384:
222:
447:
161:
510:
would continue to work in their normal occupations, only coming together to undertake an operation and then if possible returning to their normal daily life. Ouzoulias was a proponent of quick strikes against carefully studied targets by small groups of fighters, who would then rapidly withdraw. He also drew up guidelines for urban warfare in which FTP units could attack greatly superior German forces and be protected while they withdrew. Tillon called this a strategy of "drops of mercury", through which the group could use surprise and mobility to achieve transient superiority before disappearing.
194:
211:
233:
172:
1477:
604:
183:
49:
1728:
600:, the FTP Chief of Staff, was arrested and subjected to extreme torture, but revealed nothing. This was followed by a major police operation that largely destroyed the FTP's Paris organization. From the end of 1943 the national organization began to intensify preparation for a national uprising to support the expected Allied landings in Europe.
558:
509:
The inter-regional and departmental military committees reported to the central organization in groups of three, a basic principle in the communist
Resistance. In the field, each group would consist of two groups of three or four men under a commander and his assistant. For as long as possible they
414:
in
February 1942 confirmed the existence of "partisans et de francs-tireurs" (partisans and free-shooters) to whom patriots should give aid and assistance. Another special issue in March 1942 urged people to form such groups to conduct guerrilla war and help the population defend itself against the
592:
Gradually the FTP developed a more military organization, with sections, companies and battalions, each containing three lower-level groups. There were often gaps in this paper organization. The FTP complained that the
British and Gaullists were deliberately depriving them of arms, although more
287:
in June 1941. Three groups were formed, consisting of party members, young communists and foreign workers. Early in 1942 they were merged to form the FTP, which undertook sabotage and assassinations of the occupation. The FTP became the best organized and most effective of the
1305:
Les résistances, miroirs des régimes d'oppression, Allemagne, France, Italie: actes du colloque international de Besançon organisé du 24 au 26 septembre 2003 par le Musée de la résistance et de la déportation de Besançon, l'Université de
Franche-Comté et l'Université de Paris
548:
poster campaign, which emphasised the composition of the group's membership in an attempt to discredit the
Resistance as not "French" enough. The campaign seems to have had the effect of highlighting their feats to the general public as freedom fighters.
529:(1936–39). Leaflets and publications were issued in Yiddish. Although integrated with the FTP, the FTP-MOI groups retained their autonomy, which caused problems at times. The FTP-MOI were aroused to violent reprisals against the Germans by the
408:. The FTP was open to non-communists but operated under communist control. The FTP movement was seen as a way to increase the political influence of the Communist Party in the future government of France. A special issue of
521:) was created in the spring of 1942 with four detachments made up of communists of "immigrant" origin. Most of its fighters were Jews from France, Hungary, Romania or elsewhere in Europe. Some were former volunteers in the
3107:
572:
The military strength of the communists was still relatively feeble at the end of 1941, but the rapid growth of the FTP ensured that French communists regained their reputation as an effective anti-fascist force.
332:
was theoretically independent of the PCF, but in reality it was dominated by the PCF. At first the objectives were mainly political, taking advantage of the unstable situation under the occupying German army.
649:
In the autumn of 1944 Ouzoulias was charged by de Gaulle with integrating the FTP members with the regular French army. In
October 1944 the communist militias were dissolved and the FTP was integrated into
3111:
539:. The violence of the FTP-MOI in their struggle for survival did not always coincide with the interests of the French people. They received little recognition in France after the war.
585:, chained, handcuffed and severely beaten. He did not reveal any information, but had been carrying a long list of names and addresses. This led to other arrests including "Betty" (
2258:
364:
2177:
383:
2294:
450:
A captured
Resistance fighter in 1944. The German caption says "This communist leader is on the wanted list ... his papers prove his affiliation with terrorist groups."
438:. The paper began using the initials FTP in July 1942. The FTP's mandate was to sabotage railways and factories, punish collaborators and assassinate German soldiers.
502:, a captain of the reserve, was Chief of Staff. He wrote some of the manuals on tactics and armament, but his main role was to act as liaison between the FTP and the
2213:
283:'s official view that the war was a struggle between imperialists, but changed to a policy of armed resistance against the German occupation of France after Germany
2276:
2655:
2398:
2168:
2391:
1986:
1872:
1861:
296:
returned to
Normandy, the FTP was theoretically merged with the other Resistance groups. In practice, it retained its independence until the end of the war.
1573:
1716:
3187:
3208:
2691:
2027:
477:
86:
2731:
1615:
492:
74:
2891:
2774:
2768:
2764:
2639:
2584:
1709:
1443:
3213:
3028:
703:
362:, who was responsible for the armed struggle under the direction of Tillon. In October 1941 the PCF decided to unify its armed groups into the
2499:
2004:
708:
631:
the FTP conducted delaying actions in the center and southwest of France against the German troops who had been recalled to the battle zone.
3042:
657:
In 2019, a surviving member of FTP, Edmond RĂ©veil, revealed details of the June 1944 execution of up to 40 Nazi occupiers, taken during the
3218:
2696:
2436:
2156:
1465:
1252:
2901:
2681:
1608:
2886:
2647:
1580:
3121:
2267:
3153:
1688:
779:
434:" for the first time, and in following weeks reported acts of sabotage of war production and attacks against German soldiers and
2566:
2906:
446:
350:
578:
3116:
2881:
1651:
1380:
1359:
1314:
1286:
1235:
1157:
799:
535:
in July 1942 in which Jews in Paris and other parts of France were arrested, detained and then deported to be killed in the
3182:
2724:
2602:
2035:
1996:
1833:
1667:
2624:
1397:
1186:
3126:
3092:
1942:
2941:
2916:
2686:
2531:
2231:
1959:
1695:
317:
110:
1702:
1427:
607:
Postcard depicting an FTP member sending PĂ©tain with a kick in the behind to the other bank of the Rhine river, 1944.
416:
679:. 11 bodies had been found at the site in 1967; by August 2023 artefacts had been unearthed, but no further bodies.
634:
From June to August 1944 Ouzoulias coordinated the FTP's military action in the Paris region. Ouzoulias and
Colonel
3097:
3007:
2471:
2089:
1206:
1951:
2717:
1473:
1458:
1987:
3049:
3014:
2129:
713:
2144:
763:
on 11 April 1944. Ouzoulias called Joseph
Epstein "the greatest military tactician of the entire Resistance."
2632:
2457:
2136:
1916:
1907:
1601:
616:
464:
237:
26:
388:
536:
117:
2911:
2858:
2616:
1566:
1552:
1278:
La Résistance et les Français: lutte armée et maquis : colloque international de Besançon 15-17 juin
672:
400:
Rather than limit armed action to Communists, it was decided to create a non-Communist organization, the
2676:
2464:
1882:
1873:
1531:
1451:
651:
1331:
642:
Resistance movement, planned a major rising in Paris which played a vital role during the August 1944
3087:
2931:
1681:
1167:
693:
3063:
2249:
2204:
589:), his most important liaison officer. Further names and addresses were found in Betty's apartment.
372:, where he was responsible for coordinating between the various armed units. He was a member of the
3131:
3021:
2559:
2492:
2285:
1826:
1819:
1775:
1622:
676:
531:
3056:
1976:
1967:
577:
was placed in charge of security. Dallidet was recognized talking to a woman in a cafe beside the
2956:
2222:
1890:
1768:
22:
2195:
2065:
3147:
2758:
2740:
2443:
2349:
2328:
1782:
1761:
1754:
1674:
522:
309:
293:
272:
148:
1417:
1370:
1303:
1276:
1225:
491:
was in charge of operations, and Georges Beyer was responsible for armaments and recruitment.
2335:
2113:
1587:
1260:
698:
21:
This article is about the 1939 armed movement. For the movement founded in Lyon in 1940, see
1372:
A Train in Winter: An Extraordinary Story of Women, Friendship and Survival in World War Two
760:
624:
3102:
2973:
2478:
2425:
2106:
1803:
1594:
1517:
435:
305:
284:
593:
likely the problem was that they did not have the necessary contacts to arrange delivery.
8:
3165:
2852:
2595:
2545:
2485:
2099:
1545:
1503:
1496:
747:
675:, forensic examination of the likely burial site only began in May 2023, initially using
643:
566:
2538:
2356:
2315:
2186:
2080:
2051:
1850:
1629:
1510:
743:
473:
359:
316:, PCF) policy switched to support for armed struggle against the German occupiers. The
133:
82:
54:
2058:
1924:
582:
482:
2936:
2517:
2450:
2120:
1727:
1658:
1640:
1484:
1423:
1376:
1355:
1310:
1282:
1231:
1153:
795:
791:
628:
612:
526:
497:
325:
289:
251:
247:
2794:
2043:
1933:
2962:
2840:
2828:
2609:
1810:
1796:
1559:
1538:
1524:
1118:
1093:
787:
635:
586:
488:
341:
78:
3000:
2983:
2240:
639:
426:
410:
2946:
2407:
2384:
2363:
2303:
611:
By 1944, the FTP had an estimated strength of 100,000 men. In March 1944 General
574:
355:
2790:
882:
476:
was political commissioner of the force until May 1943, when he was replaced by
2896:
2864:
2834:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2012:
1190:
738:
658:
597:
469:
334:
187:
66:
2786:
646:. On 28 August 1944 de Gaulle put Ouzoulias in charge of the FTP and the FFI.
603:
48:
3202:
2978:
2780:
2670:
2573:
1842:
1094:"French Resistance man breaks silence over German prisoners executed in 1944"
544:
198:
2968:
2552:
2414:
2377:
2370:
280:
276:
226:
215:
165:
126:
70:
1119:"Evidence found of German mass execution by French Resistance after D-Day"
424:
The FTP was created in April 1942, led by Charles Tillon. On 3 April 1942
3159:
3035:
2709:
2524:
2342:
1747:
1738:
1476:
688:
176:
1150:
A History of Private Life, Volume V, Riddles of Identity in Modern Times
746:
applied to formations deployed by France during the early stages of the
557:
3070:
2951:
2846:
2019:
718:
271:(FTP), was an armed resistance organization created by leaders of the
1185:
888:
815:
813:
811:
122:
627:, but the FTP retained its de facto independence. During the Allied
503:
279:(1939–45). The communist party was neutral at first, following the
138:
808:
16:
RĂ©sistance groups in France during WWII, linked to Communist Party
2925:
514:
106:
668:
1352:
The White Rabbit: The Secret Agent the Gestapo Could Not Crack
1013:
581:
on the evening on 28 February 1942. He was arrested, taken to
1189:. Bourse du Travail de Paris. 22 April 2012. Archived from
965:
963:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
1003:
1001:
1152:. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: Belknap Press.
1037:
1025:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
950:
948:
946:
944:
1166:
1061:
960:
894:
819:
1073:
998:
1049:
975:
941:
929:
917:
849:
847:
304:
Germany attacked the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 in
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
834:
832:
830:
828:
519:
Francs-tireurs et partisans – main-d'œuvre immigrée
454:The FTP unified three Communist organizations, the
844:
348:, fighting groups that were being created by the
3200:
3108:Federation of Marxist-Leninist Circles in France
1172:Base de données des députés français depuis 1789
859:
825:
468:(MOI). The FTP national committee was headed by
328:movement in the northern area in June 1941. The
1301:
1019:
704:Military history of France during World War II
2725:
1459:
777:
542:The FTP-MOI were the target of the notorious
322:Front national de l'indépendance de la France
2892:French Section of the Workers' International
1302:Marcot, François; Musiedlak, Didier (2006).
1250:
1085:
911:
662:
368:. HĂ©naff joined the leadership of the PCF's
3112:Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of France
3043:La Bretagne ouvrière, paysanne et maritime
2739:
2732:
2718:
1466:
1452:
1227:Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1942–1943
2887:List of French Communist Party congresses
1368:
1147:
1091:
1043:
1031:
969:
889:HENAFF Eugène, Bourse du Travail de Paris
3209:French Resistance networks and movements
3122:Convention for a Progressive Alternative
1415:
1349:
1251:Lallier, Rose; Logak, Elisabeth (2015).
1148:Ariès, Phillippe; Duby, Georges (1998).
1079:
1067:
923:
602:
556:
445:
382:
53:Paratroopers and FTP members during the
3154:French Committee of National Liberation
1689:French Committee of National Liberation
1419:The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews
1230:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
1223:
1204:
1007:
853:
623:, FFI). under the authority of General
337:was put in charge of military matters.
3201:
3029:L'Enchaîné du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais
2907:Mouvement Jeunes Communistes de France
1332:"F.T.P. (Francs-tireurs et partisans)"
1274:
1055:
992:
954:
935:
661:, along with a woman collaborator, at
3214:History of the French Communist Party
2882:History of the French Communist Party
2713:
2005:Organisation de résistance de l'armée
1652:Charles de Gaulle during World War II
1447:
1395:
1329:
876:
838:
709:Organisation de résistance de l'armée
1668:Departmental Committee of Liberation
1205:Johnson, Douglas (6 December 1995).
378:Francs-tireurs et partisans français
262:Francs-tireurs et partisans français
41:Francs-tireurs et partisans français
3219:Left-wing militant groups in France
3127:Pole of Communist Revival in France
13:
3117:Workers' Communist Party of France
2942:National Council of the Resistance
2917:National Front (French Resistance)
1726:
1696:National Council of the Resistance
1369:Moorehead, Caroline (2011-11-01).
292:groups. In March 1944, before the
14:
3230:
2648:Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération
2625:MĂ©morial de la France combattante
1703:Provisional Consultative Assembly
3008:Le Travailleur de Lot-et-Garonne
2090:Organisation civile et militaire
1475:
1253:"Albert Ouzoulias (1915 – 1995)"
621:Forces françaises de l'intérieur
565:firing in a skirmish during the
231:
220:
209:
192:
181:
170:
159:
47:
1309:. Presses Univ. Franche-Comté.
1281:. Presses Univ. Franche-Comté.
1111:
1092:Schofield, Hugh (16 May 2023).
753:
742:(free-shooters) was a term for
441:
308:. With this, the policy of the
98:October 1941 - February 1, 1944
3015:Le Travailleur du Centre Ouest
1402:La RĂ©sistance en Ile-de-France
792:10.1093/OBO/9780199743292-0077
780:"Soviet Union in World War II"
771:
731:
714:Resistance during World War II
1:
2633:Museum of National Resistance
1917:French Forces of the Interior
617:French Forces of the Interior
299:
27:Franc-Tireur (disambiguation)
1354:. London: Cassell & Co.
1224:Kerenji, Emil (2014-10-10).
1207:"Obituary: Albert Ouzoulias"
537:Auschwitz concentration camp
395:
387:FTP fighters at the camp of
7:
2922:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
2912:Union of Communist Students
2697:Righteous Among the Nations
2145:Union des femmes françaises
1900:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
1020:Marcot & Musiedlak 2006
820:Charles, Joseph TILLON, ANF
786:. Oxford University Press.
682:
432:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
402:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
268:Francs-tireurs et partisans
35:Francs-tireurs et partisans
10:
3235:
3093:Workers and Peasants Party
2137:Housewives' demonstrations
1375:. Random House of Canada.
1174:. French National Assembly
1140:
552:
389:Roche-Saint-Secret-BĂ©conne
20:
3175:
3140:
3088:Socialist-Communist Union
3080:
2992:
2932:Union of Russian Patriots
2874:
2749:
2665:
2583:
2509:
2424:
2314:
2155:
1860:
1737:
1724:
1682:French National Committee
1639:
1491:
1350:Marshall, Bruce (2001) .
1275:Marcot, François (1996).
694:Lille during World War II
671:. After delay due to the
663:
456:Bataillons de la Jeunesse
374:Comité militaire national
346:Bataillons de la Jeunesse
344:was put in charge of the
314:Parti communiste français
243:
204:
154:
144:
132:
116:
102:
92:
62:
46:
40:
39:
34:
3132:Movement of Progressives
3022:Le Travailleur du Loiret
2560:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade
2493:Liberation of Strasbourg
1908:FTP–Foreign Labour Force
1827:Companions of Liberation
1820:1st Free French Division
1416:Zuccotti, Susan (1999).
1336:Encyclopædia Universalis
1168:"Charles, Joseph TILLON"
912:Lallier & Logak 2015
724:
677:ground-penetrating radar
285:invaded the Soviet Union
265:(FTPF), or commonly the
3098:Proletarian Unity Party
2957:Institut Maurice Thorez
1422:. U of Nebraska Press.
134:Political position
23:Franc-Tireur (movement)
3064:Les Lettres Françaises
2759:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
2742:French Communist Party
2692:Networks and movements
2656:Free France Foundation
2617:Medal of the Righteous
2500:Provisional Government
2444:French Liberation Army
2350:Empire Defense Council
2329:Brazzaville Conference
2250:Les Lettres Françaises
2205:Les Éditions de Minuit
1783:French Liberation Army
1731:
1675:Empire Defense Council
778:Chris Bellamy (2019).
608:
569:
523:International Brigades
472:, commander in chief.
451:
392:
310:French Communist Party
273:French Communist Party
149:French Communist Party
25:. For other uses, see
3057:Le Prolétaire normand
2640:Museums and memorials
2336:Brazzaville manifesto
1977:Ceux de la RĂ©sistance
1968:Ceux de la Libération
1730:
1330:Marin, Armel (2015).
1032:Ariès & Duby 1998
784:Oxford Bibliographies
699:Maquis (World War II)
606:
579:Reuilly metro station
560:
465:Main-d'œuvre immigrée
460:Organisation Spéciale
449:
430:used the expression "
386:
370:Organisation Spéciale
365:Organisation spéciale
351:Jeunesses Communistes
3176:Parliamentary groups
3103:French Popular Party
2479:Liberation of France
2196:DĂ©fense de la France
2066:Confrérie Notre-Dame
1396:Porin, Axel (2004).
1211:The Independent (UK)
1193:on 23 September 2015
759:Epstein was shot at
436:French collaborators
306:Operation Barbarossa
2853:Marie-George Buffet
2596:Order of Liberation
2546:Charles Delestraint
2486:Liberation of Paris
2295:La Vérité française
2286:Témoignage chrétien
748:Franco-Prussian War
644:Liberation of Paris
506:resistance groups.
376:, which became the
324:) was created as a
2539:Pierre Brossolette
2357:Free French Africa
1851:Free French Africa
1755:Free French Forces
1732:
1398:"Albert Ouzoulias"
761:Fort Mont-Valérien
744:irregular military
625:Marie-Pierre KĹ“nig
609:
570:
532:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
452:
393:
358:introduced him to
94:Dates of operation
55:Battle of Normandy
3196:
3195:
3183:National Assembly
2937:French Resistance
2751:General Secretary
2707:
2706:
2677:French Resistance
2532:Emmanuel d'Astier
2518:Charles de Gaulle
2465:General de Lattre
2437:Kieffer commandos
2259:Libération (nord)
1659:Appeal of 18 June
1485:French Resistance
1382:978-0-307-36667-2
1361:978-0-304-35697-3
1316:978-2-84867-123-9
1288:978-2-251-60617-0
1237:978-1-4422-3627-1
1159:978-0-674-40004-7
801:978-0-19-974329-2
673:COVID-19 pandemic
652:General de Lattre
629:Normandy Campaign
613:Charles de Gaulle
596:In November 1943
527:Spanish Civil War
404:(FTP), under the
340:On 2 August 1941
326:French Resistance
290:French Resistance
257:
256:
252:Normandy Campaign
248:French Resistance
3226:
3050:La Voix de l'Est
2974:Marxism–Leninism
2963:Programme commun
2875:Related articles
2841:Georges Marchais
2829:Georges Marchais
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2734:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2658:
2651:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2619:
2612:
2610:Resistance Medal
2605:
2598:
2576:
2569:
2567:Jean-Pierre LĂ©vy
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2385:March battalions
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2307:
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2268:Libération (sud)
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2054:
2047:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2015:
2008:
1999:
1992:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1955:
1952:Musée de l'Homme
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1903:
1894:
1885:
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1534:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1365:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1259:. Archived from
1257:Figures humaines
1247:
1245:
1244:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1163:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1125:. 27 August 2023
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1005:
996:
990:
973:
967:
958:
952:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
892:
886:
880:
874:
857:
851:
842:
836:
823:
817:
806:
805:
775:
764:
757:
751:
735:
666:
665:
636:Henri Rol-Tanguy
587:Madeleine Passot
567:battle for Paris
501:
489:Albert Ouzoulias
486:
342:Albert Ouzoulias
244:Battles and wars
236:
235:
234:
225:
224:
223:
214:
213:
212:
197:
196:
195:
186:
185:
184:
175:
174:
173:
164:
163:
162:
95:
79:Albert Ouzoulias
51:
42:
32:
31:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3192:
3171:
3136:
3076:
2988:
2947:May 1947 crises
2870:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2622:
2615:
2608:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2472:General Leclerc
2470:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2408:Operation Marie
2406:
2397:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2364:French Cameroon
2362:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2317:
2310:
2304:La Voix du Nord
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2087:
2078:
2073:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2034:
2025:
2018:
2011:
2002:
1995:
1985:
1974:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1943:Mouvements unis
1940:
1931:
1925:Libération-Nord
1922:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1881:
1871:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1840:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1790:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1733:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1635:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1472:
1442:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1407:
1405:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1362:
1341:
1339:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1266:
1264:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1215:
1213:
1196:
1194:
1187:"HENAFF Eugène"
1177:
1175:
1160:
1143:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
999:
991:
976:
968:
961:
953:
942:
934:
930:
922:
918:
910:
895:
887:
883:
875:
860:
852:
845:
837:
826:
818:
809:
802:
776:
772:
768:
767:
758:
754:
736:
732:
727:
685:
615:placed all the
583:La Santé Prison
575:Arthur Dallidet
555:
495:
480:
444:
398:
356:Arthur Dallidet
302:
250:
232:
230:
229:
221:
219:
218:
210:
208:
193:
191:
190:
182:
180:
179:
171:
169:
168:
160:
158:
125:
109:
93:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
58:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3232:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:(2008–present)
3163:
3157:
3151:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2897:Tours Congress
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:(2018–present)
2865:Fabien Roussel
2862:
2859:Pierre Laurent
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2835:Waldeck Rochet
2832:
2826:
2823:Waldeck Rochet
2820:
2817:Maurice Thorez
2814:
2811:Jacques Duclos
2808:
2805:Maurice Thorez
2802:
2799:Maurice Thorez
2795:Benoît Frachon
2784:
2778:
2772:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2722:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2652:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2620:
2613:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2589:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2430:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2395:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2324:
2322:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2254:
2245:
2236:
2232:Front National
2227:
2218:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2182:
2173:
2163:
2161:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2039:
2032:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2000:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1960:National Front
1956:
1947:
1938:
1934:Libération-Sud
1929:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1895:
1886:
1868:
1866:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1838:
1823:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1769:Army of Africa
1765:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1428:
1413:
1393:
1381:
1366:
1360:
1347:
1327:
1315:
1299:
1287:
1272:
1248:
1236:
1221:
1202:
1183:
1164:
1158:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1110:
1084:
1072:
1070:, p. 268.
1060:
1058:, p. 231.
1048:
1046:, p. 120.
1044:Moorehead 2011
1036:
1034:, p. 341.
1024:
1022:, p. 402.
1012:
1010:, p. 209.
997:
995:, p. 135.
974:
970:Moorehead 2011
959:
957:, p. 134.
940:
938:, p. 372.
928:
916:
893:
881:
858:
843:
824:
807:
800:
769:
766:
765:
752:
739:Francs-tireurs
729:
728:
726:
723:
722:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
684:
681:
659:Tulle uprising
638:, who led the
598:Joseph Epstein
554:
551:
493:Marcel Prenant
470:Charles Tillon
443:
440:
406:Front national
397:
394:
354:. Soon after,
335:Charles Tillon
330:Front national
318:National Front
301:
298:
255:
254:
245:
241:
240:
206:
202:
201:
188:United Kingdom
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
136:
130:
129:
120:
114:
113:
111:National Front
104:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
75:Georges Vallet
67:Charles Tillon
64:
60:
59:
52:
44:
43:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3231:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3148:Popular Front
3146:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2984:Cité Gagarine
2982:
2980:
2979:Eurocommunism
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:Pierre Semard
2779:
2776:
2775:Louis Sellier
2773:
2770:
2769:Albert Treint
2766:
2765:Louis Sellier
2763:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:Categories: (
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2574:Pierre Villon
2571:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2416:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2081:Armée secrète
2077:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1843:Radio Londres
1839:
1835:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1718:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1431:
1429:0-8032-9914-1
1425:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1263:on 2015-06-03
1262:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1099:
1095:
1088:
1082:, p. 41.
1081:
1080:Marshall 2001
1076:
1069:
1068:Zuccotti 1999
1064:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1004:
1002:
994:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
972:, p. 79.
971:
966:
964:
956:
951:
949:
947:
945:
937:
932:
926:, p. 40.
925:
924:Marshall 2001
920:
913:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
890:
885:
878:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
855:
850:
848:
840:
835:
833:
831:
829:
821:
816:
814:
812:
803:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
770:
762:
756:
749:
745:
741:
740:
734:
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80:
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57:, summer 1944
56:
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28:
24:
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3069:
3062:
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3034:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2999:
2993:Publications
2969:Unitary Left
2961:
2921:
2902:Headquarters
2791:Pierre CĂ©lor
2646:
2623:
2553:Henri Frenay
2415:Ubangi-Shari
2378:French Gabon
2371:French Congo
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
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2257:
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2223:Franc-Tireur
2221:
2212:
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2167:
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2107:Jade-Fitzroy
2088:
2079:
2042:
2026:
2003:
1975:
1966:
1950:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1899:
1898:
1891:Franc-Tireur
1889:
1841:
1482:
1433:. Retrieved
1418:
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1371:
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1340:. Retrieved
1335:
1320:. Retrieved
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1277:
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1261:the original
1256:
1241:. Retrieved
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1210:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:the original
1176:. Retrieved
1171:
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1097:
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1008:Kerenji 2014
931:
919:
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854:Johnson 1995
783:
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442:Organization
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281:Soviet Union
277:World War II
267:
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261:
260:
258:
227:Vichy France
216:Nazi Germany
166:Soviet Union
127:Anti-fascism
87:René Camphin
71:Jules Dumont
18:
3162:(1997–2002)
3160:Plural Left
3156:(1940–1947)
3150:(1936–1938)
3081:Derivatives
3036:Front rouge
2861:(2010–2018)
2855:(2001–2010)
2849:(1994–2001)
2843:(1972–1994)
2831:(1969–1972)
2825:(1964–1969)
2819:(1953–1964)
2813:(1950–1953)
2807:(1930–1950)
2801:(1929–1930)
2787:Henri Barbé
2783:(1924–1929)
2771:(1923–1924)
2761:(1921–1923)
2585:Museums and
2525:Jean Moulin
2343:French Chad
2157:Underground
2100:Jade-Amicol
1748:Free France
1739:Free France
1643:and control
1539:Netherlands
1338:(in French)
1056:Marcot 1996
993:Marcot 1996
955:Marcot 1996
936:Marcot 1996
689:Free France
496: [
481: [
391:in May 1943
177:Free France
3203:Categories
3166:Left Front
3071:Pif Gadget
3001:L'Humanité
2847:Robert Hue
2603:Companions
2426:Liberation
2277:RĂ©sistance
2241:L'Humanité
2169:Bir-Hakeim
2052:Mithridate
2028:CdL Cinéma
2020:Comet Line
1864:operations
1804:Bir Hakeim
1630:Yugoslavia
1588:Luxembourg
1435:2015-05-22
1408:2015-05-21
1388:2015-06-09
1342:2015-08-22
1322:2015-08-24
1294:2015-08-24
1267:2015-05-21
1243:2015-08-24
1216:2015-05-21
1197:2015-06-07
1178:2015-06-08
877:Porin 2004
839:Marin 2015
750:(1870–71).
719:Zone libre
563:résistants
427:L'Humanité
411:L'Humanité
300:Background
2587:Memorials
2428:of France
1874:Movements
1762:Air Force
1595:Macedonia
1581:Lithuania
654:'s army.
396:Formation
205:Opponents
123:Communism
2451:1st Army
2214:L'Espoir
2178:Bulletin
2059:Morhange
1997:Alliance
1988:Networks
1862:Domestic
1641:Creation
1623:Slovakia
1518:Bulgaria
1123:BBC News
1098:BBC News
683:See also
504:Gaullist
462:and the
380:(FTPF).
139:Far-left
118:Ideology
103:Group(s)
3141:Related
2926:FTP-MOI
2687:Members
2510:Leaders
2121:Vercors
2074:Others:
1830:
1791:Battles
1616:Romania
1553:Germany
1546:Estonia
1532:Denmark
1511:Belgium
1504:Austria
1497:Albania
1141:Sources
667:, near
664:Le Vert
561:French
553:History
525:of the
515:FTP-MOI
275:during
145:Part of
107:FTP-MOI
63:Leaders
3188:Senate
2837:(1972)
2777:(1924)
2671:Portal
2458:2nd DB
2399:Second
2320:Africa
2318:French
2187:Combat
2114:Maquis
2013:Brutus
1883:Combat
1811:Gazala
1797:Koufra
1609:Poland
1602:Norway
1574:Latvia
1560:Greece
1426:
1404:. AERI
1379:
1358:
1313:
1285:
1234:
1156:
1129:2 July
1103:16 May
798:
669:Meymac
458:, the
418:boches
155:Allies
2682:Films
2392:First
2159:media
2130:Women
1567:Italy
1525:Czech
725:Notes
500:]
485:]
238:Italy
2952:MRAP
2797:and
2767:and
2316:Free
1834:List
1776:Navy
1717:DGER
1710:BCRA
1424:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1283:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1131:2024
1105:2023
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513:The
259:The
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2036:CLD
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