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446:(904–911) reapproved the decisions against Formosus. Sergius demanded the re-ordination of the bishops consecrated by Formosus, who in turn had conferred orders on many other clerics, causing great confusion. Later, the validity of Formosus' pontificate was re-reinstated. The decision of Sergius with respect to Formosus has subsequently been universally disregarded by the
597:
254:, opposed the coronation. Fearing political retribution, many of them left Rome surreptitiously. Formosus fled to Tours after despoiling the cloisters in Rome. On April 19, John VIII called a synod which ordered Formosus and other papal officials to return to Rome. When Formosus did not comply, he was removed from the ranks of the clergy and
555:, p. 357: "And it is not unlikely that it was because John VIII. saw that Formosus might easily become the tool of designing men – or that at least the faction which had secured his interest might cloak their nefarious plans under the good name of the Bishop of Porto – that he forbade him to come to Rome again."
337:, had taken the office. Formosus refused to reinstate those who had been ordained by Photius, as his predecessor, Stephen V, had nullified all of Photius' ordinations. However, the Eastern bishops determined to recognize Photius' ordinations nonetheless. Formosus also immediately immersed himself in the dispute between
258:
on the grounds that he had deserted his diocese without papal permission, and had aspired to the position of archbishop of
Bulgaria. Additional charges included the accusations that he had opposed the emperor; "conspired with certain iniquitous men and women for the destruction of the Papal See"; and
430:
was applied to
Formosus, all his measures and acts were annulled, and the orders conferred by him were declared invalid. The papal vestments were torn from his body, the three fingers from his right hand he had used in blessings were cut off, and the corpse was thrown into the
372:. In autumn 895 Arnulf undertook his second Italian campaign, progressing to Rome by February and seizing the city from Agiltrude by force on February 21. The following day, Formosus crowned Arnulf as emperor in
263:
in Rome. The condemnation of
Formosus and others was announced in July 876. In 878 the sentence of excommunication was withdrawn after he promised never to return to Rome or exercise his priestly functions.
422:. The corpse was disinterred, clad in papal vestments, and seated on a throne to face all the charges from John VIII. The verdict was that the deceased had been unworthy of the pontificate. The
246:'s invitation for Charles to come to Rome to be crowned. Charles took the crown at Pavia and received the imperial insignia in Rome on 29 December. The supporters of Louis' other uncle,
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418:, the successor of Boniface VI, influenced by Lambert and Agiltrude, sat in judgment of Formosus in 897, in what is known as the
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for the French throne. Siding with
Charles, Formosus zealously exhorted Odo to cede the throne to Charles, to no avail.
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to advance to Rome and liberate Italy from Guy's control. In 894, Arnulf's army occupied all the country north of the
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195:. Several of his immediate successors were primarily preoccupied by the controversial legacy of his pontificate.
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suggests that the pope may have viewed the cardinal as a potential rival. In 883, John VIII's successor,
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The Lives of the Popes from the Time of Our
Saviour Jesus Christ to the Accession of Gregory VII
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807:. Vol. 2. Translated by Murdock, James (5th ed.). New York: Stanford and Swords
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as co-emperor in April 892. The following year, however, Formosus persuaded
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In 867, while
Formosus was serving as legate to the Bulgarian court,
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The
History of the Papal States From Their Origin to the Present Day
438:
Following the death of
Stephen VI, Formosus' body was reinterred in
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718:
This article incorporates text from this public-domain publication.
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Shortly after his election, Formosus was asked to intervene in the
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203:
Probably a native of Rome, Formosus was born around 816. He became
881:(in German). Vol. 2. Hamm, Germany: Bautz. cols. 70–71.
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was troubled, marked by interventions in power struggles over the
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from 6 October 891 until his death on 4 April 896. His reign as
904:
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680:. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). London: George Bell & Sons.
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751:. Vol. 4. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner, & Co
728:. Vol. 3. London: Keegan Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co
660:. Vol. 2. New York: Excelsior Catholic Publishing House
376:. The new emperor moved against Spoleto but was struck with
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During his papacy, Formosus also had to contend with the
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Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900–1150
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A 16th century depiction of Formosus' Papacy, from the
391:. On 4 April 896, Formosus died. He was succeeded by
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on the way and was unable to continue the campaign.
793:. Vol. 3 (4th ed.). London: John Murray.
678:The History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages
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223:(866). He also undertook diplomatic missions to
829:. Vol. 1. London: Griffith Farran & Co
748:The Lives of the Popes In The Early Middle Ages
725:The Lives of the Popes In The Early Middle Ages
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879:Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon
2735:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
298:(885–891), Formosus was unanimously elected
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877:. In Bautz, Friedrich Wilhelm (ed.).
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234:in 875, the nobles elected his uncle
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849:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
435:, later to be retrieved by a monk.
348:Formosus was deeply distrustful of
290:. Following the reigns of Marinus,
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773:. Vol. 2. London: T.C. Newby
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395:, whose papacy lasted 15 days.
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155: – 896) was the
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634:. Neff-Kane. Archived from
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187:, Formosus's remains were
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626:Brusher, Joseph (1959).
191:and put on trial in the
179:. Because he sided with
137:4 April 896 (aged c. 80)
2473:During the Roman Empire
652:Darras, Joseph-Epiphane
173:Kingdom of West Francia
2678:Catholic Church Portal
2538:Conflicts with the HRE
935:Catholic Church titles
696:Herbermann, Charles G.
674:Gregorovius, Ferdinand
632:Popes Through the Ages
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713:Catholic Encyclopedia
691:"Pope Formosus"
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387:, who were attacking
368:, an opponent of the
333:, the son of Emperor
329:had been ejected and
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2616:Revolutionary Papacy
2610:Age of Enlightenment
912:at Wikimedia Commons
686:Kirsch, Johann Peter
374:St. Peter's Basilica
250:, or Louis's widow,
242:. Formosus conveyed
2463:Antiquity and Early
2267:17th–21st centuries
1981:13th–16th centuries
617:Christianity portal
508:, pp. 139–140.
440:St Peter's Basilica
358:Arnulf of Carinthia
277:Johann Peter Kirsch
181:Arnulf of Carinthia
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787:Milman, Henry Hart
638:on 1 February 2008
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350:Guy III of Spoleto
343:Charles the Simple
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302:on 6 October 891.
259:had despoiled the
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185:Lambert of Spoleto
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958:Succeeded by
908:Media related to
888:978-3-88309-032-0
875:"Formosus, Papst"
856:978-0-19-103090-1
708:Shahan, Thomas J.
426:damnatio memoriae
409:Jean-Paul Laurens
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622:
621:
620:
606:
590:
587:
585:
584:
582:, p. 141.
569:
557:
542:
540:, p. 140.
527:
510:
498:
482:
480:, p. 139.
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
400:
397:
307:
304:
294:(884–885) and
256:excommunicated
244:Pope John VIII
238:to be the new
200:
197:
157:bishop of Rome
141:
140:
128:
124:
123:
114:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
64:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
47:Bishop of Rome
43:
42:
39:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2762:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Italian popes
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2581:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:High and Late
2521:
2514:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2339:Benedict XIII
2337:
2335:
2334:Innocent XIII
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Alexander VII
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:Innocent VIII
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2148:Callixtus III
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2068:Boniface VIII
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1967:Celestine III
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:Alexander III
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Anastasius IV
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1832:Sylvester III
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1817:Benedict VIII
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1341:Anastasius II
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1057:Pope emeritus
1055:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:List of popes
1013:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
994:
989:
987:
982:
980:
975:
974:
971:
962:
953:
952:
945:
939:
936:
932:
927:
923:
918:
914:
911:
906:
902:
901:
890:
884:
880:
876:
871:
870:
858:
852:
848:
844:
840:
828:
827:
822:
818:
806:
805:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
772:
771:
766:
762:
750:
749:
739:
727:
726:
720:
715:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
659:
658:
653:
649:
637:
633:
629:
628:"Sergius III"
624:
623:
618:
612:
607:
604:
593:
581:
576:
574:
567:, p. 22.
566:
561:
554:
549:
547:
539:
534:
532:
524:
519:
517:
515:
507:
502:
496:, p. 46.
495:
491:
486:
479:
474:
472:
470:
468:
463:
451:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
428:
427:
421:
420:Cadaver Synod
417:
410:
405:
396:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
317:
312:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
286:
285:suburbicarian
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
196:
194:
193:Cadaver Synod
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
147:
146:Pope Formosus
129:
125:
121:
117:
106:
102:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:6 October 891
65:
61:
58:
55:
51:
48:
44:
36:
31:
19:
2676:
2664:
2634:World War II
2628:Vatican City
2504:
2475:(until 493)
2439:Benedict XVI
2434:John Paul II
2354:Clement XIII
2349:Benedict XIV
2324:Innocent XII
2258:Clement VIII
2233:Gregory XIII
2213:Marcellus II
2173:Alexander VI
2123:Innocent VII
2088:Benedict XII
2043:Nicholas III
2008:Alexander IV
1998:Celestine IV
1988:Honorius III
1972:Innocent III
1957:Gregory VIII
1917:Celestine II
1902:Callixtus II
1872:Alexander II
1797:Sylvester II
1777:Benedict VII
1737:Stephen VIII
1656:
1622:Benedict III
1476:Adeodatus II
1421:Boniface III
1275:Anastasius I
949:
878:
846:
831:. Retrieved
825:
809:. Retrieved
803:
790:
775:. Retrieved
769:
753:. Retrieved
747:
730:. Retrieved
724:
711:
677:
662:. Retrieved
656:
640:. Retrieved
636:the original
631:
589:Bibliography
565:Wickham 2014
560:
501:
485:
437:
414:
382:
370:Carolingians
347:
339:Odo of Paris
320:
266:
229:
202:
199:Early career
161:Papal States
145:
144:
120:Papal States
71:Papacy ended
63:Papacy began
2700:810s births
2642:(1945–1991)
2636:(1939–1945)
2624:(1870–1929)
2618:(1775–1848)
2606:(1585–1689)
2600:(1534–1585)
2594:(1417–1534)
2575:(1378–1417)
2569:(1309–1378)
2561:, 1228–1304
2555:, 1262–1297
2549:, 1257–1281
2540:(1048–1257)
2525:Middle Ages
2465:Middle Ages
2429:John Paul I
2404:Benedict XV
2384:Gregory XVI
2359:Clement XIV
2344:Clement XII
2314:Innocent XI
2253:Innocent IX
2248:Gregory XIV
2198:Clement VII
2128:Gregory XII
2118:Boniface IX
2098:Innocent VI
2073:Benedict XI
2063:Celestine V
2058:Nicholas IV
2053:Honorius IV
2003:Innocent IV
1962:Clement III
1912:Innocent II
1907:Honorius II
1897:Gelasius II
1877:Gregory VII
1867:Nicholas II
1827:Benedict IX
1772:Benedict VI
1747:Agapetus II
1722:Stephen VII
1697:Sergius III
1687:Benedict IV
1677:Theodore II
1662:Boniface VI
1561:Stephen III
1541:Gregory III
1531:Constantine
1496:Benedict II
1431:Adeodatus I
1426:Boniface IV
1406:Pelagius II
1366:Boniface II
1306:Celestine I
1245:Sylvester I
1230:Marcellus I
1225:Marcellinus
1160:Callixtus I
1145:Eleutherius
1120:Telesphorus
1110:Alexander I
1032:Papal names
961:Boniface VI
821:Platina, B.
765:Miley, John
580:Kirsch 1909
538:Kirsch 1909
523:Kirsch 1909
506:Kirsch 1909
490:Kirsch 1909
478:Kirsch 1909
444:Sergius III
393:Boniface VI
273:change sees
93:Boniface VI
79:Predecessor
74:4 April 896
2705:896 deaths
2694:Categories
2585:Modern Era
2515:(974–1012)
2419:John XXIII
2329:Clement XI
2304:Clement IX
2294:Innocent X
2289:Urban VIII
2284:Gregory XV
2208:Julius III
2143:Nicholas V
2108:Gregory XI
2093:Clement VI
2028:Innocent V
2018:Clement IV
1993:Gregory IX
1947:Lucius III
1927:Eugene III
1892:Paschal II
1882:Victor III
1862:Stephen IX
1847:Damasus II
1842:Clement II
1837:Gregory VI
1812:Sergius IV
1807:John XVIII
1757:Benedict V
1742:Marinus II
1667:Stephen VI
1647:Adrian III
1627:Nicholas I
1612:Sergius II
1607:Gregory IV
1587:Stephen IV
1551:Stephen II
1536:Gregory II
1456:Theodore I
1441:Honorius I
1436:Boniface V
1401:Benedict I
1391:Pelagius I
1376:Agapetus I
1336:Gelasius I
1326:Simplicius
1311:Sixtus III
1301:Boniface I
1291:Innocent I
1155:Zephyrinus
1069:Pope-elect
1045:non-extant
926:Wikisource
777:1 February
732:1 February
664:31 January
454:References
416:Stephen VI
292:Adrian III
252:Engelberga
175:, and the
153: 816
111: 816
2509:(904–964)
2501:(756–857)
2495:(537–752)
2489:(493–537)
2481:(312–337)
2379:Pius VIII
2309:Clement X
2243:Urban VII
2193:Adrian VI
2183:Julius II
2163:Sixtus IV
2138:Eugene IV
2083:John XXII
2078:Clement V
2048:Martin IV
2023:Gregory X
1952:Urban III
1937:Adrian IV
1922:Lucius II
1857:Victor II
1802:John XVII
1792:Gregory V
1767:John XIII
1652:Stephen V
1642:Marinus I
1637:John VIII
1632:Adrian II
1602:Valentine
1597:Eugene II
1592:Paschal I
1526:Sisinnius
1511:Sergius I
1446:Severinus
1411:Gregory I
1381:Silverius
1351:Hormisdas
1346:Symmachus
1331:Felix III
1265:Damasus I
1240:Miltiades
1215:Eutychian
1205:Dionysius
1200:Sixtus II
1195:Stephen I
1185:Cornelius
1105:Evaristus
1100:Clement I
1095:Anacletus
1025:canonised
1020:graphical
944:Stephen V
833:8 January
811:8 January
755:8 January
642:2 January
553:Mann 1906
494:Mann 1910
459:Footnotes
378:paralysis
366:Agiltrude
331:Stephen I
327:Photius I
296:Stephen V
281:Marinus I
261:cloisters
133:896-04-04
89:Successor
83:Stephen V
2666:Category
2640:Cold War
2414:Pius XII
2394:Leo XIII
2369:Pius VII
2238:Sixtus V
2203:Paul III
2178:Pius III
2133:Martin V
2113:Urban VI
2038:John XXI
2033:Adrian V
2013:Urban IV
1887:Urban II
1822:John XIX
1782:John XIV
1762:Leo VIII
1752:John XII
1657:Formosus
1566:Adrian I
1521:John VII
1471:Vitalian
1466:Eugene I
1461:Martin I
1416:Sabinian
1396:John III
1386:Vigilius
1361:Felix IV
1321:Hilarius
1270:Siricius
1260:Liberius
1255:Julius I
1235:Eusebius
1190:Lucius I
1150:Victor I
1135:Anicetus
1115:Sixtus I
1052:Antipope
955:891–896
922:Formosus
910:Formosus
845:(2014).
823:(1479).
801:(1852).
789:(1867).
767:(1850).
688:(1909).
676:(1903).
654:(1898).
385:Saracens
362:Po River
325:, where
221:Bulgaria
183:against
40:Formosus
18:Formosus
2559:Perugia
2553:Orvieto
2547:Viterbo
2444:Francis
2424:Paul VI
2409:Pius XI
2389:Pius IX
2374:Leo XII
2364:Pius VI
2223:Pius IV
2218:Paul IV
2158:Paul II
2153:Pius II
2103:Urban V
1787:John XV
1732:Leo VII
1727:John XI
1682:John IX
1672:Romanus
1571:Leo III
1546:Zachary
1516:John VI
1451:John IV
1371:John II
1296:Zosimus
1210:Felix I
1175:Anterus
1170:Pontian
1165:Urban I
1125:Hyginus
1002:of the
411:in 1870
354:Lambert
335:Basil I
269:Boris I
240:emperor
189:exhumed
2399:Pius X
2279:Paul V
2274:Leo XI
2228:Pius V
1852:Leo IX
1717:Leo VI
1712:John X
1617:Leo IV
1556:Paul I
1501:John V
1491:Leo II
1486:Agatho
1356:John I
1180:Fabian
1130:Pius I
1040:extant
1036:Tombs
885:
853:
741:
399:Legacy
306:Papacy
225:France
217:legate
171:, the
53:Church
2730:Popes
2188:Leo X
1707:Lando
1692:Leo V
1506:Conon
1481:Donus
1316:Leo I
1220:Caius
1140:Soter
1090:Linus
1085:Peter
1000:Popes
694:. In
433:Tiber
389:Lazio
209:Porto
1250:Mark
951:Pope
883:ISBN
851:ISBN
835:2008
813:2008
779:2018
757:2008
734:2018
666:2018
644:2008
341:and
300:pope
165:pope
127:Died
116:Rome
104:Born
35:Pope
924:at
743:———
219:to
207:of
2696::
706:;
702:;
698:;
630:.
572:^
545:^
530:^
513:^
466:^
150:c.
118:,
108:c.
992:e
985:t
978:v
891:.
859:.
837:.
815:.
781:.
759:.
736:.
668:.
646:.
525:.
148:(
135:)
131:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.