:Forty acres and a mule 23034:Walter Lynwood Fleming 22819:United States v. Reese 22476:Second Enforcement Act 20706:Prohibition Convention 20438:Southern United States 20102:Scholars' Guide to WWW 19989:June 10, 2010, at the 19671:on September 27, 2011. 19611:July 25, 2002, at the 19450:Hyman, Harold M., ed. 18804:March 7, 2017, at the 18437:; from Dunning School. 17745:10.14296/RiH/2014/2270 17523:For more sources, see 16955:History Open Textbooks 16922:Burton, Orville Vernon 16808:Foner & 1990 (255) 16421:Progressive Historians 16319:Tulloch, Hugh (1999). 15494:Historical Reflections 14106:Brands, H. W. (2013). 13669:Cooper, William J. Jr. 12626:Tennessee Encyclopedia 12315:Catton, Bruce (1963). 12122:Chronicles of Oklahoma 12015:DuBois, Ellen (1978). 11762:Hyman, Harold (1959). 11254:Hesseltine, William B. 10927:Zinn Education Project 10494: 10476: 10443: 10334: 10316: 10296: 10041: 10027: 10003:historical revisionism 9994: 9855: 9728: 9593: 9564: 9555: 9489: 9431: 9395: 9382:Walter Lynwood Fleming 9361: 9316:Nathan Bedford Forrest 9252: 9240: 9058: 9021:state institutions as 9003:disenfranchised Blacks 8985: 8976: 8962: 8944: 8926:, to the U.S. Senate. 8906:) and the well-funded 8883: 8439: 8351:Southern United States 8346: 8335: 8316: 8189: 8126:Johnson administration 8066: 8053:Nathan Bedford Forrest 8029: 7996:Winfield Scott Hancock 7928: 7684: 7642: 7627: 7604: 7595: 7530: 7517: 7508:extrajudicial killings 7468: 7459:An October 24th, 1874 7430: 7393:Andersonville, Georgia 7371: 7225:Freedmen's Bureau Bill 7223:On March 3, 1865, the 7220: 7160: 6994: 6871: 6809: 6779:in the South and used 6714:led by Representative 6618: 6593: 6580:November 6, 1876: The 6554:Second Enforcement Act 6535:February 3, 1870: The 6489:national speaking tour 6456:December 6, 1865: The 6304: 5176:Dialects and languages 4336:Second Great Migration 4061:Anti-lynching movement 3998:1917 Chester race riot 3988:Johnson–Jeffries riots 3855:Laura and L. D. Nelson 3095:Admission to the Union 1194:British Virgin Islands 746:Circassian slave trade 712:Safavid imperial harem 707:Ottoman Imperial Harem 34:. For other uses, see 34260:Club Presidente Hayes 34214:Chinese Exclusion Act 34112:Ohio State University 34102:Army of West Virginia 33989:Rutherford B. Hayes → 33426:Judiciary Act of 1869 33376:Copyright Act of 1870 33270:Judicial appointments 32758:Judicial Circuits Act 32706:Judicial appointments 32614:Governor of Tennessee 32462:(great-granddaughter) 32460:Mary Lincoln Beckwith 32418:Sarah Lincoln Grigsby 32394:Jessie Harlan Lincoln 32271:Hodgenville, Kentucky 32251:Emancipation Memorial 31709:Early life and career 31643:Lyceum address (1838) 31627:Judicial appointments 31572:National Banking Acts 31567:Homestead Act of 1862 30558:Athletic associations 30493:Negro league baseball 30264:African-American Jews 29983:Ketanji Brown Jackson 29948:Henry Highland Garnet 29807:Negro National Anthem 29557:George Floyd protests 29522:Post–civil rights era 29045:Slave and free states 29035:Fugitive Slave Clause 28949:List of abolitionists 28802:Slavery in New France 27940:Territorial evolution 27304:George Floyd Protests 27287:Unite the Right rally 27156:Oklahoma City bombing 27151:Republican Revolution 27098:Space Shuttle program 26920:Civil Rights Movement 26888:North Atlantic Treaty 26696:Sherman Antitrust Act 26681:Chinese Exclusion Act 26271:French and Indian War 26261:Prelude to Revolution 26246:First Great Awakening 26206:European colonization 25796:Immigrant health care 25311:Transportation safety 25306:Transportation policy 25296:Public transportation 24366:President pro tempore 24222:Executive departments 23991:National Park Service 23646:Territorial evolution 23285:Civil rights movement 23221:The Birth of a Nation 22830:Centennial Exposition 22684:Black Hills Gold Rush 22599:Slaughter-House Cases 22471:Ku Klux Klan hearings 21949:General Order No. 143 20568:James Mitchell Ashley 20050:The Lehrman Institute 19962:July 5, 2008, at the 19733:June 4, 2021, at the 19187:10.1353/cwe.2016.0073 19158:10.1353/cwe.2016.0003 19118:10.3917/etan.624.0440 19063:Foner, Eric (2014a). 18907:Wagner, Margaret E.; 17640:10.1353/cwh.2005.0055 16556:10.1353/cwh.1961.0063 15888:on September 16, 2008 15422:Unger, Irwin (1964). 15345:. London: Routledge. 14649:Hahn, Steven (2005). 14209:, pp. 435, 465; 14161:, pp. 6, 12, 54. 13937:10.1353/eir.2017.0029 13115:on September 24, 2006 12647:Belz, Herman (1998). 12538:10.1002/9780470773338 11225:10.1353/cwh.2008.0007 10997:10.1353/cwe.2017.0002 10766:10.1353/cwe.2017.0001 10490: 10471: 10439:The Birth of a Nation 10434: 10393:The Birth of a Nation 10326: 10311: 10292: 10217:Economic role of race 10208:Orville Vernon Burton 10148:civil rights movement 10112:civil rights movement 10044:William B. Hesseltine 10036: 10023: 9989: 9900:internal improvements 9846: 9726: 9644:The Panic of 1873 (a 9616:Dewitt Clinton Senter 9580: 9559: 9550: 9528:. The faction led by 9484: 9426: 9390: 9353: 9281:Ending Reconstruction 9250: 9235: 9048: 8980: 8971: 8957: 8939: 8872: 8437: 8399:public accommodations 8341: 8329: 8312: 8180: 8046: 8024: 7937:George Henry Williams 7881: 7723:civil rights movement 7682: 7633: 7617: 7599: 7590: 7535:Memphis Riots of 1866 7525: 7512: 7463:editorial cartoon by 7458: 7425: 7323: 7314:Further information: 7273:Alexander H. Stephens 7218: 7158: 7127:George Foster Shepley 6985: 6925:Five Civilized Tribes 6869: 6807: 6728:Memphis riots of 1866 6604: 6591: 6582:presidential election 6421:Freedmen's Bureau Act 6302: 6115:Port Royal Experiment 6088:Port Royal Experiment 5839:United States history 5588:US metropolitan areas 5415:List of neighborhoods 5029:Alabama Creole people 5019:African-American Jews 4951:Negro league baseball 4914:National Urban League 4866:Civic/economic groups 4698:African-American Jews 4588:African-American hair 4450:, after the Civil War 4279:Post–civil rights era 3953:Phoenix election riot 3938:Rock Springs massacre 3595:Historical background 3086:Territorial evolution 2379:Post-World War II Era 1433:Europe and North Asia 1393:Australia and Oceania 1093:Pre-Columbian America 665:Slave raid of Suðuroy 597:Slavery in al-Andalus 519:Black Sea slave trade 448:21st-century jihadism 256:Memphis riots of 1866 80:Memphis riots of 1866 34567:1870s in Mississippi 34532:1860s in Mississippi 34255:Laudo Hayes Firm Day 34137:Electoral Commission 33949:Ulysses S. Grant III 33931:Ulysses S. Grant Jr. 33925:Frederick Dent Grant 33907:Hannah Simpson Grant 33757:Presidential library 33582:Bid for a third term 33381:Currency Act of 1870 33335:Treaty of Washington 32821:National Union Party 32773:Tenure of Office Act 32370:Edward Baker Lincoln 32296:Louisville, Kentucky 32032:Artifacts and relics 31896:National Union Party 31853:Lincoln Sitting Room 31653:"Lost Speech" (1856) 31648:Peoria speech (1854) 31484:War based income tax 30765:Afro-Seminole Creole 30291:Azusa Street Revival 30163:Booker T. Washington 29687:Underground Railroad 29552:Free people of color 29406:Atlantic slave trade 29071:Gag rule (1836–1840) 28932:Underground Railroad 28907:Domestic slave trade 28892:Mandatory illiteracy 28797:Slavery in New Spain 28748:District of Columbia 27854:Palestinian American 27281:Obergefell v. Hodges 27173:September 11 attacks 27009:Second-wave feminism 26930:Cuban Missile Crisis 26790:Bath School disaster 26708:Spanish–American War 26671:The Gospel of Wealth 26550:California Gold Rush 26510:Mexican–American War 26500:Nullification crisis 26468:Era of Good Feelings 26368:Confederation period 26276:Proclamation of 1763 26226:Atlantic slave trade 25965:Environmental issues 25630:Political ideologies 25529:Indigenous languages 24729:List of legislatures 24526:separation of powers 24227:Independent agencies 24153:World Heritage Sites 23788:September 11 attacks 23711:Spanish–American War 23651:Mexican–American War 23607:Confederation period 23538:Continental Congress 22866:Electoral Commission 22742:Clifton Riot of 1875 22496:Treaty of Washington 22188:Tenure of Office Act 22146:National Labor Union 21861:American Indian Wars 20711:Electoral Commission 20701:Greenback Convention 20464:Free people of color 20404:Federal bureaucracy 20344:Moderate Republicans 20136:The Harvard Classics 19572:Pike, James Shepherd 18242:Kahan, Paul (2018). 17904:Foner, Eric (1990). 17889:. Bloomsbury Press. 17820:. New York: Norton. 17777:(Fordham UP, 2020). 17212:on November 14, 2023 17163:, Vol. 1 pp. 20, 22. 16888:Foner, Eric (2017). 16765:The Wilson Quarterly 16488:. pp. 578, 640. 16079:. New York: Norton. 14729:(January 31, 2018). 14357:. January 31, 1872. 14320:, pp. 545–546; 14213:, pp. 686–687; 12941:on October 14, 2007. 12600:"'Black Tax' Credit" 12317:Terrible Swift Sword 12132:on February 14, 2012 11990:Foner, Eric (1993). 11528:The Atlantic Monthly 11325:on December 13, 2011 11282:The South Since 1865 10343:Atlanta Constitution 10339:Joel Chandler Harris 10110:. Influenced by the 9952:Booker T. Washington 9650:Booker T. Washington 9623:William Woods Holden 9450:Redemption 1873–1877 9444:William Pitt Kellogg 8453:free people of color 8065:, September 5, 1868. 7660:Fourteenth Amendment 7413:moderate Republicans 7068:gradual emancipation 6952:Fort Smith, Arkansas 6950:, was first held in 6760:Tenure of Office Act 6635:Thirteenth Amendment 6559:April 20, 1871: The 6520:Tenure of Office Act 6370:August 6, 1861: The 6331:legal reconstruction 6308:Legal reconstruction 6248:Economic devastation 6201:agriculture system. 6111:Battle of Port Royal 6027:Electoral Commission 5982:and reestablish the 5972:Northern transplants 5851:abolition of slavery 5745:Criminal stereotypes 5520:District of Columbia 5237:Afro-Seminole Creole 4679:Non-Christian groups 4274:Black power movement 4238:during the Civil War 4207:Atlantic slave trade 4003:East St. Louis riots 3973:Evansville race riot 3968:Robert Charles riots 3009:Palestinian American 2225:Era of Good Feelings 2170:Confederation period 2107:Timeline and periods 1888:Indentured servitude 1816:Underground Railroad 1616:United Arab Emirates 1005:Zanzibar slave trade 972:By country or region 785:Atlantic slave trade 687:Ma malakat aymanukum 571:Venetian slave trade 147:Formation of the KKK 34672:Military occupation 34325:James A. Garfield → 34303:Rutherford P. Hayes 34249:These Are My Jewels 34046:Rutherford B. Hayes 33961:Ulysses S. Grant IV 33937:Jesse Root Grant II 33866:Cultural depictions 33829:U.S. Postage stamps 33819:Philadelphia statue 33799:U.S. Capitol statue 33386:Funding Act of 1870 33243:Second inauguration 33201:Richmond–Petersburg 32939:Mary Johnson Stover 32778:Command of Army Act 32753:Reconstruction Acts 32450:(great-grandfather) 32406:Nancy Hanks Lincoln 32364:Robert Todd Lincoln 32326:U.S. Capitol statue 32276:Indianapolis relief 32153:Lincoln Park (D.C.) 32052:Cultural depictions 31956:Sic semper tyrannis 31937:Our American Cousin 31828:Lincoln's New Salem 31729:Boat lifting patent 31464:Second inauguration 31419:U.S. Representative 31160:Trinidad and Tobago 30775:Black American Sign 30602:By African descent 30596:Ethnic subdivisions 30583:Southwestern (SWAC) 30498:Baseball color line 30413:Black Panther Party 30317:Political movements 30234:in computer science 29893:Carol Moseley Braun 29682:Tulsa race massacre 29675:Treatment of slaves 29507:March on Washington 29502:Birmingham movement 29292:Radical Republicans 29239:Civil War and after 29167:Members of Congress 28984:List of plantations 28767:U.S. Virgin Islands 28303:U.S. Virgin Islands 27789:Lithuanian American 27745:Vietnamese American 27091:End of the Cold War 27081:Invasion of Grenada 27031:Iran hostage crisis 26780:Tulsa race massacre 26587:Election of Lincoln 26582:Dred Scott decision 26570:Kansas–Nebraska Act 26473:Missouri Compromise 26391:Northwest Ordinance 26381:Pennsylvania Mutiny 26376:and Perpetual Union 26336:American Revolution 26251:War of Jenkins' Ear 25808:Health care finance 25301:Rail transportation 25067:Imperial presidency 24789:State constitutions 24734:List of legislators 24684:Auditor/Comptroller 24657:Lieutenant governor 24383:Library of Congress 24274:Diplomatic Security 23917:Indian reservations 23580:American Revolution 23215:D. W. Griffith 23200:The Leopard's Spots 23090:The American Crisis 23024:Columbia University 22991:The Prostrate State 22985:James Shepherd Pike 22902:Posse Comitatus Act 22825:Trader post scandal 22613:Coinage Act of 1873 22387:Black Friday (1869) 22235:Peonage Act of 1867 22213:Reconstruction Acts 22193:Command of Army Act 21928:Militia Act of 1862 20339:Radical Republicans 20287:Rutherford B. Hayes 20178:The History Channel 20150:American Experience 20025:Kidada Williams on 19897:/ Internet Archive. 19439:(via Google Books). 19218:Essays by scholars. 19206:. Greenhaven Press. 19085:Ford, Lacy K., ed. 18747:. New York: Twelve. 18403:McPherson, James M. 18371:McFeely, William S. 18262:Kutler, Stanley I. 17852:Downs, Jim (2012). 17719:Calhoun, Charles W. 17278:The Leopard's Spots 16150:on January 21, 2021 16073:Painter, Nell Irvin 15884:(1). Archived from 15836:, pp. 545–547. 15812:, pp. 440–441. 15800:, pp. 374–376. 15776:, pp. 108–109. 15764:, pp. 107–108. 15752:, pp. 374–375. 15611:, pp. 420–422. 15585:Fleming (1906–1907) 15573:Fleming (1906–1907) 15478:, pp. 168–173. 15292:, pp. 415–416. 15256:, pp. 147–148. 15232:, pp. 141–148. 15115:, pp. 365–368. 14764:, pp. 354–355. 14435:, pp. 120–122. 14423:, pp. 547–548. 14308:, pp. 317–319. 14265:, pp. 543–545. 14253:, pp. 247–248. 14055:, pp. 243–244. 13785:, pp. 455–457. 13773:, pp. 160–161. 13595:, pp. 323–325. 13531:, pp. 316–333. 13479:, pp. 274–275. 13325:on January 7, 2015. 13306:Columbia Law Review 13280:on January 20, 2017 13148:, pp. 224–227. 12881:, pp. 128–129. 12699:, pp. 198–207. 12621:"Freedmen's Bureau" 12268:Blue and Gray Trail 12180:, pp. 735–736. 12035:10.7591/j.ctvv411tt 11968:, pp. 244–245. 11821:, pp. 273–276. 10885:– via JSTOR. 10564:on January 9, 2009. 10364:The Leopard's Spots 10300:Annette Gordon-Reed 10233:The "failure" issue 9977:Columbia University 9848:Rutherford B. Hayes 9753:Rutherford B. Hayes 9494:Liberal Republicans 9100: 9023:land grant colleges 8935:Southern Methodists 8931:Northern Methodists 8924:Hiram Rhodes Revels 8652: 8463: 8369:Amnesty Act of 1872 8247:Fifteenth Amendment 8071:Amnesty Act of 1872 7933:Reconstruction Acts 7860:Reconstruction Acts 7810:Posse Comitatus Act 7351:U.S. Colored Troops 7281:Robert M. T. Hunter 6940:Interior Department 6913:grandfather clauses 6773:Reconstruction Acts 6712:Radical Republicans 6573:March 1, 1875: The 6419:March 3, 1865: The 6384:July 17, 1862: The 6159:Confederate assault 6035:Rutherford B. Hayes 5963:Reconstruction Acts 5141:Sierra Leone Creole 5102:Specific ancestries 4987:Southwestern (SWAC) 4510:Black History Month 4341:New Great Migration 4295:Agriculture history 4066:Exodusters movement 4033:Tulsa race massacre 3927:Massacres and riots 2944:Lithuanian American 2895:Vietnamese American 2159:American Revolution 1974:Slave Route Project 1105:Americas indigenous 995:Red Sea slave trade 985:Contemporary Africa 848:Topics and practice 618:Crimean slave trade 613:Bukhara slave trade 566:Genoese slave trade 443:Contemporary Africa 423:Forced prostitution 151:Reconstruction Acts 129:Rutherford B. Hayes 32:Reconstruction Acts 34547:1860s in Tennessee 34527:1860s in Louisiana 34497:Reconstruction Era 34405:Reconstruction era 34318:← Ulysses S. Grant 34184:Star Route scandal 34132:Compromise of 1877 33878:(2002 documentary) 33824:San Francisco bust 33775:General Grant tree 33396:Timber Culture Act 33238:First inauguration 33073:Ulysses S. Grant → 33004:William A. Johnson 32984:Elizabeth J. Forby 32927:David T. Patterson 32743:Colorado Territory 32711:Reconstruction era 32436:Mary Lincoln Crume 32412:Sarah Bush Lincoln 32301:Newark, New Jersey 32238:Lincoln the Lawyer 31974:Lincoln catafalque 31913:1860 campaign song 31811:Lincoln State Park 31794:Lincoln Birthplace 31555:Dakota War of 1862 31447:First inauguration 31258:US representatives 31253:US cabinet members 31145:Dominican Republic 30732:Metropolitan areas 30573:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 30398:Civic and economic 30376:Self-determination 30197:Education, science 30118:Fred Shuttlesworth 30098:A. Philip Randolph 30003:Coretta Scott King 29928:Frederick Douglass 29755:Harlem Renaissance 29660:Separate but equal 29650:Reconstruction era 29638:Plessy v. Ferguson 29529:Cornerstone Speech 29443:Civil Rights Acts 29426:Black Lives Matter 29401:American Civil War 29287:Reconstruction era 27953:Historical regions 27909:Transgender people 27467:Capital punishment 27326:Support of Ukraine 27275:Black Lives Matter 27183:War in Afghanistan 27108:Invasion of Panama 27064:Iran–Contra affair 26925:Early–mid Cold War 26795:Harlem Renaissance 26654:Compromise of 1877 26629:Reconstruction era 26565:Fugitive Slave Act 26560:Compromise of 1850 26505:Westward expansion 26443:Louisiana Purchase 26286:Stamp Act Congress 26231:King William's War 25918:affirmative action 25891:Capital punishment 25850:Poverty and health 25845:Physician shortage 25818:Health care prices 25748:Standard of living 25431:standard of living 25238:Financial position 24865:Hawaiian home land 24853:Indian reservation 24826:Tribal sovereignty 24669:Secretary of state 24538:United States Code 24454:Territorial courts 24426:Associate Justices 24311:Inspector generals 23798:War in Afghanistan 23661:Reconstruction era 23528:Stamp Act Congress 23234:Gone with the Wind 23097:John Hope Franklin 22953:Disenfranchisement 22925:Plessy v. Ferguson 22909:Civil Rights Cases 22871:Compromise of 1877 22762:Wheeler Compromise 22679:Vicksburg massacre 22664:Timber Culture Act 22654:Coushatta massacre 22593:Timber Culture Act 22547:Star Route scandal 22430:Justice Department 22327:Georgia v. Stanton 22316:Opelousas massacre 21907:American Civil War 20716:Compromise of 1877 20418:Justice Department 20382:Federal judiciary 20261:Federal government 20246:Reconstruction era 20123:Seward, William H. 20084:The Social Studies 19996:The New York Times 19908:Simpson, Brooks D. 19857:(LSU Press, 2019). 19834:Frederick Douglass 19750:(March 28, 2015). 19427:Fleming, Walter L. 19368:ed by Ira Berlin, 18989:Williams, T. Harry 18909:Gallagher, Gary W. 18896:Trefousse, Hans L. 18713:Stampp, Kenneth M. 18687:Smith, Jean Edward 18675:Simpson, Brooks D. 18621:(via Google Books) 18615:(via Google Books) 18613:Volume: 6: 1865–72 18376:Grant: A Biography 18051:online book review 17360:Gone With the Wind 17284:American Quarterly 17115:10.1353/rah.0.0101 16926:The Age of Lincoln 16391:, pp. vii–ix. 16376:, pp. 85–106. 15740:, p. 537–541. 15597:Oberholtzer (1917) 15575:, Vol. II, p. 328. 14606:on August 16, 2014 14547:10.1353/jph.0.0001 14490:, pp. 67–68; 14461:Kaczorowski (1995) 14304:, pp. 64–65; 14287:Kaczorowski (1995) 13978:. pp. 75–80. 13582:on April 18, 2016. 13094:, v. 6: pp. 65–66. 12879:Oberholtzer (1917) 11772:10.2307/jj.8306230 11163:on April 12, 2019. 11109:Goldin, Claudia D. 10713:, pp. 11–12; 10405:Gone with the Wind 10335: 10330:Gone with the Wind 10319:In popular culture 10096:John Hope Franklin 10079:universal suffrage 10067:The Black scholar 10032:Richard Hofstadter 9981:William A. Dunning 9961:Tuskegee Institute 9916:postmaster general 9856: 9839:Compromise of 1877 9815:Compromise of 1877 9734:William P. Kellogg 9729: 9710:Coushatta Massacre 9594: 9362: 9346:Southern Democrats 9300:Zachariah Chandler 9253: 9098: 9059: 8884: 8650: 8459: 8440: 8363:George H. Williams 8347: 8336: 8263:Justice Department 8211:Postmaster General 8207:Naturalization Act 8190: 8067: 7941:Radical Republican 7929: 7830:Plessy v. Ferguson 7817:Civil Rights Cases 7761:, if appropriate. 7728:For details, see: 7685: 7643: 7628: 7561:in the Senate and 7545:Moderate responses 7469: 7421:Richard N. Current 7372: 7221: 7176:Lincoln's 10% plan 7161: 7097:Frederick Douglass 7091:as well as 453 to 6995: 6978:Preliminary events 6967:Oklahoma Territory 6872: 6845:Northern Democrats 6824:Southern Unionists 6810: 6777:military districts 6623:Radical Republican 6619: 6594: 6566:May 22, 1872: The 6542:May 31, 1870: The 6528:July 9, 1868: The 6470:May 1 to 3, 1866: 6453:becomes President. 6305: 6261:Confederate dollar 6143:American Civil War 6031:Compromise of 1877 5952:Radical Republican 5944:Radical Republican 5890:free labor economy 5886:United States Army 5867:newly freed slaves 5861:were added to the 5847:American Civil War 5845:that followed the 5835:Reconstruction era 5150:Sexual orientation 5024:Afro-Puerto Ricans 4977:Mid-Eastern (MEAC) 4612:Self-determination 4576:Black is beautiful 4242:Reconstruction era 4071:Atlanta Compromise 3943:Thibodaux massacre 3933:Opelousas massacre 3707:Indiana White Caps 3678:Lynching postcards 3623:Compromise of 1877 3601:Reconstruction era 3064:Transgender people 2627:Capital punishment 2280:Reconstruction Era 1755:Blockade of Africa 1062:Somali slave trade 978:Sub-Saharan Africa 670:Turkish Abductions 628:Khivan slave trade 623:Khazar slave trade 576:Balkan slave trade 534:Prague slave trade 314:Vicksburg massacre 278:Barber–Mizell feud 272:Opelousas massacre 242:Reconstruction era 167:Compromise of 1877 107:Third Party System 76:Memphis, Tennessee 64:Richmond, Virginia 46:Reconstruction era 34577:1870s in Virginia 34557:1860s in Virginia 34512:1860s in Arkansas 34354: 34353: 34348: 34347: 34012: 34011: 33893: 33892: 33886:(2020 miniseries) 33851:Grant High School 33568: 33567: 33350:Korean Expedition 33108: 33107: 33086:Schuyler Colfax → 33081:← Hannibal Hamlin 33066:← Abraham Lincoln 33030:Alcoholism debate 33009:Florence J. Smith 32897:Tennessee Johnson 32637:Southern Unionist 32605:(1857–1862, 1875) 32535: 32534: 32358:Mary Todd Lincoln 32339: 32338: 32321:U.S. Capitol bust 32286:Lincoln, Nebraska 32245:Young Abe Lincoln 32183:White House ghost 32143:Lincoln, Nebraska 31950:John Wilkes Booth 31489:Seaports blockade 31474:Confiscation Acts 31365: 31364: 31193:African Americans 31065:Dallas–Fort Worth 30660:Black Southerners 30591: 30590: 30043:Thurgood Marshall 30013:Bernard Lafayette 29608:Million Man March 29365:African Americans 29331: 29330: 29327: 29326: 29297:Freedmen's Bureau 28439: 28438: 28397: 28396: 28393: 28392: 27958:American frontier 27919: 27918: 27849:Lebanese American 27834:Egyptian American 27769:Estonian American 27759:Albanian American 27753:European American 27730:Japanese American 27720:Filipino American 27681: 27680: 27343: 27342: 27339: 27338: 27292:COVID-19 pandemic 27195:Hurricane Katrina 27136:Los Angeles riots 27026:Watergate scandal 26871:Start of Cold War 26839:Manhattan Project 26426:Whiskey Rebellion 26256:King George's War 26221:Thirteen Colonies 26182:Pre-Columbian Era 26093: 26092: 26053: 26052: 26049: 26048: 26019:National security 25728:Income inequality 25608:Statue of Liberty 25411:income inequality 25324: 25323: 25316:Trucking industry 25128: 25127: 25124: 25123: 25055:Foreign relations 25043:Electoral College 25024: 25023: 24812: 24811: 24764:District attorney 24611: 24610: 24438:Courts of appeals 24161: 24160: 23874: 23873: 23815:COVID-19 pandemic 23768:Feminist Movement 23614:American frontier 23533:Thirteen Colonies 23381: 23380: 23364: 23363: 23290:American frontier 23144:Kenneth M. Stampp 22961: 22960: 22803:Ellenton massacre 22644:Brooks–Baxter War 22393:Ex parte McCardle 22159:Ex parte Milligan 22048:Freedmen's Bureau 21964:National Bank Act 21842: 21841: 20677:Victoria Woodhull 20588: 20587: 20459:African Americans 20430:State governments 20413:Freedmen's Bureau 20200:Open Yale Courses 19881:"Why the Ku Klux" 19829:Levine, Robert S. 19802:; online review: 19631:Du Bois, W. E. B. 19559:on August 3, 2015 19523:McPherson, Edward 19467:Evans, Clement A. 19437:Vol. 2: On States 19370:Barbara J. Fields 19036:978-0-19-506423-0 19021:Woodward, C. Vann 18980:978-1-58836-992-5 18945:978-0-8203-4206-1 18932:Wang, Xi (1997). 18924:978-1-4391-4884-6 18853:978-0-691-61282-9 18824:978-1-4696-1757-2 18784:978-0-19-802621-1 18644:978-0-8108-6336-1 18574:978-0-19-802304-3 18416:978-0-19-507606-6 18386:978-0-393-01372-6 18362:978-0-440-05923-3 18255:978-1-59416-273-2 18157:978-0-8071-3144-2 18093:978-1-4165-4795-2 18065:. W.B. Eerdmans. 18015:978-0-393-35852-0 17993:978-0-06-235451-8 17896:978-1-60819-566-4 17799:978-0-8232-2195-0 17766:978-1-59420-487-6 17734:978-0-7006-2484-3 17701:978-0-385-53241-9 17675:978-0-8131-2507-7 17628:Civil War History 17190:978-0-684-86773-1 17090:. pp. 54–56. 16624:Du Bois, W. E. B. 16543:Civil War History 16431:978-0-307-80960-5 16389:Montgomery (1967) 16332:978-0-7190-4938-5 15858:US Senate Journal 15848:, pp. 15–21. 14903:, pp. 30–31. 14840:978-0-8203-2329-9 13797:, pp. 41–42. 13724:, pp. 36–37. 13684:978-0-7425-6450-3 13500:978-0-19-513842-9 13171:978-1-61069-533-6 13000:978-0-252-02297-5 12933:(December 1865). 12572:978-0-252-02297-5 12264:"Abraham Lincoln" 12097:on March 17, 2012 11781:978-0-520-34566-9 11687:978-0-226-84530-2 11582:978-1-85109-774-6 11212:Civil War History 10664:978-0-8071-5263-8 10469:magazine article: 10413:Margaret Mitchell 10268:Southern Unionism 10172:Morrison R. Waite 10156:Voting Rights Act 10086:Neo-abolitionists 9985:T. Harry Williams 9954:, who grew up in 9950:The Black leader 9876:Samuel J. Randall 9526:Brooks–Baxter War 9518:James Lusk Alcorn 9462:Bourbon Democrats 9357:'s 1876 painting 9227: 9226: 8920:Charles H. Pearce 8876:'s 1863 painting 8857: 8856: 8640: 8639: 8391:African Americans 8271:Solicitor General 8251:African Americans 8203:African Americans 8156:Electoral College 7780: 7779: 7652:civil rights bill 7620:Freedmen's Bureau 7541:and castrations. 7461:Harper's Magazine 7401:Henry C. Magruder 7361:, and Johnson as 7265:William H. Seward 7211:Freedmen's Bureau 7205:Freedmen's Bureau 7131:Benjamin Flanders 6999:Confiscation Acts 6607:political cartoon 6447:John Wilkes Booth 6241:African Americans 6222:white supremacist 6214:reconciliationist 6187:plantation owners 5906:Freedmen's Bureau 5894:Confiscation Acts 5831: 5830: 5768: 5767: 5666: 5665: 5440:Dallas-Fort Worth 5257: 5256: 5167: 5166: 5111:Americo-Liberians 4994: 4993: 4932: 4931: 4857: 4856: 4726: 4725: 4670:Womanist theology 4620: 4619: 4562:Symbols and ideas 4348: 4347: 4227:Antebellum period 4222:Revolutionary War 4177:African Americans 4162: 4161: 4043:Rosewood massacre 3606:Voter suppression 3569:Nadir of American 3554: 3553: 3476: 3475: 3105:American frontier 3004:Lebanese American 2989:Egyptian American 2919:Estonian American 2909:Albanian American 2903:European American 2880:Japanese American 2870:Filipino American 2494: 2493: 2467:Post-Cold War Era 2124:Pre-Columbian Era 2086: 2071: 2070: 2021:Freedmen's Bureau 1843:Third Servile War 1838:International law 1405:Human trafficking 1167:Human trafficking 842:Thirteen colonies 660:Sack of Baltimore 428:Human trafficking 336: 335: 304:Brooks–Baxter War 239:Conflicts of the 206: 205: 202: 201: 139:Freedmen's Bureau 72:Freedmen's Bureau 68:African Americans 16:(Redirected from 34714: 34517:1860s in Florida 34507:1860s in Alabama 34482: 34474: 34473: 34472: 34465: 34457: 34456: 34455: 34448: 34440: 34439: 34438: 34431: 34423: 34422: 34421: 34411: 34395: 34394: 34393: 34383: 34382: 34371: 34370: 34369: 34362: 34337: 34336: 34154: 34142:Oakwood Cemetery 34092:Kanawha Division 34072: 34064: 34039: 34032: 34025: 34016: 34015: 34001: 34000: 33982:← Andrew Johnson 33967:Julia Dent Grant 33913:Jesse Root Grant 33875:Ulysses S. Grant 33856:U.S. Grant Hotel 33740: 33739: 33668:speeding arrests 33641:White Haven home 33560:Page Act of 1875 33533:Ku Klux Klan Act 33518:Enforcement Acts 33323: 33322: 33158: 33142:Ulysses S. Grant 33135: 33128: 33121: 33112: 33111: 33097: 33096: 32881:Southern Justice 32681: 32674: 32617: 32606: 32598: 32587: 32562: 32555: 32548: 32539: 32538: 32523: 32522: 32511: 32510: 32500:Andrew Johnson → 32493:← James Buchanan 32468:(great-grandson) 32430:Mordecai Lincoln 32281:Laramie, Wyoming 32201:Lincoln Memorial 32189: 32188: 32084:Five-dollar bill 31724:Spot Resolutions 31577:Thanksgiving Day 31533:Ten percent plan 31528:Tour of Richmond 31392: 31385: 31378: 31369: 31368: 31355: 31354: 31353: 31317:Lynching victims 30816:Louisiana Creole 30787:American English 30675:Louisiana Creole 30648:Choctaw freedmen 30486: 30485: 30023:Huddie Ledbetter 29963:Fannie Lou Hamer 29933:W. E. B. Du Bois 29923:Claudette Colvin 29918:Shirley Chisholm 29735:Family structure 29603:Military history 29485:Browder v. Gayle 29358: 29351: 29344: 29335: 29334: 29013:Law and politics 28937:Freedmen's towns 28917:Runaway slave ad 28780: 28779: 28742:Federal district 28466: 28459: 28452: 28443: 28442: 28429: 28419: 28418: 28383: 28382: 28312:Outlying islands 28269:Washington, D.C. 28264:Federal District 27963:Manifest destiny 27936: 27935: 27925: 27924: 27867:Native Americans 27839:Iranian American 27813:Mexican American 27799:Serbian American 27784:Italian American 27774:Finnish American 27764:English American 27715:Chinese American 27702:African American 27687: 27686: 27492:Direct democracy 27482:The Constitution 27441:Higher education 27364:American Century 27349: 27348: 26802:Great Depression 26775:Women's suffrage 26765:Roaring Twenties 26691:Haymarket affair 26649:Enforcement Acts 26438:Jeffersonian era 26386:Shays' Rebellion 26306:Intolerable Acts 26301:Boston Tea Party 26236:Queen Anne's War 26164: 26163: 26153: 26152: 26120: 26113: 26106: 26097: 26096: 26073: 26066: 25953:African American 25835:Health insurance 25723:Household income 25593:National symbols 25524:American English 25497:Federal holidays 25406:household income 25339: 25338: 25335: 25334: 25139: 25138: 25077:Anti-Americanism 25001:Special district 24928:Independent city 24897:County executive 24880: 24879: 24674:Attorney general 24633: 24632: 24622:Federal District 24205:Executive Office 24185: 24184: 24176: 24175: 24172: 24171: 23932:populated places 23912:federal enclaves 23907:federal district 23885: 23884: 23748:American Century 23731:Great Depression 23726:Roaring Twenties 23686:Women's suffrage 23565:Halifax Resolves 23558:Founding Fathers 23553:military history 23518:Pre-colonial era 23442: 23441: 23421: 23414: 23407: 23398: 23397: 23385: 23384: 23247:Race and Reunion 23194:Thomas Dixon Jr. 23084:William R. Brock 23074:C. Vann Woodward 23061:W. E. B. Du Bois 23051:Charles A. Beard 23011:Claude G. Bowers 22970: 22969: 22793:Hamburg massacre 22772:Pratt & Boyd 22737:Mississippi Plan 22694:Anti-Moiety Acts 22689:Sanborn incident 22481:Ku Klux Klan Act 22152:Ex parte Garland 21959:Ten percent plan 21851: 21850: 20597: 20596: 20548:Thaddeus Stevens 20533:Republican Party 20526:Samuel J. Tilden 20516:Bourbon Democrat 20511:Democratic Party 20282:Ulysses S. Grant 20257: 20256: 20239: 20232: 20225: 20216: 20215: 20209:Creative Commons 20183:A&E Networks 20035:"Reconstruction" 19925: 19898: 19872: 19825: 19823: 19821: 19791: 19782: 19773: 19771: 19769: 19726:(2007), 224 pp; 19719: 19707: 19672: 19670: 19664:. Archived from 19639: 19604:Atlantic Monthly 19600:Sumner, Charles 19568: 19566: 19564: 19532: 19518: 19515:Internet Archive 19501: 19499: 19497: 19478: 19475:Internet Archive 19434: 19422: 19416: 19408: 19406: 19404: 19376:Blaine, James G. 19247: 19217: 19207: 19198: 19169: 19133: 19131: 19129: 19106:Études anglaises 19082: 19049: 19040: 19016: 18984: 18965:White, Ronald C. 18960: 18949: 18928: 18903: 18891: 18880: 18878: 18857: 18828: 18797: 18788: 18767: 18748: 18736: 18730: 18722: 18708: 18696: 18682: 18670: 18648: 18608: 18599: 18578: 18557: 18548: 18529: 18520: 18509: 18490: 18481: 18452: 18446: 18438: 18429: 18420: 18398: 18366: 18347: 18326: 18316: 18291: 18274:Lemann, Nicholas 18259: 18238: 18236: 18234: 18201: 18192: 18183: 18181: 18170: 18161: 18139: 18130: 18128: 18126: 18097: 18076: 18064: 18045:(Penguin, 2020) 18038: 18019: 17997: 17975: 17962: 17938: 17919: 17900: 17881: 17869: 17848: 17839: 17812: 17807:Cruden, Robert. 17803: 17791: 17770: 17738: 17714: 17705: 17693: 17679: 17660: 17651: 17622: 17612: 17602: 17577: 17568: 17549: 17512: 17511: 17509: 17507: 17487: 17481: 17480: 17478: 17476: 17456: 17450: 17449: 17447: 17445: 17430: 17424: 17423: 17415: 17409: 17408: 17406: 17404: 17376: 17370: 17369: 17353: 17347: 17346: 17326: 17320: 17319: 17317: 17315: 17271: 17265: 17264: 17244: 17238: 17228: 17222: 17221: 17219: 17217: 17201: 17195: 17194: 17170: 17164: 17158: 17152: 17151: 17133: 17127: 17126: 17098: 17092: 17091: 17083: 17077: 17076: 17035: 17029: 17028: 17026: 17024: 17006: 17000: 16999: 16997: 16995: 16977: 16971: 16970: 16968: 16966: 16946: 16940: 16939: 16918: 16912: 16911: 16885: 16879: 16873: 16867: 16866: 16848: 16842: 16836: 16830: 16824: 16818: 16817: 16805: 16799: 16798: 16796: 16794: 16779: 16773: 16772: 16760: 16754: 16753: 16751: 16749: 16725: 16719: 16718: 16700: 16694: 16688: 16682: 16676: 16670: 16669: 16667: 16665: 16642: 16636: 16635: 16633: 16620: 16614: 16613: 16601: 16595: 16594: 16574: 16568: 16567: 16533: 16527: 16526: 16496: 16490: 16489: 16479: 16473: 16472: 16442: 16436: 16435: 16415: 16409: 16408: 16398: 16392: 16386: 16377: 16371: 16362: 16361: 16343: 16337: 16336: 16316: 16310: 16309: 16299: 16289: 16283: 16277: 16271: 16270: 16228: 16222: 16221: 16203: 16197: 16196: 16166: 16160: 16159: 16157: 16155: 16146:. Archived from 16138:"Reconstruction" 16134: 16128: 16127: 16097: 16091: 16090: 16069: 16063: 16062:, pp. 3–15. 16057: 16051: 16050: 16048: 16046: 16027: 16021: 16015: 16009: 16008: 15972: 15966: 15960: 15954: 15948: 15942: 15941: 15923: 15917: 15916: 15904: 15898: 15897: 15895: 15893: 15867: 15861: 15855: 15849: 15843: 15837: 15831: 15825: 15819: 15813: 15807: 15801: 15795: 15789: 15783: 15777: 15771: 15765: 15759: 15753: 15747: 15741: 15735: 15729: 15728: 15717:10.2307/40038083 15698: 15692: 15691: 15673: 15667: 15666: 15648: 15642: 15639:McPherson (1875) 15636: 15630: 15628: 15618: 15612: 15606: 15600: 15594: 15588: 15582: 15576: 15570: 15564: 15558: 15549: 15543: 15537: 15536: 15516: 15510: 15509: 15485: 15479: 15473: 15467: 15466: 15456: 15446: 15440: 15439: 15429: 15419: 15413: 15412: 15402: 15392: 15386: 15385: 15373: 15363: 15357: 15356: 15337: 15331: 15330: 15302: 15293: 15287: 15281: 15275: 15269: 15263: 15257: 15251: 15245: 15239: 15233: 15227: 15221: 15215: 15209: 15208: 15198: 15174: 15168: 15167: 15149: 15143: 15137: 15128: 15122: 15116: 15110: 15104: 15103: 15085: 15079: 15078:, pp. 6–15. 15073: 15067: 15057: 15051: 15050: 15038: 15028: 15019: 15013: 15007: 15006: 15004: 15002: 14993:. Archived from 14974: 14968: 14962: 14956: 14955: 14943: 14933: 14927: 14926: 14910: 14904: 14898: 14892: 14891: 14875: 14869: 14863: 14857: 14851: 14845: 14844: 14824: 14818: 14812: 14806: 14805: 14787: 14781: 14771: 14765: 14759: 14753: 14752: 14750: 14748: 14723: 14717: 14704: 14702: 14700: 14694: 14679: 14671: 14665: 14664: 14646: 14640: 14634: 14628: 14622: 14616: 14615: 14613: 14611: 14602:. Archived from 14592:Willis, John C. 14589: 14583: 14580:McPherson (1992) 14577: 14571: 14565: 14559: 14558: 14528: 14522: 14516: 14510: 14504: 14495: 14485: 14479: 14473: 14464: 14454: 14448: 14442: 14436: 14430: 14424: 14418: 14412: 14406: 14400: 14394: 14383: 14377: 14371: 14370: 14368: 14366: 14349: 14340: 14334: 14325: 14315: 14309: 14299: 14290: 14284: 14278: 14272: 14266: 14260: 14254: 14248: 14242: 14236: 14230: 14224: 14218: 14204: 14198: 14192: 14186: 14180: 14174: 14168: 14162: 14156: 14150: 14149: 14131: 14122: 14121: 14103: 14097: 14091: 14080: 14074: 14068: 14062: 14056: 14050: 14044: 14038: 14032: 14026: 14017: 14011: 14005: 13999: 13990: 13989: 13967: 13961: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13916: 13910: 13909: 13899: 13875: 13869: 13868: 13866: 13864: 13841: 13835: 13829: 13823: 13822: 13804: 13798: 13792: 13786: 13780: 13774: 13768: 13762: 13756: 13750: 13749: 13731: 13725: 13719: 13713: 13707: 13701: 13700:, Vol. 2 p. 635. 13695: 13689: 13688: 13665: 13659: 13658: 13620: 13611: 13605: 13596: 13590: 13584: 13583: 13581: 13574: 13563: 13557: 13556: 13538: 13532: 13526: 13520: 13514: 13505: 13504: 13486: 13480: 13474: 13468: 13462: 13456: 13455: 13435: 13429: 13428: 13410: 13404: 13403: 13394: 13388: 13382: 13376: 13369: 13363: 13362: 13360: 13358: 13337: 13331: 13326: 13321:. Archived from 13313:(7): 1733–1768. 13296: 13290: 13289: 13287: 13285: 13279: 13262: 13249: 13243: 13242: 13212: 13206: 13205: 13175: 13155: 13149: 13143: 13137: 13131: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13120: 13101: 13095: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13053: 13042: 13036: 13030: 13029: 13011: 13005: 13004: 12986: 12980: 12979: 12961: 12955: 12949: 12943: 12942: 12927: 12918: 12912: 12906: 12900: 12894: 12888: 12882: 12876: 12870: 12864: 12858: 12852: 12846: 12840: 12834: 12833: 12817: 12797: 12791: 12790: 12766: 12760: 12759: 12743: 12733: 12727: 12726: 12706: 12700: 12694: 12688: 12687: 12669: 12663: 12662: 12644: 12638: 12637: 12635: 12633: 12616: 12610: 12609: 12595: 12589: 12583: 12577: 12576: 12558: 12552: 12551: 12525: 12519: 12513: 12507: 12506: 12488: 12482: 12481: 12463: 12454: 12448: 12442: 12436: 12430: 12424: 12418: 12417: 12397: 12391: 12390: 12388: 12386: 12361: 12355: 12345: 12339: 12338: 12312: 12303: 12293: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12279: 12274:on July 19, 2010 12270:. Archived from 12260: 12254: 12253: 12235: 12229: 12219: 12213: 12212: 12194: 12181: 12175: 12169: 12168: 12148: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12137: 12113: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12102: 12093:. Archived from 12083: 12077: 12070: 12064: 12063: 12045: 12039: 12038: 12012: 12006: 12005: 11987: 11981: 11975: 11969: 11963: 11957: 11956: 11944: 11934: 11928: 11927: 11907: 11901: 11894: 11888: 11882: 11876: 11875: 11857: 11851: 11845: 11839: 11838: 11828: 11822: 11816: 11810: 11809: 11759: 11753: 11747: 11741: 11735: 11729: 11723: 11717: 11716: 11698: 11692: 11691: 11671: 11665: 11664: 11634: 11628: 11622: 11616: 11613:Trefousse (1989) 11610: 11599: 11593: 11587: 11586: 11566: 11557: 11554:McPherson (1992) 11551: 11545: 11544: 11542: 11540: 11519: 11513: 11507: 11501: 11487: 11481: 11475: 11469: 11463: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11447: 11421: 11410: 11409: 11379: 11373: 11372: 11342: 11336: 11334: 11332: 11330: 11321:. Archived from 11310: 11304: 11303: 11291: 11285: 11278: 11272: 11271: 11250: 11244: 11241:McPherson (1992) 11238: 11229: 11228: 11206: 11197: 11196: 11184: 11175:Blight, David W. 11171: 11165: 11164: 11162: 11156:. Archived from 11117: 11105: 11096: 11090: 11084: 11083:, p. 21-73. 11078: 11069: 11063: 11054: 11049: 11043: 11038: 11032: 11027: 11021: 11020: 11018: 11016: 10972: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10919: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10899: 10893: 10892: 10884: 10882: 10831:(January 2015). 10824: 10818: 10812: 10806: 10805: 10803: 10801: 10741: 10730: 10724: 10718: 10708: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10675: 10669: 10668: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10626: 10620: 10604: 10587: 10580: 10574: 10565: 10560:. Archived from 10548: 10542: 10539: 10386:adapted Dixon's 10359:Thomas Dixon Jr. 10262: 10092:neo-abolitionist 10069:W. E. B. Du Bois 10063:Black historians 10007:Charles A. Beard 9979:under Professor 9928:Readjuster Party 9795:Election of 1876 9718:Red River Parish 9682:Red River Valley 9661:Samuel J. Tilden 9545:W. E. B. Du Bois 9325:Ulysses S. Grant 9308:Wade Hampton III 9304:Francis P. Blair 9223: 9212: 9101: 9097: 8960:to execute them. 8912:Methodist Church 8653: 8649: 8464: 8458: 8295:Ku Klux Klan Act 8286:Enforcement Acts 8274:Benjamin Bristow 8220:Hugh Lennox Bond 8199:Ulysses S. Grant 8182:Ulysses S. Grant 8149:Francis P. Blair 8101:Ulysses S. Grant 8085:Election of 1868 7922: 7913: 7904: 7895: 7886: 7775: 7772: 7766: 7757:You can help by 7739: 7738: 7731: 7610:Johnson's vetoes 7586:Civil Rights Act 7563:Thaddeus Stevens 7497:crop-lien system 7417:James G. Randall 7342:Southern Justice 7182:Ten percent plan 7032: 7020: 6957:Indian Territory 6929:Indian Territory 6897:women's suffrage 6880:public education 6831:Thaddeus Stevens 6716:Thaddeus Stevens 6688:Civil Rights Act 6683:Thaddeus Stevens 6561:Ku Klux Klan Act 6436:Ulysses S. Grant 6400:ten percent plan 6338:ten percent plan 6313:legitimacy of a 6029:resulted in the 6015:Ku Klux Klan Act 6011:Ulysses S. Grant 5984:Democratic Party 5921:ten percent plan 5859:three amendments 5837:was a period in 5823: 5816: 5809: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5730:media depictions 5679: 5678: 5574:Population count 5270: 5269: 5204:Liberian English 5183:English dialects 5180: 5179: 5136:Samaná Americans 5061:Creoles of color 5007: 5006: 4945: 4944: 4889:Black conductors 4870: 4869: 4739: 4738: 4713:Louisiana Voodoo 4635: 4634: 4380:Family structure 4363: 4362: 4310:Military history 4305:Business history 4236:military history 4191: 4190: 4164: 4163: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4076:Niagara Movement 3880:Anthony Crawford 3870:Jesse Washington 3810:John Henry James 3800:Stephen Williams 3785:Ephraim Grizzard 3780:People's Grocery 3696:Vigilante groups 3611:Disfranchisement 3583:Violence in the 3581: 3556: 3555: 3546: 3539: 3532: 3516: 3506: 3505: 3467: 3466: 3110:Manifest destiny 3100:Historic regions 3082: 3081: 3022:Native Americans 2994:Iranian American 2968:Mexican American 2954:Serbian American 2939:Italian American 2924:Finnish American 2914:English American 2865:Chinese American 2852:African American 2652:Direct democracy 2642:The Constitution 2601:Higher education 2510:American Century 2412:Civil Rights Era 2390:Civil Rights Era 2346:Great Depression 2335:Roaring Twenties 2203:Jeffersonian Era 2113: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2084: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2056: 2049: 2033:Emancipation Day 1866: 1833:Slave Trade Acts 524:Byzantine Empire 366: 339: 338: 325:Hamburg massacre 245: 243: 232: 225: 218: 209: 208: 198: 185: 178: 159:Enforcement Acts 125:Ulysses S. Grant 60: 43: 42: 21: 34722: 34721: 34717: 34716: 34715: 34713: 34712: 34711: 34487: 34486: 34485: 34475: 34470: 34468: 34464:from Wikisource 34458: 34453: 34451: 34441: 34436: 34434: 34424: 34419: 34417: 34414: 34410:sister projects 34407:at Knowledge's 34401: 34391: 34389: 34377: 34367: 34365: 34357: 34355: 34350: 34349: 34344: 34308: 34291:Lucy Webb Hayes 34279: 34242:President Hayes 34223: 34155: 34146: 34075: 34067: 34056: 34048: 34043: 34013: 34008: 33972: 33969:(granddaughter) 33889: 33860: 33804:Brooklyn relief 33793:The Peacemakers 33738: 33720: 33679: 33609: 33591: 33574:Post-presidency 33564: 33506:Great Sioux War 33467: 33458:Post Office Act 33417: 33410: 33406:Desert Land Act 33364:Economic policy 33359: 33321: 33224: 33164:Military career 33159: 33150: 33144: 33139: 33109: 33104: 33056: 33013: 32962: 32933:Charles Johnson 32903: 32845: 32748:Alaska Purchase 32682: 32676: 32675: 32666: 32620: 32609: 32601: 32590: 32579: 32571: 32566: 32536: 32531: 32483: 32424:Abraham Lincoln 32396:(granddaughter) 32390:(granddaughter) 32335: 32331:Wabash, Indiana 32256:Brooklyn relief 32211:reflecting pool 32187: 32138:Lincoln Highway 32118:Abraham Lincoln 32005: 31999: 31917: 31867: 31848:Lincoln Bedroom 31799:Knob Creek Farm 31786: 31780: 31766:Religious views 31746:Lincoln's beard 31701: 31695: 31631: 31587:Birchard Letter 31452:Perpetual Union 31428: 31401: 31399:Abraham Lincoln 31396: 31366: 31361: 31351: 31349: 31336: 31302:Historic places 31295:US state firsts 31181: 31096: 30820: 30753: 30725:2010 majorities 30720:2000 majorities 30691: 30638:Black Seminoles 30587: 30578:Southern (SIAC) 30561: 30560:and conferences 30559: 30552: 30548:Serena Williams 30543:Jackie Robinson 30477: 30401: 30399: 30392: 30312: 30279:Nation of Islam 30250: 30198: 30192: 30133:Sojourner Truth 30123:Clarence Thomas 30088:Gabriel Prosser 29988:Michael Jackson 29863:Crispus Attucks 29853:Ralph Abernathy 29841: 29797:Musical theater 29696: 29562:Great Migration 29534:COVID-19 impact 29492:Sit-in movement 29367: 29362: 29332: 29323: 29312:Freedmen's town 29233: 29212:Slave marriages 29185:and procreation 29184: 29182: 29176: 29162:Vice presidents 29076:Nullifier Party 29055:Fugitive slaves 29008: 29004:Slave narrative 28942:Black Canadians 28862: 28856: 28771: 28750: 28736: 28475: 28470: 28440: 28435: 28389: 28363: 28307: 28271: 28259: 27998: 27972: 27930: 27915: 27821:Jewish American 27794:Polish American 27735:Korean American 27725:Indian American 27692: 27677: 27532:Merchant Marine 27502:Law enforcement 27354: 27335: 27209: 27205:Great Recession 27112: 27086:Reagan Doctrine 27040: 27019:Stonewall riots 26941: 26915:Project Mercury 26876:Truman Doctrine 26852: 26760:First Red Scare 26734: 26703:Progressive Era 26615: 26575:Bleeding Kansas 26531: 26478:Monroe Doctrine 26454: 26402: 26361:Treaty of Paris 26322: 26296:Boston Massacre 26291:Sons of Liberty 26187: 26158: 26147: 26129: 26124: 26094: 26089: 26076: 26069: 26062: 26045: 26031:Opioid epidemic 25948:Native American 25928:intersex rights 25879: 25875:Life expectancy 25865:Medical deserts 25855:Race and health 25752: 25738:Personal income 25684: 25588:National anthem 25421:personal income 25386:Economic issues 25320: 25272: 25120: 25020: 25009:School district 24995: 24978:Minor divisions 24972: 24911: 24869: 24808: 24794:Statutory codes 24775: 24738: 24715: 24625: 24620: 24607: 24542: 24499:civil liberties 24480: 24471:Other tribunals 24450:District courts 24402: 24361:current members 24344:current members 24325: 24259:Law enforcement 24157: 23870: 23819: 23810:Great Recession 23681:Progressive Era 23671:Native genocide 23602:Perpetual Union 23590:Treaty of Paris 23548:United Colonies 23506: 23431: 23425: 23390: 23382: 23377: 23360: 23351:White supremacy 23294: 23253: 23241:David W. Blight 23169: 23079:Joel Williamson 23056:Howard K. Beale 22957: 22946:Giles v. Harris 22890: 22881:Desert Land Act 22854: 22781: 22708: 22632: 22618:Long Depression 22588:Colfax massacre 22571: 22552:Salary Grab Act 22520: 22459: 22440:Kirk–Holden war 22408: 22342: 22249: 22176: 22089: 22070:Shaw University 22009: 21995:Wade–Davis Bill 21983: 21932: 21838: 21792: 20814: 20768: 20722: 20602: 20584: 20521:Horatio Seymour 20447: 20431: 20424: 20272:Abraham Lincoln 20262: 20248: 20243: 20205:Yale University 20098:Wayback Machine 20042:Wayback Machine 20007: 20002: 20001: 19991:Wayback Machine 19971:Harper's Weekly 19964:Wayback Machine 19950: 19945: 19937:Wayback Machine 19922: 19819: 19817: 19800:Wayback Machine 19767: 19765: 19735:Wayback Machine 19704: 19668: 19654:10.2307/1836959 19637: 19624: 19622:Further reading 19619: 19618: 19613:Wayback Machine 19562: 19560: 19495: 19493: 19459:Lee, Stephen D. 19410: 19409: 19402: 19400: 19344: 19342:Primary sources 19339: 19255: 19250: 19236:10.2307/2954450 19127: 19125: 19079: 19058: 19053: 19037: 19005:10.2307/2197687 18981: 18946: 18925: 18854: 18837:Wayback Machine 18825: 18806:Wayback Machine 18785: 18724: 18723: 18705: 18667: 18645: 18635:Scarecrow Press 18619:Volume: 7: 1877 18596: 18575: 18545: 18506: 18470:10.2307/1895802 18440: 18439: 18417: 18387: 18363: 18330:Lynd, Staughton 18288: 18256: 18232: 18230: 18158: 18124: 18122: 18115: 18094: 18073: 18035: 18016: 17994: 17959: 17935: 17916: 17897: 17866: 17828: 17800: 17767: 17735: 17702: 17676: 17565: 17557:. D. C. Heath. 17537: 17521: 17516: 17515: 17505: 17503: 17488: 17484: 17474: 17472: 17457: 17453: 17443: 17441: 17431: 17427: 17416: 17412: 17402: 17400: 17377: 17373: 17354: 17350: 17343: 17327: 17323: 17313: 17311: 17296:10.2307/2710931 17272: 17268: 17245: 17241: 17229: 17225: 17215: 17213: 17202: 17198: 17191: 17171: 17167: 17159: 17155: 17148: 17134: 17130: 17099: 17095: 17084: 17080: 17039:Whaples, Robert 17036: 17032: 17022: 17020: 17007: 17003: 16993: 16991: 16978: 16974: 16964: 16962: 16947: 16943: 16936: 16919: 16915: 16900: 16886: 16882: 16874: 16870: 16863: 16849: 16845: 16837: 16833: 16825: 16821: 16811: 16806: 16802: 16792: 16790: 16780: 16776: 16761: 16757: 16747: 16745: 16726: 16722: 16715: 16701: 16697: 16693:, p. xxii. 16689: 16685: 16679:Williams (1946) 16677: 16673: 16663: 16661: 16651:Washington Post 16643: 16639: 16621: 16617: 16607: 16602: 16598: 16575: 16571: 16534: 16530: 16515:10.2307/1892388 16497: 16493: 16480: 16476: 16461:10.2307/1898466 16443: 16439: 16432: 16416: 16412: 16399: 16395: 16387: 16380: 16372: 16365: 16358: 16344: 16340: 16333: 16317: 16313: 16290: 16286: 16280:Williams (1946) 16278: 16274: 16251:10.2307/2714704 16229: 16225: 16218: 16204: 16200: 16185:10.2307/2192035 16167: 16163: 16153: 16151: 16136: 16135: 16131: 16116:10.2307/2206012 16098: 16094: 16087: 16070: 16066: 16060:Woodward (1966) 16058: 16054: 16044: 16042: 16029: 16028: 16024: 16016: 16012: 15973: 15969: 15961: 15957: 15949: 15945: 15938: 15924: 15920: 15910: 15905: 15901: 15891: 15889: 15868: 15864: 15856: 15852: 15844: 15840: 15832: 15828: 15820: 15816: 15808: 15804: 15796: 15792: 15784: 15780: 15772: 15768: 15760: 15756: 15748: 15744: 15736: 15732: 15699: 15695: 15688: 15674: 15670: 15663: 15649: 15645: 15637: 15633: 15619: 15615: 15607: 15603: 15595: 15591: 15583: 15579: 15571: 15567: 15561:Williams (1946) 15559: 15552: 15544: 15540: 15533: 15517: 15513: 15486: 15482: 15476:Franklin (1961) 15474: 15470: 15447: 15443: 15420: 15416: 15393: 15389: 15382: 15364: 15360: 15353: 15338: 15334: 15319:10.2307/1893078 15303: 15296: 15288: 15284: 15276: 15272: 15264: 15260: 15254:Franklin (1961) 15252: 15248: 15240: 15236: 15230:Franklin (1961) 15228: 15224: 15216: 15212: 15175: 15171: 15164: 15150: 15146: 15138: 15131: 15125:Franklin (1961) 15123: 15119: 15111: 15107: 15100: 15086: 15082: 15076:Anderson (1988) 15074: 15070: 15060:Anderson (1988) 15058: 15054: 15047: 15029: 15022: 15014: 15010: 15000: 14998: 14997:on July 9, 2020 14991: 14975: 14971: 14963: 14959: 14952: 14934: 14930: 14911: 14907: 14899: 14895: 14876: 14872: 14864: 14860: 14852: 14848: 14841: 14825: 14821: 14813: 14809: 14802: 14788: 14784: 14772: 14768: 14760: 14756: 14746: 14744: 14724: 14720: 14714:Wayback Machine 14698: 14696: 14692: 14677: 14673: 14672: 14668: 14661: 14647: 14643: 14639:, introduction. 14635: 14631: 14623: 14619: 14609: 14607: 14590: 14586: 14578: 14574: 14566: 14562: 14529: 14525: 14517: 14513: 14505: 14498: 14494:, pp. 746. 14486: 14482: 14474: 14467: 14459:, p. 102; 14455: 14451: 14443: 14439: 14431: 14427: 14419: 14415: 14407: 14403: 14395: 14386: 14378: 14374: 14364: 14362: 14351: 14350: 14343: 14335: 14328: 14316: 14312: 14300: 14293: 14285: 14281: 14273: 14269: 14261: 14257: 14249: 14245: 14237: 14233: 14225: 14221: 14205: 14201: 14193: 14189: 14181: 14177: 14169: 14165: 14157: 14153: 14146: 14132: 14125: 14118: 14104: 14100: 14092: 14083: 14075: 14071: 14063: 14059: 14051: 14047: 14039: 14035: 14027: 14020: 14012: 14008: 14000: 13993: 13986: 13968: 13964: 13954: 13952: 13917: 13913: 13876: 13872: 13862: 13860: 13858: 13842: 13838: 13830: 13826: 13819: 13805: 13801: 13793: 13789: 13781: 13777: 13769: 13765: 13757: 13753: 13746: 13732: 13728: 13720: 13716: 13708: 13704: 13696: 13692: 13685: 13666: 13662: 13621: 13614: 13608:Summers (2014a) 13606: 13599: 13591: 13587: 13579: 13572: 13564: 13560: 13553: 13539: 13535: 13527: 13523: 13519:, v. 6: p. 199. 13515: 13508: 13501: 13487: 13483: 13475: 13471: 13463: 13459: 13436: 13432: 13425: 13411: 13407: 13396: 13395: 13391: 13383: 13379: 13370: 13366: 13356: 13354: 13346:American Memory 13339: 13338: 13334: 13297: 13293: 13283: 13281: 13277: 13260: 13250: 13246: 13231:10.2307/2204965 13213: 13209: 13194:10.2307/1918254 13172: 13156: 13152: 13144: 13140: 13132: 13128: 13118: 13116: 13103: 13102: 13098: 13090: 13086: 13076: 13074: 13054: 13045: 13037: 13033: 13026: 13012: 13008: 13001: 12987: 12983: 12976: 12962: 12958: 12950: 12946: 12928: 12921: 12913: 12909: 12901: 12897: 12889: 12885: 12877: 12873: 12865: 12861: 12853: 12849: 12841: 12837: 12814: 12798: 12794: 12787: 12767: 12763: 12756: 12734: 12730: 12723: 12707: 12703: 12695: 12691: 12684: 12670: 12666: 12659: 12645: 12641: 12631: 12629: 12617: 12613: 12596: 12592: 12584: 12580: 12573: 12559: 12555: 12548: 12526: 12522: 12516:Stauffer (2008) 12514: 12510: 12489: 12485: 12478: 12464: 12457: 12451:Stauffer (2008) 12449: 12445: 12437: 12433: 12425: 12421: 12414: 12398: 12394: 12384: 12382: 12362: 12358: 12346: 12342: 12327: 12313: 12306: 12294: 12287: 12277: 12275: 12262: 12261: 12257: 12250: 12236: 12232: 12220: 12216: 12209: 12195: 12184: 12176: 12172: 12165: 12149: 12145: 12135: 12133: 12114: 12110: 12100: 12098: 12085: 12084: 12080: 12071: 12067: 12060: 12046: 12042: 12027: 12013: 12009: 12002: 11988: 11984: 11976: 11972: 11966:Anderson (1988) 11964: 11960: 11953: 11935: 11931: 11924: 11908: 11904: 11898:Franklin (1961) 11895: 11891: 11883: 11879: 11872: 11858: 11854: 11846: 11842: 11829: 11825: 11817: 11813: 11782: 11760: 11756: 11748: 11744: 11736: 11732: 11724: 11720: 11713: 11699: 11695: 11688: 11672: 11668: 11635: 11631: 11623: 11619: 11611: 11602: 11594: 11590: 11583: 11567: 11560: 11552: 11548: 11538: 11536: 11535:on May 16, 2008 11521: 11520: 11516: 11508: 11504: 11499:Wayback Machine 11488: 11484: 11476: 11472: 11464: 11455: 11445: 11443: 11427:(Winter 2009). 11422: 11413: 11398:10.2307/2207155 11380: 11376: 11361:10.2307/2205211 11343: 11339: 11328: 11326: 11311: 11307: 11292: 11288: 11279: 11275: 11251: 11247: 11239: 11232: 11207: 11200: 11193: 11172: 11168: 11160: 11115: 11106: 11099: 11091: 11087: 11079: 11072: 11064: 11057: 11050: 11046: 11039: 11035: 11028: 11024: 11014: 11012: 10973: 10966: 10956: 10954: 10946: 10945: 10941: 10931: 10929: 10921: 10920: 10916: 10908: 10900: 10896: 10880: 10878: 10825: 10821: 10813: 10809: 10799: 10797: 10742: 10733: 10725: 10721: 10709: 10705: 10695: 10693: 10676: 10672: 10665: 10657:. p. 168. 10645: 10641: 10628: 10627: 10623: 10614:Wayback Machine 10605: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10590: 10581: 10577: 10549: 10545: 10540: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10518:Freedmen's town 10499: 10448: 10349:'s vision of a 10337:The journalist 10321: 10260: 10235: 10219: 10200:Give Me Liberty 10196: 10184:David W. Blight 10176:William McFeely 10140:law enforcement 10088: 10065: 10011:Howard K. Beale 9999: 9969: 9940: 9892:vice presidency 9864:Thomas W. Ferry 9841: 9833:Main articles: 9831: 9821:) was reached. 9819:corrupt bargain 9813:, the national 9807:ballot stuffing 9803: 9797: 9763:for president. 9743:Similarly, the 9691:Colfax Massacre 9670: 9642: 9636: 9592:, March 6, 1875 9590:Harper's Weekly 9575: 9569: 9513: 9480:Salmon P. Chase 9476: 9470: 9458: 9452: 9436:Colfax Massacre 9407:white supremacy 9348: 9296:Benjamin Butler 9288: 9283: 9245: 9215: 9204: 9072: 9043: 8990: 8953:Matthew Simpson 8874:Eastman Johnson 8867: 8862: 8780:South Carolina 8766:North Carolina 8673: 8666: 8660: 8522:South Carolina 8505:North Carolina 8482: 8480: 8479:Statewide White 8461: 8432: 8423: 8411: 8383: 8371: 8359:Amos T. Akerman 8332:Amos T. Akerman 8324: 8291:Amos T. Akerman 8282: 8259: 8228: 8195: 8175: 8169: 8145:Horatio Seymour 8134:Michael Scanlon 8105:Schuyler Colfax 8093: 8087: 8062:Harper's Weekly 8034: 7992:Philip Sheridan 7927: 7920: 7918: 7911: 7909: 7902: 7900: 7893: 7891: 7884: 7876: 7856: 7846:Giles v. Harris 7805:Colfax Massacre 7776: 7770: 7767: 7756: 7740: 7736: 7718:disenfranchised 7704: 7677: 7635:Harper's Weekly 7612: 7547: 7453: 7447: 7423:, argued that: 7381:Jefferson Davis 7365:with Seward in 7325:Harper's Weekly 7318: 7312: 7306: 7297: 7261: 7255: 7246: 7213: 7207: 7198: 7184: 7178: 7153: 7147: 7110: 7085:Central America 7081: 7043: 7030: 7018: 7011:John C. Frémont 6987:Abraham Lincoln 6980: 6975: 6921: 6802: 6786:fugitive slaves 6769: 6755:impeach Johnson 6708: 6669:Upon President 6667: 6661:in April 1865. 6642:Wade–Davis Bill 6615:Abraham Lincoln 6599: 6443:is assassinated 6430:surrenders the 6367: 6342:Wade–Davis Bill 6310: 6250: 6232:emancipationist 6206:David W. Blight 6171: 6153:and formed the 6151:Abraham Lincoln 6139: 6064: 6004:his impeachment 5980:white supremacy 5925:Wade–Davis Bill 5898:Abraham Lincoln 5877:and engaged in 5827: 5779: 5777: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5720: 5676: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5607: 5569: 5545:Omaha, Nebraska 5510:Historic places 5504: 5396: 5267: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5218: 5177: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5145: 5097: 5039:Black Seminoles 5004: 5003:Sub-communities 4996: 4995: 4982:Southern (SIAC) 4942: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4883: 4867: 4859: 4858: 4853: 4770: 4736: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4708:Nation of Islam 4674: 4651: 4632: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4557: 4524: 4491: 4463: 4424: 4400:Musical theater 4360: 4350: 4349: 4331:Great Migration 4188: 4158: 4129: 4128: 4104: 4096: 4095: 4086:Great Migration 4056: 4048: 4047: 4038:Perry race riot 4008:Elaine massacre 3928: 3920: 3919: 3735:Andrew Richards 3730: 3722: 3721: 3658: 3650: 3649: 3645:Convict leasing 3596: 3588: 3587: 3570: 3550: 3478: 3477: 3079: 3071: 3070: 2976:Jewish American 2949:Polish American 2929:German American 2885:Korean American 2875:Indian American 2846: 2838: 2837: 2692:Merchant Marine 2662:Law enforcement 2530:Racial violence 2504: 2496: 2495: 2302:Progressive Era 2110: 2106: 2087: 2085:History of the 2067: 2038: 2037: 1942:Slave narrative 1898:Fugitive slaves 1878: 1870: 1869: 1860: 1828:Slave rebellion 1683: 1673: 1672: 1631: 1621: 1620: 1443:United Kingdom 1379:Yankee princess 973: 965: 964: 692:Avret Pazarları 638:Avret Pazarları 507:Medieval Europe 473: 463: 462: 401:Forced marriage 376: 337: 332: 331: 299:Colfax massacre 288:Kirk–Holden war 246: 241: 238: 236: 176: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 127: 123: 119: 117:Abraham Lincoln 96:Southern States 93: 82: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 34720: 34710: 34709: 34704: 34699: 34694: 34689: 34684: 34679: 34674: 34669: 34664: 34659: 34654: 34649: 34644: 34639: 34634: 34629: 34624: 34619: 34614: 34609: 34604: 34599: 34594: 34589: 34584: 34579: 34574: 34572:1870s in Texas 34569: 34564: 34559: 34554: 34552:1860s in Texas 34549: 34544: 34539: 34534: 34529: 34524: 34519: 34514: 34509: 34504: 34499: 34484: 34483: 34466: 34449: 34447:from Wikiquote 34432: 34403: 34400: 34399: 34387: 34375: 34352: 34351: 34346: 34345: 34343: 34342: 34329: 34328: 34321: 34313: 34310: 34309: 34307: 34306: 34300: 34294: 34287: 34285: 34281: 34280: 34278: 34277: 34272: 34267: 34262: 34257: 34252: 34245: 34237: 34231: 34229: 34225: 34224: 34222: 34221: 34216: 34211: 34206: 34201: 34196: 34191: 34186: 34181: 34176: 34171: 34165: 34163: 34157: 34156: 34149: 34147: 34145: 34144: 34139: 34134: 34129: 34124: 34119: 34114: 34109: 34104: 34099: 34094: 34089: 34083: 34081: 34077: 34076: 34074: 34073: 34065: 34053: 34050: 34049: 34042: 34041: 34034: 34027: 34019: 34010: 34009: 34007: 34006: 33993: 33992: 33985: 33977: 33974: 33973: 33971: 33970: 33964: 33958: 33952: 33946: 33940: 33934: 33928: 33922: 33916: 33910: 33903: 33901: 33895: 33894: 33891: 33890: 33888: 33887: 33879: 33870: 33868: 33862: 33861: 33859: 33858: 33853: 33848: 33847: 33846: 33841: 33831: 33826: 33821: 33816: 33811: 33809:Chicago statue 33806: 33801: 33796: 33789: 33784: 33783: 33782: 33772: 33764: 33759: 33754: 33752:Grant Memorial 33748: 33746: 33737: 33736: 33730: 33728: 33722: 33721: 33719: 33718: 33717: 33716: 33711: 33703: 33702: 33701: 33696: 33687: 33685: 33681: 33680: 33678: 33677: 33672: 33671: 33670: 33660: 33655: 33650: 33649: 33648: 33638: 33633: 33628: 33623: 33617: 33615: 33611: 33610: 33608: 33607: 33599: 33597: 33593: 33592: 33590: 33589: 33584: 33578: 33576: 33570: 33569: 33566: 33565: 33563: 33562: 33557: 33552: 33547: 33542: 33537: 33536: 33535: 33530: 33525: 33515: 33514: 33513: 33508: 33503: 33498: 33496:"Peace Policy" 33488: 33487: 33486: 33479:Reconstruction 33475: 33473: 33469: 33468: 33466: 33465: 33460: 33455: 33454: 33453: 33443: 33438: 33433: 33428: 33422: 33420: 33412: 33411: 33409: 33408: 33403: 33398: 33393: 33388: 33383: 33378: 33373: 33367: 33365: 33361: 33360: 33358: 33357: 33352: 33347: 33346: 33345: 33331: 33329: 33327:Foreign policy 33320: 33319: 33318: 33317: 33312: 33307: 33302: 33297: 33292: 33287: 33282: 33272: 33267: 33262: 33257: 33256: 33255: 33245: 33240: 33234: 33232: 33226: 33225: 33223: 33222: 33217: 33216: 33215: 33214: 33213: 33203: 33198: 33193: 33188: 33183: 33178: 33167: 33165: 33161: 33160: 33149: 33146: 33145: 33138: 33137: 33130: 33123: 33115: 33106: 33105: 33103: 33102: 33089: 33088: 33083: 33077: 33076: 33069: 33061: 33058: 33057: 33055: 33054: 33047: 33042: 33037: 33032: 33027: 33021: 33019: 33015: 33014: 33012: 33011: 33006: 33001: 32996: 32991: 32986: 32981: 32976: 32970: 32968: 32964: 32963: 32961: 32960: 32954: 32951:Robert Johnson 32948: 32942: 32936: 32930: 32924: 32918: 32911: 32909: 32905: 32904: 32902: 32901: 32893: 32885: 32877: 32869: 32864: 32859: 32853: 32851: 32847: 32846: 32844: 32843: 32838: 32833: 32828: 32823: 32817: 32812: 32811: 32810: 32805: 32800: 32795: 32785: 32780: 32775: 32770: 32765: 32760: 32755: 32750: 32745: 32740: 32739: 32738: 32733: 32728: 32718: 32713: 32708: 32703: 32701:Foreign policy 32698: 32692: 32690: 32684: 32683: 32669: 32667: 32665: 32664: 32662:Kirkwood House 32659: 32654: 32649: 32644: 32639: 32634: 32632:Homestead Acts 32628: 32626: 32625:Pre-presidency 32622: 32621: 32619: 32618: 32607: 32599: 32588: 32576: 32573: 32572: 32569:Andrew Johnson 32565: 32564: 32557: 32550: 32542: 32533: 32532: 32530: 32529: 32517: 32504: 32503: 32496: 32488: 32485: 32484: 32482: 32481: 32475: 32469: 32463: 32457: 32454:Samuel Lincoln 32451: 32445: 32439: 32433: 32427: 32421: 32415: 32409: 32403: 32400:Thomas Lincoln 32397: 32391: 32385: 32379: 32373: 32367: 32361: 32355: 32349: 32347: 32341: 32340: 32337: 32336: 32334: 32333: 32328: 32323: 32318: 32313: 32308: 32303: 32298: 32293: 32288: 32283: 32278: 32273: 32268: 32266:D.C. City Hall 32263: 32258: 32253: 32248: 32241: 32234: 32227: 32220: 32218:Mount Rushmore 32215: 32214: 32213: 32208: 32197: 32195: 32186: 32185: 32180: 32175: 32170: 32165: 32160: 32155: 32150: 32145: 32140: 32135: 32131:Here I Grew Up 32127: 32122: 32113: 32108: 32103: 32098: 32096:Postage stamps 32093: 32092: 32091: 32086: 32081: 32076: 32066: 32065: 32064: 32059: 32049: 32044: 32039: 32034: 32029: 32028: 32027: 32017: 32011: 32009: 32001: 32000: 31998: 31997: 31990: 31983: 31978: 31977: 31976: 31966: 31964:Petersen House 31961: 31960: 31959: 31947: 31946: 31945: 31933: 31931:Ford's Theater 31927: 31925: 31919: 31918: 31916: 31915: 31910: 31905: 31900: 31899: 31898: 31888: 31883: 31877: 31875: 31869: 31868: 31866: 31865: 31860: 31855: 31850: 31845: 31840: 31835: 31830: 31825: 31820: 31819: 31818: 31813: 31803: 31802: 31801: 31790: 31788: 31782: 31781: 31779: 31778: 31773: 31768: 31763: 31758: 31753: 31748: 31743: 31741:Baltimore Plot 31738: 31731: 31726: 31721: 31716: 31714:Black Hawk War 31711: 31705: 31703: 31697: 31696: 31694: 31693: 31688: 31680: 31675: 31670: 31665: 31660: 31655: 31650: 31645: 31639: 31637: 31633: 31632: 31630: 31629: 31624: 31619: 31614: 31609: 31604: 31599: 31594: 31589: 31584: 31579: 31574: 31569: 31564: 31563: 31562: 31552: 31547: 31545:Foreign policy 31542: 31541: 31540: 31538:Reconstruction 31535: 31530: 31525: 31520: 31515: 31510: 31505: 31500: 31491: 31486: 31481: 31476: 31466: 31461: 31460: 31459: 31454: 31444: 31438: 31436: 31430: 31429: 31427: 31426: 31416: 31406: 31403: 31402: 31395: 31394: 31387: 31380: 31372: 31363: 31362: 31360: 31359: 31347: 31341: 31338: 31337: 31335: 31334: 31329: 31324: 31319: 31314: 31309: 31304: 31299: 31298: 31297: 31292: 31287: 31277: 31276: 31275: 31270: 31268:Visual artists 31265: 31260: 31255: 31250: 31245: 31240: 31235: 31230: 31228:Mathematicians 31225: 31220: 31215: 31210: 31205: 31200: 31189: 31187: 31183: 31182: 31180: 31179: 31178: 31177: 31169: 31164: 31163: 31162: 31157: 31152: 31147: 31142: 31134: 31133: 31132: 31127: 31122: 31117: 31106: 31104: 31098: 31097: 31095: 31094: 31089: 31084: 31079: 31078: 31077: 31072: 31067: 31062: 31052: 31047: 31045:South Carolina 31042: 31037: 31036: 31035: 31027: 31022: 31017: 31015:North Carolina 31012: 31011: 31010: 31000: 30995: 30994: 30993: 30983: 30978: 30977: 30976: 30968: 30967: 30966: 30960:Massachusetts 30958: 30957: 30956: 30946: 30941: 30940: 30939: 30929: 30924: 30923: 30922: 30912: 30907: 30906: 30905: 30895: 30890: 30889: 30888: 30878: 30877: 30876: 30871: 30861: 30856: 30855: 30854: 30849: 30839: 30834: 30828: 30826: 30822: 30821: 30819: 30818: 30813: 30808: 30807: 30806: 30805: 30804: 30802:social context 30799: 30789: 30779: 30778: 30777: 30767: 30761: 30759: 30755: 30754: 30752: 30751: 30750: 30749: 30744: 30734: 30729: 30728: 30727: 30722: 30712: 30711: 30710: 30699: 30697: 30693: 30692: 30690: 30689: 30684: 30683: 30682: 30672: 30667: 30662: 30657: 30656: 30655: 30653:Creek Freedmen 30650: 30645: 30640: 30630: 30628:Alabama Creole 30625: 30624: 30623: 30618: 30613: 30608: 30599: 30597: 30593: 30592: 30589: 30588: 30586: 30585: 30580: 30575: 30570: 30568:Central (CIAA) 30564: 30562: 30557: 30554: 30553: 30551: 30550: 30545: 30540: 30535: 30530: 30525: 30520: 30515: 30510: 30505: 30500: 30495: 30489: 30483: 30479: 30478: 30476: 30475: 30470: 30465: 30460: 30455: 30450: 30445: 30440: 30435: 30430: 30425: 30420: 30415: 30410: 30404: 30402: 30397: 30394: 30393: 30391: 30390: 30385: 30384: 30383: 30373: 30368: 30363: 30361:Pan-Africanism 30358: 30353: 30348: 30343: 30342: 30341: 30331: 30326: 30320: 30318: 30314: 30313: 30311: 30310: 30305: 30303:Black theology 30300: 30295: 30294: 30293: 30283: 30282: 30281: 30276: 30266: 30260: 30258: 30252: 30251: 30249: 30248: 30247: 30246: 30244:in STEM fields 30241: 30236: 30228: 30223: 30218: 30213: 30208: 30202: 30200: 30199:and technology 30194: 30193: 30191: 30190: 30185: 30180: 30175: 30170: 30165: 30160: 30155: 30150: 30145: 30140: 30138:Harriet Tubman 30135: 30130: 30125: 30120: 30115: 30110: 30105: 30100: 30095: 30090: 30085: 30080: 30075: 30070: 30068:Michelle Obama 30065: 30060: 30055: 30050: 30045: 30040: 30035: 30030: 30025: 30020: 30015: 30010: 30005: 30000: 29998:Barbara Jordan 29995: 29993:Harriet Jacobs 29990: 29985: 29980: 29975: 29970: 29965: 29960: 29955: 29950: 29945: 29940: 29935: 29930: 29925: 29920: 29915: 29910: 29905: 29900: 29895: 29890: 29885: 29883:Amelia Boynton 29880: 29875: 29870: 29865: 29860: 29855: 29849: 29847: 29846:Notable people 29843: 29842: 29840: 29839: 29834: 29829: 29824: 29819: 29814: 29809: 29804: 29799: 29794: 29789: 29784: 29782:LGBT community 29779: 29774: 29769: 29764: 29763: 29762: 29752: 29747: 29742: 29737: 29732: 29727: 29722: 29717: 29712: 29706: 29704: 29698: 29697: 29695: 29694: 29689: 29684: 29679: 29678: 29677: 29667: 29662: 29657: 29652: 29647: 29642: 29634: 29629: 29622: 29615: 29610: 29605: 29600: 29595: 29590: 29581: 29576: 29575: 29574: 29569: 29559: 29554: 29549: 29544: 29536: 29531: 29526: 29525: 29524: 29519: 29514: 29509: 29504: 29499: 29497:Freedom Riders 29494: 29489: 29481: 29471: 29466: 29461: 29460: 29459: 29454: 29449: 29441: 29436: 29428: 29423: 29421:Black genocide 29418: 29413: 29408: 29403: 29398: 29393: 29388: 29383: 29377: 29375: 29369: 29368: 29361: 29360: 29353: 29346: 29338: 29329: 29328: 29325: 29324: 29322: 29321: 29320: 29319: 29309: 29304: 29299: 29294: 29289: 29284: 29279: 29274: 29272:Colored Troops 29269: 29264: 29259: 29254: 29249: 29243: 29241: 29235: 29234: 29232: 29231: 29226: 29221: 29214: 29209: 29207:Slave breeding 29204: 29199: 29197:Female slavery 29194: 29192:Sexual slavery 29188: 29186: 29183:sexual slavery 29178: 29177: 29175: 29174: 29169: 29164: 29159: 29158: 29157: 29152: 29147: 29142: 29137: 29132: 29127: 29122: 29112: 29107: 29100: 29093: 29088: 29083: 29078: 29073: 29068: 29062: 29057: 29052: 29047: 29042: 29037: 29032: 29027: 29022: 29016: 29014: 29010: 29009: 29007: 29006: 29001: 28996: 28991: 28986: 28981: 28976: 28971: 28966: 28961: 28956: 28951: 28946: 28945: 28944: 28939: 28929: 28924: 28919: 28914: 28909: 28904: 28902:Slave quarters 28899: 28894: 28889: 28888: 28887: 28877: 28872: 28866: 28864: 28863:social history 28858: 28857: 28855: 28854: 28849: 28844: 28839: 28834: 28829: 28824: 28819: 28814: 28809: 28804: 28799: 28794: 28788: 28786: 28777: 28773: 28772: 28770: 28769: 28764: 28758: 28756: 28752: 28751: 28746: 28744: 28738: 28737: 28735: 28734: 28729: 28724: 28719: 28714: 28709: 28704: 28699: 28694: 28689: 28684: 28682:South Carolina 28679: 28674: 28669: 28664: 28659: 28654: 28649: 28647:North Carolina 28644: 28639: 28634: 28629: 28624: 28619: 28614: 28609: 28604: 28599: 28594: 28589: 28584: 28579: 28574: 28569: 28564: 28559: 28554: 28549: 28544: 28539: 28534: 28529: 28524: 28519: 28514: 28509: 28504: 28499: 28494: 28489: 28483: 28481: 28477: 28476: 28469: 28468: 28461: 28454: 28446: 28437: 28436: 28434: 28433: 28423: 28413: 28411:Historiography 28408: 28402: 28399: 28398: 28395: 28394: 28391: 28390: 28388: 28387: 28377: 28371: 28369: 28365: 28364: 28362: 28361: 28356: 28351: 28349:Navassa Island 28346: 28341: 28336: 28334:Johnston Atoll 28331: 28326: 28324:Howland Island 28321: 28315: 28313: 28309: 28308: 28306: 28305: 28300: 28295: 28290: 28285: 28283:American Samoa 28279: 28277: 28273: 28272: 28267: 28265: 28261: 28260: 28258: 28257: 28252: 28247: 28242: 28237: 28232: 28227: 28222: 28217: 28212: 28207: 28205:South Carolina 28202: 28197: 28192: 28187: 28182: 28177: 28172: 28170:North Carolina 28167: 28162: 28157: 28152: 28147: 28142: 28137: 28132: 28127: 28122: 28117: 28112: 28107: 28102: 28097: 28092: 28087: 28082: 28077: 28072: 28067: 28062: 28057: 28052: 28047: 28042: 28037: 28032: 28027: 28022: 28017: 28012: 28006: 28004: 28000: 27999: 27997: 27996: 27994:The West Coast 27991: 27986: 27980: 27978: 27974: 27973: 27971: 27970: 27968:Indian removal 27965: 27960: 27955: 27950: 27944: 27942: 27932: 27931: 27921: 27920: 27917: 27916: 27914: 27913: 27912: 27911: 27906: 27901: 27889: 27882: 27881: 27880: 27875: 27863: 27862: 27861: 27859:Saudi American 27856: 27851: 27846: 27844:Iraqi American 27841: 27836: 27824: 27817: 27816: 27815: 27803: 27802: 27801: 27796: 27791: 27786: 27781: 27779:Irish American 27776: 27771: 27766: 27761: 27749: 27748: 27747: 27742: 27737: 27732: 27727: 27722: 27717: 27709:Asian American 27705: 27697: 27694: 27693: 27683: 27682: 27679: 27678: 27676: 27675: 27674: 27673: 27668: 27663: 27658: 27653: 27641: 27640: 27639: 27637:Sexual slavery 27627: 27620: 27613: 27612: 27611: 27606: 27601: 27596: 27591: 27586: 27574: 27573: 27572: 27567: 27562: 27557: 27552: 27547: 27535: 27528: 27521: 27520: 27519: 27514: 27509: 27507:Postal service 27504: 27499: 27497:Foreign policy 27494: 27489: 27484: 27479: 27474: 27469: 27464: 27452: 27445: 27444: 27443: 27431: 27430: 27429: 27417: 27416: 27415: 27403: 27402: 27401: 27396: 27391: 27386: 27374: 27367: 27359: 27356: 27355: 27345: 27344: 27341: 27340: 27337: 27336: 27334: 27333: 27328: 27323: 27316: 27311: 27306: 27301: 27300: 27299: 27289: 27284: 27277: 27272: 27271: 27270: 27265: 27260: 27255: 27250: 27245: 27240: 27235: 27225: 27219: 27217: 27211: 27210: 27208: 27207: 27202: 27197: 27192: 27191: 27190: 27185: 27175: 27170: 27163: 27158: 27153: 27148: 27143: 27138: 27133: 27128: 27122: 27120: 27114: 27113: 27111: 27110: 27105: 27100: 27095: 27094: 27093: 27088: 27083: 27073: 27071:Crack epidemic 27068: 27067: 27066: 27061: 27050: 27048: 27042: 27041: 27039: 27038: 27036:Moral Majority 27033: 27028: 27023: 27022: 27021: 27014:Gay liberation 27011: 27006: 27004:Counterculture 27001: 26996: 26995: 26994: 26992:Fall of Saigon 26989: 26984: 26974: 26973: 26972: 26970:Apollo program 26967: 26965:Project Gemini 26957: 26951: 26949: 26943: 26942: 26940: 26939: 26934: 26933: 26932: 26922: 26917: 26912: 26907: 26906: 26905: 26900: 26895: 26890: 26883:Early Cold War 26880: 26879: 26878: 26868: 26862: 26860: 26854: 26853: 26851: 26850: 26849: 26848: 26847: 26846: 26836: 26831: 26821: 26820: 26819: 26814: 26809: 26799: 26798: 26797: 26792: 26787: 26782: 26777: 26772: 26762: 26757: 26756: 26755: 26744: 26742: 26736: 26735: 26733: 26732: 26727: 26726: 26725: 26720: 26715: 26710: 26700: 26699: 26698: 26693: 26688: 26683: 26678: 26673: 26663: 26658: 26657: 26656: 26651: 26646: 26641: 26636: 26625: 26623: 26617: 26616: 26614: 26613: 26612: 26611: 26606: 26596: 26595: 26594: 26589: 26584: 26579: 26578: 26577: 26567: 26562: 26555:Prelude to War 26552: 26547: 26545:Antebellum Era 26541: 26539: 26533: 26532: 26530: 26529: 26524: 26519: 26518: 26517: 26512: 26507: 26502: 26497: 26492: 26490:Trail of Tears 26485:Jacksonian era 26482: 26481: 26480: 26475: 26464: 26462: 26456: 26455: 26453: 26452: 26451: 26450: 26445: 26435: 26434: 26433: 26428: 26421:Federalist Era 26418: 26416:Bill of Rights 26412: 26410: 26404: 26403: 26401: 26400: 26399: 26398: 26393: 26388: 26383: 26378: 26365: 26364: 26363: 26358: 26353: 26351:Lee Resolution 26348: 26343: 26332: 26330: 26324: 26323: 26321: 26320: 26319: 26318: 26313: 26308: 26303: 26298: 26293: 26288: 26283: 26278: 26273: 26268: 26258: 26253: 26248: 26243: 26238: 26233: 26228: 26223: 26218: 26213: 26208: 26203: 26197: 26195: 26189: 26188: 26186: 26185: 26178: 26170: 26168: 26160: 26159: 26149: 26148: 26146: 26145: 26140: 26134: 26131: 26130: 26123: 26122: 26115: 26108: 26100: 26091: 26090: 26088: 26087: 26082: 26075: 26074: 26067: 26059: 26058: 26055: 26054: 26051: 26050: 26047: 26046: 26044: 26043: 26038: 26033: 26028: 26027: 26026: 26016: 26015: 26014: 26004: 25999: 25994: 25989: 25987:Mass shootings 25984: 25979: 25978: 25977: 25975:Climate change 25972: 25962: 25957: 25956: 25955: 25950: 25945: 25940: 25935: 25930: 25925: 25920: 25913:Discrimination 25910: 25905: 25904: 25903: 25893: 25887: 25885: 25881: 25880: 25878: 25877: 25872: 25867: 25862: 25857: 25852: 25847: 25842: 25837: 25832: 25827: 25826: 25825: 25820: 25815: 25805: 25804: 25803: 25798: 25793: 25788: 25783: 25778: 25768: 25762: 25760: 25754: 25753: 25751: 25750: 25745: 25740: 25735: 25730: 25725: 25720: 25715: 25710: 25705: 25703:American Dream 25700: 25694: 25692: 25686: 25685: 25683: 25682: 25677: 25672: 25670:Transportation 25667: 25662: 25657: 25652: 25647: 25642: 25637: 25632: 25627: 25622: 25617: 25616: 25615: 25610: 25605: 25603:Mount Rushmore 25600: 25590: 25585: 25580: 25575: 25574: 25573: 25568: 25563: 25558: 25553: 25543: 25538: 25537: 25536: 25531: 25526: 25516: 25511: 25506: 25501: 25500: 25499: 25489: 25484: 25483: 25482: 25472: 25467: 25462: 25461: 25460: 25455: 25445: 25444: 25443: 25438: 25433: 25428: 25423: 25418: 25413: 25408: 25403: 25398: 25393: 25383: 25378: 25373: 25368: 25363: 25358: 25353: 25347: 25345: 25332: 25326: 25325: 25322: 25321: 25319: 25318: 25313: 25308: 25303: 25298: 25293: 25288: 25282: 25280: 25274: 25273: 25271: 25270: 25265: 25260: 25255: 25250: 25245: 25240: 25235: 25230: 25225: 25223:Federal budget 25220: 25215: 25210: 25209: 25208: 25203: 25198: 25193: 25188: 25183: 25178: 25173: 25168: 25163: 25161:Communications 25158: 25153: 25142: 25136: 25130: 25129: 25126: 25125: 25122: 25121: 25119: 25118: 25113: 25112: 25111: 25106: 25101: 25091: 25090: 25089: 25084: 25082:exceptionalism 25079: 25069: 25064: 25063: 25062: 25060:foreign policy 25052: 25051: 25050: 25045: 25035: 25029: 25026: 25025: 25022: 25021: 25019: 25018: 25017: 25016: 25005: 25003: 24997: 24996: 24994: 24993: 24988: 24982: 24980: 24974: 24973: 24971: 24970: 24965: 24960: 24955: 24950: 24945: 24940: 24935: 24930: 24925: 24919: 24917: 24913: 24912: 24910: 24909: 24904: 24899: 24894: 24888: 24886: 24877: 24871: 24870: 24868: 24867: 24862: 24861: 24860: 24850: 24849: 24848: 24843: 24838: 24828: 24822: 24820: 24814: 24813: 24810: 24809: 24807: 24806: 24801: 24796: 24791: 24785: 24783: 24777: 24776: 24774: 24773: 24772: 24771: 24761: 24760: 24759: 24757:Chief justices 24752:Supreme courts 24748: 24746: 24740: 24739: 24737: 24736: 24731: 24725: 24723: 24717: 24716: 24714: 24713: 24712: 24711: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24676: 24671: 24666: 24665: 24664: 24654: 24653: 24652: 24641: 24639: 24630: 24613: 24612: 24609: 24608: 24606: 24605: 24600: 24595: 24594: 24593: 24591:National Guard 24588: 24583: 24578: 24573: 24568: 24563: 24552: 24550: 24544: 24543: 24541: 24540: 24535: 24534: 24533: 24528: 24523: 24518: 24508: 24503: 24502: 24501: 24494:Bill of Rights 24490: 24488: 24482: 24481: 24479: 24478: 24473: 24468: 24467: 24466: 24464:list of judges 24461: 24459:list of courts 24447: 24446: 24445: 24443:list of judges 24435: 24434: 24433: 24428: 24423: 24412: 24410: 24404: 24403: 24401: 24400: 24395: 24390: 24385: 24380: 24378:Capitol Police 24375: 24374: 24373: 24368: 24363: 24353: 24352: 24351: 24346: 24335: 24333: 24327: 24326: 24324: 24323: 24318: 24313: 24308: 24307: 24306: 24301: 24299:Secret Service 24296: 24291: 24286: 24281: 24276: 24271: 24266: 24256: 24255: 24254: 24249: 24244: 24239: 24229: 24224: 24219: 24214: 24212:Vice President 24209: 24208: 24207: 24202: 24191: 24189: 24182: 24169: 24163: 24162: 24159: 24158: 24156: 24155: 24150: 24145: 24140: 24139: 24138: 24133: 24128: 24123: 24118: 24113: 24108: 24103: 24092: 24091: 24090: 24085: 24080: 24075: 24070: 24065: 24060: 24055: 24050: 24045: 24040: 24035: 24030: 24025: 24020: 24015: 24010: 24000: 23999: 23998: 23996:National Parks 23988: 23987: 23986: 23981: 23976: 23971: 23966: 23956: 23951: 23949:Extreme points 23946: 23941: 23940: 23939: 23934: 23929: 23924: 23919: 23914: 23909: 23904: 23899: 23888: 23882: 23876: 23875: 23872: 23871: 23869: 23868: 23863: 23858: 23853: 23848: 23843: 23838: 23833: 23827: 23825: 23821: 23820: 23818: 23817: 23812: 23807: 23806: 23805: 23800: 23790: 23785: 23780: 23775: 23770: 23765: 23760: 23755: 23750: 23745: 23744: 23743: 23733: 23728: 23723: 23718: 23713: 23708: 23707: 23706: 23701: 23696: 23688: 23683: 23678: 23673: 23668: 23663: 23658: 23653: 23648: 23643: 23638: 23636:Federalist Era 23633: 23632: 23631: 23629:Bill of Rights 23626: 23616: 23611: 23610: 23609: 23604: 23594: 23593: 23592: 23587: 23577: 23572: 23570:Lee Resolution 23567: 23562: 23561: 23560: 23555: 23550: 23545: 23540: 23535: 23530: 23520: 23514: 23512: 23508: 23507: 23505: 23504: 23499: 23494: 23489: 23484: 23479: 23474: 23469: 23464: 23459: 23454: 23448: 23446: 23439: 23433: 23432: 23430: articles 23424: 23423: 23416: 23409: 23401: 23395: 23392: 23391: 23379: 23378: 23376: 23375: 23369: 23366: 23365: 23362: 23361: 23359: 23358: 23353: 23348: 23343: 23338: 23333: 23328: 23323: 23318: 23313: 23308: 23302: 23300: 23296: 23295: 23293: 23292: 23287: 23282: 23277: 23272: 23267: 23261: 23259: 23255: 23254: 23252: 23251: 23243: 23238: 23230: 23225: 23217: 23212: 23204: 23196: 23191: 23183: 23177: 23175: 23171: 23170: 23168: 23167: 23159: 23151: 23146: 23141: 23133: 23128: 23120: 23115: 23107: 23099: 23094: 23086: 23081: 23076: 23071: 23063: 23058: 23053: 23048: 23047: 23046: 23039:Dunning School 23036: 23031: 23026: 23021: 23017:The Tragic Era 23013: 23008: 23000: 22995: 22987: 22982: 22976: 22974: 22973:Historiography 22967: 22963: 22962: 22959: 22958: 22956: 22955: 22950: 22942: 22937: 22929: 22921: 22913: 22905: 22898: 22896: 22892: 22891: 22889: 22888: 22883: 22878: 22873: 22868: 22862: 22860: 22856: 22855: 22853: 22852: 22847: 22845:1876 elections 22842: 22837: 22832: 22827: 22822: 22815: 22810: 22805: 22800: 22795: 22789: 22787: 22783: 22782: 22780: 22779: 22774: 22769: 22764: 22759: 22754: 22749: 22744: 22739: 22734: 22729: 22724: 22716: 22714: 22710: 22709: 22707: 22706: 22701: 22699:1874 elections 22696: 22691: 22686: 22681: 22676: 22671: 22666: 22661: 22656: 22651: 22646: 22640: 22638: 22634: 22633: 22631: 22630: 22625: 22620: 22615: 22610: 22602: 22595: 22590: 22585: 22579: 22577: 22573: 22572: 22570: 22569: 22564: 22562:1872 elections 22559: 22554: 22549: 22544: 22539: 22534: 22528: 22526: 22522: 22521: 22519: 22518: 22513: 22508: 22503: 22498: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22478: 22473: 22467: 22465: 22461: 22460: 22458: 22457: 22452: 22450:1870 elections 22447: 22442: 22437: 22432: 22427: 22422: 22420:15th Amendment 22416: 22414: 22410: 22409: 22407: 22406: 22401: 22396: 22389: 22384: 22379: 22374: 22369: 22361: 22356: 22350: 22348: 22344: 22343: 22341: 22340: 22335: 22333:1868 elections 22330: 22323: 22318: 22313: 22310: 22307: 22304: 22301: 22298: 22295: 22294: 22293: 22288: 22283: 22278: 22268: 22263: 22261:14th Amendment 22257: 22255: 22251: 22250: 22248: 22247: 22242: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22222: 22221: 22220: 22210: 22205: 22200: 22195: 22190: 22184: 22182: 22178: 22177: 22175: 22174: 22172:1866 elections 22168: 22167: 22162: 22155: 22148: 22143: 22136: 22133: 22128: 22123: 22118: 22113: 22108: 22103: 22097: 22095: 22091: 22090: 22088: 22087: 22082: 22077: 22072: 22067: 22062: 22057: 22056: 22055: 22045: 22040: 22035: 22034: 22033: 22023: 22021:13th Amendment 22017: 22015: 22011: 22010: 22008: 22007: 22002: 22000:1864 elections 21997: 21991: 21989: 21985: 21984: 21982: 21981: 21976: 21971: 21966: 21961: 21956: 21951: 21946: 21940: 21938: 21934: 21933: 21931: 21930: 21925: 21919: 21914: 21909: 21904: 21898: 21892: 21884: 21876: 21868: 21863: 21857: 21855: 21848: 21844: 21843: 21840: 21839: 21837: 21836: 21831: 21826: 21821: 21816: 21811: 21806: 21800: 21798: 21797:U.S. elections 21794: 21793: 21791: 21790: 21789: 21788: 21783: 21778: 21773: 21768: 21763: 21758: 21753: 21748: 21743: 21738: 21733: 21728: 21723: 21718: 21710: 21702: 21697: 21688: 21687: 21686: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21655: 21650: 21645: 21640: 21635: 21626: 21625: 21624: 21623: 21618: 21613: 21608: 21603: 21598: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21568: 21563: 21554: 21553: 21552: 21551: 21546: 21541: 21536: 21531: 21526: 21521: 21516: 21511: 21506: 21497: 21496: 21495: 21494: 21489: 21484: 21479: 21474: 21469: 21464: 21459: 21454: 21449: 21444: 21439: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21419: 21410: 21409: 21408: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21387: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21367: 21362: 21357: 21352: 21343: 21342: 21341: 21340: 21335: 21330: 21325: 21320: 21315: 21310: 21305: 21300: 21295: 21290: 21285: 21276: 21275: 21274: 21273: 21268: 21263: 21258: 21253: 21248: 21243: 21238: 21233: 21228: 21223: 21218: 21209: 21208: 21207: 21206: 21201: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21127: 21126: 21125: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21109: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21089: 21084: 21075: 21074: 21073: 21072: 21067: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21037: 21032: 21027: 21022: 21013: 21012: 21011: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20980: 20975: 20970: 20965: 20956: 20955: 20954: 20953: 20948: 20943: 20938: 20933: 20928: 20923: 20918: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20894: 20893: 20892: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20822: 20820: 20816: 20815: 20813: 20812: 20807: 20802: 20797: 20792: 20787: 20782: 20776: 20774: 20770: 20769: 20767: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20746: 20741: 20736: 20730: 20728: 20724: 20723: 20721: 20720: 20719: 20718: 20713: 20708: 20703: 20698: 20693: 20682: 20681: 20680: 20679: 20674: 20669: 20664: 20659: 20648: 20647: 20646: 20645: 20640: 20629: 20628: 20627: 20626: 20621: 20616: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20594: 20590: 20589: 20586: 20585: 20583: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20571: 20570: 20565: 20560: 20555: 20553:Lyman Trumbull 20550: 20545: 20543:Charles Sumner 20540: 20530: 20529: 20528: 20523: 20518: 20508: 20503: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20483: 20478: 20477: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20455: 20453: 20449: 20448: 20446: 20445: 20440: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20426: 20425: 20423: 20422: 20421: 20420: 20415: 20410: 20401: 20400: 20399: 20398: 20393: 20388: 20379: 20378: 20377: 20376: 20371: 20366: 20361: 20356: 20351: 20346: 20341: 20336: 20331: 20326: 20321: 20316: 20311: 20306: 20301: 20292: 20291: 20290: 20289: 20284: 20279: 20277:Andrew Johnson 20274: 20265: 20263: 20260: 20254: 20250: 20249: 20242: 20241: 20234: 20227: 20219: 20213: 20212: 20192: 20186: 20170: 20169: 20168: 20141: 20120: 20109: 20087: 20076: 20066: 20053: 20031: 20022: 20017: 20006: 20005:External links 20003: 20000: 19999: 19993: 19981: 19975: 19967: 19956:DeBow's Review 19951: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19943: 19926: 19921:978-0807819661 19920: 19904: 19873: 19858: 19853:Prior, David. 19851: 19839: 19826: 19783: 19774: 19757:New York Times 19744: 19737: 19720: 19703:978-1375489164 19702: 19687: 19684:Dunning School 19673: 19648:(4): 781–799. 19626: 19625: 19623: 19620: 19617: 19616: 19606:September 1863 19598: 19591: 19583:Reid, Whitelaw 19580: 19569: 19548: 19541: 19534: 19519: 19503: 19479: 19455: 19448: 19440: 19423: 19386: 19373: 19355: 19345: 19343: 19340: 19338: 19337: 19329: 19321: 19313: 19305: 19297: 19289: 19281: 19273: 19265: 19256: 19254: 19251: 19249: 19248: 19230:(4): 427–447. 19219: 19209: 19199: 19181:(4): 566–591. 19170: 19141: 19134: 19112:(4): 440–454. 19097: 19090: 19083: 19078:978-0062383235 19077: 19059: 19057: 19056:Historiography 19054: 19052: 19051: 19041: 19035: 19017: 18999:(4): 469–486. 18985: 18979: 18961: 18950: 18944: 18929: 18923: 18904: 18892: 18881: 18869:(3): 147–165. 18858: 18852: 18839: 18823: 18808: 18789: 18783: 18768: 18759: 18749: 18741:Stauffer, John 18737: 18709: 18703: 18683: 18671: 18665: 18653:Simon, John Y. 18649: 18643: 18624: 18623: 18622: 18616: 18600: 18595:978-1787200272 18594: 18579: 18573: 18558: 18549: 18544:978-0807841419 18543: 18530: 18521: 18510: 18504: 18491: 18482: 18464:(2): 197–218. 18453: 18430: 18421: 18415: 18399: 18385: 18367: 18361: 18348: 18337: 18334:Reconstruction 18332:, ed. (1967). 18327: 18292: 18286: 18270: 18260: 18254: 18239: 18217:(1): 155–186. 18202: 18193: 18184: 18171: 18162: 18156: 18141: 18131: 18114:978-0190865696 18113: 18098: 18092: 18077: 18072:978-0802838728 18071: 18054: 18039: 18033: 18020: 18014: 17998: 17992: 17976: 17964: 17957: 17939: 17933: 17920: 17914: 17901: 17895: 17882: 17870: 17864: 17849: 17840: 17827:978-0393974270 17826: 17813: 17804: 17798: 17781: 17771: 17765: 17747: 17733: 17715: 17706: 17700: 17680: 17674: 17661: 17652: 17634:(4): 388–402. 17623: 17593:(1): 250–283. 17578: 17569: 17563: 17550: 17538: 17536: 17533: 17532: 17520: 17517: 17514: 17513: 17482: 17451: 17425: 17410: 17371: 17348: 17341: 17321: 17290:(3): 387–401. 17266: 17255:(4): 308–317. 17239: 17231:Summers (2014) 17223: 17196: 17189: 17165: 17153: 17146: 17128: 17109:(2): 236–242. 17093: 17078: 17051:(1): 139–154. 17030: 17001: 16972: 16941: 16934: 16913: 16898: 16880: 16868: 16861: 16843: 16839:McFeely (2002) 16831: 16819: 16800: 16774: 16755: 16720: 16713: 16695: 16683: 16681:, p. 469. 16671: 16637: 16615: 16596: 16585:(4): 439–457. 16569: 16528: 16491: 16474: 16455:(2): 191–210. 16437: 16430: 16410: 16393: 16378: 16363: 16356: 16338: 16331: 16311: 16284: 16282:, p. 473. 16272: 16223: 16216: 16198: 16179:(4): 497–521. 16161: 16129: 16110:(2): 167–186. 16092: 16085: 16064: 16052: 16022: 16020:, p. 604. 16010: 15977:World Politics 15967: 15965:, p. 174. 15955: 15953:, p. 606. 15943: 15936: 15918: 15899: 15862: 15850: 15838: 15826: 15824:, p. 443. 15814: 15802: 15790: 15778: 15766: 15754: 15742: 15730: 15711:(4): 315–336. 15693: 15686: 15668: 15661: 15643: 15631: 15613: 15609:McFeely (2002) 15601: 15599:, p. 485. 15589: 15577: 15565: 15550: 15538: 15531: 15511: 15480: 15468: 15441: 15414: 15387: 15380: 15358: 15351: 15332: 15313:(3): 404–421. 15294: 15282: 15280:, p. 376. 15270: 15268:, p. 375. 15258: 15246: 15234: 15222: 15220:, p. 387. 15210: 15169: 15162: 15144: 15129: 15127:, p. 139. 15117: 15105: 15098: 15080: 15068: 15052: 15045: 15020: 15018:, p. 205. 15008: 14989: 14969: 14967:, p. 161. 14957: 14950: 14928: 14905: 14901:Stowell (1998) 14893: 14870: 14868:, p. 202. 14858: 14846: 14839: 14819: 14817:, p. 157. 14807: 14800: 14782: 14774:Stowell (1998) 14766: 14754: 14718: 14666: 14659: 14641: 14629: 14617: 14584: 14572: 14570:, p. 400. 14560: 14523: 14521:, p. 479. 14519:Calhoun (2017) 14511: 14509:, p. 795. 14507:Chernow (2017) 14496: 14492:Chernow (2017) 14480: 14478:, p. 746. 14476:Chernow (2017) 14465: 14463:, p. 182. 14449: 14447:, p. 122. 14437: 14425: 14413: 14411:, p. 324. 14409:Calhoun (2017) 14401: 14399:, p. 547. 14384: 14372: 14341: 14339:, p. 248. 14326: 14324:, p. 521. 14310: 14306:Calhoun (2017) 14291: 14279: 14277:, p. 474. 14267: 14255: 14243: 14241:, p. 246. 14231: 14229:, p. 465. 14219: 14217:, p. 247. 14211:Chernow (2017) 14199: 14187: 14185:, p. 628. 14183:Chernow (2017) 14175: 14173:, p. 629. 14171:Chernow (2017) 14163: 14151: 14144: 14123: 14116: 14098: 14081: 14079:, p. 471. 14069: 14067:, p. 284. 14065:McFeely (2002) 14057: 14045: 14041:Calhoun (2017) 14033: 14031:, p. 461. 14018: 14006: 14004:, p. 245. 13991: 13984: 13962: 13911: 13890:(3): 622–637. 13870: 13856: 13836: 13824: 13817: 13799: 13795:Calhoun (2017) 13787: 13775: 13771:Summers (2014) 13763: 13751: 13744: 13726: 13714: 13712:, p. 324. 13702: 13690: 13683: 13660: 13639:10.1086/443844 13633:(2): 236–256. 13612: 13597: 13585: 13558: 13551: 13533: 13521: 13506: 13499: 13481: 13469: 13457: 13430: 13423: 13405: 13389: 13377: 13364: 13332: 13291: 13244: 13225:(2): 183–196. 13207: 13170: 13150: 13138: 13136:, v. 6: p. 68. 13126: 13096: 13084: 13043: 13031: 13024: 13006: 12999: 12981: 12974: 12956: 12944: 12919: 12907: 12895: 12893:, p. 527. 12883: 12871: 12859: 12857:, p. 245. 12847: 12845:, p. 125. 12843:McFeely (1974) 12835: 12812: 12792: 12785: 12761: 12754: 12728: 12721: 12701: 12697:McFeely (2002) 12689: 12682: 12664: 12657: 12639: 12611: 12590: 12578: 12571: 12553: 12546: 12520: 12518:, p. 280. 12508: 12483: 12476: 12455: 12453:, p. 279. 12443: 12431: 12419: 12412: 12392: 12356: 12340: 12325: 12304: 12285: 12255: 12248: 12230: 12214: 12207: 12182: 12170: 12163: 12143: 12108: 12078: 12065: 12058: 12040: 12025: 12007: 12000: 11982: 11980:, p. 581. 11970: 11958: 11951: 11929: 11922: 11902: 11889: 11887:, p. 126. 11877: 11870: 11852: 11850:, p. 223. 11840: 11823: 11811: 11780: 11754: 11742: 11730: 11718: 11711: 11693: 11686: 11666: 11647:(2): 122–133. 11629: 11617: 11600: 11588: 11581: 11558: 11546: 11514: 11502: 11482: 11478:Simpson (2009) 11470: 11453: 11411: 11392:(3): 319–344. 11374: 11355:(3): 305–329. 11337: 11305: 11286: 11273: 11245: 11230: 11198: 11191: 11166: 11097: 11085: 11070: 11055: 11044: 11033: 11022: 10964: 10939: 10914: 10894: 10888:Reconstruction 10819: 10817:, p. xxv. 10807: 10731: 10727:Parfait (2009) 10719: 10717:, p. 198. 10703: 10670: 10663: 10639: 10621: 10617:Harpers Weekly 10598: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10589: 10588: 10575: 10543: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10521: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10498: 10495: 10452:Dunning School 10447: 10444: 10417:Pulitzer Prize 10384:D. W. Griffith 10347:Henry W. Grady 10320: 10317: 10272: 10271: 10264: 10252: 10249: 10246: 10243:Dunning School 10234: 10231: 10218: 10215: 10195: 10192: 10129: 10100:Kenneth Stampp 10090:In the 1960s, 10087: 10084: 10064: 10061: 10001:In the 1930s, 9998: 9995: 9973:Dunning School 9968: 9965: 9939: 9936: 9830: 9827: 9799:Main article: 9796: 9793: 9669: 9666: 9657:1874 elections 9638:Main article: 9635: 9632: 9612:William Mahone 9571:Main article: 9568: 9565: 9512: 9509: 9498:Horace Greeley 9472:Main article: 9469: 9466: 9454:Main article: 9451: 9448: 9386:Dunning School 9347: 9344: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9244: 9241: 9225: 9224: 9213: 9202: 9198: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9178: 9177: 9174: 9171: 9167: 9166: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9155: 9152: 9149: 9145: 9144: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9133: 9130: 9127: 9123: 9122: 9119: 9118:5 mills (0.5%) 9116: 9112: 9111: 9108: 9107:South Carolina 9105: 9071: 9068: 9042: 9039: 9028:John Roy Lynch 8989: 8988:Public schools 8986: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8855: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8833: 8832: 8829: 8826: 8823: 8819: 8818: 8815: 8812: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8801: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8763: 8762: 8759: 8756: 8753: 8749: 8748: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8709: 8705: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8681: 8677: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8657: 8638: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8621: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8591: 8587: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8577: 8574: 8570: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8560: 8557: 8553: 8552: 8549: 8546: 8543: 8540: 8536: 8535: 8532: 8529: 8526: 8523: 8519: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8485: 8484: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8468: 8431: 8428: 8422: 8419: 8410: 8407: 8395:Charles Sumner 8382: 8379: 8370: 8367: 8323: 8320: 8281: 8278: 8269:and the first 8258: 8255: 8227: 8224: 8194: 8191: 8171:Main article: 8168: 8165: 8138:Irish Republic 8089:Main article: 8086: 8083: 8057:August Belmont 8033: 8030: 7999: 7998: 7985: 7976: 7963: 7961:Daniel Sickles 7954: 7952:John Schofield 7919: 7910: 7901: 7892: 7883: 7875: 7872: 7855: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7842: 7834: 7826: 7821: 7813: 7807: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7778: 7777: 7743: 7741: 7734: 7703: 7700: 7676: 7673: 7639:speech balloon 7611: 7608: 7578:Lyman Trumbull 7559:Charles Sumner 7552:James Schouler 7546: 7543: 7521:Selma, Alabama 7449:Main article: 7446: 7443: 7397:Champ Ferguson 7376:Andrew Johnson 7308:Main article: 7305: 7302: 7296: 7293: 7290: 7257:Main article: 7254: 7251: 7245: 7242: 7209:Main article: 7206: 7203: 7197: 7194: 7180:Main article: 7177: 7174: 7149:Main article: 7146: 7143: 7139:John S. Phelps 7119:North Carolina 7109: 7106: 7080: 7077: 7042: 7039: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6920: 6917: 6909:literacy tests 6801: 6798: 6768: 6765: 6720:Charles Sumner 6707: 6704: 6675:Andrew Johnson 6666: 6663: 6611:Andrew Johnson 6598: 6595: 6586: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6550: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6523: 6516: 6509: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6475: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6451:Andrew Johnson 6439: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6403: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6379:Andrew Johnson 6375: 6366: 6363: 6309: 6306: 6285:infrastructure 6282:transportation 6249: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6227: 6217: 6199:tenant farming 6183:South Carolina 6170: 6167: 6138: 6135: 6076:Reconstruction 6063: 6060: 5940:Andrew Johnson 5875:literacy tests 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5691:Black genocide 5687: 5684: 5683: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5616: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5598:US communities 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5555:South Carolina 5552: 5550:North Carolina 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5372:South Carolina 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5352:North Carolina 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5278: 5275: 5274: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5209:Samaná English 5206: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5159:LGBT community 5155: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5116:Creek Freedmen 5113: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5086:Carmel Indians 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5005: 5002: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4992: 4991: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4967:Central (CIAA) 4961: 4960: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4953: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4834:Pan-Africanism 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4672: 4667: 4665:Black theology 4661: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4649: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4633: 4628: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4609: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4595: 4585: 4580: 4579: 4578: 4567: 4564: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4529:Economic class 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4468:Academic study 4465: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4361: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4239: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4196: 4195: 4189: 4184: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4109:Black genocide 4105: 4103:Related topics 4102: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4028:Ocoee massacre 4025: 4020: 4015: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3918: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3900:John Hartfield 3897: 3892: 3890:Jim McIlherron 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3830:Marie Thompson 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3795:Samuel J. Bush 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3765:Joe Vermillion 3762: 3760:George Meadows 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3662:Common actions 3659: 3656: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3625: 3620: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3603: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3573: 3571:race relations 3565: 3564: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3510: 3499: 3498: 3496:Historiography 3493: 3488: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3473: 3472: 3471: 3461: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3143: 3141:The West Coast 3138: 3133: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3117: 3115:Indian removal 3112: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3089: 3088: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3044: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3030: 3018: 3017: 3016: 3014:Saudi American 3011: 3006: 3001: 2999:Iraqi American 2996: 2991: 2979: 2972: 2971: 2970: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2936: 2934:Irish American 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2899: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2859:Asian American 2855: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2801: 2800: 2799: 2797:Sexual slavery 2787: 2780: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2734: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2674: 2669: 2667:Postal service 2664: 2659: 2657:Foreign policy 2654: 2649: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2612: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2591: 2590: 2589: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2520: 2513: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2462: 2461: 2459: 2451: 2450: 2447: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2407: 2406: 2404: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2374: 2373: 2371: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2352: 2351: 2348: 2341: 2340: 2337: 2330: 2329: 2326: 2319: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2253: 2252: 2250: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2236:Jacksonian Era 2231: 2230: 2227: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2209: 2208: 2205: 2198: 2197: 2194: 2192:Federalist Era 2187: 2186: 2184: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2165: 2164: 2161: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2131: 2130: 2127: 2111: 2104: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2091: 2090: 2080: 2079: 2069: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2051: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2012: 2011: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1939: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1920:List of slaves 1917: 1916: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1762: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1648: 1638: 1632: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1464:Dutch Republic 1461: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1429: 1424: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1396: 1395: 1389: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1320: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1272: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1213: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1114: 1113: 1112: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1089: 1088: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1007: 997: 992: 987: 981: 980: 974: 971: 970: 967: 966: 963: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 936: 935: 931: 930: 925: 923:Child soldiers 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 899: 898: 888: 883: 878: 873: 872: 871: 866: 861: 850: 849: 845: 844: 839: 834: 832:Spanish Empire 829: 824: 819: 814: 812:Middle Passage 809: 804: 799: 794: 788: 787: 781: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 749: 748: 743: 738: 733: 728: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 674: 673: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 642: 641: 640: 633:Ottoman Empire 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 594: 588: 587: 581: 580: 579: 578: 568: 563: 558: 557: 556: 551: 546: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 510: 509: 503: 502: 497: 492: 487: 481: 480: 474: 469: 468: 465: 464: 461: 460: 455: 453:Sexual slavery 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 420: 419: 418: 413: 411:Child marriage 408: 398: 393: 388: 386:Child soldiers 383: 377: 372: 371: 368: 367: 359: 358: 348: 347: 334: 333: 330: 329: 328: 327: 317: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 285: 280: 275: 269: 263: 258: 252: 251: 248: 247: 235: 234: 227: 220: 212: 204: 203: 200: 199: 189: 170: 169: 136: 132: 131: 121:Andrew Johnson 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 88: 84: 83: 66:; newly-freed 61: 53: 52: 48: 47: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 34719: 34708: 34705: 34703: 34700: 34698: 34695: 34693: 34690: 34688: 34685: 34683: 34680: 34678: 34675: 34673: 34670: 34668: 34665: 34663: 34660: 34658: 34655: 34653: 34650: 34648: 34645: 34643: 34640: 34638: 34635: 34633: 34630: 34628: 34625: 34623: 34620: 34618: 34615: 34613: 34610: 34608: 34605: 34603: 34600: 34598: 34595: 34593: 34590: 34588: 34585: 34583: 34580: 34578: 34575: 34573: 34570: 34568: 34565: 34563: 34560: 34558: 34555: 34553: 34550: 34548: 34545: 34543: 34540: 34538: 34535: 34533: 34530: 34528: 34525: 34523: 34520: 34518: 34515: 34513: 34510: 34508: 34505: 34503: 34500: 34498: 34495: 34494: 34492: 34481:from Wikidata 34480: 34479: 34467: 34463: 34462: 34450: 34446: 34445: 34433: 34429: 34428: 34416: 34415: 34412: 34406: 34398: 34397:United States 34388: 34386: 34381: 34376: 34374: 34364: 34363: 34360: 34341: 34340: 34331: 34330: 34327: 34326: 34322: 34320: 34319: 34315: 34314: 34311: 34304: 34301: 34298: 34295: 34292: 34289: 34288: 34286: 34282: 34276: 34273: 34271: 34268: 34266: 34263: 34261: 34258: 34256: 34253: 34251: 34250: 34246: 34244: 34243: 34238: 34236: 34233: 34232: 34230: 34226: 34220: 34217: 34215: 34212: 34210: 34207: 34205: 34202: 34200: 34197: 34195: 34192: 34190: 34187: 34185: 34182: 34180: 34177: 34175: 34172: 34170: 34167: 34166: 34164: 34162: 34158: 34153: 34143: 34140: 34138: 34135: 34133: 34130: 34128: 34125: 34123: 34120: 34118: 34117:Spiegel Grove 34115: 34113: 34110: 34108: 34105: 34103: 34100: 34098: 34095: 34093: 34090: 34088: 34085: 34084: 34082: 34078: 34070: 34066: 34062: 34059: 34055: 34054: 34051: 34047: 34040: 34035: 34033: 34028: 34026: 34021: 34020: 34017: 34005: 34004: 33995: 33994: 33991: 33990: 33986: 33984: 33983: 33979: 33978: 33975: 33968: 33965: 33962: 33959: 33956: 33955:Chapman Grant 33953: 33950: 33947: 33944: 33941: 33938: 33935: 33932: 33929: 33926: 33923: 33920: 33917: 33914: 33911: 33908: 33905: 33904: 33902: 33900: 33896: 33885: 33884: 33880: 33877: 33876: 33872: 33871: 33869: 33867: 33863: 33857: 33854: 33852: 33849: 33845: 33842: 33840: 33837: 33836: 33835: 33832: 33830: 33827: 33825: 33822: 33820: 33817: 33815: 33812: 33810: 33807: 33805: 33802: 33800: 33797: 33795: 33794: 33790: 33788: 33785: 33781: 33778: 33777: 33776: 33773: 33771: 33769: 33768:General Grant 33765: 33763: 33760: 33758: 33755: 33753: 33750: 33749: 33747: 33745: 33741: 33735: 33732: 33731: 33729: 33727: 33723: 33715: 33712: 33710: 33707: 33706: 33704: 33700: 33697: 33695: 33692: 33691: 33689: 33688: 33686: 33682: 33676: 33673: 33669: 33666: 33665: 33664: 33661: 33659: 33656: 33654: 33651: 33647: 33644: 33643: 33642: 33639: 33637: 33634: 33632: 33629: 33627: 33624: 33622: 33619: 33618: 33616: 33612: 33606: 33605: 33601: 33600: 33598: 33594: 33588: 33585: 33583: 33580: 33579: 33577: 33575: 33571: 33561: 33558: 33556: 33553: 33551: 33548: 33546: 33543: 33541: 33538: 33534: 33531: 33529: 33526: 33524: 33521: 33520: 33519: 33516: 33512: 33509: 33507: 33504: 33502: 33499: 33497: 33494: 33493: 33492: 33489: 33485: 33482: 33481: 33480: 33477: 33476: 33474: 33472:Social policy 33470: 33464: 33461: 33459: 33456: 33452: 33449: 33448: 33447: 33444: 33442: 33439: 33437: 33434: 33432: 33429: 33427: 33424: 33423: 33421: 33419: 33413: 33407: 33404: 33402: 33399: 33397: 33394: 33392: 33389: 33387: 33384: 33382: 33379: 33377: 33374: 33372: 33369: 33368: 33366: 33362: 33356: 33353: 33351: 33348: 33344: 33342: 33338: 33337: 33336: 33333: 33332: 33330: 33328: 33324: 33316: 33313: 33311: 33308: 33306: 33303: 33301: 33298: 33296: 33293: 33291: 33288: 33286: 33283: 33281: 33278: 33277: 33276: 33273: 33271: 33268: 33266: 33263: 33261: 33258: 33254: 33251: 33250: 33249: 33246: 33244: 33241: 33239: 33236: 33235: 33233: 33231: 33227: 33221: 33218: 33212: 33209: 33208: 33207: 33204: 33202: 33199: 33197: 33194: 33192: 33189: 33187: 33184: 33182: 33179: 33177: 33176:Fort Donelson 33174: 33173: 33172: 33169: 33168: 33166: 33162: 33156: 33153: 33147: 33143: 33136: 33131: 33129: 33124: 33122: 33117: 33116: 33113: 33101: 33100: 33091: 33090: 33087: 33084: 33082: 33079: 33078: 33075: 33074: 33070: 33068: 33067: 33063: 33062: 33059: 33053: 33052: 33048: 33046: 33043: 33041: 33038: 33036: 33033: 33031: 33028: 33026: 33023: 33022: 33020: 33016: 33010: 33007: 33005: 33002: 33000: 32997: 32995: 32994:Henry Johnson 32992: 32990: 32989:Dolly Johnson 32987: 32985: 32982: 32980: 32977: 32975: 32972: 32971: 32969: 32965: 32958: 32957:Frank Johnson 32955: 32952: 32949: 32946: 32945:Daniel Stover 32943: 32940: 32937: 32934: 32931: 32928: 32925: 32922: 32919: 32916: 32913: 32912: 32910: 32906: 32899: 32898: 32894: 32891: 32890: 32886: 32883: 32882: 32878: 32875: 32874: 32870: 32868: 32865: 32863: 32860: 32858: 32855: 32854: 32852: 32848: 32842: 32839: 32837: 32834: 32832: 32829: 32827: 32824: 32822: 32818: 32816: 32813: 32809: 32806: 32804: 32801: 32799: 32796: 32794: 32791: 32790: 32789: 32786: 32784: 32781: 32779: 32776: 32774: 32771: 32769: 32766: 32764: 32761: 32759: 32756: 32754: 32751: 32749: 32746: 32744: 32741: 32737: 32734: 32732: 32729: 32727: 32724: 32723: 32722: 32719: 32717: 32714: 32712: 32709: 32707: 32704: 32702: 32699: 32697: 32694: 32693: 32691: 32689: 32685: 32680: 32673: 32663: 32660: 32658: 32655: 32653: 32650: 32648: 32645: 32643: 32640: 32638: 32635: 32633: 32630: 32629: 32627: 32623: 32615: 32612: 32608: 32604: 32600: 32596: 32593: 32589: 32585: 32582: 32578: 32577: 32574: 32570: 32563: 32558: 32556: 32551: 32549: 32544: 32543: 32540: 32528: 32527: 32518: 32516: 32515: 32506: 32505: 32502: 32501: 32497: 32495: 32494: 32490: 32489: 32486: 32479: 32476: 32473: 32470: 32467: 32464: 32461: 32458: 32455: 32452: 32449: 32446: 32443: 32440: 32437: 32434: 32431: 32428: 32426:(grandfather) 32425: 32422: 32419: 32416: 32413: 32410: 32407: 32404: 32401: 32398: 32395: 32392: 32389: 32386: 32383: 32380: 32377: 32374: 32371: 32368: 32365: 32362: 32359: 32356: 32354: 32351: 32350: 32348: 32346: 32342: 32332: 32329: 32327: 32324: 32322: 32319: 32317: 32314: 32312: 32309: 32307: 32306:New York City 32304: 32302: 32299: 32297: 32294: 32292: 32289: 32287: 32284: 32282: 32279: 32277: 32274: 32272: 32269: 32267: 32264: 32262: 32259: 32257: 32254: 32252: 32249: 32247: 32246: 32242: 32240: 32239: 32235: 32233: 32232: 32228: 32226: 32225: 32221: 32219: 32216: 32212: 32209: 32207: 32204: 32203: 32202: 32199: 32198: 32196: 32194: 32190: 32184: 32181: 32179: 32176: 32174: 32171: 32169: 32166: 32164: 32161: 32159: 32158:Lincoln Prize 32156: 32154: 32151: 32149: 32146: 32144: 32141: 32139: 32136: 32133: 32132: 32128: 32126: 32123: 32121: 32119: 32114: 32112: 32109: 32107: 32104: 32102: 32099: 32097: 32094: 32090: 32087: 32085: 32082: 32080: 32079:Lincoln penny 32077: 32075: 32072: 32071: 32070: 32067: 32063: 32060: 32058: 32055: 32054: 32053: 32050: 32048: 32045: 32043: 32040: 32038: 32035: 32033: 32030: 32026: 32023: 32022: 32021: 32018: 32016: 32013: 32012: 32010: 32008: 32002: 31995: 31991: 31988: 31984: 31982: 31979: 31975: 31972: 31971: 31970: 31969:State funeral 31967: 31965: 31962: 31957: 31953: 31952: 31951: 31948: 31944: 31941: 31940: 31939: 31938: 31934: 31932: 31929: 31928: 31926: 31924: 31923:Assassination 31920: 31914: 31911: 31909: 31906: 31904: 31901: 31897: 31894: 31893: 31892: 31889: 31887: 31884: 31882: 31879: 31878: 31876: 31874: 31870: 31864: 31861: 31859: 31856: 31854: 31851: 31849: 31846: 31844: 31841: 31839: 31836: 31834: 31831: 31829: 31826: 31824: 31821: 31817: 31814: 31812: 31809: 31808: 31807: 31804: 31800: 31797: 31796: 31795: 31792: 31791: 31789: 31783: 31777: 31774: 31772: 31769: 31767: 31764: 31762: 31759: 31757: 31754: 31752: 31749: 31747: 31744: 31742: 31739: 31737: 31736: 31732: 31730: 31727: 31725: 31722: 31720: 31717: 31715: 31712: 31710: 31707: 31706: 31704: 31698: 31692: 31689: 31687: 31684: 31681: 31679: 31676: 31674: 31671: 31669: 31666: 31664: 31661: 31659: 31656: 31654: 31651: 31649: 31646: 31644: 31641: 31640: 31638: 31634: 31628: 31625: 31623: 31620: 31618: 31615: 31613: 31610: 31608: 31605: 31603: 31600: 31598: 31595: 31593: 31590: 31588: 31585: 31583: 31580: 31578: 31575: 31573: 31570: 31568: 31565: 31561: 31558: 31557: 31556: 31553: 31551: 31548: 31546: 31543: 31539: 31536: 31534: 31531: 31529: 31526: 31524: 31521: 31519: 31516: 31514: 31511: 31509: 31506: 31504: 31501: 31499: 31497: 31492: 31490: 31487: 31485: 31482: 31480: 31477: 31475: 31472: 31471: 31470: 31467: 31465: 31462: 31458: 31457:Lincoln Bible 31455: 31453: 31450: 31449: 31448: 31445: 31443: 31440: 31439: 31437: 31435: 31431: 31424: 31420: 31417: 31414: 31411: 31408: 31407: 31404: 31400: 31393: 31388: 31386: 31381: 31379: 31374: 31373: 31370: 31358: 31348: 31346: 31343: 31342: 31339: 31333: 31330: 31328: 31327:Neighborhoods 31325: 31323: 31320: 31318: 31315: 31313: 31310: 31308: 31305: 31303: 31300: 31296: 31293: 31291: 31290:Sports firsts 31288: 31286: 31283: 31282: 31281: 31278: 31274: 31271: 31269: 31266: 31264: 31261: 31259: 31256: 31254: 31251: 31249: 31246: 31244: 31241: 31239: 31236: 31234: 31231: 31229: 31226: 31224: 31221: 31219: 31216: 31214: 31211: 31209: 31206: 31204: 31201: 31199: 31196: 31195: 31194: 31191: 31190: 31188: 31184: 31176: 31173: 31172: 31170: 31168: 31165: 31161: 31158: 31156: 31153: 31151: 31148: 31146: 31143: 31141: 31138: 31137: 31135: 31131: 31128: 31126: 31123: 31121: 31118: 31116: 31113: 31112: 31111: 31108: 31107: 31105: 31103: 31099: 31093: 31092:West Virginia 31090: 31088: 31085: 31083: 31080: 31076: 31073: 31071: 31068: 31066: 31063: 31061: 31058: 31057: 31056: 31053: 31051: 31048: 31046: 31043: 31041: 31038: 31034: 31031: 31030: 31029:Pennsylvania 31028: 31026: 31023: 31021: 31018: 31016: 31013: 31009: 31008:New York City 31006: 31005: 31004: 31001: 30999: 30996: 30992: 30989: 30988: 30987: 30984: 30982: 30979: 30975: 30972: 30971: 30969: 30965: 30962: 30961: 30959: 30955: 30952: 30951: 30950: 30947: 30945: 30942: 30938: 30935: 30934: 30933: 30930: 30928: 30925: 30921: 30918: 30917: 30916: 30913: 30911: 30908: 30904: 30901: 30900: 30899: 30896: 30894: 30891: 30887: 30884: 30883: 30882: 30879: 30875: 30872: 30870: 30867: 30866: 30865: 30862: 30860: 30857: 30853: 30852:San Francisco 30850: 30848: 30845: 30844: 30843: 30840: 30838: 30835: 30833: 30830: 30829: 30827: 30825:By state/city 30823: 30817: 30814: 30812: 30809: 30803: 30800: 30798: 30795: 30794: 30793: 30790: 30788: 30785: 30784: 30783: 30780: 30776: 30773: 30772: 30771: 30770:American Sign 30768: 30766: 30763: 30762: 30760: 30756: 30748: 30745: 30743: 30740: 30739: 30738: 30735: 30733: 30730: 30726: 30723: 30721: 30718: 30717: 30716: 30713: 30709: 30706: 30705: 30704: 30703:Neighborhoods 30701: 30700: 30698: 30694: 30688: 30685: 30681: 30678: 30677: 30676: 30673: 30671: 30668: 30666: 30663: 30661: 30658: 30654: 30651: 30649: 30646: 30644: 30641: 30639: 30636: 30635: 30634: 30633:Black Indians 30631: 30629: 30626: 30622: 30619: 30617: 30614: 30612: 30609: 30607: 30604: 30603: 30601: 30600: 30598: 30594: 30584: 30581: 30579: 30576: 30574: 30571: 30569: 30566: 30565: 30563: 30555: 30549: 30546: 30544: 30541: 30539: 30536: 30534: 30531: 30529: 30526: 30524: 30521: 30519: 30516: 30514: 30511: 30509: 30506: 30504: 30501: 30499: 30496: 30494: 30491: 30490: 30487: 30484: 30480: 30474: 30471: 30469: 30466: 30464: 30461: 30459: 30456: 30454: 30451: 30449: 30446: 30444: 30441: 30439: 30436: 30434: 30431: 30429: 30426: 30424: 30421: 30419: 30416: 30414: 30411: 30409: 30406: 30405: 30403: 30395: 30389: 30386: 30382: 30379: 30378: 30377: 30374: 30372: 30369: 30367: 30364: 30362: 30359: 30357: 30354: 30352: 30349: 30347: 30344: 30340: 30337: 30336: 30335: 30332: 30330: 30327: 30325: 30322: 30321: 30319: 30315: 30309: 30306: 30304: 30301: 30299: 30296: 30292: 30289: 30288: 30287: 30284: 30280: 30277: 30275: 30272: 30271: 30270: 30267: 30265: 30262: 30261: 30259: 30257: 30253: 30245: 30242: 30240: 30237: 30235: 30232: 30231: 30229: 30227: 30224: 30222: 30219: 30217: 30214: 30212: 30211:Black schools 30209: 30207: 30206:Black studies 30204: 30203: 30201: 30195: 30189: 30188:Whitney Young 30186: 30184: 30181: 30179: 30178:Oprah Winfrey 30176: 30174: 30171: 30169: 30166: 30164: 30161: 30159: 30156: 30154: 30151: 30149: 30148:Denmark Vesey 30146: 30144: 30141: 30139: 30136: 30134: 30131: 30129: 30126: 30124: 30121: 30119: 30116: 30114: 30111: 30109: 30106: 30104: 30101: 30099: 30096: 30094: 30093:Joseph Rainey 30091: 30089: 30086: 30084: 30081: 30079: 30076: 30074: 30071: 30069: 30066: 30064: 30061: 30059: 30056: 30054: 30051: 30049: 30048:Toni Morrison 30046: 30044: 30041: 30039: 30036: 30034: 30033:Joseph Lowery 30031: 30029: 30026: 30024: 30021: 30019: 30016: 30014: 30011: 30009: 30006: 30004: 30001: 29999: 29996: 29994: 29991: 29989: 29986: 29984: 29981: 29979: 29978:Jesse Jackson 29976: 29974: 29971: 29969: 29968:Kamala Harris 29966: 29964: 29961: 29959: 29956: 29954: 29953:Marcus Garvey 29951: 29949: 29946: 29944: 29941: 29939: 29936: 29934: 29931: 29929: 29926: 29924: 29921: 29919: 29916: 29914: 29911: 29909: 29906: 29904: 29903:Blanche Bruce 29901: 29899: 29898:Edward Brooke 29896: 29894: 29891: 29889: 29888:James Bradley 29886: 29884: 29881: 29879: 29876: 29874: 29871: 29869: 29868:James Baldwin 29866: 29864: 29861: 29859: 29856: 29854: 29851: 29850: 29848: 29844: 29838: 29835: 29833: 29830: 29828: 29825: 29823: 29820: 29818: 29815: 29813: 29812:Neighborhoods 29810: 29808: 29805: 29803: 29800: 29798: 29795: 29793: 29790: 29788: 29785: 29783: 29780: 29778: 29775: 29773: 29770: 29768: 29765: 29761: 29758: 29757: 29756: 29753: 29751: 29748: 29746: 29743: 29741: 29738: 29736: 29733: 29731: 29728: 29726: 29723: 29721: 29718: 29716: 29713: 29711: 29708: 29707: 29705: 29703: 29699: 29693: 29690: 29688: 29685: 29683: 29680: 29676: 29673: 29672: 29671: 29668: 29666: 29665:Silent Parade 29663: 29661: 29658: 29656: 29653: 29651: 29648: 29646: 29643: 29640: 29639: 29635: 29633: 29630: 29628: 29627: 29623: 29621: 29620: 29616: 29614: 29611: 29609: 29606: 29604: 29601: 29599: 29596: 29594: 29593:Jim Crow laws 29591: 29589: 29585: 29582: 29580: 29577: 29573: 29570: 29568: 29565: 29564: 29563: 29560: 29558: 29555: 29553: 29550: 29548: 29545: 29542: 29541: 29537: 29535: 29532: 29530: 29527: 29523: 29520: 29518: 29515: 29513: 29510: 29508: 29505: 29503: 29500: 29498: 29495: 29493: 29490: 29487: 29486: 29482: 29480: 29477: 29476: 29475: 29472: 29470: 29467: 29465: 29462: 29458: 29455: 29453: 29450: 29448: 29445: 29444: 29442: 29440: 29437: 29434: 29433: 29429: 29427: 29424: 29422: 29419: 29417: 29416:Black cowboys 29414: 29412: 29409: 29407: 29404: 29402: 29399: 29397: 29394: 29392: 29389: 29387: 29384: 29382: 29379: 29378: 29376: 29374: 29370: 29366: 29359: 29354: 29352: 29347: 29345: 29340: 29339: 29336: 29318: 29315: 29314: 29313: 29310: 29308: 29305: 29303: 29300: 29298: 29295: 29293: 29290: 29288: 29285: 29283: 29280: 29278: 29275: 29273: 29270: 29268: 29265: 29263: 29260: 29258: 29255: 29253: 29250: 29248: 29245: 29244: 29242: 29240: 29236: 29230: 29229:Shadow family 29227: 29225: 29222: 29220: 29219: 29215: 29213: 29210: 29208: 29205: 29203: 29200: 29198: 29195: 29193: 29190: 29189: 29187: 29179: 29173: 29170: 29168: 29165: 29163: 29160: 29156: 29153: 29151: 29148: 29146: 29143: 29141: 29138: 29136: 29133: 29131: 29128: 29126: 29123: 29121: 29118: 29117: 29116: 29113: 29111: 29108: 29106: 29105: 29101: 29099: 29098: 29094: 29092: 29089: 29087: 29084: 29082: 29079: 29077: 29074: 29072: 29069: 29066: 29063: 29061: 29058: 29056: 29053: 29051: 29048: 29046: 29043: 29041: 29038: 29036: 29033: 29031: 29030:Freedom suits 29028: 29026: 29023: 29021: 29018: 29017: 29015: 29011: 29005: 29002: 29000: 28997: 28995: 28992: 28990: 28987: 28985: 28982: 28980: 28979:Planter class 28977: 28975: 28972: 28970: 28967: 28965: 28962: 28960: 28957: 28955: 28952: 28950: 28947: 28943: 28940: 28938: 28935: 28934: 28933: 28930: 28928: 28925: 28923: 28922:Slave catcher 28920: 28918: 28915: 28913: 28910: 28908: 28905: 28903: 28900: 28898: 28895: 28893: 28890: 28886: 28883: 28882: 28881: 28878: 28876: 28873: 28871: 28868: 28867: 28865: 28859: 28853: 28850: 28848: 28845: 28843: 28840: 28838: 28835: 28833: 28830: 28828: 28825: 28823: 28820: 28818: 28815: 28813: 28810: 28808: 28805: 28803: 28800: 28798: 28795: 28793: 28790: 28789: 28787: 28785: 28781: 28778: 28774: 28768: 28765: 28763: 28760: 28759: 28757: 28753: 28749: 28745: 28743: 28739: 28733: 28730: 28728: 28725: 28723: 28722:West Virginia 28720: 28718: 28715: 28713: 28710: 28708: 28705: 28703: 28700: 28698: 28695: 28693: 28690: 28688: 28685: 28683: 28680: 28678: 28675: 28673: 28670: 28668: 28665: 28663: 28660: 28658: 28655: 28653: 28650: 28648: 28645: 28643: 28640: 28638: 28635: 28633: 28630: 28628: 28627:New Hampshire 28625: 28623: 28620: 28618: 28615: 28613: 28610: 28608: 28605: 28603: 28600: 28598: 28595: 28593: 28590: 28588: 28587:Massachusetts 28585: 28583: 28580: 28578: 28575: 28573: 28570: 28568: 28565: 28563: 28560: 28558: 28555: 28553: 28550: 28548: 28545: 28543: 28540: 28538: 28535: 28533: 28530: 28528: 28525: 28523: 28520: 28518: 28515: 28513: 28510: 28508: 28505: 28503: 28500: 28498: 28495: 28493: 28490: 28488: 28485: 28484: 28482: 28478: 28474: 28467: 28462: 28460: 28455: 28453: 28448: 28447: 28444: 28432: 28428: 28424: 28422: 28414: 28412: 28409: 28407: 28406:List of years 28404: 28403: 28400: 28386: 28378: 28376: 28375:Urban history 28373: 28372: 28370: 28366: 28360: 28357: 28355: 28354:Palmyra Atoll 28352: 28350: 28347: 28345: 28342: 28340: 28337: 28335: 28332: 28330: 28329:Jarvis Island 28327: 28325: 28322: 28320: 28317: 28316: 28314: 28310: 28304: 28301: 28299: 28296: 28294: 28291: 28289: 28286: 28284: 28281: 28280: 28278: 28276:Insular areas 28274: 28270: 28266: 28262: 28256: 28253: 28251: 28248: 28246: 28245:West Virginia 28243: 28241: 28238: 28236: 28233: 28231: 28228: 28226: 28223: 28221: 28218: 28216: 28213: 28211: 28208: 28206: 28203: 28201: 28198: 28196: 28193: 28191: 28188: 28186: 28183: 28181: 28178: 28176: 28173: 28171: 28168: 28166: 28163: 28161: 28158: 28156: 28153: 28151: 28150:New Hampshire 28148: 28146: 28143: 28141: 28138: 28136: 28133: 28131: 28128: 28126: 28123: 28121: 28118: 28116: 28113: 28111: 28110:Massachusetts 28108: 28106: 28103: 28101: 28098: 28096: 28093: 28091: 28088: 28086: 28083: 28081: 28078: 28076: 28073: 28071: 28068: 28066: 28063: 28061: 28058: 28056: 28053: 28051: 28048: 28046: 28043: 28041: 28038: 28036: 28033: 28031: 28028: 28026: 28023: 28021: 28018: 28016: 28013: 28011: 28008: 28007: 28005: 28001: 27995: 27992: 27990: 27987: 27985: 27982: 27981: 27979: 27975: 27969: 27966: 27964: 27961: 27959: 27956: 27954: 27951: 27949: 27946: 27945: 27943: 27941: 27937: 27933: 27926: 27922: 27910: 27907: 27905: 27902: 27900: 27897: 27896: 27895: 27894: 27890: 27888: 27887: 27883: 27879: 27876: 27874: 27871: 27870: 27869: 27868: 27864: 27860: 27857: 27855: 27852: 27850: 27847: 27845: 27842: 27840: 27837: 27835: 27832: 27831: 27830: 27829: 27825: 27823: 27822: 27818: 27814: 27811: 27810: 27809: 27808: 27804: 27800: 27797: 27795: 27792: 27790: 27787: 27785: 27782: 27780: 27777: 27775: 27772: 27770: 27767: 27765: 27762: 27760: 27757: 27756: 27755: 27754: 27750: 27746: 27743: 27741: 27740:Thai American 27738: 27736: 27733: 27731: 27728: 27726: 27723: 27721: 27718: 27716: 27713: 27712: 27711: 27710: 27706: 27704: 27703: 27699: 27698: 27695: 27688: 27684: 27672: 27669: 27667: 27664: 27662: 27659: 27657: 27654: 27652: 27649: 27648: 27647: 27646: 27642: 27638: 27635: 27634: 27633: 27632: 27628: 27626: 27625: 27621: 27619: 27618: 27614: 27610: 27607: 27605: 27602: 27600: 27597: 27595: 27592: 27590: 27587: 27585: 27582: 27581: 27580: 27579: 27578:Party Systems 27575: 27571: 27568: 27566: 27563: 27561: 27558: 27556: 27553: 27551: 27548: 27546: 27543: 27542: 27541: 27540: 27536: 27534: 27533: 27529: 27527: 27526: 27522: 27518: 27517:Voting rights 27515: 27513: 27510: 27508: 27505: 27503: 27500: 27498: 27495: 27493: 27490: 27488: 27485: 27483: 27480: 27478: 27475: 27473: 27470: 27468: 27465: 27463: 27460: 27459: 27458: 27457: 27453: 27451: 27450: 27446: 27442: 27439: 27438: 27437: 27436: 27432: 27428: 27425: 27424: 27423: 27422: 27418: 27414: 27411: 27410: 27409: 27408: 27404: 27400: 27397: 27395: 27392: 27390: 27387: 27385: 27382: 27381: 27380: 27379: 27375: 27373: 27372: 27368: 27366: 27365: 27361: 27360: 27357: 27350: 27346: 27332: 27329: 27327: 27324: 27322: 27321: 27317: 27315: 27312: 27310: 27307: 27305: 27302: 27298: 27295: 27294: 27293: 27290: 27288: 27285: 27283: 27282: 27278: 27276: 27273: 27269: 27266: 27264: 27261: 27259: 27256: 27254: 27251: 27249: 27246: 27244: 27241: 27239: 27236: 27234: 27231: 27230: 27229: 27226: 27224: 27221: 27220: 27218: 27216: 27212: 27206: 27203: 27201: 27198: 27196: 27193: 27189: 27186: 27184: 27181: 27180: 27179: 27178:War on terror 27176: 27174: 27171: 27169: 27168: 27164: 27162: 27159: 27157: 27154: 27152: 27149: 27147: 27144: 27142: 27139: 27137: 27134: 27132: 27129: 27127: 27124: 27123: 27121: 27119: 27115: 27109: 27106: 27104: 27101: 27099: 27096: 27092: 27089: 27087: 27084: 27082: 27079: 27078: 27077: 27076:Late Cold War 27074: 27072: 27069: 27065: 27062: 27060: 27057: 27056: 27055: 27052: 27051: 27049: 27047: 27043: 27037: 27034: 27032: 27029: 27027: 27024: 27020: 27017: 27016: 27015: 27012: 27010: 27007: 27005: 27002: 27000: 26997: 26993: 26990: 26988: 26985: 26983: 26980: 26979: 26978: 26975: 26971: 26968: 26966: 26963: 26962: 26961: 26958: 26956: 26955:Great Society 26953: 26952: 26950: 26948: 26944: 26938: 26935: 26931: 26928: 26927: 26926: 26923: 26921: 26918: 26916: 26913: 26911: 26910:Post-war boom 26908: 26904: 26901: 26899: 26896: 26894: 26891: 26889: 26886: 26885: 26884: 26881: 26877: 26874: 26873: 26872: 26869: 26867: 26864: 26863: 26861: 26859: 26855: 26845: 26842: 26841: 26840: 26837: 26835: 26832: 26830: 26827: 26826: 26825: 26822: 26818: 26815: 26813: 26810: 26808: 26805: 26804: 26803: 26800: 26796: 26793: 26791: 26788: 26786: 26783: 26781: 26778: 26776: 26773: 26771: 26768: 26767: 26766: 26763: 26761: 26758: 26754: 26751: 26750: 26749: 26746: 26745: 26743: 26741: 26737: 26731: 26728: 26724: 26721: 26719: 26716: 26714: 26711: 26709: 26706: 26705: 26704: 26701: 26697: 26694: 26692: 26689: 26687: 26684: 26682: 26679: 26677: 26674: 26672: 26669: 26668: 26667: 26664: 26662: 26659: 26655: 26652: 26650: 26647: 26645: 26642: 26640: 26637: 26635: 26632: 26631: 26630: 26627: 26626: 26624: 26622: 26618: 26610: 26607: 26605: 26602: 26601: 26600: 26597: 26593: 26590: 26588: 26585: 26583: 26580: 26576: 26573: 26572: 26571: 26568: 26566: 26563: 26561: 26558: 26557: 26556: 26553: 26551: 26548: 26546: 26543: 26542: 26540: 26538: 26534: 26528: 26525: 26523: 26520: 26516: 26513: 26511: 26508: 26506: 26503: 26501: 26498: 26496: 26493: 26491: 26488: 26487: 26486: 26483: 26479: 26476: 26474: 26471: 26470: 26469: 26466: 26465: 26463: 26461: 26457: 26449: 26446: 26444: 26441: 26440: 26439: 26436: 26432: 26429: 26427: 26424: 26423: 26422: 26419: 26417: 26414: 26413: 26411: 26409: 26405: 26397: 26394: 26392: 26389: 26387: 26384: 26382: 26379: 26377: 26374: 26371: 26370: 26369: 26366: 26362: 26359: 26357: 26354: 26352: 26349: 26347: 26344: 26342: 26339: 26338: 26337: 26334: 26333: 26331: 26329: 26325: 26317: 26314: 26312: 26309: 26307: 26304: 26302: 26299: 26297: 26294: 26292: 26289: 26287: 26284: 26282: 26279: 26277: 26274: 26272: 26269: 26267: 26264: 26263: 26262: 26259: 26257: 26254: 26252: 26249: 26247: 26244: 26242: 26239: 26237: 26234: 26232: 26229: 26227: 26224: 26222: 26219: 26217: 26214: 26212: 26209: 26207: 26204: 26202: 26199: 26198: 26196: 26194: 26190: 26184: 26183: 26179: 26177: 26176: 26172: 26171: 26169: 26165: 26161: 26154: 26150: 26144: 26141: 26139: 26136: 26135: 26132: 26128: 26121: 26116: 26114: 26109: 26107: 26102: 26101: 26098: 26086: 26083: 26081: 26078: 26077: 26072: 26068: 26065: 26061: 26060: 26056: 26042: 26039: 26037: 26034: 26032: 26029: 26025: 26022: 26021: 26020: 26017: 26013: 26010: 26009: 26008: 26005: 26003: 26000: 25998: 25995: 25993: 25990: 25988: 25985: 25983: 25980: 25976: 25973: 25971: 25968: 25967: 25966: 25963: 25961: 25960:Energy policy 25958: 25954: 25951: 25949: 25946: 25944: 25941: 25939: 25936: 25934: 25931: 25929: 25926: 25924: 25921: 25919: 25916: 25915: 25914: 25911: 25909: 25906: 25902: 25901:incarceration 25899: 25898: 25897: 25894: 25892: 25889: 25888: 25886: 25882: 25876: 25873: 25871: 25868: 25866: 25863: 25861: 25858: 25856: 25853: 25851: 25848: 25846: 25843: 25841: 25838: 25836: 25833: 25831: 25828: 25824: 25821: 25819: 25816: 25814: 25811: 25810: 25809: 25806: 25802: 25799: 25797: 25794: 25792: 25789: 25787: 25786:Prenatal care 25784: 25782: 25781:Birth control 25779: 25777: 25774: 25773: 25772: 25769: 25767: 25764: 25763: 25761: 25759: 25755: 25749: 25746: 25744: 25741: 25739: 25736: 25734: 25731: 25729: 25726: 25724: 25721: 25719: 25718:Homeownership 25716: 25714: 25711: 25709: 25706: 25704: 25701: 25699: 25696: 25695: 25693: 25691: 25687: 25681: 25678: 25676: 25673: 25671: 25668: 25666: 25663: 25661: 25658: 25656: 25653: 25651: 25648: 25646: 25643: 25641: 25638: 25636: 25633: 25631: 25628: 25626: 25623: 25621: 25618: 25614: 25611: 25609: 25606: 25604: 25601: 25599: 25596: 25595: 25594: 25591: 25589: 25586: 25584: 25581: 25579: 25576: 25572: 25569: 25567: 25564: 25562: 25559: 25557: 25554: 25552: 25549: 25548: 25547: 25544: 25542: 25539: 25535: 25532: 25530: 25527: 25525: 25522: 25521: 25520: 25517: 25515: 25512: 25510: 25507: 25505: 25502: 25498: 25495: 25494: 25493: 25490: 25488: 25485: 25481: 25478: 25477: 25476: 25473: 25471: 25468: 25466: 25463: 25459: 25456: 25454: 25451: 25450: 25449: 25446: 25442: 25441:working class 25439: 25437: 25434: 25432: 25429: 25427: 25424: 25422: 25419: 25417: 25414: 25412: 25409: 25407: 25404: 25402: 25401:homeownership 25399: 25397: 25394: 25392: 25389: 25388: 25387: 25384: 25382: 25379: 25377: 25374: 25372: 25369: 25367: 25364: 25362: 25359: 25357: 25354: 25352: 25349: 25348: 25346: 25344: 25340: 25336: 25333: 25331: 25327: 25317: 25314: 25312: 25309: 25307: 25304: 25302: 25299: 25297: 25294: 25292: 25289: 25287: 25284: 25283: 25281: 25279: 25275: 25269: 25266: 25264: 25261: 25259: 25256: 25254: 25251: 25249: 25246: 25244: 25241: 25239: 25236: 25234: 25231: 25229: 25226: 25224: 25221: 25219: 25216: 25214: 25211: 25207: 25204: 25202: 25199: 25197: 25194: 25192: 25189: 25187: 25184: 25182: 25181:Manufacturing 25179: 25177: 25174: 25172: 25169: 25167: 25164: 25162: 25159: 25157: 25154: 25152: 25149: 25148: 25147: 25144: 25143: 25140: 25137: 25135: 25131: 25117: 25114: 25110: 25109:Third parties 25107: 25105: 25102: 25100: 25097: 25096: 25095: 25092: 25088: 25085: 25083: 25080: 25078: 25075: 25074: 25073: 25070: 25068: 25065: 25061: 25058: 25057: 25056: 25053: 25049: 25046: 25044: 25041: 25040: 25039: 25036: 25034: 25031: 25030: 25027: 25015: 25012: 25011: 25010: 25007: 25006: 25004: 25002: 24998: 24992: 24989: 24987: 24984: 24983: 24981: 24979: 24975: 24969: 24966: 24964: 24961: 24959: 24956: 24954: 24951: 24949: 24946: 24944: 24941: 24939: 24936: 24934: 24931: 24929: 24926: 24924: 24921: 24920: 24918: 24914: 24908: 24905: 24903: 24900: 24898: 24895: 24893: 24890: 24889: 24887: 24885: 24881: 24878: 24876: 24872: 24866: 24863: 24859: 24856: 24855: 24854: 24851: 24847: 24844: 24842: 24839: 24837: 24834: 24833: 24832: 24829: 24827: 24824: 24823: 24821: 24819: 24815: 24805: 24802: 24800: 24797: 24795: 24792: 24790: 24787: 24786: 24784: 24782: 24778: 24770: 24767: 24766: 24765: 24762: 24758: 24755: 24754: 24753: 24750: 24749: 24747: 24745: 24741: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24726: 24724: 24722: 24718: 24710: 24707: 24706: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24680: 24677: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24667: 24663: 24660: 24659: 24658: 24655: 24651: 24648: 24647: 24646: 24643: 24642: 24640: 24638: 24634: 24631: 24629: 24623: 24618: 24614: 24604: 24601: 24599: 24596: 24592: 24589: 24587: 24584: 24582: 24579: 24577: 24574: 24572: 24569: 24567: 24564: 24562: 24559: 24558: 24557: 24554: 24553: 24551: 24549: 24545: 24539: 24536: 24532: 24529: 24527: 24524: 24522: 24519: 24517: 24514: 24513: 24512: 24509: 24507: 24504: 24500: 24497: 24496: 24495: 24492: 24491: 24489: 24487: 24483: 24477: 24476:U.S. attorney 24474: 24472: 24469: 24465: 24462: 24460: 24457: 24456: 24455: 24451: 24448: 24444: 24441: 24440: 24439: 24436: 24432: 24429: 24427: 24424: 24422: 24421:Chief Justice 24419: 24418: 24417: 24416:Supreme Court 24414: 24413: 24411: 24409: 24405: 24399: 24396: 24394: 24391: 24389: 24386: 24384: 24381: 24379: 24376: 24372: 24369: 24367: 24364: 24362: 24359: 24358: 24357: 24354: 24350: 24347: 24345: 24342: 24341: 24340: 24337: 24336: 24334: 24332: 24328: 24322: 24321:Public policy 24319: 24317: 24316:Civil service 24314: 24312: 24309: 24305: 24302: 24300: 24297: 24295: 24292: 24290: 24287: 24285: 24282: 24280: 24277: 24275: 24272: 24270: 24267: 24265: 24262: 24261: 24260: 24257: 24253: 24250: 24248: 24245: 24243: 24240: 24238: 24235: 24234: 24233: 24230: 24228: 24225: 24223: 24220: 24218: 24215: 24213: 24210: 24206: 24203: 24201: 24198: 24197: 24196: 24193: 24192: 24190: 24186: 24183: 24181: 24177: 24173: 24170: 24168: 24164: 24154: 24151: 24149: 24146: 24144: 24141: 24137: 24134: 24132: 24129: 24127: 24124: 24122: 24119: 24117: 24114: 24112: 24109: 24107: 24104: 24102: 24099: 24098: 24097: 24093: 24089: 24086: 24084: 24081: 24079: 24076: 24074: 24071: 24069: 24066: 24064: 24061: 24059: 24056: 24054: 24051: 24049: 24046: 24044: 24041: 24039: 24036: 24034: 24031: 24029: 24026: 24024: 24021: 24019: 24016: 24014: 24011: 24009: 24006: 24005: 24004: 24001: 23997: 23994: 23993: 23992: 23989: 23985: 23984:Sierra Nevada 23982: 23980: 23977: 23975: 23972: 23970: 23967: 23965: 23962: 23961: 23960: 23957: 23955: 23952: 23950: 23947: 23945: 23942: 23938: 23935: 23933: 23930: 23928: 23925: 23923: 23922:insular zones 23920: 23918: 23915: 23913: 23910: 23908: 23905: 23903: 23900: 23898: 23895: 23894: 23893: 23890: 23889: 23886: 23883: 23881: 23877: 23867: 23864: 23862: 23859: 23857: 23854: 23852: 23849: 23847: 23844: 23842: 23839: 23837: 23834: 23832: 23829: 23828: 23826: 23822: 23816: 23813: 23811: 23808: 23804: 23801: 23799: 23796: 23795: 23794: 23793:War on Terror 23791: 23789: 23786: 23784: 23781: 23779: 23776: 23774: 23773:LGBT Movement 23771: 23769: 23766: 23764: 23761: 23759: 23756: 23754: 23751: 23749: 23746: 23742: 23739: 23738: 23737: 23734: 23732: 23729: 23727: 23724: 23722: 23719: 23717: 23714: 23712: 23709: 23705: 23702: 23700: 23697: 23695: 23692: 23691: 23689: 23687: 23684: 23682: 23679: 23677: 23674: 23672: 23669: 23667: 23664: 23662: 23659: 23657: 23654: 23652: 23649: 23647: 23644: 23642: 23639: 23637: 23634: 23630: 23627: 23625: 23622: 23621: 23620: 23617: 23615: 23612: 23608: 23605: 23603: 23600: 23599: 23598: 23595: 23591: 23588: 23586: 23583: 23582: 23581: 23578: 23576: 23573: 23571: 23568: 23566: 23563: 23559: 23556: 23554: 23551: 23549: 23546: 23544: 23541: 23539: 23536: 23534: 23531: 23529: 23526: 23525: 23524: 23521: 23519: 23516: 23515: 23513: 23509: 23503: 23500: 23498: 23495: 23493: 23490: 23488: 23485: 23483: 23480: 23478: 23475: 23473: 23470: 23468: 23465: 23463: 23460: 23458: 23455: 23453: 23450: 23449: 23447: 23443: 23440: 23438: 23434: 23429: 23428:United States 23422: 23417: 23415: 23410: 23408: 23403: 23402: 23399: 23393: 23386: 23374: 23371: 23370: 23367: 23357: 23354: 23352: 23349: 23347: 23344: 23342: 23339: 23337: 23334: 23332: 23329: 23327: 23324: 23322: 23319: 23317: 23316:Habeas corpus 23314: 23312: 23309: 23307: 23304: 23303: 23301: 23297: 23291: 23288: 23286: 23283: 23281: 23278: 23276: 23273: 23271: 23268: 23266: 23263: 23262: 23260: 23256: 23249: 23248: 23244: 23242: 23239: 23236: 23235: 23231: 23229: 23226: 23223: 23222: 23218: 23216: 23213: 23210: 23209: 23205: 23202: 23201: 23197: 23195: 23192: 23189: 23188: 23184: 23182: 23181:Winslow Homer 23179: 23178: 23176: 23172: 23165: 23164: 23160: 23157: 23156: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23139: 23138: 23134: 23132: 23129: 23126: 23125: 23121: 23119: 23116: 23113: 23112: 23111:After Slavery 23108: 23105: 23104: 23100: 23098: 23095: 23092: 23091: 23087: 23085: 23082: 23080: 23077: 23075: 23072: 23069: 23068: 23064: 23062: 23059: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23049: 23045: 23042: 23041: 23040: 23037: 23035: 23032: 23030: 23027: 23025: 23022: 23019: 23018: 23014: 23012: 23009: 23006: 23005: 23001: 22999: 22996: 22993: 22992: 22988: 22986: 22983: 22981: 22978: 22977: 22975: 22971: 22968: 22964: 22954: 22951: 22948: 22947: 22943: 22941: 22938: 22935: 22934: 22930: 22927: 22926: 22922: 22919: 22918: 22914: 22911: 22910: 22906: 22903: 22900: 22899: 22897: 22893: 22887: 22884: 22882: 22879: 22877: 22876:Nez Perce War 22874: 22872: 22869: 22867: 22864: 22863: 22861: 22857: 22851: 22848: 22846: 22843: 22841: 22838: 22836: 22833: 22831: 22828: 22826: 22823: 22821: 22820: 22816: 22814: 22811: 22809: 22806: 22804: 22801: 22799: 22796: 22794: 22791: 22790: 22788: 22784: 22778: 22775: 22773: 22770: 22768: 22767:Delano affair 22765: 22763: 22760: 22758: 22755: 22753: 22750: 22748: 22745: 22743: 22740: 22738: 22735: 22733: 22730: 22728: 22725: 22723: 22722: 22718: 22717: 22715: 22711: 22705: 22702: 22700: 22697: 22695: 22692: 22690: 22687: 22685: 22682: 22680: 22677: 22675: 22672: 22670: 22667: 22665: 22662: 22660: 22659:Red River War 22657: 22655: 22652: 22650: 22647: 22645: 22642: 22641: 22639: 22635: 22629: 22626: 22624: 22623:Comstock laws 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22607: 22603: 22601: 22600: 22596: 22594: 22591: 22589: 22586: 22584: 22583:Panic of 1873 22581: 22580: 22578: 22574: 22568: 22565: 22563: 22560: 22558: 22555: 22553: 22550: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22530: 22529: 22527: 22523: 22517: 22514: 22512: 22509: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22468: 22466: 22462: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22421: 22418: 22417: 22415: 22411: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22395: 22394: 22390: 22388: 22385: 22383: 22380: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22368: 22366: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22351: 22349: 22345: 22339: 22336: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22328: 22324: 22322: 22319: 22317: 22314: 22311: 22308: 22305: 22302: 22299: 22296: 22292: 22289: 22287: 22284: 22282: 22279: 22277: 22274: 22273: 22272: 22269: 22267: 22264: 22262: 22259: 22258: 22256: 22252: 22246: 22243: 22241: 22238: 22236: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22226: 22223: 22219: 22216: 22215: 22214: 22211: 22209: 22206: 22204: 22201: 22199: 22196: 22194: 22191: 22189: 22186: 22185: 22183: 22179: 22173: 22170: 22169: 22166: 22163: 22161: 22160: 22156: 22154: 22153: 22149: 22147: 22144: 22142: 22141: 22137: 22134: 22132: 22129: 22127: 22124: 22122: 22119: 22117: 22114: 22112: 22109: 22107: 22104: 22102: 22099: 22098: 22096: 22092: 22086: 22083: 22081: 22078: 22076: 22075:New Departure 22073: 22071: 22068: 22066: 22063: 22061: 22058: 22054: 22051: 22050: 22049: 22046: 22044: 22041: 22039: 22036: 22032: 22029: 22028: 22027: 22024: 22022: 22019: 22018: 22016: 22012: 22006: 22003: 22001: 21998: 21996: 21993: 21992: 21990: 21986: 21980: 21977: 21975: 21972: 21970: 21967: 21965: 21962: 21960: 21957: 21955: 21952: 21950: 21947: 21945: 21942: 21941: 21939: 21935: 21929: 21926: 21923: 21920: 21918: 21915: 21913: 21910: 21908: 21905: 21902: 21899: 21896: 21893: 21890: 21889: 21885: 21882: 21881: 21877: 21874: 21873: 21869: 21867: 21864: 21862: 21859: 21858: 21856: 21852: 21849: 21845: 21835: 21832: 21830: 21827: 21825: 21822: 21820: 21817: 21815: 21812: 21810: 21807: 21805: 21802: 21801: 21799: 21795: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21772: 21769: 21767: 21764: 21762: 21759: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21744: 21742: 21739: 21737: 21734: 21732: 21729: 21727: 21724: 21722: 21719: 21717: 21716: 21711: 21709: 21708: 21703: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21692: 21690: 21689: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21644: 21641: 21639: 21636: 21634: 21631: 21630: 21628: 21627: 21622: 21619: 21617: 21614: 21612: 21609: 21607: 21604: 21602: 21599: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21567: 21564: 21562: 21559: 21558: 21556: 21555: 21550: 21547: 21545: 21542: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21525: 21522: 21520: 21517: 21515: 21512: 21510: 21507: 21505: 21502: 21501: 21499: 21498: 21493: 21490: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21414: 21412: 21411: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21371: 21368: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21356: 21353: 21351: 21348: 21347: 21345: 21344: 21339: 21336: 21334: 21331: 21329: 21326: 21324: 21321: 21319: 21316: 21314: 21311: 21309: 21306: 21304: 21301: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21291: 21289: 21286: 21284: 21281: 21280: 21278: 21277: 21272: 21269: 21267: 21264: 21262: 21259: 21257: 21254: 21252: 21249: 21247: 21244: 21242: 21239: 21237: 21234: 21232: 21229: 21227: 21224: 21222: 21219: 21217: 21214: 21213: 21211: 21210: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21131: 21129: 21128: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21113: 21110: 21108: 21105: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21079: 21077: 21076: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21021: 21018: 21017: 21015: 21014: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20969: 20966: 20964: 20961: 20960: 20958: 20957: 20952: 20949: 20947: 20944: 20942: 20939: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20924: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20898: 20896: 20895: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20826: 20824: 20823: 20821: 20819:Gubernatorial 20817: 20811: 20808: 20806: 20803: 20801: 20798: 20796: 20793: 20791: 20788: 20786: 20783: 20781: 20778: 20777: 20775: 20771: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20731: 20729: 20725: 20717: 20714: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20704: 20702: 20699: 20697: 20694: 20692: 20689: 20688: 20687: 20684: 20683: 20678: 20675: 20673: 20670: 20668: 20665: 20663: 20660: 20658: 20655: 20654: 20653: 20650: 20649: 20644: 20641: 20639: 20636: 20635: 20634: 20631: 20630: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20611: 20610: 20607: 20606: 20604: 20598: 20595: 20591: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20569: 20566: 20564: 20561: 20559: 20558:Benjamin Wade 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20546: 20544: 20541: 20539: 20536: 20535: 20534: 20531: 20527: 20524: 20522: 20519: 20517: 20514: 20513: 20512: 20509: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20481:Carpetbaggers 20479: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20461: 20460: 20457: 20456: 20454: 20450: 20444: 20441: 20439: 20436: 20435: 20433: 20427: 20419: 20416: 20414: 20411: 20409: 20408:Edwin Stanton 20406: 20405: 20403: 20402: 20397: 20394: 20392: 20389: 20387: 20384: 20383: 20381: 20380: 20375: 20372: 20370: 20367: 20365: 20362: 20360: 20357: 20355: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20345: 20342: 20340: 20337: 20335: 20332: 20330: 20327: 20325: 20322: 20320: 20317: 20315: 20312: 20310: 20307: 20305: 20302: 20300: 20297: 20296: 20294: 20293: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20275: 20273: 20270: 20269: 20267: 20266: 20264: 20258: 20255: 20251: 20247: 20240: 20235: 20233: 20228: 20226: 20221: 20220: 20217: 20210: 20206: 20202: 20201: 20196: 20193: 20190: 20187: 20184: 20180: 20179: 20174: 20171: 20166: 20163: 20162: 20160: 20156: 20152: 20151: 20146: 20142: 20139: 20137: 20132: 20128: 20124: 20121: 20118: 20114: 20110: 20107: 20103: 20099: 20095: 20092: 20088: 20085: 20081: 20077: 20075: 20071: 20067: 20064: 20063: 20058: 20054: 20051: 20047: 20043: 20039: 20036: 20032: 20029: 20028: 20023: 20021: 20018: 20016: 20012: 20009: 20008: 19997: 19994: 19992: 19988: 19985: 19982: 19979: 19976: 19973: 19972: 19968: 19965: 19961: 19958: 19957: 19953: 19952: 19942: 19938: 19934: 19931: 19927: 19923: 19917: 19913: 19909: 19905: 19902: 19896: 19892: 19888: 19887: 19882: 19879:(June 1916). 19878: 19874: 19870: 19869: 19864: 19859: 19856: 19852: 19849: 19848: 19843: 19842:Litwack, Leon 19840: 19837: 19835: 19830: 19827: 19815: 19811: 19807: 19801: 19797: 19794: 19789: 19784: 19780: 19775: 19763: 19759: 19758: 19753: 19749: 19745: 19742: 19738: 19736: 19732: 19729: 19725: 19721: 19717: 19713: 19705: 19699: 19695: 19694: 19688: 19685: 19681: 19679: 19674: 19667: 19663: 19659: 19655: 19651: 19647: 19643: 19636: 19633:(July 1910). 19632: 19628: 19627: 19614: 19610: 19607: 19605: 19599: 19596: 19592: 19589: 19588: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19577: 19573: 19570: 19558: 19554: 19549: 19546: 19542: 19539: 19535: 19530: 19529: 19524: 19520: 19516: 19512: 19511: 19504: 19491: 19487: 19486: 19480: 19476: 19472: 19468: 19464: 19460: 19456: 19453: 19449: 19446: 19445: 19441: 19438: 19432: 19429:(1906–1907). 19428: 19424: 19420: 19414: 19398: 19394: 19393: 19387: 19384: 19380: 19377: 19374: 19371: 19367: 19363: 19359: 19356: 19353: 19352: 19347: 19346: 19336: 19335:(1869) online 19334: 19330: 19327: 19326: 19322: 19319: 19318: 19314: 19311: 19310: 19306: 19303: 19302: 19298: 19295: 19294: 19290: 19287: 19286: 19282: 19279: 19278: 19274: 19271: 19270: 19266: 19263: 19262: 19258: 19257: 19245: 19241: 19237: 19233: 19229: 19225: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19200: 19196: 19192: 19188: 19184: 19180: 19176: 19171: 19167: 19163: 19159: 19155: 19151: 19147: 19142: 19139: 19135: 19123: 19119: 19115: 19111: 19107: 19103: 19098: 19095: 19091: 19088: 19084: 19080: 19074: 19070: 19066: 19061: 19060: 19047: 19042: 19038: 19032: 19028: 19027: 19022: 19018: 19014: 19010: 19006: 19002: 18998: 18994: 18990: 18986: 18982: 18976: 18972: 18971: 18966: 18962: 18958: 18957: 18951: 18947: 18941: 18937: 18936: 18930: 18926: 18920: 18916: 18915: 18910: 18905: 18901: 18897: 18893: 18889: 18888: 18882: 18877: 18872: 18868: 18864: 18859: 18855: 18849: 18845: 18840: 18838: 18834: 18831: 18826: 18820: 18816: 18815: 18809: 18807: 18803: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18786: 18780: 18776: 18775: 18769: 18765: 18760: 18758: 18754: 18750: 18746: 18742: 18738: 18734: 18728: 18720: 18719: 18714: 18710: 18706: 18704:0-684-84927-5 18700: 18695: 18694: 18688: 18684: 18680: 18676: 18672: 18668: 18666:0-684-80551-0 18662: 18658: 18654: 18650: 18646: 18640: 18636: 18632: 18631: 18625: 18620: 18617: 18614: 18611: 18610: 18606: 18601: 18597: 18591: 18587: 18586: 18580: 18576: 18570: 18566: 18565: 18559: 18555: 18550: 18546: 18540: 18536: 18531: 18527: 18522: 18518: 18517: 18511: 18507: 18505:9780996932103 18501: 18497: 18492: 18488: 18483: 18479: 18475: 18471: 18467: 18463: 18459: 18454: 18450: 18444: 18436: 18431: 18427: 18422: 18418: 18412: 18408: 18404: 18400: 18396: 18392: 18388: 18382: 18378: 18377: 18372: 18368: 18364: 18358: 18354: 18349: 18345: 18344: 18338: 18335: 18331: 18328: 18324: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18306: 18302: 18298: 18293: 18289: 18287:9780374530693 18283: 18279: 18275: 18271: 18269: 18265: 18261: 18257: 18251: 18247: 18246: 18240: 18228: 18224: 18220: 18216: 18212: 18208: 18203: 18199: 18194: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18179: 18172: 18168: 18163: 18159: 18153: 18149: 18148: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18120: 18116: 18110: 18106: 18105: 18099: 18095: 18089: 18085: 18084: 18078: 18074: 18068: 18063: 18062: 18055: 18052: 18048: 18044: 18040: 18036: 18034:0-226-26079-8 18030: 18026: 18021: 18017: 18011: 18007: 18003: 17999: 17995: 17989: 17985: 17981: 17977: 17973: 17969: 17965: 17960: 17958:0-06-015851-4 17954: 17950: 17949: 17944: 17940: 17936: 17934:0-8071-2234-3 17930: 17927:. LSU Press. 17926: 17921: 17917: 17915:9780060964313 17911: 17907: 17902: 17898: 17892: 17888: 17883: 17879: 17875: 17874:Doyle, Don H. 17871: 17867: 17865:9780199758722 17861: 17857: 17856: 17850: 17846: 17841: 17837: 17833: 17829: 17823: 17819: 17814: 17810: 17805: 17801: 17795: 17790: 17789: 17782: 17780: 17776: 17772: 17768: 17762: 17758: 17757: 17752: 17748: 17746: 17742: 17736: 17730: 17726: 17725: 17720: 17716: 17712: 17707: 17703: 17697: 17692: 17691: 17685: 17684:Brands, H. W. 17681: 17677: 17671: 17667: 17662: 17658: 17653: 17649: 17645: 17641: 17637: 17633: 17629: 17624: 17620: 17616: 17611: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17592: 17588: 17584: 17579: 17575: 17570: 17566: 17564:0-669-04758-9 17560: 17556: 17551: 17547: 17546: 17540: 17539: 17531: 17530: 17526: 17501: 17497: 17493: 17486: 17470: 17466: 17462: 17455: 17440: 17436: 17429: 17421: 17414: 17398: 17394: 17390: 17386: 17382: 17375: 17367: 17363: 17361: 17352: 17344: 17342:9780807857670 17338: 17334: 17333: 17325: 17309: 17305: 17301: 17297: 17293: 17289: 17285: 17281: 17279: 17270: 17262: 17258: 17254: 17250: 17243: 17236: 17232: 17227: 17211: 17207: 17200: 17192: 17186: 17182: 17181: 17174: 17169: 17162: 17161:Zuczek (2006) 17157: 17149: 17147:9780823232024 17143: 17139: 17132: 17124: 17120: 17116: 17112: 17108: 17104: 17097: 17089: 17082: 17074: 17070: 17066: 17062: 17058: 17054: 17050: 17046: 17045: 17040: 17034: 17018: 17014: 17013: 17005: 16989: 16985: 16984: 16976: 16960: 16956: 16952: 16945: 16937: 16935:9780809095131 16931: 16927: 16923: 16917: 16909: 16905: 16901: 16899:9780393603408 16895: 16891: 16884: 16877: 16872: 16864: 16862:9780813926605 16858: 16854: 16847: 16840: 16835: 16828: 16823: 16815: 16809: 16804: 16789: 16785: 16778: 16770: 16766: 16759: 16743: 16739: 16735: 16731: 16724: 16716: 16714:9780820326153 16710: 16706: 16699: 16692: 16687: 16680: 16675: 16660: 16656: 16652: 16648: 16641: 16632: 16631: 16625: 16619: 16611: 16605: 16600: 16592: 16588: 16584: 16580: 16573: 16565: 16561: 16557: 16553: 16549: 16545: 16544: 16539: 16532: 16524: 16520: 16516: 16512: 16508: 16504: 16503: 16495: 16487: 16486: 16478: 16470: 16466: 16462: 16458: 16454: 16450: 16449: 16441: 16433: 16427: 16423: 16422: 16414: 16406: 16405: 16397: 16390: 16385: 16383: 16375: 16370: 16368: 16359: 16357:9780810311442 16353: 16349: 16342: 16334: 16328: 16324: 16323: 16315: 16307: 16303: 16298: 16297: 16288: 16281: 16276: 16268: 16264: 16260: 16256: 16252: 16248: 16244: 16240: 16239: 16234: 16227: 16219: 16217:9780878053742 16213: 16209: 16202: 16194: 16190: 16186: 16182: 16178: 16174: 16173: 16165: 16149: 16145: 16144: 16139: 16133: 16125: 16121: 16117: 16113: 16109: 16105: 16104: 16096: 16088: 16086:9780393009514 16082: 16078: 16074: 16068: 16061: 16056: 16040: 16036: 16032: 16026: 16019: 16014: 16006: 16002: 15998: 15994: 15990: 15986: 15982: 15978: 15971: 15964: 15963:Lemann (2007) 15959: 15952: 15947: 15939: 15937:9780820307107 15933: 15929: 15922: 15914: 15908: 15903: 15887: 15883: 15879: 15878: 15873: 15866: 15859: 15854: 15847: 15846:Lemann (2007) 15842: 15835: 15830: 15823: 15818: 15811: 15806: 15799: 15794: 15787: 15786:Perman (1985) 15782: 15775: 15770: 15763: 15758: 15751: 15746: 15739: 15734: 15726: 15722: 15718: 15714: 15710: 15706: 15705: 15697: 15689: 15687:9780820325279 15683: 15679: 15672: 15664: 15662:9780415969505 15658: 15654: 15647: 15640: 15635: 15626: 15625: 15617: 15610: 15605: 15598: 15593: 15586: 15581: 15574: 15569: 15562: 15557: 15555: 15547: 15546:Perman (1985) 15542: 15534: 15532:9780554271941 15528: 15524: 15523: 15515: 15507: 15503: 15500:(1): 97–113. 15499: 15495: 15491: 15484: 15477: 15472: 15464: 15460: 15455: 15454: 15445: 15437: 15433: 15428: 15427: 15418: 15410: 15406: 15401: 15400: 15391: 15383: 15381:9780231024426 15377: 15372: 15371: 15362: 15354: 15352:9780815349662 15348: 15344: 15336: 15328: 15324: 15320: 15316: 15312: 15308: 15301: 15299: 15291: 15286: 15279: 15274: 15267: 15262: 15255: 15250: 15243: 15242:Stover (1955) 15238: 15231: 15226: 15219: 15214: 15206: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15188: 15184: 15180: 15173: 15165: 15163:9780533095100 15159: 15155: 15148: 15141: 15136: 15134: 15126: 15121: 15114: 15109: 15101: 15099:9780813155326 15095: 15091: 15084: 15077: 15072: 15065: 15061: 15056: 15048: 15046:9780817380304 15042: 15037: 15036: 15027: 15025: 15017: 15016:Morrow (1954) 15012: 14996: 14992: 14990:9780813117027 14986: 14982: 14981: 14973: 14966: 14961: 14953: 14951:9780687391400 14947: 14942: 14941: 14932: 14924: 14920: 14916: 14909: 14902: 14897: 14889: 14885: 14881: 14874: 14867: 14866:Morrow (1954) 14862: 14856:, p. 93. 14855: 14850: 14842: 14836: 14832: 14831: 14823: 14816: 14811: 14803: 14801:9780807108833 14797: 14793: 14786: 14779: 14775: 14770: 14763: 14758: 14742: 14738: 14737: 14732: 14728: 14722: 14715: 14711: 14708: 14691: 14687: 14683: 14676: 14670: 14662: 14660:9780674017658 14656: 14652: 14645: 14638: 14633: 14626: 14621: 14605: 14601: 14600: 14595: 14588: 14582:, p. 19. 14581: 14576: 14569: 14564: 14556: 14552: 14548: 14544: 14540: 14536: 14535: 14527: 14520: 14515: 14508: 14503: 14501: 14493: 14489: 14484: 14477: 14472: 14470: 14462: 14458: 14453: 14446: 14441: 14434: 14429: 14422: 14417: 14410: 14405: 14398: 14393: 14391: 14389: 14382:, p. 66. 14381: 14376: 14360: 14356: 14355: 14348: 14346: 14338: 14333: 14331: 14323: 14319: 14314: 14307: 14303: 14298: 14296: 14288: 14283: 14276: 14275:Brands (2012) 14271: 14264: 14259: 14252: 14247: 14240: 14235: 14228: 14227:Brands (2012) 14223: 14216: 14212: 14208: 14207:Brands (2012) 14203: 14196: 14191: 14184: 14179: 14172: 14167: 14160: 14155: 14147: 14145:9780809319640 14141: 14137: 14130: 14128: 14119: 14117:9780307475152 14113: 14109: 14102: 14096:, p. 61. 14095: 14090: 14088: 14086: 14078: 14073: 14066: 14061: 14054: 14053:Foner (2014a) 14049: 14043:, p. 55. 14042: 14037: 14030: 14025: 14023: 14015: 14010: 14003: 13998: 13996: 13987: 13985:9781351480635 13981: 13977: 13973: 13966: 13950: 13946: 13942: 13938: 13934: 13930: 13926: 13922: 13915: 13907: 13903: 13898: 13893: 13889: 13885: 13881: 13874: 13859: 13857:9780252008696 13853: 13849: 13848: 13840: 13833: 13828: 13820: 13818:9780823219346 13814: 13810: 13803: 13796: 13791: 13784: 13779: 13772: 13767: 13760: 13759:Zuczek (2006) 13755: 13747: 13745:9780807110065 13741: 13737: 13730: 13723: 13722:Perman (1985) 13718: 13711: 13706: 13699: 13698:Zuczek (2006) 13694: 13686: 13680: 13676: 13675: 13670: 13664: 13656: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13627: 13619: 13617: 13609: 13604: 13602: 13594: 13589: 13578: 13571: 13570: 13562: 13554: 13552:9780807133248 13548: 13544: 13537: 13530: 13525: 13518: 13517:Rhodes (1920) 13513: 13511: 13502: 13496: 13492: 13485: 13478: 13473: 13466: 13461: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13441: 13434: 13426: 13424:9780199720170 13420: 13416: 13409: 13401: 13400: 13393: 13386: 13381: 13374: 13368: 13352: 13348: 13347: 13342: 13336: 13329: 13324: 13320: 13316: 13312: 13308: 13307: 13302: 13295: 13276: 13272: 13268: 13267: 13259: 13257: 13248: 13240: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13224: 13220: 13219: 13211: 13203: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13182: 13173: 13167: 13163: 13162: 13154: 13147: 13146:Foner (2014b) 13142: 13135: 13134:Rhodes (1920) 13130: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13100: 13093: 13092:Rhodes (1920) 13088: 13073: 13069: 13065: 13061: 13060: 13052: 13050: 13048: 13041:, p. 70. 13040: 13035: 13027: 13025:9780823234943 13021: 13017: 13010: 13002: 12996: 12992: 12985: 12977: 12975:9780385722704 12971: 12967: 12960: 12953: 12952:Hunter (1997) 12948: 12940: 12936: 12932: 12926: 12924: 12916: 12915:Barney (1987) 12911: 12905:, p. 67. 12904: 12903:Hunter (1997) 12899: 12892: 12887: 12880: 12875: 12868: 12863: 12856: 12855:Barney (1987) 12851: 12844: 12839: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12815: 12813:9780313291999 12809: 12805: 12804: 12796: 12788: 12786:9780822600275 12782: 12778: 12777: 12772: 12771:Ridge, Martin 12765: 12757: 12755:9780195057072 12751: 12747: 12742: 12741: 12732: 12724: 12722:9781101617465 12718: 12714: 12713: 12705: 12698: 12693: 12685: 12683:9780803289949 12679: 12675: 12668: 12660: 12658:9780823217694 12654: 12650: 12643: 12628: 12627: 12622: 12615: 12607: 12606: 12601: 12594: 12588:, p. 34. 12587: 12586:Hunter (1997) 12582: 12574: 12568: 12564: 12557: 12549: 12547:9780631209638 12543: 12539: 12535: 12531: 12524: 12517: 12512: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12495: 12487: 12479: 12477:9780195065701 12473: 12469: 12462: 12460: 12452: 12447: 12441:, p. 47. 12440: 12435: 12428: 12427:Guelzo (2004) 12423: 12415: 12413:9780807108222 12409: 12405: 12404: 12396: 12381: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12368: 12360: 12353: 12349: 12348:Guelzo (1999) 12344: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12326:9780307833068 12322: 12318: 12311: 12309: 12301: 12297: 12296:Guelzo (1999) 12292: 12290: 12273: 12269: 12265: 12259: 12251: 12249:9780313258626 12245: 12241: 12234: 12227: 12223: 12222:Guelzo (1999) 12218: 12210: 12208:9780807155486 12204: 12200: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12187: 12179: 12174: 12166: 12164:9780823221950 12160: 12156: 12155: 12147: 12131: 12127: 12123: 12119: 12112: 12096: 12092: 12088: 12082: 12075: 12069: 12061: 12059:9780820326153 12055: 12051: 12044: 12036: 12032: 12028: 12026:9780801410437 12022: 12018: 12011: 12003: 12001:9780195074062 11997: 11993: 11986: 11979: 11974: 11967: 11962: 11954: 11952:9780199724550 11948: 11943: 11942: 11933: 11925: 11923:9780394418995 11919: 11915: 11914: 11906: 11900:, p. 42. 11899: 11893: 11886: 11885:Patton (1934) 11881: 11873: 11871:9780195150995 11867: 11863: 11856: 11849: 11844: 11836: 11835: 11827: 11820: 11815: 11807: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11783: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11765: 11758: 11751: 11746: 11739: 11734: 11727: 11722: 11714: 11712:9780807101698 11708: 11704: 11697: 11689: 11683: 11679: 11678: 11670: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11641: 11633: 11626: 11621: 11614: 11609: 11607: 11605: 11597: 11592: 11584: 11578: 11574: 11573: 11565: 11563: 11555: 11550: 11534: 11530: 11529: 11524: 11518: 11511: 11506: 11500: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11486: 11479: 11474: 11467: 11466:Harris (1997) 11462: 11460: 11458: 11441: 11437: 11433: 11430: 11426: 11420: 11418: 11416: 11407: 11403: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11386: 11378: 11370: 11366: 11362: 11358: 11354: 11350: 11349: 11341: 11324: 11320: 11316: 11309: 11301: 11297: 11290: 11283: 11277: 11269: 11265: 11261: 11260: 11255: 11249: 11243:, p. 38. 11242: 11237: 11235: 11226: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11213: 11205: 11203: 11194: 11192:9780674022096 11188: 11183: 11182: 11176: 11170: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11139: 11135: 11131: 11127: 11123: 11122: 11114: 11110: 11104: 11102: 11095:, p. 41. 11094: 11089: 11082: 11081:Hunter (1997) 11077: 11075: 11068:, p. 72. 11067: 11062: 11060: 11053: 11048: 11042: 11037: 11031: 11026: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10971: 10969: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10928: 10924: 10918: 10907: 10906: 10898: 10891: 10889: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10839: 10834: 10830: 10823: 10816: 10811: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10740: 10738: 10736: 10728: 10723: 10716: 10712: 10711:Guelzo (2018) 10707: 10691: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10674: 10666: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10651: 10643: 10635: 10631: 10625: 10619:Nov. 16, 1867 10618: 10615: 10611: 10608: 10603: 10599: 10585: 10579: 10572: 10571:Rufus Bullock 10569: 10563: 10559: 10555: 10547: 10538: 10534: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10493: 10489: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10475: 10470: 10468: 10463: 10460: 10455: 10453: 10442: 10440: 10433: 10431: 10427: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10401: 10399: 10395: 10394: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10376: 10371: 10369: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10332: 10331: 10325: 10315: 10310: 10307: 10306: 10301: 10295: 10291: 10289: 10284: 10282: 10281:sharecropping 10278: 10269: 10265: 10258: 10253: 10250: 10247: 10244: 10240: 10239: 10238: 10230: 10228: 10224: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10191: 10189: 10185: 10180: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10131: 10127: 10124: 10123:republicanist 10119: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10075: 10070: 10060: 10056: 10054: 10049: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10033: 10026: 10022: 10020: 10014: 10012: 10008: 10004: 9993: 9988: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9964: 9962: 9957: 9956:West Virginia 9953: 9948: 9944: 9935: 9931: 9929: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9908: 9903: 9901: 9895: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9880:Senator Ferry 9877: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9853: 9849: 9845: 9840: 9836: 9826: 9822: 9820: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9802: 9792: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9776: 9773: 9772:Adelbert Ames 9769: 9764: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9748: 9746: 9741: 9739: 9735: 9725: 9721: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9698: 9694: 9692: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9674: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9653: 9651: 9647: 9641: 9640:Panic of 1873 9634:Panic of 1873 9631: 9627: 9624: 9619: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9603: 9600: 9599:New Departure 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9574: 9563: 9558: 9554: 9549: 9546: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9531: 9530:Elisha Baxter 9527: 9523: 9522:Adelbert Ames 9519: 9508: 9506: 9501: 9499: 9495: 9488: 9483: 9481: 9475: 9465: 9463: 9457: 9447: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9430: 9425: 9423: 9419: 9416: 9410: 9408: 9403: 9401: 9394: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9378: 9375: 9370: 9368: 9360: 9356: 9355:Winslow Homer 9352: 9343: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9330: 9326: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9278: 9275: 9271: 9270:Homestead Act 9267: 9263: 9259: 9249: 9239: 9234: 9232: 9231:John R. Lynch 9221: 9220: 9214: 9210: 9209: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9196: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9186: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9164: 9161: 9158: 9157: 9153: 9150: 9147: 9146: 9142: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9131: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9086: 9081: 9077: 9067: 9063: 9056: 9052: 9047: 9038: 9036: 9031: 9029: 9024: 9018: 9015: 9010: 9008: 9004: 8998: 8994: 8984: 8979: 8975: 8970: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8954: 8950: 8949:Social Gospel 8943: 8938: 8936: 8932: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8915: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8888: 8881: 8880: 8875: 8871: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8834: 8830: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8810: 8806: 8802: 8799: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8785: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8750: 8747: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8724: 8720: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8670: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8648: 8645: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8615: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8598: 8595: 8592: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8564: 8561: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8547: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8530: 8527: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8486: 8478: 8475: 8472: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8457: 8454: 8448: 8445: 8436: 8427: 8418: 8416: 8415:New York City 8406: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8378: 8376: 8366: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8355:habeas corpus 8352: 8344: 8340: 8333: 8328: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8305: 8304:habeas corpus 8300: 8296: 8292: 8287: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8254: 8252: 8248: 8243: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8223: 8221: 8216: 8215:John Creswell 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8174: 8164: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8150: 8146: 8141: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8117: 8114: 8110: 8109:Edwin Stanton 8106: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8041: 8039: 8028: 8023: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8007: 8006:border states 8002: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7926: 7917: 7908: 7899: 7890: 7880: 7871: 7869: 7865: 7864:habeas corpus 7861: 7848: 7847: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7795: 7794:Jim Crow laws 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7781: 7774: 7765:is available. 7764: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7749: 7744:This section 7742: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7719: 7713: 7710: 7699: 7695: 7693: 7692: 7681: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7656: 7653: 7647: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7621: 7616: 7607: 7603: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7574: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7555: 7553: 7542: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7524: 7522: 7516: 7511: 7509: 7505: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7493:sharecropping 7489: 7484: 7482: 7476: 7474: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7442: 7438: 7436: 7429: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7377: 7370: 7369: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7345:, Johnson as 7344: 7343: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7311: 7301: 7292: 7289:prospectively 7288: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7269:Hampton Roads 7266: 7260: 7250: 7241: 7237: 7235: 7229: 7226: 7217: 7212: 7202: 7193: 7190: 7189:pocket vetoed 7183: 7173: 7169: 7167: 7157: 7152: 7142: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7115:Edward Stanly 7105: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7076: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7038: 7034: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7005: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6944:Indian tribes 6941: 6936: 6934: 6931:(now part of 6930: 6926: 6916: 6914: 6910: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6888: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6852: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6832: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6816: 6806: 6797: 6795: 6794:carpetbaggers 6791: 6787: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6692: 6689: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6662: 6660: 6655: 6653: 6652:pocket vetoed 6648: 6647:Ironclad Oath 6643: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6616: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6590: 6583: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6555: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6541: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6513:Edwin Stanton 6510: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6497: 6493: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6428:Robert E. Lee 6425: 6422: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6369: 6368: 6362: 6360: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6327:West Virginia 6324: 6320: 6316: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6274: 6268: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6257:human capital 6253: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6224: 6223: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6191:sharecropping 6188: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6126: 6124: 6123:landownership 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6069: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5900:to issue the 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5824: 5819: 5817: 5812: 5810: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5761: 5760:Minstrel show 5758: 5756: 5755:Magical Negro 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5672: 5671: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5573: 5572: 5566: 5565:West Virginia 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5501: 5500:San Francisco 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5480:New York City 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5263: 5262: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5181: 5173: 5172: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5131:Nova Scotians 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5035: 5034:Black Indians 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5000: 4999: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4972:HBCU (HBCUAC) 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4938: 4937: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4873:Organizations 4872: 4871: 4863: 4862: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4774: 4773: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4759: 4757: 4754: 4752: 4749: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4742:Organizations 4741: 4740: 4732: 4731: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4625: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4410:Neighborhoods 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4353: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4155: 4150: 4148: 4143: 4141: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4132: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3895:George Taylor 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3850:Walker family 3848: 3846: 3845:William Burns 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3790:Alfred Blount 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3740:Michael Green 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3726: 3725: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3629: 3628:Jim Crow laws 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3547: 3542: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3509: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3491:List of years 3489: 3487: 3484: 3483: 3482: 3481: 3470: 3462: 3460: 3459:Urban history 3457: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3413: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3075: 3074: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2920: 2917: 2915: 2912: 2910: 2907: 2906: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2890:Thai American 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2862: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2738:Party Systems 2735: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2693: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677:Voting rights 2675: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2521: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2489: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2369: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2258:Civil War Era 2255: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2092: 2089: 2088:United States 2082: 2081: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2052: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2034: 2031: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1964:Slave catcher 1962: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1893:Forced labour 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1746: 1743: 1739: 1738:Abolitionists 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1649: 1647: 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Hanks 32414:(stepmother) 32316:Philadelphia 32244: 32237: 32230: 32223: 32129: 32117: 32037:Bibliography 31981:Lincoln Tomb 31935: 31838:Lincoln Home 31733: 31719:Matson Trial 31592:Bixby letter 31495: 31243:Sportspeople 31213:Billionaires 31130:Sierra Leone 31033:Philadelphia 30869:Jacksonville 30696:Demographics 30528:Jack Johnson 30518:Muhammad Ali 30351:Conservatism 30286:Black church 30183:Andrew Young 30168:Ida B. Wells 30158:David Walker 30153:C. T. Vivian 30108:Paul Robeson 30103:Hiram Revels 30083:Colin Powell 30063:Barack Obama 30018:James Lawson 29973:Jimi Hendrix 29943:James Farmer 29938:Medgar Evers 29908:Ralph Bunche 29858:Maya Angelou 29832:Middle class 29710:Afrofuturism 29649: 29636: 29624: 29617: 29538: 29483: 29430: 29396:Afrocentrism 29386:Abolitionism 29286: 29216: 29102: 29095: 28964:Field slaves 28927:Abolitionism 28861:Cultural and 28852:Bibliography 28687:South Dakota 28677:Rhode Island 28672:Pennsylvania 28652:North Dakota 28344:Midway Atoll 28339:Kingman Reef 28319:Baker Island 28298:Puerto Rico 28210:South Dakota 28200:Rhode Island 28195:Pennsylvania 28175:North Dakota 27891: 27884: 27865: 27826: 27819: 27805: 27751: 27707: 27700: 27643: 27629: 27622: 27615: 27576: 27550:Marine Corps 27537: 27530: 27523: 27487:Debt ceiling 27472:Civil Rights 27454: 27447: 27433: 27419: 27405: 27376: 27371:Antisemitism 27369: 27362: 27318: 27279: 27215:2008–present 27167:Bush v. Gore 27165: 27103:War on drugs 26977:Mid Cold War 26829:Pearl Harbor 26824:World War II 26644:Ku Klux Klan 26628: 26241:Dummer's War 26180: 26173: 26167:Pre-Colonial 26002:Human rights 25982:Gun politics 25933:Islamophobia 25923:antisemitism 25791:Hospice care 25733:Middle class 25713:Homelessness 25690:Social class 25650:Social class 25514:Human rights 25504:Homelessness 25416:middle class 25381:Demographics 25356:Architecture 25263:Unemployment 25243:Labor unions 24991:Town meeting 24968:City council 24963:City manager 24704:State police 24566:Marine Corps 24556:Armed Forces 24531:civil rights 24511:Constitution 24083:Southwestern 24078:Southeastern 24068:Northwestern 24063:Northeastern 24028:Mid-Atlantic 24018:Great Plains 23736:World War II 23660: 23619:Constitution 23523:Colonial era 23502:2008–present 23356:Whitecapping 23326:Paramilitary 23299:Other topics 23280:Jim Crow era 23245: 23232: 23219: 23206: 23198: 23185: 23161: 23153: 23135: 23122: 23118:Leon Litwack 23109: 23101: 23088: 23065: 23029:John Burgess 23015: 23002: 22989: 22944: 22931: 22923: 22915: 22907: 22817: 22757:Whiskey Ring 22719: 22669:White League 22605: 22597: 22445:Shoffner Act 22391: 22364: 22325: 22208:Pulaski riot 22157: 22150: 22138: 21886: 21878: 21870: 21714: 21706: 20601:Presidential 20563:John Bingham 20501:White League 20486:Ku Klux Klan 20253:Participants 20245: 20198: 20176: 20159:Jim Crow era 20148: 20135: 20130: 20116: 20101: 20083: 20073: 20060: 20045: 20026: 19995: 19970: 19955: 19940: 19911: 19891:the original 19884: 19868:The Atlantic 19866: 19854: 19845: 19831: 19818:. 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Key 9904: 9896: 9857: 9823: 9804: 9789: 9777: 9765: 9749: 9742: 9738:John McEnery 9730: 9706:White League 9704:such as the 9699: 9695: 9678:Grant Parish 9675: 9671: 9654: 9643: 9628: 9620: 9604: 9595: 9581: 9560: 9556: 9551: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9514: 9502: 9490: 9485: 9477: 9459: 9432: 9427: 9420: 9411: 9404: 9396: 9391: 9379: 9374:paramilitary 9371: 9363: 9358: 9336:White League 9329:paramilitary 9320:Ku Klux Klan 9312:James L. Orr 9291: 9289: 9262:John Sherman 9254: 9236: 9228: 9218: 9207: 9173:10.3–8 mills 9110:Mississippi 9093: 9089: 9076:property tax 9073: 9064: 9060: 9035:Trevon Logan 9032: 9019: 9011: 9005:and imposed 8999: 8995: 8991: 8981: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8963: 8958: 8945: 8940: 8928: 8916: 8889: 8885: 8877: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8752:Mississippi 8641: 8590:Mississippi 8483:(% in 1870) 8449: 8441: 8424: 8412: 8384: 8372: 8354: 8348: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8302: 8283: 8267:Amos Akerman 8260: 8244: 8229: 8196: 8161:Ku Klux Klan 8153: 8142: 8137: 8122:Fenian raids 8118: 8098: 8094: 8068: 8060: 8038:conservative 8035: 8025: 8015: 8003: 8000: 7974:George Meade 7930: 7857: 7844: 7836: 7828: 7815: 7798: 7771:October 2020 7768: 7763:Editing help 7745: 7727: 7714: 7705: 7696: 7689: 7686: 7664:John Bingham 7657: 7648: 7644: 7634: 7605: 7600: 7596: 7591: 7575: 7571: 7556: 7548: 7531: 7526: 7518: 7513: 7501: 7485: 7477: 7470: 7439: 7431: 7426: 7409: 7373: 7366: 7363:Emperor Nero 7340: 7337:Lady Justice 7324: 7298: 7285:Maximilian I 7262: 7247: 7238: 7230: 7222: 7199: 7185: 7170: 7162: 7135:Michael Hahn 7111: 7101:civil rights 7082: 7079:Colonization 7044: 7035: 7023:David Hunter 7008: 7004:Edward Bates 6996: 6960: 6937: 6922: 6905: 6893: 6889: 6877: 6873: 6861: 6853: 6840:three-fifths 6836: 6828: 6820:Harold Hyman 6811: 6770: 6759: 6752: 6736: 6724:mob violence 6718:and Senator 6709: 6701: 6693: 6668: 6656: 6639: 6620: 6577:becomes law. 6570:becomes law. 6563:becomes law. 6556:becomes law. 6546:becomes law. 6539:is ratified. 6532:is ratified. 6460:is ratified. 6423:becomes law. 6374:becomes law. 6355: 6349: 6345: 6335: 6330: 6311: 6294: 6269: 6254: 6251: 6230: 6220: 6213: 6203: 6176: 6172: 6140: 6127: 6092: 6078:, historian 6075: 6073: 6065: 6044: 6008: 5992:White League 5988:Ku Klux Klan 5960: 5932:assassinated 5930:Lincoln was 5929: 5910: 5883: 5834: 5832: 5658:Sierra Leone 5490:Philadelphia 5460:Jacksonville 5056:Brass Ankles 4809:Conservatism 4784:Afrocentrism 4756:Joint Center 4647:Black church 4638:Institutions 4553:Billionaires 4543:Middle class 4496:Celebrations 4459:Fraternities 4241: 3875:Newberry Six 3860:King Johnson 3835:Watkinsville 3712:Ku Klux Klan 3702:Black Legion 3690:Whitecapping 3685:Sundown town 3600: 3046: 3039: 3020: 2981: 2974: 2960: 2901: 2857: 2850: 2803: 2789: 2784:Social class 2782: 2775: 2736: 2710:Marine Corps 2697: 2690: 2683: 2647:Debt ceiling 2632:Civil rights 2614: 2607: 2593: 2579: 2565: 2536: 2524:Civil unrest 2522: 2517:Antisemitism 2515: 2508: 2490:2008–present 2478:2008–present 2476: 2454: 2432: 2399: 2366: 2357:World War II 2311: 2279: 2267: 2245: 2212: 2179: 2146: 2136:Colonial Era 2134: 2122: 2116: 2076: 1969:Slave patrol 1806:Freedom suit 1782:Sierra Leone 1772:Colonization 1688:Abolitionism 1668:Baháʼí Faith 1641:Christianity 1591:Saudi Arabia 1447:Penal Labour 1412:Blackbirding 1318:Debt bondage 1306:penal system 1132:Contemporary 1122:Field slaves 1110:U.S. Natives 1069:South Africa 940:Galley slave 913:Slave market 903:House slaves 876:Blackbirding 854:Conscription 778:21st century 741:Umm al-walad 585:Muslim world 554:Emancipation 458:Wage slavery 438:Penal labour 416:Wife selling 406:Bride buying 391:Conscription 381:Child Labour 374:Contemporary 266:Pulaski riot 240: 173: 113:President(s) 40: 34204:Villa Hayes 34063:(1877–1881) 33919:Julia Grant 33658:Galena home 33636:Schoolhouse 33484:Amnesty Act 33211:Court House 33191:Chattanooga 33157:(1869–1877) 33035:Mrs. Harold 32999:Sam Johnson 32979:Henry Brown 32873:Andy's Trip 32586:(1865–1869) 32353:Family tree 32291:Los Angeles 32025:Lincoln/Net 31425:(1847–1849) 31415:(1861–1865) 31263:US senators 31233:Republicans 31218:Journalists 31075:San Antonio 31040:Puerto Rico 30981:Mississippi 30874:Tallahassee 30847:Los Angeles 30538:Jesse Owens 30523:Arthur Ashe 30381:Nationalism 30371:Raised fist 30334:Black power 30239:in medicine 30173:Roy Wilkins 30128:Emmett Till 30113:Al Sharpton 29878:Julian Bond 29873:James Bevel 29837:Upper class 29827:Stereotypes 29720:Black mecca 29632:Plantations 29411:Black Codes 29081:Fire-Eaters 28974:Task system 28969:Gang system 28959:Plantations 28762:Puerto Rico 28755:Territories 28602:Mississippi 28517:Connecticut 28359:Wake Island 28125:Mississippi 28040:Connecticut 27984:New England 27651:Agriculture 27570:Coast Guard 27565:Space Force 27413:Immigration 27141:WTC bombing 27059:Reaganomics 26987:Vietnam War 26903:McCarthyism 26785:Second Klan 26770:Prohibition 26748:World War I 26723:Square Deal 26713:Imperialism 26448:War of 1812 26175:Prehistoric 26007:Immigration 25938:LGBT rights 25840:Food safety 25675:Video games 25268:Wall Street 25248:Public debt 25151:Agriculture 25087:nationalism 24799:Uniform act 24721:Legislative 24628:Territorial 24586:Coast Guard 24581:Space Force 24331:Legislative 24126:Red (South) 24116:Mississippi 24038:New England 23974:Appalachian 23944:Earthquakes 23841:Discoveries 23836:Demographic 23778:Vietnam War 23721:World War I 23716:Imperialism 23666:Indian Wars 23641:War of 1812 23149:Steven Hahn 22998:James Bryce 22557:Amnesty Act 22038:Black Codes 20727:U.S. Senate 20474:Politicians 20396:Waite Court 20391:Chase Court 20386:Taney Court 20268:Presidents 19886:The Alcalde 19748:Foner, Eric 19358:Berlin, Ira 19128:January 18, 18830:text search 18307:(1): 1–37. 18049:; see also 18002:Foner, Eric 17980:Foner, Eric 17968:Foner, Eric 17943:Foner, Eric 17314:February 7, 16878:, p. . 16664:February 2, 16606:, p. . 16540:(review)". 16154:January 24, 16143:History.com 15641:, p. . 15189:(1): 1–37. 15142:, p. . 15001:February 1, 14776:, pp. 14747:February 3, 14727:Foner, Eric 14699:October 20, 14457:Wang (1997) 14365:January 13, 13610:, p. . 13446:(5): 1581. 13357:October 21, 13328:PDF version 13119:October 11, 12298:, pp. 12224:, pp. 12136:February 8, 12101:February 7, 11615:, p. . 11480:, p. . 11468:, p. . 11425:Foner, Eric 11302:(1): 35–47. 11132:: 299–326. 11015:January 18, 10957:January 24, 10932:January 24, 10881:January 18, 10829:Foner, Eric 10800:January 18, 10415:to win the 9854:(1877–1881) 9586:Thomas Nast 9302:, and Sen. 9165:12.5 mills 8942:officiate." 8674:Congressmen 8661:Legislators 8375:Amnesty Act 8343:Thomas Nast 8299:martial law 8236:Mississippi 8188:(1869–1877) 8049:Thomas Nast 8019:martial law 7504:Carl Schurz 7473:Black Codes 7465:Thomas Nast 7405:Black Codes 7389:prison camp 7329:Thomas Nast 7327:cartoonist 6993:(1861–1865) 6849:referendums 6679:Copperheads 6627:Slave Power 6568:Amnesty Act 6278:1860 Census 6195:plantations 6179:land reform 6163:Fort Sumter 6117:which were 6099:Fort Monroe 6052:due process 5948:Black Codes 5726:Stereotypes 5653:Nova Scotia 5535:Mississippi 5495:San Antonio 5475:Los Angeles 5410:Black mecca 5337:Mississippi 5244:Negro Dutch 5066:Dominickers 5010:Multiethnic 4919:TransAfrica 4829:Nationalism 4799:Black power 4583:Black pride 4548:Upper class 4247:Politicians 3905:1920 Duluth 3885:Ell Persons 3825:David Wyatt 3820:George Ward 3755:Amos Miller 3750:Eliza Woods 3633:Segregation 3410:Territories 3131:New England 2811:Agriculture 2730:Coast Guard 2725:Space Force 2573:Immigration 2423:Vietnam War 2324:World War I 2118:Prehistoric 1984:court cases 1861: [ 1811:Slave Power 1799:Manumission 1646:Catholicism 1521:Afghanistan 1262:Puerto Rico 1174:The Bahamas 1152:Slave codes 955:Shanghaiing 945:Impressment 837:Slave Coast 717:Qajar harem 677:Concubinage 650:slave trade 316:(1874–1875) 34491:Categories 34444:Quotations 34297:Webb Hayes 34161:Presidency 33963:(grandson) 33957:(grandson) 33951:(grandson) 33945:(daughter) 33762:Grant Park 33709:convention 33694:convention 33626:Birthplace 33621:Early life 33587:World tour 33550:Poland Act 33416:Government 33230:Presidency 33206:Appomattox 32941:(daughter) 32923:(daughter) 32819:Politics: 32688:Presidency 32442:John Hanks 32261:Cincinnati 32004:Legacy and 31787:and places 31442:Transition 31434:Presidency 31208:Astronauts 30998:New Jersey 30842:California 30346:Capitalism 30143:Nat Turner 30073:Rosa Parks 30058:Diane Nash 30028:John Lewis 29817:Newspapers 29787:Literature 29772:Juneteenth 29725:Businesses 29579:Exodusters 29547:Free Negro 29282:Juneteenth 29267:Contraband 28717:Washington 28637:New Mexico 28632:New Jersey 28507:California 28240:Washington 28160:New Mexico 28155:New Jersey 28030:California 27525:Journalism 27477:Corruption 27456:Government 27407:Demography 27394:Newspapers 27243:Sandy Hook 27146:Waco siege 27054:Reagan era 26960:Space Race 26893:Korean War 26834:home front 26666:Gilded Age 26634:Amendments 26041:Xenophobia 25830:Disability 25771:Healthcare 25680:Visual art 25625:Philosophy 25571:television 25561:newspapers 25551:journalism 25541:Literature 25453:attainment 25104:Republican 25099:Democratic 25072:Ideologies 25033:Corruption 24598:NOAA Corps 24521:preemption 24516:federalism 24131:Rio Grande 24033:Midwestern 24013:West Coast 24008:East Coast 23851:Inventions 23763:Space Race 23758:Korean War 23741:home front 23676:Gilded Age 23275:Gilded Age 23131:Eric Foner 22835:Cattellism 22732:Red Shirts 21847:Key events 20773:U.S. House 20506:Red Shirts 19716:The Nation 19686:viewpoint. 19563:January 4, 19152:: 85–102. 17982:(2014b) . 17385:The Nation 17233:, p. 17023:August 21, 16994:August 21, 16965:August 21, 16908:1019904631 16827:Foner 1990 15877:Humanities 15822:Foner 1988 15062:, p. 13955:October 9, 13863:October 9, 13467:, ch. 6–7. 12350:, p. 11848:Foner 1988 11790:jj.8306230 11661:9973918681 10524:References 10459:Eric Foner 10457:Historian 10298:Historian 10288:Eric Foner 10286:Historian 10188:Lost Cause 10163:Eric Foner 10116:Boss Tweed 10108:Eric Foner 9920:Exodusters 9888:presidency 9745:Red Shirts 9646:depression 9380:Historian 9367:tyrannical 9340:Red Shirts 9332:insurgents 9258:greenbacks 9154:8.5 mills 9085:poll taxes 9080:land value 9055:roundhouse 9049:Atlanta's 8951:movement. 8794:Tennessee 8736:Louisiana 8607:Louisiana 8481:population 8197:President 8130:David Bell 8116:Radicals. 8113:John Eaton 8079:republican 7983:Edward Ord 7624:caricature 7488:gang labor 7385:Henry Wirz 7166:Sharpsburg 6885:illiteracy 6204:Historian 6137:Background 6131:Lodge Bill 6080:Eric Foner 6040:Lodge Bill 5996:Red Shirts 5994:, and the 5871:poll taxes 5292:California 5266:Population 4839:Patriotism 4824:Liberalism 4804:Capitalism 4775:Ideologies 4656:Theologies 4515:Juneteenth 4487:Literature 4415:Newspapers 4323:Migrations 4254:Juneteenth 4013:Red Summer 3915:Joe Pullen 3865:John Evans 3840:Ed Johnson 3770:Jim Taylor 3717:Red Shirts 2685:Journalism 2637:Corruption 2616:Government 2567:Demography 2554:Newspapers 2445:Reagan Era 2291:Gilded Age 2129:until 1607 1999:J.Q. Adams 1989:Washington 1959:Slave name 1908:convention 1883:Common law 1256:Encomienda 1052:Seychelles 1037:Mauritania 960:Slave ship 827:Panyarring 822:New France 471:Historical 192:Gilded Age 174:Chronology 135:Key events 33839:$ 50 bill 33744:Memorials 33684:Elections 33501:Modoc War 33186:Vicksburg 32007:memorials 31873:Elections 31771:Sexuality 31702:and views 31469:Civil War 31322:Monuments 31198:Activists 31050:Tennessee 30970:Michigan 30954:Baltimore 30944:Louisiana 30937:Lexington 30920:Davenport 30859:Cleveland 30758:Languages 30687:Melungeon 30665:Blaxicans 30533:Joe Louis 30388:Socialism 30324:Anarchism 30053:Bob Moses 30038:Malcolm X 29958:Fred Gray 29822:Soul food 29760:New Negro 29745:Folktales 29655:Redlining 29181:Marriage, 28880:Treatment 28727:Wisconsin 28692:Tennessee 28597:Minnesota 28572:Louisiana 28250:Wisconsin 28215:Tennessee 28120:Minnesota 28095:Louisiana 27989:The South 27560:Air Force 27435:Education 27297:recession 27253:Las Vegas 27161:Columbine 27118:1991–2008 27046:1980–1991 26947:1964–1980 26858:1945–1964 26812:Dust Bowl 26740:1917–1945 26621:1865–1917 26599:Civil War 26592:Secession 26537:1849–1865 26460:1815–1849 26431:Quasi-War 26408:1789–1815 26328:1776–1789 26281:Sugar Act 26024:Terrorism 25801:Rationing 25698:Affluence 25645:Sexuality 25613:Uncle Sam 25519:Languages 25448:Education 25391:affluence 25351:Americana 25278:Transport 25176:Insurance 25166:Companies 25146:By sector 25038:Elections 24679:Treasurer 24637:Executive 24576:Air Force 24548:Uniformed 24371:President 24188:Executive 23959:Mountains 23892:Territory 23880:Geography 23704:1954–1968 23699:1896–1954 23694:1865–1896 23656:Civil War 23497:1991–2008 23492:1980–1991 23487:1964–1980 23482:1945–1964 23477:1917–1945 23472:1865–1917 23467:1849–1865 23462:1815–1849 23457:1789–1815 23452:1776–1789 23445:By period 22895:Aftermath 22606:Virginius 22542:Modoc War 20593:Elections 20538:Stalwarts 20496:Redeemers 20295:Congress 19413:cite book 19403:March 30, 19253:Yearbooks 19195:164313047 19166:155789816 19050:(2 vols.) 18727:cite book 18443:cite book 18373:(2002) . 18323:219136609 18233:March 26, 18223:2163-5978 18125:March 19, 17836:247969097 17648:144025738 17619:211165817 17393:0027-8378 17276:"Dixon's 17123:146573684 17073:145691938 16748:March 15, 16659:0190-8286 16564:144355361 16550:: 91–92. 16306:458675179 16267:150066533 16005:211320983 15997:0043-8871 15892:April 14, 15436:859833035 15409:492589832 15205:0022-0507 14555:153347617 13976:Routledge 13945:159525524 13906:0144-039X 13655:143849662 12869:, ch. 31. 12632:April 29, 12380:259055353 11806:265454373 11752:, ch. 30. 11740:, ch. 29. 11539:March 11, 11512:, ch. 26. 11005:159753820 10871:162391933 10849:: 13–27. 10790:164628161 10774:2159-9807 10594:Citations 10351:New South 10161:In 1990, 10071:, in his 10048:socialist 9907:Redeemers 9872:Wisconsin 9732:Governor 9714:Coushatta 9553:alliance. 9456:Redeemers 9415:lynchings 9393:frequent. 9266:Jay Cooke 9051:rail yard 8822:Virginia 8694:Arkansas 8488:Virginia 8004:The five 7970:John Pope 7784:Redeemers 7428:mistakes. 6903:in 1920. 6856:U.S. Army 6790:scalawags 6739:secession 6289:riverboat 6119:education 6000:terrorism 5976:Redeemers 5879:terrorism 5750:Hollywood 5740:Blackface 5675:Prejudice 5593:US cities 5470:Lexington 5445:Davenport 5425:Baltimore 5401:US cities 5377:Tennessee 5327:Louisiana 5273:US states 5081:Melungeon 5051:Blaxicans 4849:Socialism 4814:Garveyism 4789:Anarchism 4593:Good hair 4420:Soul food 4390:Folktales 4055:Reactions 3963:Pana riot 3729:Lynchings 3673:Lynchings 3657:Practices 3618:Redeemers 3136:The South 2720:Air Force 2595:Education 2471:1991–2008 2456:1991–2008 2449:1981–1991 2434:1980–1991 2427:1964–1975 2416:1954–1968 2401:1964–1980 2394:1954–1968 2383:1945–1964 2368:1945–1964 2361:1941–1945 2350:1929–1941 2339:1918–1929 2328:1917–1918 2313:1917–1945 2306:1896–1917 2295:1877–1896 2284:1865–1877 2269:1865–1917 2262:1849–1865 2247:1849–1865 2240:1825–1849 2229:1817–1825 2214:1815–1849 2207:1801–1817 2196:1788–1801 2181:1789–1815 2174:1783–1788 2163:1765–1783 2148:1776–1789 2141:1607–1765 1994:Jefferson 1651:Mormonism 1586:Palestine 1400:Australia 1330:Indonesia 1221:Lei Áurea 1204:Code Noir 1184:Caribbean 1157:Treatment 896:Treatment 869:Devshirme 731:Odalisque 549:In Russia 490:Babylonia 478:Antiquity 283:Lowry War 103:Including 51:1865–1877 34339:Category 34169:Red Room 34003:Category 33915:(father) 33909:(mother) 33834:Currency 33714:election 33699:election 33253:Grantism 33248:Scandals 33196:Overland 33099:Category 32514:Category 32444:(cousin) 32420:(sister) 32408:(mother) 32402:(father) 32069:Currency 32042:Birthday 31636:Speeches 31345:Category 31136:America 31102:Diaspora 31087:Virginia 31020:Oklahoma 31003:New York 30986:Nebraska 30949:Maryland 30932:Kentucky 30898:Illinois 30837:Arkansas 30742:Illinois 30680:of color 30366:Populism 30339:Movement 30256:Religion 29598:Lynching 29381:Timeline 28847:Glossary 28712:Virginia 28662:Oklahoma 28642:New York 28617:Nebraska 28607:Missouri 28592:Michigan 28582:Maryland 28567:Kentucky 28547:Illinois 28522:Delaware 28512:Colorado 28502:Arkansas 28421:Category 28235:Virginia 28185:Oklahoma 28165:New York 28140:Nebraska 28130:Missouri 28115:Michigan 28105:Maryland 28090:Kentucky 28070:Illinois 28045:Delaware 28035:Colorado 28025:Arkansas 27904:Lesbians 27878:Comanche 27873:Cherokee 27666:Medicine 27624:Genocide 27617:Religion 27539:Military 27512:Taxation 27462:Abortion 27378:Cultural 27258:Parkland 27188:Iraq War 27126:Gulf War 26898:Ivy Mike 26817:New Deal 26193:Colonial 26138:Timeline 26080:Category 25776:Abortion 25640:Religion 25598:Columbia 25556:internet 25492:Holidays 25487:Folklore 25458:literacy 25396:eviction 25286:Aviation 25258:Taxation 25213:Currency 25206:by state 25116:Scandals 24986:Township 24744:Judicial 24645:Governor 24408:Judicial 24294:Marshals 24167:Politics 24121:Missouri 24111:Columbia 24106:Colorado 24101:Arkansas 24094:Longest 24073:Southern 24058:Northern 23902:counties 23856:Military 23846:Economic 23824:By topic 23803:Iraq War 23753:Cold War 23511:By event 23373:Category 23341:Suffrage 22276:Timeline 20491:Scalawag 20469:Freedman 20211:license. 20094:Archived 20038:Archived 19987:Archived 19960:Archived 19933:Archived 19910:(1991). 19820:June 27, 19814:Archived 19796:Archived 19762:Archived 19731:Archived 19609:Archived 19525:(1875). 19490:Archived 19461:(1899). 19397:Archived 19122:Archived 19023:(1966). 18967:(2016). 18898:(1989). 18876:40194198 18833:Archived 18802:Archived 18743:(2008). 18715:(1965). 18689:(2001). 18677:(2009). 18405:(1992). 18276:(2007). 18227:Archived 18119:Archived 18004:(2019). 17970:(2005). 17945:(1988). 17876:(2024). 17753:(2017). 17721:(2017). 17686:(2012). 17506:March 8, 17500:Archived 17475:March 8, 17469:Archived 17444:March 8, 17403:March 8, 17397:Archived 17308:Archived 17261:40580412 17017:Archived 16988:Archived 16959:Archived 16924:(2007). 16793:March 3, 16742:Archived 16626:(1935). 16591:20089450 16075:(1976). 16039:Archived 16035:HarpWeek 15983:: 1–46. 15788:, ch. 3. 15725:40038083 14741:Archived 14710:Archived 14690:Archived 14688:. 1872. 14627:, ch. 7. 14610:April 9, 14359:Archived 13949:Archived 13387:, ch. 6. 13351:Archived 13319:41708163 12773:(1981). 12385:July 24, 12278:July 21, 12076:Sec. 72. 11653:42627061 11495:Archived 11446:July 26, 11440:Archived 11329:March 7, 11256:(1936). 11177:(2001). 11154:18760067 11009:Archived 10875:Archived 10863:43903055 10794:Archived 10782:26070478 10690:Archived 10685:ABC News 10610:Archived 10497:See also 10432:argues: 10361: – 10290:argues: 10277:Jim Crow 10154:and the 9868:Michigan 9785:Ellenton 9668:Violence 9608:Virginia 9505:Stalwart 9184:11 mills 9162:12 mills 9151:12 mills 9143:4 mills 9132:5 mills 9007:Jim Crow 8865:Religion 8722:Georgia 8708:Florida 8680:Alabama 8667:Senators 8573:Alabama 8556:Florida 8539:Georgia 8232:Virginia 7854:Statutes 7691:Iron Age 7582:Illinois 7576:Senator 7539:lynching 7335:-headed 7234:election 7123:New Bern 7093:Chiriqui 7063:Missouri 7059:Kentucky 7055:Maryland 7051:Delaware 7015:Missouri 6962:de facto 6959:and the 6933:Oklahoma 6815:Suffrage 6800:Suffrage 6730:and the 6365:Timeline 6346:majority 6323:Wheeling 6267:system. 6237:suffrage 6017:and the 5917:moderate 5790:Category 5613:Diaspora 5540:Missouri 5465:Kentucky 5392:Virginia 5362:Oklahoma 5347:New York 5342:Nebraska 5332:Maryland 5307:Illinois 5287:Arkansas 5126:Merikins 5071:Freedmen 5044:Mascogos 4844:Populism 4735:Politics 4630:Religion 4600:Stepping 4366:Lifeways 4202:Timeline 4169:a series 4167:Part of 3815:Sam Hose 3561:a series 3559:Part of 3508:Category 3059:Lesbians 3033:Comanche 3028:Cherokee 2826:Medicine 2777:Religion 2699:Military 2672:Taxation 2622:Abortion 2538:Cultural 2026:Iron bit 2016:40 acres 1979:breeding 1794:Freedman 1629:Religion 1489:Portugal 1374:Thailand 1364:Maldives 1359:Malaysia 1352:Kwalliso 1296:Booi Aha 1248:Restavek 1228:Colombia 1199:Trinidad 1189:Barbados 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