6048:
5566:
6063:
6009:
6474:
5295:
5703:
5409:
4931:
6450:
6438:
5735:, Germany began to pursue an aggressive policy in Europe. Meanwhile, France in the 1930s was politically divided, and above all dreaded another war, which the French feared would again be fought on their soil for the third time, and again destroy a large percentage of their young men. France's stagnant population meant that it would find it difficult to withhold the sheer force of numbers of a German invasion; it was estimated Germany could put two men of fighting age in the field for every French soldier. Thus in the 1930s the French, with their British allies, pursued a policy of appeasement of Germany, failing to respond to the remilitarization of the
129:
5516:
5748:
6139:
5689:
critical: a mutual guarantee of the frontiers of
Belgium, France, and Germany, which was guaranteed by Britain and Italy. The second and third treaties called for arbitration between Germany and Belgium, and Germany and France regarding future disputes. The fourth and fifth were similar arbitration treaties between Germany and Poland, and Germany and Czechoslovakia. Poland especially, and Czechoslovakia as well, felt threatened by the main Locarno agreement, and the treaties were attempts to reassure them. The success of the Locarno agreements led to the admission of Germany to the
635:
3013:
2125:
3083:
6462:
4291:
3700:
3173:
2486:
4243:
3652:
3124:
2201:
22:
9438:
2654:
1778:
274:
2693:
1830:
326:
683:
4459:
3868:
3341:
2369:
5857:
2138:
2862:
2012:
508:
3458:
2987:
5482:
671:
4435:
3844:
3317:
2345:
10168:
4423:
3832:
3305:
2333:
8331:
4387:
3796:
3269:
2447:
2297:
2836:
1986:
482:
5235:
647:
4519:
4255:
3928:
3664:
3401:
3136:
2474:
2405:
4507:
4483:
3916:
3892:
3389:
3365:
2393:
2381:
2823:
1973:
469:
4327:
3736:
3209:
2249:
4375:
4267:
3784:
3676:
3257:
3148:
2510:
2213:
1131:
707:
659:
4495:
4315:
4303:
4231:
3904:
3724:
3712:
3640:
3377:
3197:
3185:
3112:
2927:
2667:
2534:
2498:
2237:
2189:
2077:
1791:
623:
573:
287:
2914:
2888:
2064:
2038:
560:
534:
2732:
1869:
365:
4411:
4279:
3820:
3688:
3445:
3293:
3161:
3070:
2974:
2784:
2680:
2321:
2225:
1934:
1921:
1804:
729:
695:
430:
417:
300:
4363:
3772:
3245:
2901:
2719:
2706:
2641:
2285:
2051:
1856:
1843:
1765:
751:
547:
352:
339:
261:
5174:
4768:
3057:
2810:
1960:
1817:
456:
313:
6260:
3471:
3000:
2771:
1908:
404:
9249:
7863:
4447:
4351:
3856:
3760:
3329:
3233:
2357:
2273:
236:
10192:
5842:
propaganda was. Therefore, a group called "Group
Collaboration" had been established during the war in France, and led a myriad of conferences promoting Pro-Europeanism. The very first time the expression "European Community" was used was at its first sessions, as well as many conferences and guests lectures sponsored by the German government, propagating French-German reconciliation, French renewal and European solidarity.
2849:
1999:
495:
5986:(EEC). But it did not go well as the organization of Europe, because only the members of the coal and steel community 'ECSC' ("the six": Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany) joined the EEC. Seven of the remaining nations belonging to the Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) which administered the Marshall Plan, did not join the EEC, but instead formed an alternative body, the
4543:
3952:
3425:
2546:
2158:
159:
4471:
3880:
3353:
2758:
2522:
1895:
391:
8378:
7853:
4339:
3748:
3221:
2261:
10180:
2617:
2953:
2103:
599:
4399:
3808:
3281:
2875:
2309:
2025:
521:
2745:
1882:
378:
148:
4531:
3940:
3413:
2417:
2797:
1947:
443:
2940:
2090:
586:
3506:
5944:
equal rights for all. One French civil servant recommended 'laying down the bases of a Franco-German economic and political association that would slowly become integrated into the framework of the evolving
Western organization'. Deighton strongly illustrated that the French leaders sought the cooperation with the Germans as key factor on the path of integrated Europe.
5503:
Alsace-Lorraine became a principal object of French policy for the next forty years. That
Germany was France's enemy became the basic fact of international relations." Bismarck's solution was to make France a pariah nation, encouraging royalty to ridicule its new republican status, and building complex alliances with the other major powers – Austria, Russia and
5975:
took the responsibility to strengthen and sustain the new political and economic relationships that had developed between the German nation and its former victims in
Western Europe. The treaty beside it included side deals; it created a customs union and established the rules needed to make the competition mechanism work properly.
7481:
5956:, which caused considerable consternation with the French government). However, their shared interest in increased cooperation still existed and was also driven by strong support in the respective civil society, as it was seen as the best solution to prevent further bloodshed between the two nations.
5872:
The war left Europe in a weak position and divided between capitalism in the West, and communism in the East. For the first time in the history of Europe, both
Americans and Soviets had a strategic foothold on the continent. Defeated Germany was under the control of the U.S., USSR, United Kingdom and
5277:
led the defense of
Prussia for 7 years, and though heavily outnumbered, defeated his French and Austrian invaders. Prussia and France clashed multiple times, and many more times than the other countries. This started years of hatred between the two countries. Frederick the Great was soon respected by
5442:
would be a part. German nationalists believed that a united
Germany would replace France as the world's dominant land power. This argument was aided by demographic changes: since the Middle Ages, France had the largest population in Western Europe, but in the 19th century its population stagnated (a
5375:. From 1670 onwards, the two countries were allies for almost a century, primarily to counter Habsburg ambitions to incorporate Bavaria into Austria. This alliance was renewed after the rise of Napoleon to power with a friendship treaty in 1801 and a formal alliance in August 1805, pushed for by the
5943:
Earlier in 1948, there were significant key leaders in the French civil service who favoured an agreement with the
Germans as well as an integrated Europe that would include Germany. The French European Department was working on a coal and steel agreement for the Ruhr-Lorraine-Luxembourg area, with
5688:
enthusiastically agreed. France realized that its occupation of the Ruhr had caused more financial and diplomatic damage than it was worth and went along with the plan. They convened a conference of foreign ministers in the Swiss resort of
Locarno and worked out the treaties. The first was the most
5538:
The Alsace-Lorraine issue remained a minor theme after 1880, and Republicans and Socialists systematically downplayed the issue and the monarchists (who emphasized the issue) faded away. Revanchism was not a major cause of war in 1914 because it faded after 1880. J.F.V. Keiger says: "By the 1880s,
5683:
made his highest priority the restoration of German prestige and privileges as a leading European nation. French withdrawal from the occupied Ruhr was scheduled for January 1925, but Stresemann sensed that France was very nervous about its security and might cancel the withdrawal. He realized that
5358:
and treated the monarchs of the remaining German states as vassals. Modern German nationalism was born in opposition to French domination, under Napoleon. In the recasting of the map of Europe after Napoleon's defeat, the German-speaking territories in the Rhineland adjoining France were put under
5974:
In like manner, the German minister of economics Ludwig Erhard created a significant evolution in the German economy and a durable, well established trading relationship between the Federal Republic and its European neighbours as well. Later on when the Treaty of Rome came into action in 1958, it
5837:
Marshal Petain, who ruled France under German supervision, 1940–44, adopted the ideology of National Revolution which was originally based on ideas which had been discussed for years. When the Franco-German reconciliation committee "Comité France-Allemagne" ("French-German Friendship Committee")
5542:
After 1880, the rapid growth in the population and economy of Germany left France increasingly far behind. In the 1890s, relationships remained good, as Germany supported France during its difficulties with Great Britain over African colonies. Any lingering harmony collapsed in 1905, when Germany
5951:
sought a fast integration into the western structures to receive full rights for the still occupied West German state as well as protection against the Soviet threat. The issue of dependency on the USA remained a sore spot at least for as long as DeGaulle remained in office (e.g. the West German
5841:
When Marshal Petain officially proclaimed the collaboration policy with Nazi Germany in June 1941, he justified it to the French people as an essential need for the New European Order and to keep the unity of France. Therefore, much of WW2 French propaganda was pro-European, exactly as German
5285:
The civil population still regarded war as a conflict between their authorities, and did not so much distinguish between troops according to the side on which they fought but rather according to how they treated the local population. The personal contacts and mutual respect between French and
5880:
The French, under De Gaulle, hoped to be a balancing act in 1945–46. French fears of a resurgent Germany made it reluctant to support the plan to merge the British and American zones of occupation. However, growing anger at the Soviets behaviour in Poland, and the need for American economic
5574:
The French public had very little interest in foreign affairs and elite French opinion was strongly opposed to war with its more powerful neighbor. French foreign policy was based on a fear that Germany was larger and steadily growing more powerful. In 1914 the chief pressure group was the
5502:
Although initially against it, Bismarck eventually gave into the Army and to intense public demand in Germany for acquisition of the border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, thereby turning France into a permanent, deeply committed enemy. Theodore Zeldin says: "Revenge and the recovery of
5838:
founded in 1935 in Paris it was an important element for Germany to get closer to France. It adopted Pro-European, Pro-German, anti British, anti liberal political and economic views. Key members of the Committee became the key leaders of the French collaborators with Nazis after 1940.
5926:
and the close cooperation between France and Germany that has been a driving force behind European integration. Today, France and Germany are considered to be the engine of European integration and have played a key role in the creation of the European Monetary Union, the
5625:. Since the war had been fought on French soil, it had destroyed much of French infrastructure and industry, and France had suffered the highest number of casualties proportionate to population. Much French opinion wanted the Rhineland, the section of Germany west of the
5823:
There was also a free French army fighting with the Allies, numbering almost five hundred thousand men by June 1944, one million by December and 1.3 million by the end of the war. By the war's end, the French army occupied south-west Germany and a part of Austria.
1578:
5684:
France deeply desired a British guarantee of its postwar borders, but that London was reluctant. Stresemann came up with a plan whereby all sides would get what they wanted through guarantees set out in a series of treaties. British Foreign Minister
6095:
The initial concept for the Franco-German cooperation however dates back a lot further than the Élysée Treaty and is based on the overcoming the centuries of Franco-German hostilities within Europe. It was compared to a re-establishment of
5569:
A French propaganda poster from 1917 portrays Prussia as an octopus stretching out its tentacles vying for control. It is captioned with an 18th-century quote: "Even in 1788, Mirabeau was saying that War is the National Industry of
5266:
against Prussia and Great Britain. Although a German national state was on the horizon, the loyalties of the German population were primarily with smaller states. The French war against Prussia was justified through its role as
5892:
to help economic recovery, economic integration, and business-oriented modernization in Europe. Large sums went to France and Germany, which helped restore trade and financial relations. The Marshall Plan recipients set up the
5693:
in September 1926, with a seat on its council as a permanent member. The result was the euphoric "Spirit of Locarno" across Europe—a sense that it was possible to achieve peace and a permanent system guaranteeing that peace.
5531:: a deep sense of bitterness, hatred and demand for revenge against Germany, especially because of the loss of Alsace and Lorraine. Paintings that emphasized the humiliation of the defeat came in high demand, such as those by
62:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
5967:(ECSC). The plan brought the reconciliation of France and Germany, the axis of political European integration, furthermore, the plan announced the proposal of a European army. This led to the signing of the treaty of the
5620:
The Allied victory saw France regain Alsace-Lorraine and briefly resume its old position as the leading land power on the European continent. France was the leading proponent of harsh peace terms against Germany at the
5033:, the border between the western and eastern kingdoms remained almost unchanged for some 600 years. Germany went on with a centuries-long attachment with Italy, while France grew into deeper relations with England.
7819:
4900:
In recent times, France and Germany are among the most enthusiastic proponents of the further integration of the EU. They are sometimes described as the "twin engine" or "core countries" pushing for moves.
7512:
Seager, Frederic H. "The Alsace-Lorraine Question in France, 1871-1914." From the Ancien Régime to the Popular Front: Essays in the History of Modern France edited by Charles K. Warner, (1969): 111-26.
5091:, fell into this period. Although the war was mostly a conflict between Protestants and Catholics, Catholic France sided with the Protestants against the Austrian-led Catholic Imperial forces. The
4190:
5390:, of which very few returned. With the decline of the First French Empire, Bavaria opted to switch sides on 8 October 1813 and left the French alliance in favour of an Austrian one through the
995:
763:
5904:
in his declaration on May 9, 1950, which is now celebrated as Europe Day. The aim of the proposal was to create a lasting peace between the two countries and to promote economic cooperation.
5327:
and the beginning formation of nation states in Europe made war increasingly a conflict between peoples rather than a conflict between authorities carried out on the backs of their subjects.
7791:
8081:
5286:
Prussian officers did not stop entirely while they were fighting each other, and the war resulted in a great deal of cultural exchange between the French occupiers and German population.
5963:, who has been described as the founder father and the chief architect of European Unity, announced the French Schuman plan of 9 May 1950, which led to the founding a year later of the
5767:
in September 1939. But, France remained exhausted and in no mood for a rerun of 1914–18. There was little enthusiasm and much dread in France at the prospect of actual warfare after the
5154:
policy that caused a large public outcry at the time, French troops devastated large parts of the Palatinate, burning down and levelling numerous cities and towns in southern Germany.
1240:
5947:
On a more practical level the increased level of cooperation between West Germany and France were driven by de Gaulle’s desire to build a power-bloc independently of the US, while
7934:
7849:
5579:, a coalition of 50 organizations with a combined total of only 5,000 members. When war broke out in 1914, recovery of the two lost provinces became France's primary war aim.
1186:
1143:
1135:
6044:
on 22 January 1963. The treaty contained a number of agreements for joint cooperation in foreign policy, economic and military integration and exchange of student education.
5036:
Despite a gradual cultural alienation during the High and Late Middle Ages, social and cultural interrelations remained present through the preeminence of Latin language and
6564:
5971:(EDC) in 1952. The main purpose of establishing such army was to create a "European security identity", through closer Franco-West German military and security cooperation.
7105:
Heike Bungert, "A New Perspective on French-American Relations during the Occupation of Germany, 1945–1948: Behind-the-Scenes Diplomatic Bargaining and the Zonal Merger."
6473:
5990:(EFTA). It was a free trade area as opposed to a customs union with common external tariffs and a political agenda, competing with the EEC as it was remarkably successful.
10227:
4948:, whose vast empire included most of the area of both modern-day France and Germany – as well as: the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and
4655:
9627:
5403:
5785:
surrendered, and German forces occupied most of the country. A minority of the French forces escaped abroad and continued the fight under General Charles de Gaulle and
5908:
5068:
in 1516, France was surrounded by Habsburg territories and felt under pressure. The resulting tension between the two powers caused a number of conflicts such as the
8034:
1271:
639:
7773:
7704:
Krotz, Ulrich. "Social Content of the International Sphere: Symbols and Meaning in Franco-German Relations" (Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, 2002.)
5122:
against the "hereditary enemy" of Christian Europe ("Erbfeind christlichen Namens"). Far from joining or supporting the common effort of the Holy Roman Empire and
4805:
1226:
6077:
The treaty was signed under difficult political situations at that time and criticized both by opposition parties in France and West Germany, as well as from the
5915:(ECSC), which would integrate the coal and steel industries of France and Germany. The ECSC was created in 1952 and was the first step toward the creation of the
5900:
The idea of a Franco-German federation was a proposed merger between France and Germany after the end of World War II. The idea was promoted by French politician
5319:
German nationalism emerged as a strong force after 1807, as Napoleon conquered much of Germany and brought in the new ideals of the French Revolution. The French
8270:
9287:
9237:
8086:
7959:
7841:
1231:
8444:
8366:
5338:, and reshaped the political map of the German states, which were still divided. The wars, often fought in Germany and with Germans on both sides, as in the
3494:
953:
7666:
Humbert, Laure. "French politics of relief and international aid: France, UNRRA and the rescue of European displaced persons in postwar Germany, 1945–47."
7136:
6609:
6365:
has contained large contingents of French and German troops at its core, while other EU nations have contributed soldiers to the multinational force. The
8066:
6594:
5543:
took an aggressively hostile position to French claims to Morocco. There was talk of war and France strengthened its ties with Great Britain and Russia.
5443:
trend which continued until the second half of the 20th century), and the population of the German states overtook it and continued to rapidly increase.
4018:
1342:
6085:. Opposition from the United Kingdom and the United States was answered by an added preamble which postulated a close cooperation with those (including
6047:
5637:(1918–1930) and the demilitarization of it and an area stretching 50 kilometers east of the Rhine. On the remote Eastern end of the German Empire, the
1440:
687:
6449:
10071:
10051:
9186:
7476:
Piller, Elisabeth Marie. "The Transatlantic Dynamics of European Cultural Diplomacy: Germany, France and the Battle for US Affections in the 1920s."
5586:, Germany began to feel encircled. Foreign minister Delcassé, especially, went to great pains to woo Russia and Great Britain. Key markers were the
2172:
1488:
65:
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
9215:
8275:
8200:
6991:
Godfroid, Anne (18 September 2015). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.).
1380:
1302:
1196:
7255:
7251:
5894:
4649:
1617:
1122:
8344:
9282:
34:
8429:
5438:
During the first half of the 19th century, many Germans looked forward to a unification of the German states; one issue was whether Catholic
5195:
989:
675:
9824:
4798:
1435:
1083:
7673:
Krotz, Ulrich. "Three eras and possible futures: a long-term view on the Franco-German relationship a century after the First World War,"
5565:
8061:
7030:
Sarah Shurts, "Continental Collaboration: The Transition from Ultranationalism to Pan-Europeanism by the Interwar French Fascist Right."
6589:
Ulrich Krotz, "Three eras and possible futures: a long-term view on the Franco-German relationship a century after the First World War,"
6437:
5504:
4645:
3542:
1287:
1221:
1211:
741:
719:
613:
128:
9763:
9230:
8439:
7834:
7324:
6092:
The treaty achieved a lot in initiating European integration and a stronger Franco-West German co-position in transatlantic relations.
4667:
1350:
711:
663:
627:
8280:
7731:
Schramm, Lucas. "Bilateral leadership in critical moments: France, Germany, and the management of major European integration crises."
6814:
Karine Varley, "The Taboos of Defeat: Unmentionable Memories of the Franco-Prussian War in France, 1870–1914." in Jenny Macleod, ed.,
6062:
5519:
A painting from 1887 depicting French students being taught about the lost provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, taken by Germany in 1871.
8855:
8359:
6008:
3562:
1716:
1390:
1330:
1068:
893:
755:
733:
699:
1703:
10081:
8635:
7893:
7883:
6495:
6490:
5778:
in 1940, the French Army crumbled within weeks, and with Britain retreating, an atmosphere of humiliation and defeat swept France.
4630:
4139:
3557:
6568:
10222:
6505:
5615:
4791:
4600:
4295:
4183:
217:
6992:
5294:
10217:
10136:
10132:
10127:
9617:
9148:
8645:
5629:
and the old focus of French ambition, to be detached from Germany as an independent country. In the end they settled for heavy
5376:
5268:
4565:
4555:
1686:
1622:
1475:
1455:
1445:
1368:
1250:
1169:
7796:
6731:
5731:
on 1929-33 soured the mood in France, and plunged Germany into economic hardship and violent internal unrest. From 1933 under
5371:
Bavaria as the third-largest state in Germany after 1815 enjoyed much warmer relations with France than the larger Prussia or
4778:
10212:
9949:
9223:
9195:
9191:
9072:
8743:
8334:
7827:
4690:
4083:
4058:
1674:
10009:
9844:
9199:
8352:
7979:
5865:
5702:
4695:
4640:
4615:
4595:
4590:
4560:
4463:
4046:
3800:
3527:
3520:
1278:
1107:
1100:
1058:
851:
651:
9914:
9532:
9036:
8911:
8185:
6627:
4861:(down to 1945), "reconciliation" (1945–1963) and since 1963 the '"special relationship" embodied in a cooperation called
4635:
4625:
4620:
4610:
4575:
4570:
4073:
2151:
1726:
1661:
6951:
Samuel R. Williamson Jr"German Perceptions of the Triple Entente after 1911: Their Mounting Apprehensions Reconsidered"
6711:
9718:
9397:
8966:
8640:
8190:
7280:
5123:
4835:
4754:
4685:
4605:
4580:
4215:
4210:
3499:
898:
788:
249:
73:
8255:
6674:
5812:, which came under constant attack and sabotage on their way across the country to Normandy, suspected the village of
5408:
10101:
10030:
9999:
9939:
9728:
9708:
9688:
9558:
9402:
9317:
9093:
8850:
8815:
8539:
8287:
8116:
8007:
7974:
7653:
7567:
7068:
6116:
5964:
5912:
5556:
5221:
5147:
5103:
consolidated this result by bringing several towns under French control. In 1681, Louis XIV marched into the city of
4732:
4585:
4090:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
1696:
1681:
1385:
1325:
1312:
1181:
1036:
1021:
778:
95:
9245:
8292:
7616:
5203:
4930:
86:
Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
10091:
10066:
9934:
9919:
9804:
9768:
9748:
9643:
9568:
9392:
9357:
9347:
9337:
9067:
9026:
8981:
8825:
8805:
8790:
8676:
8610:
8469:
4982:
4205:
3552:
3082:
3041:
2558:
2464:
1749:
1721:
1691:
1598:
1483:
1292:
1206:
1191:
7810:
7682:
Shaping Europe: France, Germany, and Embedded Bilateralism from the Elysée Treaty to Twenty-First Century Politics
7639:
Coal, steel, and the rebirth of Europe, 1945-1955: the Germans and French from Ruhr conflict to Economic Community
10140:
10025:
9909:
9733:
9723:
9703:
9603:
9592:
9542:
9517:
9452:
9098:
8971:
8760:
8691:
8686:
8514:
8499:
8489:
8424:
8374:
7659:
Gunther, Scott. "A New Identity for Old Europe: How and Why the French Imagined Françallemagne in Recent Years."
5987:
5658:
5582:
After Bismarck's removal in 1890, French efforts to isolate Germany became successful; with the formation of the
4857:
General relations between the two countries since 1871, according to Ulrich Krotz, have had three grand periods:
4439:
4095:
4013:
3704:
8260:
6461:
5922:
While the idea of a Franco-German federation never fully materialized, the proposal laid the foundation for the
10145:
10106:
9984:
9979:
9959:
9879:
9829:
9753:
9698:
9673:
9668:
9663:
9583:
9522:
9482:
9457:
9412:
9302:
9277:
9052:
8820:
8800:
8728:
8711:
8660:
8570:
8504:
8101:
6606:
5873:
France, until 1949. Soviet troops remained in those countries in Eastern Europe that had been liberated by the
5199:
4831:
4427:
1736:
1632:
1397:
1335:
907:
802:
226:
7384:
Hewitson, Mark. "Germany and France before the First World War: a reassessment of Wilhelmine foreign policy."
7161:
6182:
10056:
10004:
9964:
9929:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9869:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9834:
9819:
9814:
9809:
9799:
9794:
9773:
9678:
9658:
9563:
9537:
9507:
9492:
9462:
9387:
9382:
9372:
9362:
9352:
9327:
9297:
9267:
9181:
9153:
9143:
9062:
8996:
8936:
8896:
8840:
8795:
8775:
8701:
8630:
8605:
8595:
8575:
8544:
8459:
8449:
5763:
Finally, however, Hitler pushed France and Great Britain too far, and they jointly declared war when Germany
5560:
5299:
5069:
5049:
4523:
4511:
4487:
4259:
3991:
3981:
3537:
1557:
1115:
768:
6798:
Mark Hewitson, "Germany and France before the First World War: A Reassessment of Wilhelmine Foreign Policy"
5021:
was a mere strip of a mostly blurring, yet culturally rich language-border-area, roughly between the rivers
4885:, the cooperation between the two countries is immense and intimate. Even though France has, at times, been
9994:
9974:
9969:
9954:
9944:
9904:
9874:
9839:
9758:
9743:
9648:
9638:
9623:
9578:
9573:
9512:
9497:
9472:
9467:
9422:
9377:
9312:
9272:
9253:
9077:
9031:
9001:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8921:
8916:
8901:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8860:
8780:
8770:
8718:
8681:
8655:
8554:
8534:
8529:
8509:
8479:
8414:
7705:
7270:
Théophile Delcassé and the Making of the Entente Cordiale: a Reappraisal of French Foreign Policy 1898-1905
6607:
50 years of the ‘twin engine’ - Franco-German reconciliation, European integration and reflections for Asia
6515:
5932:
5756:
5622:
4499:
4391:
4379:
4355:
4331:
4319:
4307:
4271:
4247:
4235:
4122:
4041:
4036:
3872:
1544:
10096:
10035:
9989:
9924:
9899:
9778:
9738:
9713:
9683:
9633:
9598:
9588:
9502:
9477:
9407:
9367:
9332:
9322:
9307:
9292:
9133:
9021:
9011:
9006:
8991:
8986:
8976:
8961:
8931:
8906:
8845:
8835:
8750:
8696:
8620:
8585:
8580:
8524:
8419:
8382:
8039:
8022:
7964:
7724:
Schild, Joachim. "Leadership in Hard Times: Germany, France, and the Management of the Eurozone Crisis."
6510:
5983:
5634:
5259:
4737:
4547:
4475:
4415:
4367:
4343:
4283:
4127:
3998:
3031:
2583:
2563:
957:
9437:
7338:
Fryer, W. R. "The Republic and the Iron Chancellor: The Pattern of Franco-German Relations, 1871–1890,"
10158:
9693:
9653:
9613:
9608:
9527:
9487:
9427:
9417:
9342:
9016:
8956:
8830:
8810:
8785:
8755:
8723:
8706:
8615:
8590:
8519:
8484:
8474:
8464:
8454:
8307:
8017:
5968:
5817:
5463:
5459:
5335:
4535:
4451:
4403:
4068:
4003:
1731:
1450:
1422:
1415:
7594:
Baun, Michael J. "The Maastricht Treaty as High Politics: Germany, France, and European Integration."
9138:
9057:
8765:
8738:
8733:
8625:
8600:
8549:
8494:
8434:
8180:
8076:
8049:
7888:
7878:
6938:
Frederic H. Seager, "The Alsace-Lorraine Question in France, 1871–1914." in Charles K. Warner, ed.,
5816:
of harboring resistance members, arms and explosives. In retaliation, they destroyed the town in the
5387:
5324:
4008:
1375:
1319:
1031:
881:
184:
179:
7374:
Hensel, Paul R. "The Evolution of the Franco-German Rivalry" pp 86–124 in William R. Thompson, ed.
4917:, was inaugurated on 28 April 2017 symbolizing the strength of relations between the two countries.
8302:
8220:
8210:
7994:
7914:
6342:
5722:
5657:
of Germany, the center of German coal and steel production, until 1925. Also, the French-dominated
5379:
5184:
5163:
4858:
3532:
1528:
1523:
1053:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
81:
7369:
Historical Dictionary of World War II France. The Occupation, Vichy and the Resistance, 1938-1946.
7210:
8312:
8297:
8164:
8159:
8111:
7328:
5877:
from the Nazis and ensured the political success of Communist parties controlled by the Kremlin.
5630:
5587:
5243:
5188:
5006:
4078:
3848:
3036:
1164:
1159:
5478:), and pay an indemnity of five billion francs. Thereafter, Germany was the leading land power.
10122:
10076:
8250:
8154:
8149:
8044:
7736:
6500:
5911:
proposal envisioned a common government, currency, and military. It also sought to establish a
5747:
5654:
5515:
5447:
4749:
4117:
4053:
3836:
3097:
2157:
1078:
975:
815:
634:
7058:
6192:
6066:
5797:
of 1944, various groups increased their sabotage and guerrilla attacks; organizations such as
7954:
7753:
6366:
6268:
5806:
5798:
5602:. This formal alliance with Russia, and informal alignment with Britain, against Germany and
5595:
5552:
5255:
5073:
4893:, Franco-German agreements and cooperations have always been key to furthering the ideals of
4772:
4134:
4100:
3932:
3920:
3896:
3668:
2578:
1468:
1255:
1235:
1073:
102:
6115:
of 1950 is regarded by some as the founding of Franco-German cooperation, as well as of the
8265:
8106:
7919:
7083:
Yugoslavia was an important exception--its Communist rulers were not under Kremlin control.
6718:
6138:
5861:
5794:
5650:
5532:
5417:
5146:(1688–1697). The attempt to conquer large parts of southern Germany ultimately failed when
5100:
5084:
4894:
4847:
4726:
4166:
4146:
3976:
3908:
3788:
3764:
3740:
3728:
3716:
3680:
3656:
3644:
2608:
2593:
2588:
1570:
1062:
7687:
Krotz, Ulrich. "Regularized intergovernmentalism: France–Germany and beyond (1963–2009)."
7545:
The New Cambridge Modern History: Vol. XII: The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898-1945
7299:
The New Cambridge Modern History: Vol. XII: The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898-1945
6831:
Robert Jay, "Alphonse de Neuville's 'The Spy' and the Legacy of the Franco-Prussian War,"
6222:
199:
8:
8240:
8002:
7929:
7909:
6335:
6112:
5524:
5475:
5451:
5433:
5355:
5274:
5263:
5131:
5127:
5092:
4679:
4386:
4156:
4151:
3956:
3884:
3824:
3795:
3776:
3752:
3692:
3489:
3273:
3268:
3075:
2603:
2598:
2446:
2301:
2296:
1939:
1265:
1201:
1046:
869:
857:
809:
435:
7696:
Structure as Process: The Regularized Intergovernmentalism of Franco-German Bilateralism
7548:
7450:
7302:
6198:
8012:
7939:
7611:
Creswell, Michael, and Marc Trachtenberg. "France and the German question, 1945–1955."
7440:
7430:
7420:
7361:
7350:
6037:
6003:
5928:
5764:
5685:
5383:
5251:
5239:
5143:
5119:
5077:
5030:
4902:
4744:
4675:
4161:
3969:
3944:
3860:
3812:
2616:
1666:
969:
821:
7699:
7507:
5782:
5454:
in 1870 and subsequent French defeat. German forces defeated the French armies at the
3026:
8195:
8126:
7649:
7563:
7388:
115.462 (2000): 570-606; argues Germany had a growing sense of military superiority.
7321:
Germany and the great powers, 1866–1914: A study in public opinion and foreign policy
7064:
6520:
6162:
6051:
5813:
5790:
5690:
5680:
5339:
5331:
5150:
were withdrawn from the Ottoman border and moved to the region. However, following a
5139:
5088:
5053:
4890:
3505:
1478:
863:
646:
77:
7575:
A Duel of Giants: Bismarck, Napoleon III, and the Origins of the Franco-Prussian War
6649:
5320:
5258:
and an alliance between France, the Habsburgs and Russia, manifested in 1756 in the
10061:
8071:
7924:
6862:
From the Ancien Régime to the Popular Front: Essays in the History of Modern France
6650:"Treaty of Verdun | Carolingian Empire, Charlemagne, Louis the German | Britannica"
6172:
6101:
5775:
5728:
5674:
5591:
5494:
5421:
5135:
4994:
4971:
2514:
1014:
887:
7792:
Spanish irritation of excessive dominance of the EU agenda by France & Germany
5801:
derailed trains, blew up ammunition depots, and ambushed Germans, for instance at
5481:
5061:
1306:
10172:
9121:
8096:
7984:
7814:
7785:
7379:
7313:
7123:
6613:
6547:
6539:
6321:
6317:
6242:
6232:
6212:
6158:
6147:
6055:
6041:
5948:
5885:
5649:. In response to German failure in 1923 to pay reparations as required under the
5638:
5603:
5467:
5455:
5439:
5372:
5304:
4990:
4986:
4874:
4866:
4105:
3547:
2451:
1282:
682:
7556:
The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933-36
6154:
The cooperation was accompanied by strong personal alliance in various degrees:
2526:
10196:
7781:
7777:
6202:
6178:
6078:
6029:
5923:
5916:
5901:
5599:
5583:
5391:
5312:
5151:
5111:
5065:
5018:
4966:
4949:
4882:
4851:
4843:
4703:
4290:
4110:
3699:
3177:
3172:
2698:
2485:
2143:
1835:
1493:
1087:
1025:
875:
839:
833:
331:
6400:
5881:
assistance, led the French to merge their zone into what became West Germany.
5739:, although this put the German army on a larger stretch of the French border.
10206:
10184:
8235:
8215:
8205:
7969:
7743:
France and the construction of Europe, 1944–2007: the geopolitical imperative
7464:
The inverted mirror: mythologizing the enemy in France and Germany, 1898-1914
6228:
6218:
6208:
6143:
6082:
5999:
5953:
5889:
5856:
5662:
5413:
5057:
5022:
4960:
4197:
3463:
2992:
2631:
2550:
2478:
1296:
845:
7277:
From Bismarck to the World War: A History of German Foreign Policy 1870–1914
6384:
5793:
conducted sabotage operations inside German-occupied France. To support the
5271:, and it was in fact fighting on the side of the majority of German states.
8395:
8245:
8144:
8091:
8056:
7944:
6369:
takes much of its infantry from France and much of its armour from Germany.
6168:
6021:
6013:
5979:
5732:
5642:
5606:
eventually led Russia and Britain to enter World War I as France's Allies.
5485:
5115:
5002:
4998:
4975:
3985:
2538:
2502:
2490:
1637:
Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations
827:
7698:(Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University, 2002)
6816:
Defeat and Memory: Cultural Histories of Military Defeat in the Modern Era
6675:"The birth of two states: the Oaths of Strasbourg - 842 – DW – 11/16/2009"
4938:
Both France and Germany track their early history from the territories of
8029:
7949:
7294:
6860:
Frederic H. Seager, "The Alsace-Lorraine Question in France, 1871-1914."
6743:
6238:
6188:
6128:
6097:
6070:
5960:
5786:
5706:
5626:
5014:
4945:
4886:
4842:. Since 1945, they have largely reconciled, and since the signing of the
4839:
4458:
3867:
3345:
3340:
3018:
2867:
2373:
2368:
2130:
2017:
513:
10167:
7560:
The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Starting World War II, 1937–1939
10086:
7712:
DeGaulle And The World: The Foreign Policy Of The Fifth French Republic
7599:
7191:
6836:
6427:
6132:
6028:, West Germany sought its national security in the re-integration into
5772:
5768:
5528:
5234:
5104:
5010:
4954:
4910:
4434:
3843:
3321:
3316:
2841:
2349:
2344:
1991:
1498:
670:
487:
204:
196:
84:
to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
7807:
7389:
6803:
8317:
8082:
German military administration in occupied France during World War II
7761:
The community of Europe: A history of European integration since 1945
6734:
Google book review, author: Michael Hughes, accessed: 20 October 2015
6423:
6404:
6388:
6362:
5752:
5736:
5710:
5646:
5347:
4422:
3831:
3309:
3304:
2828:
2432:
2337:
2332:
1978:
1174:
474:
5342:
at Leipzig, also marked the beginning of what was explicitly called
5173:
7169:
6997:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
6415:
6303:
6259:
6025:
5874:
5851:
5346:. Napoleon directly incorporated German-speaking areas such as the
5279:
4997:
marked the end of a single state. While the population in both the
4518:
4506:
4482:
4254:
3927:
3915:
3891:
3663:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3369:
3364:
3140:
3135:
2932:
2919:
2893:
2672:
2473:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2179:
2082:
2069:
2043:
1796:
783:
578:
565:
539:
292:
7801:
7524:
The Triumph of the Dark: European International History, 1933–1939
5938:
9248:
8121:
7862:
7517:
The lights that failed: European international history, 1919–1933
6392:
6298:
6124:
5665:
of 1920 and 1924, illustrating French desire to isolate Germany.
5360:
5351:
4823:
4494:
4374:
4350:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4266:
4242:
4230:
3903:
3783:
3759:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3675:
3651:
3639:
3450:
3381:
3376:
3261:
3256:
3237:
3232:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3152:
3147:
3128:
3123:
3116:
3111:
2979:
2906:
2789:
2763:
2737:
2724:
2711:
2685:
2659:
2646:
2533:
2509:
2497:
2277:
2272:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2056:
1926:
1900:
1874:
1861:
1848:
1809:
1783:
1770:
1579:
Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings
1130:
706:
658:
622:
552:
422:
396:
370:
357:
344:
305:
279:
266:
235:
163:
7935:
Bilateral Compensation Agreements for Victims of the Nazi Regime
6927:
Grandeur and Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe, 1914-1940
6345:
was created in 1999 to enable cooperation in tertiary education.
4846:
in 1958, they are among the founders and leading members of the
59:
8377:
8225:
7852:
7538:
Under the shadow of defeat: the war of 1870–71 in French memory
7533:(1954) 638pp; advanced history and analysis of major diplomacy.
6820:
Under the Shadow of Defeat: The War of 1870–71 in French Memory
6396:
6380:
6328:
6280:
5471:
5382:. With French support, Bavaria was elevated to the status of a
5308:
5096:
5037:
4819:
4660:
4542:
4470:
4410:
4362:
4338:
4278:
3951:
3879:
3819:
3771:
3747:
3687:
3476:
3429:
3424:
3357:
3352:
3297:
3292:
3249:
3244:
3225:
3220:
3165:
3160:
3062:
3005:
2958:
2880:
2815:
2776:
2750:
2545:
2521:
2325:
2320:
2289:
2284:
2265:
2260:
2229:
2224:
2108:
2030:
1965:
1913:
1887:
1822:
750:
728:
694:
604:
526:
461:
409:
383:
318:
152:
7543:
Watt, D.C. "Diplomatic History 1930–1939" in C. L. Mowat, ed.
6036:. The post-war Franco-West German cooperation is based on the
5832:
6411:
6293:
6120:
5982:, led to the formation of the new customs union known as the
5802:
5714:
5026:
4906:
4530:
4446:
4398:
3939:
3855:
3807:
3417:
3412:
3333:
3328:
3285:
3280:
2945:
2854:
2802:
2421:
2416:
2361:
2356:
2313:
2308:
2095:
2004:
1952:
591:
500:
448:
5978:
As a sequence of this, booming European economies, fired by
4656:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
8230:
7263:
A Diplomatic History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna
6774:
France, 1848–1945: Volume II: Intellect, Taste, and Anxiety
6419:
6348:
6274:
6086:
5289:
4940:
4914:
1446:
Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council
7256:
International relations (1919–1939) § Further reading
7252:
International relations (1814–1919) § Further reading
6818:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) pp. 62-80; also Karine Varley,
92:{{Translated|fr|Relations entre l'Allemagne et la France}}
8035:
German occupation of north-east France during World War I
7094:
Rebirth: A Political History Of Europe Since World War II
5466:, France was forced to cede the mostly Germanic-speaking
5427:
4708:
6628:"Strasbourg's eurotram aims to boost Franco-German axis"
6100:'s European empire as it existed before division by the
7288:
France Under the Germans, Collaboration and Compromise.
6105:
5404:
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)
8087:
Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France
7960:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
7804:
The Newspaper in French for Germany (1 Page in German)
4905:
straddling the Franco-German border, across the river
10156:
7630:
Unequal Partners: French-German Relations, 1989–2000.
6722:, published: 27 April 2015, accessed: 20 October 2015
8271:
Deutsch-Französisches Gymnasium Freiburg im Breisgau
6875:
French Public Opinion and Foreign Affairs: 1870-1914
5827:
55:
10228:
Bottom-up regional groups within the European Union
8067:
United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)
7774:
France and Germany Celebrate 50 Years of Friendship
7310:
French Public Opinion and Foreign Affairs 1870–1914
6032:, while France sought after a reestablishment as a
5043:
5005:
kingdoms had relative homogeneous language groups (
7419:(5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of events
6263:Sculpture of Konrad Adenauer and Charles de Gaulle
6289:Franco-German collaborative enterprises include;
5952:parliament included a pro-NATO preamble into the
10204:
8201:Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve
7750:French Foreign Policy since the Second World War
7623:The Linchpin: French-German Relations, 1950–1990
7471:Vichy France, Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944
7333:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914
7239:History and foreign policy in France and Germany
7162:"Franco-German University - facts & figures"
5645:and occupied by France, before being annexed by
5523:The short-term French reaction to defeat in the
5107:on 30 September, and proclaimed its annexation.
1441:Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament
7293:Bury, J.P.T. "Diplomatic History 1900–1912, in
7137:"Treaty Heralded New Era in Franco-German Ties"
6993:"Occupation after the War (Belgium and France)"
6373:
5939:Franco-German cooperation in the European Union
5895:Organisation for European Economic Co-operation
5539:Franco-German relations were relatively good."
1618:European Institute of Innovation and Technology
720:Countries with suspended accession negotiations
7797:The Commissioner for Franco-German Cooperation
7582:France and the Origins of the Second World War
80:accompanying your translation by providing an
46:Click for important translation instructions.
33:expand this article with text translated from
9231:
8360:
7835:
7410:The navy and German power politics, 1862-1914
7403:France and the origins of the First World War
7060:Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
6966:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918
5709:troops gathering before their departure from
4799:
7562:(vol 2) (University of Chicago Press, 1980)
7531:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918
7340:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
7056:
6864:edited by Charles K. Warner, (1969): 111-26.
6040:, which was signed by Charles de Gaulle and
6012:Guests arriving for the initiation of a new
5561:French Third Republic § First World War
5087:(1618–1648), devastating large parts of the
5029:– and soon partitioned again. After the 880
8276:Deutsch-Französisches Gymnasium Saarbrücken
8062:French declaration of war on Germany (1939)
7604:Bozo, Frédéric, and Christian Wenkel, eds.
7427:European Alliances and Alignments 1870–1890
6940:From the Ancien Régime to the Popular Front
5833:Pre-1944 ideas of France-German cooperation
5668:
5507:– to keep France isolated, diplomatically.
5202:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3543:Political groups of the European Parliament
1614:Decentralised independent bodies of the EU
9238:
9224:
9120:
8367:
8353:
7842:
7828:
7457:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914
7234:(2001), a wide-ranging survey to the 1990s
7045:French Fascism, The Second Wave, 1933-1939
6914:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914
5884:In 1947, the American Secretary of State,
5330:Napoleon put an end to the millennium-old
4806:
4792:
7606:France and the German Question, 1945-1990
6361:From its inception during the 1960s, the
5386:. Bavaria supplied 30,000 troops for the
5222:Learn how and when to remove this message
5134:in September 1683, a few days before the
4934:The Carolingian Empire, as divided in 843
1717:Publications Office of the European Union
7646:France, Germany and the Western Alliance
7504:War and Diplomacy in the French Republic
7120:The Marshall Plan: A New Deal For Europe
6990:
6496:List of Ambassadors of Germany to France
6491:List of Ambassadors of France to Germany
6455:Consulate-General of France in Frankfurt
6258:
6137:
6061:
6046:
6007:
5855:
5746:
5701:
5564:
5514:
5480:
5407:
5293:
5290:Impact of French Revolution and Napoleon
5282:himself used him as a model for battle.
5233:
4970:in 58–50 BC. Years later, Both Gaul and
4929:
4140:European System of Financial Supervision
1436:Internal Audit Service of the Commission
8394:
8281:Deutsch-Französisches Gymnasium Hamburg
6625:
6526:
6338:to promote a "shared vision of History"
6089:) and a targeted German reunification.
4889:in outlook, especially under President
4646:United Kingdom–European Union relations
2571:Non Euro countries relationship to Euro
10205:
7661:French Politics, Culture & Society
7437:The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890–1902
7134:
7032:French Politics, Culture & Society
6981:(1936), chapter on Delcassé pp 87-186.
6787:A Generation of Materialism, 1871–1900
5428:German states defeat France, 1870-1871
5238:The Prussian troops victorious at the
5138:. While Austria was occupied with the
4952:. Both Nations fought together in the
4838:— relationship stretching back to the
4668:United States–European Union relations
1687:European Economic and Social Committee
9219:
9170:
9119:
8393:
8348:
7823:
7808:The Franco-German Youth Office (FGYO)
7459:(2013), full-scale diplomatic history
7211:"Deutsche Vertretungen in Frankreich"
7135:Gunkel, Christoph (22 January 2013).
6616:", EU center in Singapore, March 2013
6355:
6310:
6254:
5679:In late 1924 German foreign minister
5397:
5366:
5157:
4925:
4830:form a part of the wider politics of
4691:European Union and the United Nations
4223:Foreign relations of EU member states
10082:East Germany–United States relations
7980:Franco-German Parliamentary Assembly
7447:Relations Between France and Germany
6979:Before the war: studies in diplomacy
6479:Consulate-General of Germany in Lyon
6119:(ECSC) of 1951, which also included
5594:with Great Britain, and finally the
5510:
5269:guarantor of the Peace of Westphalia
5200:adding citations to reliable sources
5167:
5114:became a serious threat to Austria.
4696:European Union Association Agreement
4631:Switzerland–European Union relations
3528:Elections to the European Parliament
15:
7680:Krotz, Ulrich, and Joachim Schild.
7347:History of modern Europe, 1878–1919
6506:International relations (1814–1919)
6351:, Franco-German cultural TV-channel
5742:
5616:International relations (1919–1939)
4989:and the following partition of the
4601:Kazakhstan–European Union relations
2152:Nuclear power in the European Union
1727:European Personnel Selection Office
1662:European Data Protection Supervisor
1623:European Public Prosecutor's Office
13:
8191:Friendship Bridge (Germany-France)
7358:Franco-German relations, 1871-1914
7224:
6984:
6841:
6748:Franco-German relations, 1871–1914
6605:See for instance Loke Hoe Yeong, "
6283:(also present in the UK and Spain)
5845:
5820:, killing 642 of its inhabitants.
5771:. When the Germans launched their
5546:
5142:(1683–1699), France initiated the
4834:. The two countries have a long —
4755:Convention on the Future of Europe
4686:Microstates and the European Union
4566:Australia–European Union relations
4556:Argentina–European Union relations
3504:
3500:Microstates and the European Union
3081:
3049:Non-Schengen area EU member states
2615:
2156:
789:Withdrawal from the European Union
14:
10239:
10107:Foreign relations of East Germany
10102:Foreign relations of Nazi Germany
8335:Category:France–Germany relations
8288:German Historical Institute Paris
8117:French occupation zone in Germany
7975:Franco-German Ministerial Council
7767:
7405:(1983), a major scholarly survey.
7398:(2001), a major scholarly survey.
7396:France, The Dark Years, 1940-1944
7019:Great Power Diplomacy since 1914
6851:(2001) pp 112–120, quoting p 113.
6626:Posaner, Joshua (29 April 2017).
6271:(with many other European states)
6117:European Coal and Steel Community
5965:European Coal and Steel Community
5913:European Coal and Steel Community
5828:France, Germany and United Europe
5655:occupied the industrial Ruhr area
5557:Diplomatic history of World War I
5470:territory (consisting of most of
5254:as a new German power caused the
5250:In the 18th century, the rise of
5076:of 1756 made them allies against
4985:, The death of Charlemagne's son
4879:Deutsch-Französische Freundschaft
4733:European Coal and Steel Community
1697:European Union Military Committee
1682:European Committee of the Regions
1585:Decentralised agencies of the EU
1313:Member of the European Parliament
984:Abandoned treaties and agreements
10190:
10178:
10166:
9436:
9247:
8376:
8330:
8329:
7894:Ambassadors of Germany to France
7884:Ambassadors of France to Germany
7861:
7851:
7719:Great Power Diplomacy since 1914
7519:(2007), 940pp detailed coverage;
7495:Great Power Diplomacy since 1914
7488:Great Power Diplomacy: 1814–1914
7417:An Encyclopedia of World History
6761:Great Power Diplomacy: 1814–1914
6700:The Wars of Louis XIV: 1667–1714
6552:Deutsch-französische Beziehungen
6472:
6460:
6448:
6436:
6336:Franco-German History Coursebook
5172:
5110:Meanwhile, the expanding Muslim
5064:in 1506. When he also inherited
5044:France and the Holy Roman Empire
4983:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
4766:
4641:Ukraine–European Union relations
4616:Moldova–European Union relations
4596:Iceland–European Union relations
4591:Georgia–European Union relations
4561:Armenia–European Union relations
4541:
4529:
4517:
4505:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4457:
4445:
4433:
4421:
4409:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4229:
3950:
3938:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3890:
3878:
3866:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3638:
3469:
3456:
3443:
3423:
3411:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3351:
3339:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3068:
3055:
3042:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
3011:
2998:
2985:
2972:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2899:
2886:
2873:
2860:
2847:
2834:
2821:
2808:
2795:
2782:
2769:
2756:
2743:
2730:
2717:
2704:
2691:
2678:
2665:
2652:
2639:
2544:
2532:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2445:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2136:
2123:
2101:
2088:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2036:
2023:
2010:
1997:
1984:
1971:
1958:
1945:
1932:
1919:
1906:
1893:
1880:
1867:
1854:
1841:
1828:
1815:
1802:
1789:
1776:
1763:
1722:European External Action Service
1692:Political and Security Committee
1599:European Supervisory Authorities
1129:
976:European Economic Area Agreement
749:
727:
705:
693:
681:
669:
657:
645:
633:
621:
597:
584:
571:
558:
545:
532:
519:
506:
493:
480:
467:
454:
441:
428:
415:
402:
389:
376:
363:
350:
337:
324:
311:
298:
285:
272:
259:
234:
157:
146:
127:
20:
8256:Deutsch-Französisches Gymnasium
8186:France–Germany football rivalry
7684:(Oxford University Press, 2013)
7668:Journal of Contemporary History
7598:(1996): 110#4 pp. 605–624
7526:(2011) detailed coverage 1236pp
7232:France and the World since 1870
7208:
7202:
7184:
7154:
7128:
7112:
7099:
7086:
7077:
7050:
7037:
7024:
7011:
6971:
6958:
6945:
6932:
6919:
6906:
6893:
6888:France and the World since 1870
6880:
6867:
6854:
6849:France and the World since 1870
6825:
6808:
6792:
6779:
6766:
6753:
6737:
6732:Early Modern Germany, 1477-1806
6725:
6016:Embassy building in Paris, 1968
5988:European Free Trade Association
5781:A new government under Marshal
5659:International Olympic Committee
5641:was separated from the rest of
5344:French–German hereditary enmity
5307:, 1810. French troops entering
4636:Turkey–European Union relations
4626:Russia–European Union relations
4621:Norway–European Union relations
4611:Mexico–European Union relations
4576:Canada–European Union relations
4571:Brazil–European Union relations
4096:Passports of the European Union
3086:Schengen Area from January 2023
10223:Bilateral relations of Germany
10146:Germany and the United Nations
8293:Deutsch-Französisches Institut
8102:Service du travail obligatoire
6705:
6692:
6667:
6642:
6619:
6599:
6593:(March 2014) 90#2 pp 337-350.
6583:
6557:
6532:
5860:French forces in front of the
4606:Japan–European Union relations
4581:China–European Union relations
1737:European Administrative School
1633:European Data Protection Board
1518:European Investment Bank Group
227:Politics of the European Union
90:You may also add the template
1:
10218:Bilateral relations of France
10057:German entry into World War I
9192:Diplomatic missions of France
9182:French entry into World War I
9171:
7733:Comparative European Politics
7726:German Politics & Society
7490:(1991), comprehensive survey
7478:Contemporary European History
5993:
5300:Entry of Napoleon into Berlin
5070:War of the Spanish Succession
4586:European Union–NATO relations
3632:Elections in EU member states
3563:Referendums related to the EU
1558:European University Institute
1552:European University Institute
779:Germany–Netherlands relations
10128:Foreign ministers of Germany
9254:Foreign relations of Germany
8445:Democratic Republic of Congo
8261:Lycée Franco-Allemand de Buc
7677:(March 2014) 20#2 pp 337–350
7588:
7349:(2nd ed. 1956) pp 386–413.
7342:(1979), Vol. 29, pp 169–185.
7063:. Penguin. pp. 522–32.
6712:Der große Schritt nach vorne
6516:Foreign relations of Germany
6374:Resident diplomatic missions
6249:
5933:European Stability Mechanism
5757:Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel
5095:in 1648 gave France part of
5050:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
4123:European Banking Supervision
2161:Euratom since 1 January 2021
1608:Executive agencies of the EU
1545:European Stability Mechanism
1539:European Stability Mechanism
7:
10097:Ambassadors of Nazi Germany
9187:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
8606:Dominica, (Commonwealth of)
8383:Foreign relations of France
8040:Occupation of the Rhineland
8023:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
7965:April 2009 raid off Somalia
7721:(2003) comprehensive survey
7613:Journal of Cold War Studies
7596:Political Science Quarterly
7497:(2003) comprehensive survey
7275:Brandenburg, Erich. (1927)
7265:(1958), 736pp; basic survey
7192:"Frankreich in Deutschland"
6833:Metropolitan Museum Journal
6802:(2000) 115#462 pp. 570-606
6544:Relations franco-allemandes
6511:Foreign relations of France
6484:
6467:Embassy of Germany in Paris
6443:Embassy of France in Berlin
6414:and consulates-general in:
6383:and consulates-general in:
5984:European Economic Community
5635:occupation of the Rhineland
5052:, a member of the Austrian
4738:European Economic Community
4128:Single Resolution Mechanism
3495:EEA National Identity cards
3032:Schengen Information System
2564:Enlargement of the eurozone
2173:Economic and Monetary Union
1629:Corporate bodies of the EU
1247:Council preparatory bodies
996:UK membership renegotiation
10:
10244:
9628:Consuls in Haifa and Eilat
8308:Franco-German Youth Office
8018:Treaty of Frankfurt (1871)
7249:
7245:
7215:allemagneenfrance.diplo.de
6999:. Freie Universität Berlin
6903:(5th ed. 1995) pp 288–299.
6410:Germany has an embassy in
5997:
5969:European Defence Community
5849:
5818:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre
5720:
5672:
5631:German reparation payments
5613:
5550:
5462:, reached after a lengthy
5431:
5401:
5388:invasion of Russia in 1812
5336:Confederation of the Rhine
5161:
4920:
1711:Inter-institutional bodies
1456:Public Prosecutor's Office
1423:European Court of Auditors
1416:European Court of Auditors
1369:Court of Justice of the EU
54:Machine translation, like
10115:
10044:
10018:
9787:
9551:
9445:
9434:
9260:
9177:
9166:
9129:
9115:
9086:
9045:
8869:
8669:
8563:
8407:
8403:
8389:
8326:
8173:
8137:
8077:Armistice of 22 June 1940
8050:Black Horror on the Rhine
7993:
7902:
7889:Embassy of Germany, Paris
7879:Embassy of France, Berlin
7871:
7439:(1950); advanced history
7429:(1950); advanced history
7386:English Historical Review
6800:English Historical Review
6379:France has an embassy in
6150:in Paris in December 2019
5789:. On the other hand, the
5755:soldiers in front of the
5598:in 1907 which became the
5334:in 1806, forming his own
5144:War of the Grand Alliance
4974:were both invaded by the
4881:). In the context of the
4773:European Union portal
1376:European Court of Justice
803:Treaties and Declarations
769:Belgium–Germany relations
195:
190:
185:Embassy of Germany, Paris
180:Embassy of France, Berlin
178:
173:
169:
156:
145:
135:
126:
35:the corresponding article
10213:France–Germany relations
10072:Soviet Union before 1941
9283:Central African Republic
8430:Central African Republic
8303:Franco-German University
8211:Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize
7858:France–Germany relations
7096:(2nd ed. 200) pp 57-103.
6343:Franco-German University
6183:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
5909:Franco-German federation
5697:
5669:Locarno treaties of 1925
5661:banned Germany from the
5609:
5380:Maximilian von Montgelas
5278:all of his enemies, and
4863:Franco-German Friendship
4850:and their successor the
1656:Other independent bodies
1101:Legislative institutions
1074:College of Commissioners
1054:Von der Leyen Commission
774:France–Germany relations
216:This article is part of
122:France–Germany relations
9149:Commonwealth of Nations
8313:South European Pipeline
8298:Franco-German Institute
8165:Germanwings Flight 9525
8160:Assault of Daniel Nivel
8112:Allied-occupied Germany
7691:(2010) 6#2 pp: 147-185.
7689:Foreign Policy Analysis
7466:(Berghahn Books, 2005).
7261:Albrecht-Carrié, René.
7092:Cyril E. Bloack et al.
6953:Foreign Policy Analysis
6835:(1984) 19: pp. 151-162
6020:With the threat of the
5807:2nd SS Panzer Division
5588:Franco-Russian Alliance
5244:Johann Christoph Frisch
4871:Amitié franco-allemande
4828:Franco-German relations
3037:Visa Information System
2465:Other currencies in use
1256:Council Working Parties
101:For more guidance, see
10141:Ambassadors of Germany
10133:Diplomatic missions of
10123:Federal Foreign Office
10077:Inner German relations
9825:Bosnia and Herzegovina
8251:Left Bank of the Rhine
8155:Kalinka Bamberski case
8150:Daily Telegraph Affair
8045:Occupation of the Ruhr
7745:(Berghahn Books, 2011)
7728:(2013) 31#1 pp: 24-47.
7502:Schuman, Frederick L.
7480:30.2 (2021): 248-264.
7445:Lichtenberger, Henry.
6901:France in Modern Times
6551:
6543:
6501:Causes of World War II
6306:, a Franco German bank
6264:
6151:
6074:
6059:
6017:
5869:
5760:
5759:, occupied Paris, 1940
5718:
5623:Paris Peace Conference
5571:
5520:
5499:
5448:unification of Germany
5424:
5420:, 18 January 1871, by
5316:
5247:
5118:initiated a so-called
4935:
4878:
4870:
4750:Western European Union
4118:European banking union
4054:European Single Market
3623:2024 (latest election)
3510:
3509:European Economic Area
3098:European Economic Area
3087:
2621:
2162:
1588:Single market agencies
1009:Executive institutions
949:Treaties of succession
640:Bosnia and Herzegovina
8440:Republic of the Congo
8181:France–Germany border
7955:Guadeloupe Conference
7675:International Affairs
7670:51.3 (2016): 606-634.
7641:(Cambridge UP, 2004).
7455:MacMillan, Margaret.
7376:Great power rivalries
7367:Gordon, Bertram, ed.
7319:Carroll, E. Malcolm.
7308:Carroll, E. Malcolm,
7268:Andrew, Christopher,
7109:18.3 (1994): 333-352.
7057:Mark Mazower (2013).
6968:(1954) pp 345, 403–26
6925:Anthony Adamthwaite,
6785:Carlton J. H. Hayes,
6591:International Affairs
6367:Franco-German Brigade
6269:European Space Agency
6262:
6146:and French President
6141:
6065:
6050:
6011:
5859:
5750:
5721:Further information:
5705:
5614:Further information:
5596:Anglo-Russian Entente
5568:
5553:Causes of World War I
5518:
5484:
5450:was triggered by the
5411:
5340:Battle of the Nations
5297:
5256:Diplomatic Revolution
5237:
5074:Diplomatic Revolution
5040:clergy and nobility.
5009:in West Francia, and
4933:
4836:and often contentious
4135:Capital Markets Union
4047:Free Trade Agreements
3508:
3085:
2619:
2160:
1469:European Central Bank
1430:Other auditory bodies
1410:Auditory institutions
1363:Judicial institutions
1108:Legislative procedure
990:European Constitution
914:Treaties of accession
103:Knowledge:Translation
74:copyright attribution
9764:United Arab Emirates
8856:United Arab Emirates
8266:DFG / LFA Strasbourg
8221:Koch–Pasteur rivalry
8107:Liberation of France
7920:Treaty of Versailles
7915:Morocco–Congo Treaty
7802:La Gazette de Berlin
7408:Lambi, Ivo Nikolai.
7353:, diplomatic history
6955:7.2 (2011): 205-214.
6912:Margaret Macmillan,
6873:E. Malcolm Carroll,
6719:Bayerischer Rundfunk
6612:13 July 2019 at the
6527:Notes and references
6334:Creation of a joint
5795:invasion of Normandy
5723:French–German enmity
5651:Treaty of Versailles
5533:Alphonse de Neuville
5418:Palace of Versailles
5412:Proclamation of the
5260:Treaty of Versailles
5196:improve this section
5164:French–German enmity
5101:Treaties of Nijmegen
4895:European integration
4848:European Communities
4727:European Communities
4167:Enhanced cooperation
3538:European foundations
3155:(provisional member)
1704:EU/ESA Space Council
1571:Unified Patent Court
1565:Unified Patent Court
1351:National parliaments
1241:Directorates-general
8636:Trinidad and Tobago
8241:Histoire/Geschichte
8003:Franco-Prussian War
7930:Schuman Declaration
7910:Triple Intervention
7813:2 July 2017 at the
7648:. (Westview 1995)
7644:Gordon, Philip H.
7034:32#3 (2014): 79-96.
6763:(1993), pp 184-250.
6324:in both countries (
6193:François Mitterrand
6113:Schuman declaration
6067:François Mitterrand
5525:Franco-Prussian War
5460:Treaty of Frankfurt
5434:Franco-Prussian War
5356:First French Empire
5275:Frederick the Great
5148:German-Roman troops
5132:Spanish Netherlands
5093:Peace of Westphalia
4859:"hereditary enmity"
4206:Ext. Action Service
4191:High Representative
4157:European Federation
4031:Policies and issues
3490:EEA Joint Committee
2620:Eurozone since 2015
1642:Joint undertakings
1266:European Parliament
1047:European Commission
870:Treaty of Amsterdam
858:Single European Act
810:Schuman Declaration
764:Special territories
742:Applicant countries
614:Candidate countries
123:
118:Bilateral relations
8013:Die Wacht am Rhein
7763:(Routledge, 2014).
7637:Gillingham, John.
7628:Friend, Julius W.
7621:Friend, Julius W.
7615:5.3 (2003): 5-28.
7554:Weinberg, Gerhard.
7462:Nolan, Michael E.
7425:Langer, William.
7412:(Routledge, 2019).
7401:Keiger, John F.V.
7329:Clark, Christopher
7286:Burrin, Philippe.
7209:Amt, Auswärtiges.
7122:(2016) pp 159-61.
7107:Diplomatic History
6654:www.britannica.com
6356:Military alliances
6311:Cultural alliances
6265:
6255:Economic alliances
6152:
6142:German Chancellor
6075:
6060:
6018:
5929:Schengen Agreement
5870:
5776:invasion of France
5761:
5719:
5686:Austen Chamberlain
5590:of 1894, the 1904
5572:
5521:
5500:
5458:. Finally, in the
5425:
5398:Nineteenth century
5367:France and Bavaria
5325:Revolutionary Wars
5317:
5248:
5240:battle of Rossbach
5158:France and Prussia
5031:Treaty of Ribemont
5017:in East Francia),
4936:
4926:Early interactions
4818:Relations between
4745:European Community
4676:Common Travel Area
4162:Multi-speed Europe
4019:Fundamental Rights
3570:European elections
3511:
3088:
2622:
2163:
1667:European Ombudsman
1144:July–December 2024
970:Schengen Agreement
882:Berlin Declaration
852:Solemn Declaration
822:Europe Declaration
174:Diplomatic mission
121:
82:interlanguage link
10154:
10153:
10067:China before 1941
9213:
9212:
9209:
9208:
9162:
9161:
9111:
9110:
9107:
9106:
8342:
8341:
8196:Euroberlin France
8127:Saar Protectorate
7741:Sutton, Michael.
7540:(Springer, 2008).
7515:Steiner, Zara S.
7435:Langer, William.
7415:Langer, William.
7394:Jackson, Julian.
7241:(Springer, 2015).
7196:de.ambafrance.org
7021:(2003) pp 148-49.
6772:Theodore Zeldin,
6521:History of Europe
6223:François Hollande
6163:Charles de Gaulle
6052:Charles de Gaulle
5814:Oradour-sur-Glane
5791:French Resistance
5691:League of Nations
5681:Gustav Stresemann
5527:of 1870–1871 was
5511:Late 19th century
5474:and a quarter of
5452:Franco-German War
5377:Bavarian Minister
5332:Holy Roman Empire
5321:mass conscription
5232:
5231:
5224:
5140:Great Turkish War
5089:Holy Roman Empire
5085:Thirty Years' War
5054:House of Habsburg
4891:Charles de Gaulle
4816:
4815:
4184:Foreign relations
2117:Associated states
1732:Anti-Fraud Office
1451:Anti-Fraud Office
1386:Advocates General
1232:Secretary-General
1116:Council of the EU
1084:Secretary-General
864:Maastricht Treaty
211:
210:
207:Stephan Steinlein
200:François Delattre
114:
113:
47:
43:
10235:
10195:
10194:
10193:
10183:
10182:
10181:
10171:
10170:
10162:
10062:Munich Agreement
9618:Kurdistan Region
9440:
9252:
9251:
9240:
9233:
9226:
9217:
9216:
9168:
9167:
9117:
9116:
9073:Papua New Guinea
8744:Kurdistan Region
8649:
8405:
8404:
8391:
8390:
8381:
8380:
8369:
8362:
8355:
8346:
8345:
8333:
8332:
8072:Battle of France
7925:Locarno Treaties
7872:Diplomatic posts
7866:
7865:
7856:
7855:
7844:
7837:
7830:
7821:
7820:
7759:Urwin, Derek W.
7632:(Greenwood 2001)
7608:(Berghahn, 2019)
7558:(v. 1) (1971);
7536:Varley, Karine.
7469:Paxton, Robert.
7219:
7218:
7206:
7200:
7199:
7188:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7168:. Archived from
7158:
7152:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7132:
7126:
7116:
7110:
7103:
7097:
7090:
7084:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7054:
7048:
7041:
7035:
7028:
7022:
7015:
7009:
7008:
7006:
7004:
6988:
6982:
6975:
6969:
6962:
6956:
6949:
6943:
6942:(1969): 111-126.
6936:
6930:
6923:
6917:
6910:
6904:
6897:
6891:
6890:(2001) pp 112-17
6884:
6878:
6877:(1931) pp 47-48.
6871:
6865:
6858:
6852:
6845:
6839:
6829:
6823:
6812:
6806:
6796:
6790:
6783:
6777:
6770:
6764:
6757:
6751:
6741:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6716:
6709:
6703:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6660:
6646:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6623:
6617:
6603:
6597:
6587:
6581:
6580:
6578:
6576:
6571:on 30 March 2020
6567:. Archived from
6561:
6555:
6536:
6476:
6464:
6452:
6440:
6277:(with two CEOs)
6199:Gerhard Schröder
6173:Georges Pompidou
6102:Treaty of Verdun
5897:(OEEC) in 1948.
5888:, announced the
5743:Second World War
5729:Great Depression
5675:Locarno Treaties
5592:Entente Cordiale
5422:Anton von Werner
5264:Seven Years' War
5227:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5207:
5176:
5168:
5136:Battle of Vienna
5126:, France, under
5124:Poland-Lithuania
5116:The Papal States
5056:, inherited the
4995:Treaty of Verdun
4981:Years after the
4808:
4801:
4794:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4546:
4545:
4534:
4533:
4522:
4521:
4510:
4509:
4498:
4497:
4486:
4485:
4474:
4473:
4462:
4461:
4450:
4449:
4438:
4437:
4426:
4425:
4414:
4413:
4402:
4401:
4390:
4389:
4378:
4377:
4366:
4365:
4354:
4353:
4342:
4341:
4330:
4329:
4318:
4317:
4306:
4305:
4294:
4293:
4282:
4281:
4270:
4269:
4258:
4257:
4246:
4245:
4234:
4233:
4152:Supranationalism
4059:Area of FS&J
3955:
3954:
3943:
3942:
3931:
3930:
3919:
3918:
3907:
3906:
3895:
3894:
3883:
3882:
3871:
3870:
3859:
3858:
3847:
3846:
3835:
3834:
3823:
3822:
3811:
3810:
3799:
3798:
3787:
3786:
3775:
3774:
3763:
3762:
3751:
3750:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3714:
3703:
3702:
3691:
3690:
3679:
3678:
3667:
3666:
3655:
3654:
3643:
3642:
3533:European parties
3474:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3428:
3427:
3416:
3415:
3404:
3403:
3392:
3391:
3380:
3379:
3368:
3367:
3356:
3355:
3344:
3343:
3332:
3331:
3320:
3319:
3308:
3307:
3296:
3295:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3271:
3260:
3259:
3248:
3247:
3236:
3235:
3224:
3223:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3199:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3175:
3164:
3163:
3151:
3150:
3139:
3138:
3127:
3126:
3115:
3114:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2865:
2864:
2863:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2549:
2548:
2537:
2536:
2525:
2524:
2515:Hungarian forint
2513:
2512:
2501:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2477:
2476:
2450:
2449:
2420:
2419:
2408:
2407:
2396:
2395:
2384:
2383:
2372:
2371:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2323:
2312:
2311:
2300:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2263:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2239:
2228:
2227:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2203:
2192:
2191:
2180:Eurozone members
2141:
2140:
2139:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1611:Euratom agencies
1236:Thérèse Blanchet
1134:
1133:
1037:List of meetings
1015:European Council
888:Treaty of Lisbon
754:
753:
732:
731:
710:
709:
698:
697:
686:
685:
674:
673:
662:
661:
650:
649:
638:
637:
626:
625:
602:
601:
600:
589:
588:
587:
576:
575:
574:
563:
562:
561:
550:
549:
548:
537:
536:
535:
524:
523:
522:
511:
510:
509:
498:
497:
496:
485:
484:
483:
472:
471:
470:
459:
458:
457:
446:
445:
444:
433:
432:
431:
420:
419:
418:
407:
406:
405:
394:
393:
392:
381:
380:
379:
368:
367:
366:
355:
354:
353:
342:
341:
340:
329:
328:
327:
316:
315:
314:
303:
302:
301:
290:
289:
288:
277:
276:
275:
264:
263:
262:
238:
213:
212:
161:
160:
150:
149:
131:
124:
120:
93:
87:
60:Google Translate
45:
41:
24:
23:
16:
10243:
10242:
10238:
10237:
10236:
10234:
10233:
10232:
10203:
10202:
10201:
10191:
10189:
10179:
10177:
10165:
10157:
10155:
10150:
10111:
10040:
10014:
9950:North Macedonia
9783:
9547:
9441:
9432:
9256:
9246:
9244:
9214:
9205:
9173:
9158:
9125:
9103:
9082:
9041:
8865:
8665:
8647:
8559:
8399:
8385:
8375:
8373:
8343:
8338:
8322:
8169:
8133:
8097:Paris Protocols
7989:
7985:Weimar Triangle
7898:
7867:
7860:
7850:
7848:
7815:Wayback Machine
7786:Joschka Fischer
7780:interview with
7770:
7748:Tint, Herbert.
7694:Krotz, Ulrich.
7591:
7573:Wetzel, David.
7547:(2nd ed. 1968)
7529:Taylor, A.J.P.
7522:Steiner, Zara.
7301:(2nd ed. 1968)
7290:(1996) 1940-44.
7258:
7250:Main articles:
7248:
7237:Krotz, Ulrich.
7230:Keiger, J.F.V.
7227:
7225:Further reading
7222:
7207:
7203:
7190:
7189:
7185:
7175:
7173:
7172:on 1 March 2018
7160:
7159:
7155:
7145:
7143:
7133:
7129:
7117:
7113:
7104:
7100:
7091:
7087:
7082:
7078:
7071:
7055:
7051:
7042:
7038:
7029:
7025:
7016:
7012:
7002:
7000:
6989:
6985:
6976:
6972:
6963:
6959:
6950:
6946:
6937:
6933:
6924:
6920:
6911:
6907:
6899:Gordon Wright,
6898:
6894:
6886:J.F.V. Keiger,
6885:
6881:
6872:
6868:
6859:
6855:
6847:J.F.V. Keiger,
6846:
6842:
6830:
6826:
6813:
6809:
6797:
6793:
6789:(1941), pp 1-2.
6784:
6780:
6771:
6767:
6758:
6754:
6742:
6738:
6730:
6726:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6697:
6693:
6683:
6681:
6673:
6672:
6668:
6658:
6656:
6648:
6647:
6643:
6633:
6631:
6624:
6620:
6614:Wayback Machine
6604:
6600:
6588:
6584:
6574:
6572:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6487:
6480:
6477:
6468:
6465:
6456:
6453:
6444:
6441:
6376:
6358:
6322:German language
6313:
6257:
6252:
6243:Emmanuel Macron
6233:Emmanuel Macron
6213:Nicolas Sarkozy
6159:Konrad Adenauer
6148:Emmanuel Macron
6056:Konrad Adenauer
6042:Konrad Adenauer
6006:
5996:
5959:As a sequence,
5941:
5886:George Marshall
5866:occupied Berlin
5854:
5848:
5846:Post-war Europe
5835:
5830:
5783:Philippe Pétain
5745:
5725:
5700:
5677:
5671:
5639:Memel territory
5633:, the military
5618:
5612:
5604:Austria-Hungary
5563:
5551:Main articles:
5549:
5547:First World War
5513:
5468:Alsace-Lorraine
5456:Battle of Sedan
5436:
5430:
5406:
5400:
5384:Kingdom in 1806
5369:
5305:Charles Meynier
5292:
5228:
5217:
5211:
5208:
5193:
5177:
5166:
5160:
5046:
4991:Frankish Empire
4987:Louis the Pious
4944:to the time of
4928:
4923:
4812:
4783:
4779:Other countries
4767:
4765:
4760:
4759:
4722:
4714:
4713:
4700:
4672:
4552:
4540:
4528:
4516:
4504:
4492:
4480:
4468:
4456:
4444:
4432:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4360:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4225:
4220:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4176:
4175:
4106:Pro-Europeanism
4032:
4024:
4023:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3913:
3901:
3889:
3877:
3865:
3853:
3841:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3627:
3572:
3567:
3548:Spitzenkandidat
3523:
3513:
3512:
3486:
3481:
3470:
3468:
3457:
3455:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3326:
3314:
3302:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3090:
3089:
3069:
3067:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3027:Prüm Convention
3023:
3012:
3010:
2999:
2997:
2986:
2984:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2952:
2950:
2939:
2937:
2926:
2924:
2913:
2911:
2900:
2898:
2887:
2885:
2874:
2872:
2861:
2859:
2848:
2846:
2835:
2833:
2822:
2820:
2809:
2807:
2796:
2794:
2783:
2781:
2770:
2768:
2757:
2755:
2744:
2742:
2731:
2729:
2718:
2716:
2705:
2703:
2692:
2690:
2679:
2677:
2666:
2664:
2653:
2651:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2623:
2614:
2613:
2573:
2568:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2468:
2461:
2459:
2452:Paschal Donohoe
2444:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2183:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2148:
2137:
2135:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2102:
2100:
2089:
2087:
2076:
2074:
2063:
2061:
2050:
2048:
2037:
2035:
2024:
2022:
2011:
2009:
1998:
1996:
1985:
1983:
1972:
1970:
1959:
1957:
1946:
1944:
1933:
1931:
1920:
1918:
1907:
1905:
1894:
1892:
1881:
1879:
1868:
1866:
1855:
1853:
1842:
1840:
1829:
1827:
1816:
1814:
1803:
1801:
1790:
1788:
1777:
1775:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1756:Euratom members
1752:
1742:
1741:
1713:
1708:
1678:
1675:Advisory bodies
1671:
1658:
1653:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1562:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1536:
1529:Investment Fund
1524:Investment Bank
1520:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1471:
1461:
1460:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1411:
1403:
1402:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1331:Vice Presidents
1275:
1269:
1262:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1128:
1126:
1119:
1112:
1103:
1093:
1092:
1069:Vice Presidents
1050:
1043:
1018:
1010:
1002:
1001:
986:
981:
966:
961:
960:
951:
946:
945:
916:
911:
910:
905:
816:Treaty of Paris
805:
795:
794:
793:
760:
748:
745:
738:
726:
723:
716:
704:
692:
688:North Macedonia
680:
668:
656:
644:
632:
620:
617:
610:
609:
598:
596:
585:
583:
572:
570:
559:
557:
546:
544:
533:
531:
520:
518:
507:
505:
494:
492:
481:
479:
468:
466:
455:
453:
442:
440:
429:
427:
416:
414:
403:
401:
390:
388:
377:
375:
364:
362:
351:
349:
338:
336:
325:
323:
312:
310:
299:
297:
286:
284:
273:
271:
260:
258:
253:
229:
162:
158:
151:
147:
119:
110:
109:
108:
91:
85:
48:
25:
21:
12:
11:
5:
10241:
10231:
10230:
10225:
10220:
10215:
10200:
10199:
10187:
10175:
10152:
10151:
10149:
10148:
10143:
10130:
10125:
10119:
10117:
10113:
10112:
10110:
10109:
10104:
10099:
10094:
10089:
10084:
10079:
10074:
10069:
10064:
10059:
10054:
10048:
10046:
10042:
10041:
10039:
10038:
10033:
10028:
10022:
10020:
10016:
10015:
10013:
10012:
10010:United Kingdom
10007:
10002:
9997:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9845:Czech Republic
9842:
9837:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9791:
9789:
9785:
9784:
9782:
9781:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9621:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9586:
9581:
9576:
9571:
9566:
9561:
9555:
9553:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9515:
9510:
9505:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9480:
9475:
9470:
9465:
9460:
9455:
9449:
9447:
9443:
9442:
9435:
9433:
9431:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9264:
9262:
9258:
9257:
9243:
9242:
9235:
9228:
9220:
9211:
9210:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9203:
9189:
9184:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9164:
9163:
9160:
9159:
9157:
9156:
9154:United Nations
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9130:
9127:
9126:
9113:
9112:
9109:
9108:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9096:
9090:
9088:
9084:
9083:
9081:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9049:
9047:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9039:
9037:United Kingdom
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8939:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8912:Czech Republic
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8873:
8871:
8867:
8866:
8864:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8715:
8714:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8673:
8671:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8652:
8651:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8567:
8565:
8561:
8560:
8558:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8517:
8512:
8507:
8502:
8497:
8492:
8487:
8482:
8477:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8411:
8409:
8401:
8400:
8387:
8386:
8372:
8371:
8364:
8357:
8349:
8340:
8339:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8284:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8177:
8175:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8141:
8139:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8094:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8027:
8026:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
7999:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7988:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7962:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7906:
7904:
7900:
7899:
7897:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7875:
7873:
7869:
7868:
7847:
7846:
7839:
7832:
7824:
7818:
7817:
7805:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7782:Jacques Delors
7778:Spiegel Online
7769:
7768:External links
7766:
7765:
7764:
7757:
7746:
7739:
7735:(2023): 1-22.
7729:
7722:
7717:Rich, Norman.
7715:
7708:
7702:
7692:
7685:
7678:
7671:
7664:
7657:
7642:
7635:
7634:
7633:
7619:
7609:
7602:
7590:
7587:
7586:
7585:
7580:Young, Robert
7578:
7571:
7552:
7541:
7534:
7527:
7520:
7513:
7510:
7500:
7499:
7498:
7493:Rich, Norman.
7486:Rich, Norman.
7484:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7453:
7443:
7433:
7423:
7413:
7406:
7399:
7392:
7382:
7372:
7365:
7354:
7343:
7336:
7326:
7317:
7306:
7291:
7284:
7273:
7266:
7247:
7244:
7243:
7242:
7235:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7201:
7183:
7153:
7141:Spiegel Online
7127:
7118:Michael Holm,
7111:
7098:
7085:
7076:
7069:
7049:
7043:Robert Soucy,
7036:
7023:
7010:
6983:
6970:
6957:
6944:
6931:
6918:
6905:
6892:
6879:
6866:
6853:
6840:
6824:
6807:
6791:
6778:
6776:(1977) 2: 117.
6765:
6752:
6736:
6724:
6704:
6698:John A. Lynn,
6691:
6666:
6641:
6618:
6598:
6582:
6565:"Ulrich Krotz"
6556:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6486:
6483:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6408:
6375:
6372:
6371:
6370:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6346:
6339:
6332:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6307:
6301:
6296:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6284:
6272:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6245:(2021–present)
6236:
6226:
6216:
6206:
6203:Jacques Chirac
6196:
6186:
6179:Helmut Schmidt
6176:
6166:
6079:United Kingdom
6030:Western Europe
5995:
5992:
5940:
5937:
5924:European Union
5917:European Union
5902:Robert Schuman
5850:Main article:
5847:
5844:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5765:invaded Poland
5744:
5741:
5699:
5696:
5673:Main article:
5670:
5667:
5611:
5608:
5600:Triple Entente
5584:Triple Entente
5577:Parti colonial
5548:
5545:
5512:
5509:
5464:siege of Paris
5432:Main article:
5429:
5426:
5402:Main article:
5399:
5396:
5392:Treaty of Ried
5368:
5365:
5313:Battle of Jena
5291:
5288:
5230:
5229:
5180:
5178:
5171:
5162:Main article:
5159:
5156:
5152:scorched earth
5130:, invaded the
5112:Ottoman Empire
5045:
5042:
5019:Middle Francia
4967:Roman Republic
4950:northern Italy
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4883:European Union
4852:European Union
4844:Treaty of Rome
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4796:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4781:
4775:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4723:
4721:Defunct bodies
4720:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4706:
4699:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4551:
4550:
4538:
4526:
4514:
4502:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4454:
4442:
4430:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4358:
4346:
4334:
4322:
4310:
4298:
4296:Czech Republic
4286:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4216:Defence Policy
4213:
4211:Foreign Policy
4208:
4201:
4200:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4154:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4111:Euroscepticism
4108:
4103:
4098:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4014:Recommendation
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3973:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3947:
3935:
3923:
3911:
3899:
3887:
3875:
3863:
3851:
3839:
3827:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3705:Czech Republic
3695:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3647:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3553:Constituencies
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3466:
3453:
3437:Non-EU members
3435:
3433:
3432:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3324:
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3178:Czech Republic
3168:
3156:
3143:
3131:
3119:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3079:
3065:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3021:
3008:
2995:
2982:
2966:Non-EU members
2964:
2962:
2961:
2948:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2896:
2883:
2870:
2857:
2844:
2831:
2818:
2805:
2792:
2779:
2766:
2753:
2740:
2727:
2714:
2701:
2699:Czech Republic
2688:
2675:
2662:
2649:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2430:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2146:
2144:United Kingdom
2133:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2098:
2085:
2072:
2059:
2046:
2033:
2020:
2007:
1994:
1981:
1968:
1955:
1942:
1929:
1916:
1903:
1890:
1877:
1864:
1851:
1838:
1836:Czech Republic
1825:
1812:
1799:
1786:
1773:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1684:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1648:of the Euratom
1646:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1494:Euro banknotes
1491:
1486:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1288:Largest groups
1285:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1224:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1152:Configurations
1150:
1141:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1056:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
993:
982:
980:
979:
973:
964:Other treaties
962:
952:
947:
917:
912:
906:
904:
903:
902:
901:
896:
885:
879:
876:Treaty of Nice
873:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
840:Euratom Treaty
837:
834:Treaty of Rome
831:
825:
819:
813:
806:
801:
800:
797:
796:
792:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
759:
758:
739:
737:
736:
717:
715:
714:
702:
690:
678:
666:
654:
642:
630:
611:
608:
607:
594:
581:
568:
555:
542:
529:
516:
503:
490:
477:
464:
451:
438:
425:
412:
399:
386:
373:
360:
347:
334:
332:Czech Republic
321:
308:
295:
282:
269:
255:
254:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
231:
230:
225:
222:
221:
209:
208:
202:
193:
192:
188:
187:
182:
176:
175:
171:
170:
167:
166:
155:
143:
142:
140:
137:
136:
133:
132:
117:
112:
111:
107:
106:
99:
88:
66:
63:
52:
49:
30:
29:
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10240:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10219:
10216:
10214:
10211:
10210:
10208:
10198:
10188:
10186:
10176:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10163:
10160:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10138:
10134:
10131:
10129:
10126:
10124:
10121:
10120:
10118:
10114:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10085:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10073:
10070:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10053:
10050:
10049:
10047:
10043:
10037:
10034:
10032:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10023:
10021:
10017:
10011:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10001:
9998:
9996:
9993:
9991:
9988:
9986:
9983:
9981:
9978:
9976:
9973:
9971:
9968:
9966:
9963:
9961:
9958:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9915:Liechtenstein
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9856:
9853:
9851:
9848:
9846:
9843:
9841:
9838:
9836:
9833:
9831:
9828:
9826:
9823:
9821:
9818:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9786:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9629:
9625:
9622:
9619:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9594:
9590:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9580:
9577:
9575:
9572:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9550:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9533:United States
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9514:
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9484:
9481:
9479:
9476:
9474:
9471:
9469:
9466:
9464:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9444:
9439:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9416:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9259:
9255:
9250:
9241:
9236:
9234:
9229:
9227:
9222:
9221:
9218:
9201:
9197:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9176:
9169:
9165:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9132:
9131:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9114:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9085:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9044:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8967:Liechtenstein
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8933:
8930:
8928:
8925:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8874:
8872:
8868:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8827:
8824:
8822:
8819:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8745:
8742:
8741:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8668:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8650:
8644:
8643:
8642:
8641:United States
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8568:
8566:
8562:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8521:
8518:
8516:
8513:
8511:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8481:
8478:
8476:
8473:
8471:
8468:
8466:
8463:
8461:
8458:
8456:
8453:
8451:
8448:
8446:
8443:
8441:
8438:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8388:
8384:
8379:
8370:
8365:
8363:
8358:
8356:
8351:
8350:
8347:
8337:
8336:
8325:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8258:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8236:French period
8234:
8232:
8229:
8227:
8224:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8216:Candide Preis
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8206:Mundat Forest
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8176:
8172:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8140:
8136:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8059:
8058:
8055:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8028:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7992:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7970:Aachen Treaty
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7940:Élysée Treaty
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7907:
7905:
7901:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7876:
7874:
7870:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7845:
7840:
7838:
7833:
7831:
7826:
7825:
7822:
7816:
7812:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7771:
7762:
7758:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7744:
7740:
7738:
7734:
7730:
7727:
7723:
7720:
7716:
7713:
7710:Kulski, W.W.
7709:
7707:
7703:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7679:
7676:
7672:
7669:
7665:
7662:
7658:
7655:
7654:0-8133-2555-2
7651:
7647:
7643:
7640:
7636:
7631:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7620:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7607:
7603:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7592:
7583:
7579:
7576:
7572:
7569:
7568:0-226-88511-9
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7539:
7535:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7518:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7496:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7472:
7468:
7465:
7461:
7458:
7454:
7452:
7448:
7444:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7432:
7428:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7393:
7391:
7387:
7383:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7366:
7363:
7359:
7356:Gooch, G. P.
7355:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7341:
7337:
7334:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7318:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7292:
7289:
7285:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7271:
7267:
7264:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7240:
7236:
7233:
7229:
7228:
7216:
7212:
7205:
7197:
7193:
7187:
7171:
7167:
7163:
7157:
7142:
7138:
7131:
7125:
7121:
7115:
7108:
7102:
7095:
7089:
7080:
7072:
7070:9780141917504
7066:
7062:
7061:
7053:
7046:
7040:
7033:
7027:
7020:
7017:Norman Rich,
7014:
6998:
6994:
6987:
6980:
6974:
6967:
6961:
6954:
6948:
6941:
6935:
6928:
6922:
6915:
6909:
6902:
6896:
6889:
6883:
6876:
6870:
6863:
6857:
6850:
6844:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6788:
6782:
6775:
6769:
6762:
6759:Norman Rich,
6756:
6749:
6745:
6740:
6733:
6728:
6721:
6720:
6713:
6708:
6701:
6695:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6655:
6651:
6645:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6611:
6608:
6602:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6570:
6566:
6560:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6535:
6531:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6475:
6470:
6463:
6458:
6451:
6446:
6439:
6434:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6340:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6316:Promotion of
6315:
6314:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6261:
6244:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6230:
6229:Angela Merkel
6227:
6224:
6220:
6219:Angela Merkel
6217:
6214:
6210:
6209:Angela Merkel
6207:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6149:
6145:
6144:Angela Merkel
6140:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6083:United States
6080:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6043:
6039:
6038:Élysée Treaty
6035:
6034:Grande Nation
6031:
6027:
6023:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6004:Élysée Treaty
6001:
6000:Aachen Treaty
5991:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5976:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5957:
5955:
5954:Élysée Treaty
5950:
5945:
5936:
5934:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5905:
5903:
5898:
5896:
5891:
5890:Marshall Plan
5887:
5882:
5878:
5876:
5867:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5843:
5839:
5825:
5821:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5810:
5804:
5800:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5758:
5754:
5749:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5724:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5695:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5676:
5666:
5664:
5663:Olympic Games
5660:
5656:
5652:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5617:
5607:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5578:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5517:
5508:
5506:
5505:Great Britain
5498:6 August 1881
5497:
5496:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5446:The eventual
5444:
5441:
5435:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5414:German Empire
5410:
5405:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5364:
5362:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5276:
5272:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5226:
5223:
5215:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5191:
5190:
5186:
5181:This section
5179:
5175:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5108:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5062:Franche-Comté
5059:
5058:Low Countries
5055:
5051:
5041:
5039:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5007:Gallo-Romanic
5004:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4968:
4963:
4962:
4961:Julius Caesar
4957:
4956:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4942:
4932:
4918:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4887:eurosceptical
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4809:
4804:
4802:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4764:
4763:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4718:
4717:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4198:Josep Borrell
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4042:Customs Union
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3986:ECJ Case 6/64
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:Apportionment
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3507:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3478:
3467:
3465:
3464:Liechtenstein
3454:
3452:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3084:
3077:
3066:
3064:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3009:
3007:
2996:
2994:
2993:Liechtenstein
2983:
2981:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2960:
2949:
2947:
2936:
2934:
2923:
2921:
2910:
2908:
2897:
2895:
2884:
2882:
2871:
2869:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2843:
2832:
2830:
2819:
2817:
2806:
2804:
2793:
2791:
2780:
2778:
2767:
2765:
2754:
2752:
2741:
2739:
2728:
2726:
2715:
2713:
2702:
2700:
2689:
2687:
2676:
2674:
2663:
2661:
2650:
2648:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2632:Schengen Area
2628:
2627:
2618:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2551:Swedish krona
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2479:Bulgarian lev
2475:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2168:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2134:
2132:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2099:
2097:
2086:
2084:
2073:
2071:
2060:
2058:
2047:
2045:
2034:
2032:
2021:
2019:
2008:
2006:
1995:
1993:
1982:
1980:
1969:
1967:
1956:
1954:
1943:
1941:
1930:
1928:
1917:
1915:
1904:
1902:
1891:
1889:
1878:
1876:
1865:
1863:
1852:
1850:
1839:
1837:
1826:
1824:
1813:
1811:
1800:
1798:
1787:
1785:
1774:
1772:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1594:AFSC agencies
1593:
1591:CFSP agencies
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1533:EIB Institute
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1510:
1509:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1398:General Court
1396:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1307:Iratxe García
1304:
1301:
1298:
1297:Manfred Weber
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1079:Civil Service
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:Von der Leyen
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1006:
1005:
997:
994:
991:
988:
987:
985:
977:
974:
971:
968:
967:
965:
959:
955:
950:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
909:
900:
897:
895:
892:
891:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
846:Merger Treaty
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
807:
804:
799:
798:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
761:
757:
752:
747:
746:
744:
743:
735:
730:
725:
724:
722:
721:
713:
708:
703:
701:
696:
691:
689:
684:
679:
677:
672:
667:
665:
660:
655:
653:
648:
643:
641:
636:
631:
629:
624:
619:
618:
616:
615:
606:
595:
593:
582:
580:
569:
567:
556:
554:
543:
541:
530:
528:
517:
515:
504:
502:
491:
489:
478:
476:
465:
463:
452:
450:
439:
437:
426:
424:
413:
411:
400:
398:
387:
385:
374:
372:
361:
359:
348:
346:
335:
333:
322:
320:
309:
307:
296:
294:
283:
281:
270:
268:
257:
256:
251:
250:Member states
246:
245:
242:
241:
237:
233:
232:
228:
224:
223:
219:
215:
214:
206:
203:
201:
198:
194:
189:
186:
183:
181:
177:
172:
168:
165:
154:
144:
141:
139:
138:
134:
130:
125:
116:
104:
100:
97:
89:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
53:
51:
50:
44:
38:
36:
31:You can help
27:
18:
17:
9864:
9719:Saudi Arabia
9398:South Africa
9122:Multilateral
9094:Soviet Union
8926:
8851:Turkmenistan
8816:Saudi Arabia
8540:South Africa
8328:
8246:Greif cannon
8145:Rhine crisis
8092:Vichy France
8057:World War II
7945:Saar statute
7857:
7760:
7749:
7742:
7732:
7725:
7718:
7711:
7695:
7688:
7681:
7674:
7667:
7660:
7645:
7638:
7629:
7622:
7612:
7605:
7595:
7581:
7574:
7559:
7555:
7544:
7537:
7530:
7523:
7516:
7503:
7494:
7487:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7446:
7436:
7426:
7416:
7409:
7402:
7395:
7385:
7375:
7368:
7357:
7346:
7345:Gooch, G.P.
7339:
7332:
7320:
7309:
7298:
7287:
7276:
7269:
7262:
7238:
7231:
7214:
7204:
7195:
7186:
7174:. Retrieved
7170:the original
7165:
7156:
7144:. Retrieved
7140:
7130:
7119:
7114:
7106:
7101:
7093:
7088:
7079:
7059:
7052:
7044:
7039:
7031:
7026:
7018:
7013:
7001:. Retrieved
6996:
6986:
6978:
6977:G.P. Gooch,
6973:
6965:
6960:
6952:
6947:
6939:
6934:
6926:
6921:
6916:(2013) ch 6.
6913:
6908:
6900:
6895:
6887:
6882:
6874:
6869:
6861:
6856:
6848:
6843:
6832:
6827:
6819:
6815:
6810:
6799:
6794:
6786:
6781:
6773:
6768:
6760:
6755:
6747:
6739:
6727:
6717:
6707:
6699:
6694:
6682:. Retrieved
6678:
6669:
6657:. Retrieved
6653:
6644:
6632:. Retrieved
6621:
6601:
6590:
6585:
6573:. Retrieved
6569:the original
6559:
6534:
6325:
6288:
6169:Willy Brandt
6153:
6110:
6094:
6091:
6076:
6033:
6022:Soviet Union
6019:
5980:West Germany
5977:
5973:
5958:
5946:
5942:
5921:
5906:
5899:
5883:
5879:
5871:
5840:
5836:
5822:
5808:
5780:
5762:
5733:Adolf Hitler
5726:
5678:
5643:East Prussia
5619:
5581:
5576:
5573:
5541:
5537:
5522:
5501:
5493:
5489:
5486:John Tenniel
5445:
5437:
5370:
5359:the rule of
5343:
5329:
5318:
5298:
5284:
5273:
5249:
5218:
5209:
5194:Please help
5182:
5109:
5082:
5072:, until the
5047:
5035:
4980:
4976:Roman Empire
4965:
4959:
4953:
4939:
4937:
4899:
4862:
4856:
4827:
4817:
4729:(1958–1993)
4222:
4189:
4069:Agricultural
3992:Subsidiarity
3631:
3569:
3483:
3436:
3103:
3048:
2965:
2570:
2539:Romanian leu
2527:Polish złoty
2503:Danish krone
2491:Czech koruna
2463:
2458:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2178:
2116:
1755:
1710:
1673:
1655:
1577:
1564:
1551:
1538:
1517:
1513:Other bodies
1429:
1414:
1367:
1349:
1264:
1151:
1136:
1121:
1114:
1045:
1013:
983:
963:
948:
913:
828:Spaak Report
773:
740:
718:
612:
115:
78:edit summary
69:
40:
32:
10031:New Zealand
10000:Switzerland
9940:Netherlands
9729:South Korea
9709:Philippines
9689:North Korea
9559:Afghanistan
9403:South Sudan
9318:Ivory Coast
9068:New Zealand
9027:Switzerland
8982:Netherlands
8826:South Korea
8806:Philippines
8791:North Korea
8677:Afghanistan
8611:El Salvador
8470:Ivory Coast
8030:World War I
7950:Saar Treaty
7663:(2011) 29#1
7551:pp 684–734.
7305:pp 112-139.
7295:C. L. Mowat
7166:dfh-ufa.org
7003:13 November
6744:G. P. Gooch
6715:(in German)
6401:Saarbrücken
6239:Olaf Scholz
6235:(2017–2021)
6225:(2012–2017)
6215:(2007–2012)
6205:(1998–2005)
6195:(1982–1995)
6189:Helmut Kohl
6185:(1974–1981)
6175:(1969–1974)
6165:(1958–1963)
6129:Netherlands
6098:Charlemagne
6071:Helmut Kohl
6024:during the
6014:West German
5961:Jean Monnet
5787:Free France
5713:, occupied
5707:French Army
5627:Rhine river
5120:Holy League
5099:. The 1679
5015:High German
4993:in the 843
4946:Charlemagne
4840:Middle Ages
4464:Netherlands
4147:Integration
4091:Citizenship
3873:Netherlands
3346:Netherlands
3104:EEA members
3019:Switzerland
2868:Netherlands
2374:Netherlands
2131:Switzerland
2018:Netherlands
1322:(2019–2024)
1320:9th session
1227:Secretariat
998:(2015–2016)
514:Netherlands
10207:Categories
10137:in Germany
10092:Yugoslavia
10087:Ostpolitik
10052:Arab world
10045:Historical
9935:Montenegro
9920:Luxembourg
9805:Azerbaijan
9769:Uzbekistan
9749:Tajikistan
9644:Kazakhstan
9569:Bangladesh
9393:Somaliland
9358:Mozambique
9348:Mauritania
9338:Madagascar
9099:Yugoslavia
8972:Luxembourg
8761:Kazakhstan
8692:Bangladesh
8687:Azerbaijan
8648:(historic)
8515:Mozambique
8500:Mauritania
8490:Madagascar
8425:Cape Verde
7756:pp 28–165.
7146:22 January
6929:(1995) p 6
6634:26 January
6630:. Politico
6428:Strasbourg
6385:Düsseldorf
6133:Luxembourg
5998:See also:
5994:Friendship
5931:, and the
5799:the Maquis
5773:blitzkrieg
5769:Phoney War
5529:Revanchism
5490:Au Revoir!
5311:after the
5105:Strasbourg
5011:Low German
4955:Gallic War
4911:Strasbourg
4440:Luxembourg
3999:Regulation
3849:Luxembourg
3322:Luxembourg
2842:Luxembourg
2350:Luxembourg
1992:Luxembourg
1603:SRM bodies
1499:Euro coins
1343:Conference
1123:Presidency
899:Article 50
676:Montenegro
488:Luxembourg
205:Ambassador
197:Ambassador
42:(May 2023)
10026:Australia
9910:Lithuania
9734:Sri Lanka
9724:Singapore
9704:Palestine
9604:Indonesia
9593:Hong Kong
9543:Venezuela
9518:Nicaragua
9453:Argentina
9196:in France
9172:Diplomacy
9124:relations
9053:Australia
8821:Singapore
8801:Palestine
8729:Indonesia
8712:Hong Kong
8661:Venezuela
8571:Argentina
8505:Mauritius
8398:relations
8396:Bilateral
8318:Symphonie
8138:Incidents
7995:Conflicts
7903:Diplomacy
7589:Post 1945
7312:(1931).
6702:, p. 163.
6424:Marseille
6405:Stuttgart
6389:Frankfurt
6363:Eurocorps
6250:Alliances
5862:Reichstag
5809:Das Reich
5753:Wehrmacht
5737:Rhineland
5711:Rhineland
5653:, France
5647:Lithuania
5570:Prussia."
5354:into his
5348:Rhineland
5183:does not
5128:Louis XIV
4428:Lithuania
4079:Fisheries
4065:Policies
4004:Directive
3837:Lithuania
3521:Elections
3310:Lithuania
3078:(Opt-out)
2829:Lithuania
2440:President
2433:Eurogroup
2338:Lithuania
1979:Lithuania
1645:of the EU
1476:President
1279:President
1175:Eurogroup
1088:Juhansone
1059:President
1022:President
894:Article 7
475:Lithuania
96:talk page
37:in French
10173:Politics
9985:Slovenia
9980:Slovakia
9960:Portugal
9880:Holy See
9830:Bulgaria
9754:Thailand
9699:Pakistan
9674:Mongolia
9669:Maldives
9664:Malaysia
9584:Cambodia
9523:Paraguay
9483:Colombia
9458:Barbados
9446:Americas
9428:Zimbabwe
9413:Tanzania
9303:Ethiopia
9288:DR Congo
9278:Cameroon
9144:Americas
9063:Kiribati
8997:Portugal
8937:Holy See
8897:Bulgaria
8841:Thailand
8796:Pakistan
8776:Malaysia
8702:Cambodia
8631:Suriname
8596:Colombia
8576:Barbados
8564:Americas
8545:Tanzania
8460:Ethiopia
8450:Djibouti
7811:Archived
7600:in JSTOR
6964:Taylor,
6837:in JSTOR
6804:in JSTOR
6610:Archived
6575:24 April
6485:See also
6416:Bordeaux
6304:ODDO BHF
6081:and the
6026:Cold War
5949:Adenauer
5875:Red Army
5852:Cold War
5476:Lorraine
5323:for the
5280:Napoleon
5262:and the
5212:May 2024
5060:and the
5038:Frankish
4972:Germaina
4964:and the
4958:against
4524:Slovenia
4512:Slovakia
4488:Portugal
4260:Bulgaria
4101:Identity
4084:Regional
4009:Decision
3933:Slovenia
3921:Slovakia
3897:Portugal
3669:Bulgaria
3406:Slovenia
3394:Slovakia
3370:Portugal
3141:Bulgaria
2933:Slovenia
2920:Slovakia
2894:Portugal
2673:Bulgaria
2579:Bulgaria
2410:Slovenia
2398:Slovakia
2386:Portugal
2083:Slovenia
2070:Slovakia
2044:Portugal
1797:Bulgaria
1336:Quaestor
1182:AGRIFISH
908:Opt-outs
579:Slovenia
566:Slovakia
540:Portugal
293:Bulgaria
218:a series
72:provide
10197:Germany
10159:Portals
10019:Oceania
10005:Ukraine
9965:Romania
9930:Moldova
9895:Ireland
9890:Iceland
9885:Hungary
9870:Georgia
9860:Finland
9855:Estonia
9850:Denmark
9835:Croatia
9820:Belgium
9815:Belarus
9810:Austria
9800:Armenia
9795:Albania
9774:Vietnam
9679:Myanmar
9659:Lebanon
9564:Bahrain
9538:Uruguay
9508:Jamaica
9493:Ecuador
9463:Bolivia
9388:Somalia
9383:Senegal
9373:Nigeria
9363:Namibia
9353:Morocco
9328:Liberia
9298:Eritrea
9268:Algeria
9078:Vanuatu
9046:Oceania
9032:Ukraine
9002:Romania
8952:Ireland
8947:Iceland
8942:Hungary
8927:Germany
8922:Finland
8917:Denmark
8902:Croatia
8892:Belgium
8887:Austria
8882:Andorra
8877:Albania
8861:Vietnam
8781:Myanmar
8771:Lebanon
8719:Georgia
8682:Armenia
8656:Uruguay
8555:Tunisia
8535:Somalia
8530:Senegal
8510:Morocco
8480:Liberia
8415:Algeria
8174:Related
8122:Four Ds
7752:(1972)
7625:(1991)
7506:(1931)
7473:(1972).
7449:(1923)
7378:(1999)
7371:(1998).
7360:(1923)
7323:(1938)
7279:(1927)
7246:To 1945
7176:1 March
7124:excerpt
7047:(1995).
6750:(1923).
6684:14 June
6659:14 June
6393:Hamburg
6299:Aventis
6125:Belgium
6104:in 843
6073:in 1987
6058:in 1961
5868:, 1946.
5751:German
5440:Austria
5416:at the
5373:Austria
5361:Prussia
5352:Hamburg
5252:Prussia
5246:, 1799.
5204:removed
5189:sources
5078:Prussia
5003:Eastern
4999:Western
4921:History
4824:Germany
4680:Ireland
4650:History
4500:Romania
4392:Ireland
4380:Hungary
4356:Germany
4332:Finland
4320:Estonia
4308:Denmark
4272:Croatia
4248:Belgium
4236:Austria
3982:Primacy
3909:Romania
3801:Ireland
3789:Hungary
3765:Germany
3741:Finland
3729:Estonia
3717:Denmark
3681:Croatia
3657:Belgium
3645:Austria
3451:Iceland
3382:Romania
3274:Ireland
3262:Hungary
3238:Germany
3214:Finland
3202:Estonia
3190:Denmark
3153:Croatia
3129:Belgium
3117:Austria
3076:Ireland
2980:Iceland
2907:Romania
2790:Hungary
2764:Germany
2738:Finland
2725:Estonia
2712:Denmark
2686:Croatia
2660:Belgium
2647:Austria
2609:Romania
2594:Hungary
2589:Denmark
2584:Czechia
2302:Ireland
2278:Germany
2254:Finland
2242:Estonia
2218:Croatia
2206:Belgium
2194:Austria
2057:Romania
1940:Ireland
1927:Hungary
1901:Germany
1875:Finland
1862:Estonia
1849:Denmark
1810:Croatia
1784:Belgium
1771:Austria
1750:Euratom
1479:Lagarde
1391:Rulings
1381:Members
1303:S&D
1283:Metsola
1272:Members
1251:COREPER
1137:Hungary
1032:Parties
1028:(ALDE)
890:(2007)
712:Ukraine
664:Moldova
652:Georgia
628:Albania
553:Romania
436:Ireland
423:Hungary
397:Germany
371:Finland
358:Estonia
345:Denmark
306:Croatia
280:Belgium
267:Austria
164:Germany
94:to the
76:in the
39:.
10185:France
9995:Sweden
9975:Serbia
9970:Russia
9955:Poland
9945:Norway
9905:Kosovo
9875:Greece
9865:France
9840:Cyprus
9788:Europe
9759:Turkey
9744:Taiwan
9649:Kuwait
9639:Jordan
9624:Israel
9579:Brunei
9574:Bhutan
9513:Mexico
9498:Guyana
9473:Canada
9468:Brazil
9423:Uganda
9378:Rwanda
9313:Guinea
9273:Angola
9261:Africa
9134:Africa
9087:Former
9022:Sweden
9012:Serbia
9007:Russia
8992:Poland
8987:Norway
8977:Monaco
8962:Kosovo
8932:Greece
8907:Cyprus
8870:Europe
8846:Turkey
8836:Taiwan
8751:Israel
8697:Brunei
8646:Texas
8621:Mexico
8586:Canada
8581:Brazil
8525:Rwanda
8420:Angola
8408:Africa
8226:AbiBac
8008:Causes
7754:online
7737:online
7714:(1966)
7706:online
7700:online
7652:
7617:online
7584:(1996)
7577:(2003)
7566:
7549:online
7508:online
7482:online
7451:online
7441:online
7431:online
7421:online
7390:online
7380:online
7362:online
7351:online
7335:(2013)
7314:online
7303:online
7297:, ed.
7281:online
7272:(1968)
7254:, and
7067:
6822:(2008)
6679:dw.com
6595:online
6548:German
6540:French
6397:Munich
6381:Berlin
6329:Alsace
6318:French
6281:Airbus
6127:, the
5805:. The
5717:, 1930
5559:, and
5472:Alsace
5309:Berlin
5097:Alsace
4903:A tram
4875:German
4867:French
4832:Europe
4820:France
4661:Brexit
4548:Sweden
4476:Poland
4416:Latvia
4368:Greece
4344:France
4284:Cyprus
4074:Energy
4037:Budget
3977:Acquis
3957:Sweden
3885:Poland
3825:Latvia
3777:Greece
3753:France
3693:Cyprus
3484:Topics
3477:Norway
3475:
3462:
3449:
3430:Sweden
3358:Poland
3298:Latvia
3250:Greece
3226:France
3166:Cyprus
3074:
3063:Cyprus
3061:
3017:
3006:Norway
3004:
2991:
2978:
2959:Sweden
2957:
2944:
2931:
2918:
2905:
2892:
2881:Poland
2879:
2866:
2853:
2840:
2827:
2816:Latvia
2814:
2801:
2788:
2777:Greece
2775:
2762:
2751:France
2749:
2736:
2723:
2710:
2697:
2684:
2671:
2658:
2645:
2604:Sweden
2599:Poland
2559:ERM II
2326:Latvia
2290:Greece
2266:France
2230:Cyprus
2142:
2129:
2109:Sweden
2107:
2094:
2081:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2031:Poland
2029:
2016:
2003:
1990:
1977:
1966:Latvia
1964:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1914:Greece
1912:
1899:
1888:France
1886:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1834:
1823:Cyprus
1821:
1808:
1795:
1782:
1769:
1326:Bureau
1222:Voting
1192:COMPET
1170:ECOFIN
1026:Michel
992:(2004)
978:(1992)
972:(1985)
884:(2007)
878:(2001)
872:(1997)
866:(1992)
860:(1986)
854:(1983)
848:(1965)
842:(1957)
836:(1957)
830:(1956)
824:(1951)
818:(1951)
812:(1950)
756:Kosovo
734:Turkey
700:Serbia
605:Sweden
603:
590:
577:
564:
551:
538:
527:Poland
525:
512:
499:
486:
473:
462:Latvia
460:
447:
434:
421:
410:Greece
408:
395:
384:France
382:
369:
356:
343:
330:
319:Cyprus
317:
304:
291:
278:
265:
153:France
10116:Other
10036:Tonga
9990:Spain
9925:Malta
9900:Italy
9779:Yemen
9739:Syria
9714:Qatar
9684:Nepal
9634:Japan
9599:India
9589:China
9503:Haiti
9478:Chile
9408:Sudan
9368:Niger
9333:Libya
9323:Kenya
9308:Ghana
9293:Egypt
9200:Paris
9017:Spain
8957:Italy
8831:Syria
8811:Qatar
8786:Nepal
8756:Japan
8724:India
8707:China
8616:Haiti
8591:Chile
8520:Niger
8485:Libya
8475:Kenya
8465:Gabon
8455:Egypt
6412:Paris
6294:Areva
6121:Italy
5803:Tulle
5715:Mainz
5698:1930s
5610:1920s
5495:Punch
5066:Spain
5027:Rhine
5023:Meuse
4909:from
4907:Rhine
4826:, or
4536:Spain
4452:Malta
4404:Italy
3945:Spain
3861:Malta
3813:Italy
3418:Spain
3334:Malta
3286:Italy
2946:Spain
2855:Malta
2803:Italy
2422:Spain
2362:Malta
2314:Italy
2096:Spain
2005:Malta
1953:Italy
1597:ESFS
1187:EPSCO
1065:(EPP)
592:Spain
501:Malta
449:Italy
191:Envoy
56:DeepL
9694:Oman
9654:Laos
9614:Iraq
9609:Iran
9552:Asia
9528:Peru
9488:Cuba
9418:Togo
9343:Mali
9139:Asia
9058:Fiji
8766:Laos
8739:Iraq
8734:Iran
8670:Asia
8626:Peru
8601:Cuba
8550:Togo
8495:Mali
8435:Chad
8231:Arte
7784:and
7650:ISBN
7564:ISBN
7364:80pp
7178:2018
7148:2013
7065:ISBN
7005:2023
6686:2024
6661:2024
6636:2018
6577:2017
6426:and
6420:Lyon
6403:and
6349:Arte
6341:The
6320:and
6275:EADS
6241:and
6231:and
6221:and
6211:and
6201:and
6191:and
6181:and
6171:and
6161:and
6131:and
6111:The
6087:NATO
6069:and
6054:and
6002:and
5907:The
5727:The
5350:and
5187:any
5185:cite
5083:The
5048:The
5025:and
5013:and
5001:and
4941:Gaul
4915:Kehl
4822:and
3618:2019
3613:2014
3608:2009
3603:2004
3598:1999
3593:1994
3588:1989
3583:1984
3578:1979
1484:ESCB
1202:ENVI
958:2020
954:1984
943:2011
939:2005
935:2003
931:1994
927:1985
923:1979
919:1972
784:EU 3
252:(27)
70:must
68:You
6326:See
5303:by
5198:by
4913:to
4709:G20
3970:Law
1489:EMU
1293:EPP
1212:EYC
1207:JHA
1197:TTE
1165:FAC
1160:GAC
58:or
10209::
10139:/
10135:/
9194:/
7331:.
7213:.
7194:.
7164:.
7139:.
6995:.
6746:,
6677:.
6652:.
6554:),
6550::
6546:;
6542::
6422:,
6418:,
6399:,
6395:,
6391:,
6387:,
6331:).
6135:.
6123:,
6108:.
6106:AD
5935:.
5919:.
5864:,
5555:,
5535:.
5492:,
5488::
5394:.
5363:.
5242:.
5080:.
4978:.
4897:.
4877::
4873:;
4869::
4854:.
4704:G7
4652:)
1281::
1234::
1146:)
1086::
1061::
1024::
956:,
941:,
937:,
933:,
929:,
925:,
921:,
220:on
10161::
9630:)
9626:(
9620:)
9616:(
9595:)
9591:(
9239:e
9232:t
9225:v
9202:)
9198:(
8368:e
8361:t
8354:v
7843:e
7836:t
7829:v
7788:)
7776:(
7656:.
7570:.
7316:.
7283:.
7217:.
7198:.
7180:.
7150:.
7073:.
7007:.
6688:.
6663:.
6638:.
6579:.
6538:(
6430:.
6407:.
5315:.
5225:)
5219:(
5214:)
5210:(
5206:.
5192:.
4865:(
4807:e
4800:t
4793:v
4682:)
4678:(
4648:(
3988:)
3984:(
1309:)
1305:(
1299:)
1295:(
1274:)
1270:(
1142:(
105:.
98:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)
