493:
412:
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314:
770:), p. 587. Nicholas was added to the list of saints by Cardinal Lambertini - see F. Bougard, 'Anastase le bibliothécaire ou Jean Diacre ? Qui a récrit la vie de Nicolas Ier et pourquoi ?', Vaticana et medievalia. Études en l’honneur de Louis Duval-Arnould, Jean-Marie Martin, Bernadette Martin-Hisard e Agostino Paravicini Bagliani (ed.), Firenze, Sismel, 2008 (Millennio medievale, 71 ; Strumenti e studi, n.s., 16), pp. 27-40, p. 8 (online
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685:
354:, treated his suffragan bishops with violence, made unjust demands upon them for money, and illegally imprisoned priests. He also forged documents to support his claims against the Roman See and maltreated the papal legates. As the warnings of the pope were without result, and the archbishop ignored a thrice-repeated summons to appear before the papal tribunal, he was excommunicated. Having first visited the Emperor Louis at
447:, both rumoured to be relatives of Waldrada, had come to Rome as delegates, and were summoned before the Lateran Synod of October 863, when the pope condemned and deposed them as well as John of Ravenna and Hagano of Bergamo. Emperor Louis II took up the cause of the deposed bishops, while King Lothair advanced upon Rome with an army and laid siege to the city. The pope took refuge for two days in St. Peter's. Subsequently,
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Going in person to
Ravenna, the pope then investigated and equitably regulated everything. Again appealing to the emperor, the archbishop was recommended by him to submit to the pope, which he did at the Roman Synod of November 861. Later on, however, he entered into a pact with the excommunicated
639:
concluded that the pope was neither acquainted with the pseudo-Isidorian collection in its entire extent, nor did he make use of its individual parts. He perhaps had a general knowledge of the false decretals, but did not base his view of the law upon them and owed his knowledge of them solely to
654:
Perhaps the most impactful act of Pope
Nicholas was, in the year 866, he ordered that all Christians should abstain from eating the "flesh, blood, or marrow" of warm-blooded animals on Wednesdays and Fridays. This led to the tradition still widely followed by Roman Catholics in the modern day of
513:– regarded as ecumenical by the Catholic Church – in which Photius had been deposed and Ignatius reinstated. The Eastern Church resented Nicholas' pressing of the doctrine of papal primacy. This led to conflict between Constantinople and Rome over doctrinal issues such as the addition of the
548:
as it suffered famine and natural disasters. Boris was forced to sue for peace. Because the majority of his people were still opposed to
Christianity, he was secretly baptized according to the Byzantine rite. The Byzantine Emperor who became his godfather conceded territory in
304:
in the presence of
Emperor Louis. Three days later, Nicholas held a farewell banquet for the emperor and afterward, accompanied by the Roman nobility, visited him in his camp before the city, on which occasion the emperor met the pope and led his horse for some distance.
488:
in 861, but they failed to follow papal instructions. In a letter of 8 May 862 addressed to the patriarchs of the East, Nicholas called upon them and all their bishops to refuse recognition to
Photius, and at a Roman synod held in April 863, he excommunicated Photius.
471:
In the East, Nicholas was seen as trying to extend his papal power beyond what was canonical authority by asserting a "rulership" over the Church instead of the position of "highest honor among equals" accorded to the pope of Rome by the East. He contended that
451:
arranged a reconciliation with the pope, the emperor withdrew from Rome and commanded the former archbishops of Trier and
Cologne to return to their homes. Nicholas never ceased his efforts to bring about a reconciliation between Lothair and his wife.
378:
had appealed to the pope against the decision of the Synod of
Soissons of 861, which had deposed him. Hincmar opposed the appeal to the pope, but eventually had to acknowledge the right of the papacy to take cognizance of important legal causes
508:
regarded as ecumenical by some in the
Orthodox Church. At this synod, Ignatius’ elevation to the patriarchate was declared to be uncanonical and Photius was acclaimed as properly elected as the new patriarch, a decision which ran counter to
395:
Nicholas showed the same zeal in other efforts to maintain ecclesiastical discipline, especially as to the marriage laws. Ingiltrud, wife of Count Boso, had left her husband for a paramour; Nicholas commanded the bishops in the dominions of
608:
of Bremen and his successors the office of papal legate to the Danes, Swedes, and Slavs. In many other ecclesiastical matters, he issued letters and decisions, and he took active measures against bishops who neglected their duties.
329:
in the Church. He was filled with a high conception of his mission for the vindication of
Christian morality and the defence of God's law. His co-operation with Emperor Louis II and Byzantine forces temporarily stemmed the
190:
from 24 April 858 until his death. He is remembered as a consolidator of papal authority, exerting decisive influence on the historical development of the papacy and its position among the
Christian nations of
659:, but the meat of cold-blooded animals (such as fish) still being eaten. While there is a theory that this tradition was instituted solely to benefit the fishermen of Europe, there is no evidence for this.
276:, son of the Defensor Theodore, Nicholas received excellent education. Distinguished for his piety, benevolence, competence, knowledge, and eloquence, he entered the service of the Church at an early age.
592:, Boris began to look again towards Constantinople. In 870 a council of Constantinople granted the autocephalous status and Greek priests were sent as missionaries; they were soon replaced by Bulgarians.
560:
status which Photius was unwilling to grant, Boris sent an embassy to Nicholas with 106 questions on the teaching and discipline of the Church in August 866. Nicholas answered these inquiries in his "
260:
in the Constantinopolitan Nicene creed, and his pressure on Bulgaria to remain under Roman rule, provoked tensions between Rome and Constantinople, leading to his excommunication by the Greeks at the
463:
without her father's consent. Frankish bishops had excommunicated Judith, and Hincmar of Reims had taken sides against her, but Nicholas urged leniency in order to protect freedom of marriage.
977:
529:
to the obedience of the Roman Church, and the addition of the Filioque clause in parts of the Latin Church. The news of excommunication did not arrive in Rome until after Nicholas' death.
612:
In Rome, Nicholas rebuilt and endowed several churches, and constantly sought to encourage religious life. He led a pious personal life guided by a spirit of Christian asceticism.
358:, the archbishop repaired with two imperial delegates to Rome, where Nicholas cited him before the Roman synod assembled in the autumn of 860. Upon this John fled from Rome.
435:, June 863, the papal legates, bribed by the king, assented to the Aachen decision, and condemned the absent Teutberga, who took refuge in the court of Lothair's uncle,
325:
To a spiritually exhausted and politically uncertain Western Europe beset by Muslim and Norse incursions, Pope Nicholas appeared as a conscientious representative of
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and territorial claims due to the Church of Constantinople's seizure of territory from the Roman Patriarchate in southern Italy, Sicily and Illyricum during the
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383:) and pass independent judgment upon them. A further dispute broke out between Hincmar and the pope as to the elevation of the cleric Wulfad to the
370:, was himself again excommunicated, and once more forced to make his submission to the pope. Another conflict arose between Nicholas and Archbishop
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525:. A synod at Constantinople, headed by Photios, in 867 excommunicated Nicholas and rejected his claims of primacy, his efforts to convert
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387:, but here again, Hincmar finally submitted to the decrees of the Apostolic See, and the Frankish synods passed corresponding ordinances.
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became interested in converting to Christianity and undertook to do that at the hands of western clergymen to be supplied by King
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431:. At the Synod of Aachen on 28 April 862, the bishops of Lotharingia approved this union, contrary to ecclesiastical law. At the
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According to the Church of Constantinople, Photius was elected lawfully and canonically by the will of the Byzantine Emperor
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The pope was also involved in a desperate struggle with the bishops of Lotharingia over the inviolability of marriage. King
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Nicholas decreed that the figure of the rooster should be placed on every church. The rooster has served as a religious
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222:. When a council pronounced in favor of annulment, Nicholas I declared the council deposed, its messengers
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A question that is important in judging the integrity of this pope is whether he made use of the forged
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reports that Nicholas was highly esteemed by the citizens of Rome and by his contemporaries generally (
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her unless she returned to her husband. As she paid no attention to the summons to appear before the
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750:. New York, New York, USA: Simon and Schuster, 1972. Chapter 21: Christianity in Conflict, p. 517-51
624:" Script.", I.579). After his death he was regarded as a saint. His cult was re-affirmed in 1630 by
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568:, "Coll. Conc.", XV, 401 sqq.) and sent missionaries under the papal legate bishop Formosus (later
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Nicholas encouraged the missionary activity of the Church. He sanctioned the union of the sees of
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811:, Vol. 11 (New York, New York, USA: Robert Appleton Company, 1911), accessed 6 September 2014
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of Christ since that time, with some churches still having the rooster on the steeple today.
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His claims of supremacy over territories outside his jurisdiction, the incorporation of the
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captured from the Muslims because they were deemed harmful and blasphemous. When
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Since the seventeenth century, Nicholas has been venerated as a saint in the
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1003:"How Did the Roman Catholic Tradition of Eating Fish on Fridays Begin?"
846:
655:
abstaining from eating meat on Fridays during the liturgical season of
448:
420:
318:
313:
207:
200:
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23:
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Church Law and Church Order in Rome and Byzantium: A Comparative Study
572:). Also in 866, Nicholas sent a letter to the Bulgarians ordering the
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1026:"Lust, lies and empire: The fishy tale behind eating fish on Friday"
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1268:
1051: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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526:
257:
455:
Another matrimonial case in which Nicholas interposed was that of
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605:
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1143:
Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes
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4697:
4672:
4189:
4174:
4169:
3279:
2967:
355:
934:
Die pseudoisidorische 'Exceptio spolii' bei Papst Nikolaus I
849:
Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places
544:
in 863. Late in the same year, the Byzantine Empire invaded
4216:
4194:
4154:
3372:
1216:
1167:
981:
902:
Crusade and Mission: European Approaches Toward the Muslims
656:
644:
297:
273:
231:
99:
847:
Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (5 Nov 2013).
234:, his decision held. During his reign, relations with the
883:
881:
496:
13th-century depiction of the interrogation of Photius I
226:, and its decisions invalid. Despite pressure from the
878:
459:, daughter of Charles the Bald, who had married Count
640:
documents that came to him from the Frankish Empire.
504:
in 858. This decision was affirmed later in 879 in a
772:
http://www.rmoa.unina.it/333/1/RM-Bougard-Diacre.pdf
666:
484:. Nicholas sent two bishops as papal legates to the
995:
873:"ENGELBERGA (Enghelberga, Angelberga), imperatrice"
466:
2936:
899:
791:, New York, New York, USA, Sheed & Ward, 2010
635:papal decretals. After exhaustive investigation,
556:Unhappy with Byzantine influence and desiring an
374:: this concerned the prerogatives of the papacy.
242:, who had been removed from his post in favor of
5068:
1215:
1118:The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy
821:
338:fortifications against any future Muslim raids.
203:, even royalty, in matters of faith and morals.
195:. Nicholas I asserted that the pope should have
782:
780:
480:raised to the patriarchal see in violation of
2922:
1201:
1087:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
807:Johann Peter Kirsch, "Pope St. Nicholas I",
628:. His feast day is observed on 13 November.
1100:
943:
777:
427:, had abandoned her to marry his mistress,
16:Head of the Catholic Church from 858 to 867
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2915:
1208:
1194:
1114:
1056:
904:. Princeton University Press. p. 32.
1091:
887:
511:a previous council held at Constantinople
802:
800:
798:
491:
410:
312:
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949:
562:Responsa Nicolai ad consulta Bulgarorum
423:, not having any children by his wife,
284:(847–855) a deacon. After the death of
5069:
1084:The Photian Schism: History and Legend
865:
2910:
1189:
1023:
952:"How the Chicken Conquered the World"
795:
580:rejected Boris's request that either
1067:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
975:
474:Patriarch Ignatios of Constantinople
240:Patriarch Ignatios of Constantinople
178:; c. 800 – 13 November 867), called
1115:Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010).
976:Dick, Preston (February 24, 2023).
926:Papst Nikolaus I. und Pseudo-Isidor
826:. Simon and Schuster. p. 249.
408:in 860, she was put under the ban.
296:. On 24 April Nicholas was elected
280:(844–847) made him a subdeacon and
13:
3829:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
2947:Dicastery for the Causes of Saints
1071:
1057:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
272:Born to a distinguished family in
238:soured because of his support for
14:
5133:
1136:
900:Benjamin Z. Kedar (14 Jul 2014).
532:For a variety of reasons, Prince
350:oppressed the inhabitants of the
253:, with his feast on 13 November.
5049:
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4916:María de las Maravillas de Jesús
4773:Seven Maccabees and their mother
3959:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War
2888:
2877:
2876:
1046:
978:"Beyond the Trivia-Fish Fridays"
822:Williston Walker (30 Jun 2014).
697:
683:
669:
390:
332:Muslim advance in southern Italy
300:, consecrated, and enthroned in
262:fourth Council of Constantinople
5122:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica
1017:
969:
918:
824:History of the Christian Church
519:Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed
467:Relations to the Eastern Church
267:
1107:History of the Byzantine State
1024:Godoy, Maria (April 6, 2012).
950:Adler, Jerry; Lawler, Andrew.
893:
840:
815:
753:
737:
604:, and confirmed to Archbishop
1:
4881:Faustina and Liberata of Como
4069:Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia
4014:Teresa Benedicta of the Cross
2938:Saints of the Catholic Church
932:, XXV (1904), 1 sqq.; Idem, "
723:
385:archiepiscopal See of Bourges
5112:9th-century Christian saints
1092:Gallagher, Clarence (2019).
294:influence the papal election
121:13 November 867 (aged c. 67)
7:
1121:. Oxford University Press.
924:Schrörs, Johann Heinrich. "
729:9th edition (1880s) of the
662:
334:. He also strengthened the
160:Other popes named Nicholas
10:
5138:
5044:Catholic Church portal
4004:Saints of the Cristero War
1110:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
871:Bougard, François (1993).
851:. Routledge. p. 503.
341:
5032:
4969:
4801:
4643:
4215:
4145:
4077:
4039:Three Martyrs of Chimbote
3809:Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala
3774:
3539:
3506:
3308:
3250:
3137:
3105:
3022:
2984:Mother of God (Theotokos)
2974:
2944:
2872:
2799:
2739:
2678:
2669:
2483:
2197:
1796:
1500:
1294:
1227:
1174:
1165:
1157:
1150:
958:. Smithsonian Institution
809:The Catholic Encyclopedia
595:
486:Council of Constantinople
376:Bishop Rothad of Soissons
308:
158:
148:
132:
127:
110:
92:
87:
77:
67:
59:
51:
41:
34:
21:
4185:Joseph (father of Jesus)
3571:Athanasius of Alexandria
3353:Athanasius of Alexandria
3237:Theophanes the Confessor
3217:Paul I of Constantinople
3212:Paphnutius the Confessor
3157:Athanasius the Confessor
5107:9th-century archbishops
4117:Gregory the Illuminator
4087:Augustine of Canterbury
3636:Dionysius of Alexandria
3551:Alexander of Alexandria
2690:During the Roman Empire
1096:. Taylor & Francis.
940:, XXVI (1905), 275 sqq.
731:Encyclopædia Britannica
713:List of Catholic saints
566:Giovanni Domenico Mansi
476:was deposed in 858 and
3556:Alexander of Jerusalem
3162:Chariton the Confessor
3124:in the Catholic Church
2895:Catholic Church Portal
2755:Conflicts with the HRE
1152:Catholic Church titles
789:A History of the Popes
762:(Vatican Press, 2001,
620:, "ad annum 868," in "
590:archbishop of Bulgaria
523:Iconoclast controversy
506:synod of Greek bishops
497:
416:
322:
206:Nicholas refused King
175:
4987:Fourteen Holy Helpers
4951:Trasilla and Emiliana
4102:Evermode of Ratzeburg
3984:Perpetua and Felicity
3954:Martyrs of Sandomierz
3824:Dismas the Good Thief
3751:Theophilus of Antioch
3721:Maximus the Confessor
3656:Epiphanius of Salamis
3596:Clement of Alexandria
3310:Doctors of the Church
3202:Maximus the Confessor
2989:Immaculate Conception
2671:History of the papacy
1064:Catholic Encyclopedia
1030:National Public Radio
938:Historisches Jahrbuch
930:Historisches Jahrbuch
760:Martyrologium Romanum
495:
461:Baldwin I of Flanders
414:
316:
4891:Hiltrude of Liessies
4836:Catherine of Bologna
4831:Bernadette Soubirous
4024:17 Thomasian Martyrs
3834:Four Crowned Martyrs
3756:Victorinus of Pettau
3736:Papias of Hierapolis
3706:Jerome of Stridonium
3671:Gregory of Nazianzus
3641:Dionysius of Corinth
3463:Lawrence of Brindisi
3418:Bernard of Clairvaux
3393:Anselm of Canterbury
3348:Gregory of Nazianzus
3275:Priscilla and Aquila
3172:Edward the Confessor
2833:Revolutionary Papacy
2827:Age of Enlightenment
574:burning of any books
364:archbishops of Trier
302:St. Peter's Basilica
230:, who laid siege to
4941:Teresa of the Andes
4821:Angela of the Cross
4783:Zechariah (prophet)
3929:Martyrs of La Rioja
3924:21 Martyrs of Libya
3814:Christina of Persia
3794:Charles de Foucauld
3731:Quadratus of Athens
3691:Ignatius of Antioch
3661:Fulgentius of Ruspe
3611:Cyril of Alexandria
3606:Cyprian of Carthage
3591:Cappadocian Fathers
3488:Hildegard of Bingen
3358:Cyril of Alexandria
3232:Sergius of Radonezh
2994:Perpetual virginity
2680:Antiquity and Early
2484:17th–21st centuries
2198:13th–16th centuries
1102:Ostrogorsky, George
1059:Pope St. Nicholas I
787:O'Malley, John W.,
691:Christianity portal
534:Boris I of Bulgaria
346:Archbishop John of
218:of his marriage to
4982:Four Holy Marshals
4977:Calendar of saints
4946:Teresa of Calcutta
4926:Patricia of Naples
4851:Catherine of Siena
4132:Patrick of Ireland
4054:Vietnamese Martyrs
3944:Martyrs of Otranto
3899:Martyrs of Cajonos
3894:Martyrs of Algeria
3889:Martyrs of Albania
3849:The Holy Innocents
3819:Devasahayam Pillai
3804:Carthusian Martyrs
3746:Polycarp of Smyrna
3701:Isidore of Seville
3686:Hippolytus of Rome
3681:Hilary of Poitiers
3616:Cyril of Jerusalem
3581:Caesarius of Arles
3576:Augustine of Hippo
3478:Thérèse of Lisieux
3473:Catherine of Siena
3423:Hilary of Poitiers
3398:Isidore of Seville
3373:Bede the Venerable
3363:Cyril of Jerusalem
3328:Augustine of Hippo
3242:Pio of Pietrelcina
3207:Michael of Synnada
2815:Reformation Papacy
2809:Renaissance Papacy
2751:(1012–1044 / 1048)
2704:Ostrogothic Papacy
1797:9th–12th centuries
602:Bremen and Hamburg
498:
482:ecclesiastical law
445:Thietgaud of Trier
441:Günther of Cologne
417:
415:Seal of Lothair II
323:
317:Reproduction of a
214:'s request for an
180:Nicholas the Great
123:Rome, Papal States
29:Nicholas the Great
5117:9th-century popes
5064:
5063:
5056:Saints portal
5007:Miles Christianus
4992:Martyr of charity
4961:Josephine Bakhita
4956:Ubaldesca Taccini
4901:Kateri Tekakwitha
4876:Faustina Kowalska
4866:Eulalia of Mérida
4846:Catherine Labouré
4841:Brigid of Kildare
4668:Baruch ben Neriah
4112:François de Laval
4097:Damien of Molokai
4064:Victor and Corona
4059:Valentine of Rome
3949:Martyrs of Prague
3914:Martyrs of Gorkum
3874:Martyrs of Lübeck
3761:Vincent of Lérins
3741:Peter Chrysologus
3696:Irenaeus of Lyons
3666:Gregory the Great
3651:Ephrem the Syrian
3448:Robert Bellarmine
3443:John of the Cross
3428:Alphonsus Liguori
3403:Peter Chrysologus
3378:Ephrem the Syrian
3343:Basil of Caesarea
3318:Gregory the Great
3300:Seventy disciples
3192:Lazarus Zographos
3177:Francis of Assisi
3047:James of Alphaeus
3004:Marian apparition
2904:
2903:
2868:
2867:
2760:Wandering Papacy
2723:Saeculum obscurum
2696:Under Constantine
1501:5th–8th centuries
1295:1st–4th centuries
1279:papal resignation
1184:
1183:
1175:Succeeded by
768:978-88-209-7210-3
290:Louis II of Italy
286:Pope Benedict III
186:and ruler of the
165:
164:
5129:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5042:
5041:
4921:Narcisa de Jesús
4906:Lucy of Syracuse
4811:Agatha of Sicily
4723:John the Baptist
3969:Maximilian Kolbe
3964:Martyrs of Zenta
3939:Martyrs of Natal
3919:Martyrs of Japan
3909:Martyrs of China
3904:Martyrs of Drina
3839:Gerard of Csanád
3799:Canadian Martyrs
3784:Abda and Abdisho
3726:Melito of Sardis
3716:John of Damascus
3676:Gregory of Nyssa
3561:Ambrose of Milan
3493:Gregory of Narek
3458:Anthony of Padua
3433:Francis de Sales
3368:John of Damascus
3014:Joseph (husband)
2966: →
2962: →
2958: →
2931:
2924:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2892:
2880:
2879:
2800:Early Modern and
2710:Byzantine Papacy
2676:
2675:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1187:
1186:
1158:Preceded by
1148:
1147:
1132:
1111:
1097:
1088:
1079:Dvornik, Francis
1068:
1050:
1049:
1041:
1040:
1038:
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863:
862:
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838:
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757:
751:
748:The Age of Faith
741:
707:
702:
701:
700:
693:
688:
687:
679:
677:Biography portal
674:
673:
672:
647:and reminder of
637:Heinrich Schrörs
633:pseudo-Isidorian
622:Mon. Germ. Hist.
538:Louis the German
437:Charles the Bald
398:Charles the Bald
372:Hincmar of Reims
292:came to Rome to
288:on 7 April 858,
236:Byzantine Empire
120:
118:
88:Personal details
19:
18:
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5019:Seven Champions
5012:Church Militant
5002:Athleta Christi
4997:Military saints
4965:
4861:Clare of Assisi
4797:
4733:Judas Barsabbas
4639:
4211:
4141:
4127:Nino of Georgia
4073:
3979:Pedro Calungsod
3934:Martyrs of Laos
3879:Luigi Versiglia
3770:
3711:John Chrysostom
3601:Clement of Rome
3542:
3535:
3502:
3468:Teresa of Ávila
3453:Albertus Magnus
3338:John Chrysostom
3304:
3265:Mary of Bethany
3246:
3152:Anthony of Kiev
3133:
3101:
3052:James the Great
3018:
2970:
2949:
2940:
2935:
2905:
2900:
2864:
2847:(1929–present)
2801:
2795:
2749:Tusculan Papacy
2741:
2735:
2716:Frankish Papacy
2681:
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2479:
2193:
1792:
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1290:
1223:
1221:Catholic Church
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1139:
1129:
1074:
1072:Further reading
1047:
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1005:. 15 March 2019
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626:Pope Urban VIII
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515:Filioque clause
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433:Council of Metz
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278:Pope Sergius II
270:
251:Catholic Church
168:Pope Nicholas I
153:Catholic Church
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63:13 November 867
46:Catholic Church
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5024:Virtuous pagan
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4788:Zechariah (NT)
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4122:Junípero Serra
4119:
4114:
4109:
4107:Francis Xavier
4104:
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4089:
4083:
4081:
4075:
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4072:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4049:Uganda Martyrs
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4019:Titus Brandsma
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3994:Pietro Parenzo
3991:
3986:
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3916:
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3891:
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3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3864:Korean Martyrs
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3846:
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3789:Boris and Gleb
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3631:Desert Mothers
3628:
3626:Desert Fathers
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3383:Thomas Aquinas
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3277:
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3270:Mary Magdalene
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3245:
3244:
3239:
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3229:
3224:
3219:
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3199:
3197:Louis Bertrand
3194:
3189:
3184:
3182:Francis Borgia
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2956:Servant of God
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2839:Roman Question
2836:
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2829:(c. 1640–1740)
2824:
2821:Baroque Papacy
2818:
2812:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2790:Western Schism
2787:
2784:Avignon Papacy
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1919:Anastasius III
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1138:
1137:External links
1135:
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1089:
1073:
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1043:
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1016:
994:
968:
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888:Gallagher 2019
877:
864:
857:
839:
832:
814:
794:
776:
752:
735:
734:
733:
725:
722:
721:
720:
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709:
708:
705:History portal
694:
680:
664:
661:
649:Peter's denial
614:Regino of Prüm
597:
594:
578:Pope Adrian II
468:
465:
406:Synod of Milan
392:
389:
381:causae majores
343:
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310:
307:
269:
266:
224:excommunicated
193:Western Europe
184:bishop of Rome
163:
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36:Bishop of Rome
32:
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28:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5134:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
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5103:
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5098:
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5087:Italian popes
5085:
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4911:Maria Goretti
4909:
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4816:Agnes of Rome
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3483:John of Ávila
3481:
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3408:Leo the Great
3406:
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3190:
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2768:
2765:
2762:
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2759:
2756:
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2746:
2744:
2740:High and Late
2738:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
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2702:
2697:
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2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Benedict XIII
2554:
2552:
2551:Innocent XIII
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2516:Alexander VII
2514:
2512:
2509:
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2385:Innocent VIII
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2365:Callixtus III
2363:
2361:
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2285:Boniface VIII
2283:
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2184:Celestine III
2182:
2180:
2177:
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2167:
2165:
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2159:Alexander III
2157:
2155:
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2149:Anastasius IV
2147:
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2049:Sylvester III
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Benedict VIII
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
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1558:Anastasius II
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
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1274:Pope emeritus
1272:
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1232:List of popes
1230:
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1199:
1197:
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1128:9780195372045
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1054:
1053:public domain
1031:
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983:
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946:
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913:
911:9781400855612
907:
903:
896:
890:, p. 90.
889:
884:
882:
875:‘’Treccani’’.
874:
868:
860:
858:9781134259588
854:
850:
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835:
833:9781476794679
829:
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781:
773:
769:
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756:
749:
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736:
732:
728:
727:
719:
718:List of popes
716:
714:
711:
710:
706:
695:
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686:
681:
678:
667:
660:
658:
652:
650:
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627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
607:
603:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
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571:
570:Pope Formosus
567:
563:
559:
558:autocephalous
554:
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402:excommunicate
399:
391:Marriage laws
388:
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365:
359:
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349:
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328:
327:Roman primacy
321:of Nicholas I
320:
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58:
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50:
47:
44:
40:
37:
33:
25:
20:
5092:Papal saints
4936:Rose of Lima
4499:
4430:John Paul II
4260:Anastasius I
4230:Adeodatus II
4204:
4079:Missionaries
3989:Peter Chanel
3974:Óscar Romero
3869:Lorenzo Ruiz
3844:Great Martyr
3413:Peter Damian
3222:Peter Claver
2952:canonization
2893:
2881:
2851:World War II
2845:Vatican City
2721:
2692:(until 493)
2656:Benedict XVI
2651:John Paul II
2571:Clement XIII
2566:Benedict XIV
2541:Innocent XII
2475:Clement VIII
2450:Gregory XIII
2430:Marcellus II
2390:Alexander VI
2340:Innocent VII
2305:Benedict XII
2260:Nicholas III
2225:Alexander IV
2215:Celestine IV
2205:Honorius III
2189:Innocent III
2174:Gregory VIII
2134:Celestine II
2119:Callixtus II
2089:Alexander II
2014:Sylvester II
1994:Benedict VII
1954:Stephen VIII
1843:
1839:Benedict III
1693:Adeodatus II
1638:Boniface III
1492:Anastasius I
1166:
1161:Benedict III
1117:
1106:
1093:
1083:
1062:
1045:
1033:. Retrieved
1019:
1007:. Retrieved
997:
985:. Retrieved
971:
960:. Retrieved
955:
945:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
901:
895:
867:
848:
842:
823:
817:
808:
788:
759:
755:
747:
739:
653:
642:
630:
617:
611:
599:
561:
555:
542:East Francia
531:
499:
470:
454:
418:
394:
380:
360:
352:Papal States
345:
324:
271:
268:Early career
255:
248:
228:Carolingians
205:
188:Papal States
179:
167:
166:
149:Venerated in
144:(until 1883)
104:Papal States
72:Benedict III
60:Papacy ended
55:24 April 858
52:Papacy began
5097:800s births
4896:Joan of Arc
4826:Æthelthryth
4743:Melchizedek
4605:Telesphorus
4595:Sylvester I
4480:Marcellus I
4475:Marcellinus
4395:Gregory VII
4390:Gregory III
4305:Celestine V
4300:Celestine I
4295:Callixtus I
4285:Boniface IV
4275:Benedict II
4250:Alexander I
4225:Adeodatus I
4044:Ulma Family
4034:Thomas More
3884:Martyrology
3859:John Fisher
3508:Evangelists
3388:Bonaventure
3042:Bartholomew
2976:Virgin Mary
2859:(1945–1991)
2853:(1939–1945)
2841:(1870–1929)
2835:(1775–1848)
2823:(1585–1689)
2817:(1534–1585)
2811:(1417–1534)
2792:(1378–1417)
2786:(1309–1378)
2778:, 1228–1304
2772:, 1262–1297
2766:, 1257–1281
2757:(1048–1257)
2742:Middle Ages
2682:Middle Ages
2646:John Paul I
2621:Benedict XV
2601:Gregory XVI
2576:Clement XIV
2561:Clement XII
2531:Innocent XI
2470:Innocent IX
2465:Gregory XIV
2415:Clement VII
2345:Gregory XII
2335:Boniface IX
2315:Innocent VI
2290:Benedict XI
2280:Celestine V
2275:Nicholas IV
2270:Honorius IV
2220:Innocent IV
2179:Clement III
2129:Innocent II
2124:Honorius II
2114:Gelasius II
2094:Gregory VII
2084:Nicholas II
2044:Benedict IX
1989:Benedict VI
1964:Agapetus II
1939:Stephen VII
1914:Sergius III
1904:Benedict IV
1894:Theodore II
1879:Boniface VI
1778:Stephen III
1758:Gregory III
1748:Constantine
1713:Benedict II
1648:Adeodatus I
1643:Boniface IV
1623:Pelagius II
1583:Boniface II
1523:Celestine I
1462:Sylvester I
1447:Marcellus I
1442:Marcellinus
1377:Callixtus I
1362:Eleutherius
1337:Telesphorus
1327:Alexander I
1249:Papal names
956:Smithsonian
744:Will Durant
502:Michael III
282:Pope Leo IV
212:Lotharingia
139:(from 1883)
137:13 November
68:Predecessor
5102:867 deaths
5071:Categories
4630:Zephyrinus
4590:Stephen IV
4575:Sixtus III
4555:Simplicius
4500:Nicholas I
4425:John XXIII
4415:Innocent I
4385:Gregory II
4375:Gelasius I
4280:Boniface I
4240:Agapetus I
4235:Adrian III
4206:Matriarchs
4147:Patriarchs
3766:Zephyrinus
3139:Confessors
3107:Archangels
2999:Assumption
2950:Stages of
2802:Modern Era
2732:(974–1012)
2636:John XXIII
2546:Clement XI
2521:Clement IX
2511:Innocent X
2506:Urban VIII
2501:Gregory XV
2425:Julius III
2360:Nicholas V
2325:Gregory XI
2310:Clement VI
2245:Innocent V
2235:Clement IV
2210:Gregory IX
2164:Lucius III
2144:Eugene III
2109:Paschal II
2099:Victor III
2079:Stephen IX
2064:Damasus II
2059:Clement II
2054:Gregory VI
2029:Sergius IV
2024:John XVIII
1974:Benedict V
1959:Marinus II
1884:Stephen VI
1864:Adrian III
1844:Nicholas I
1829:Sergius II
1824:Gregory IV
1804:Stephen IV
1768:Stephen II
1753:Gregory II
1673:Theodore I
1658:Honorius I
1653:Boniface V
1618:Benedict I
1608:Pelagius I
1593:Agapetus I
1553:Gelasius I
1543:Simplicius
1528:Sixtus III
1518:Boniface I
1508:Innocent I
1372:Zephyrinus
1286:Pope-elect
1262:non-extant
962:2012-06-01
724:References
449:Engelberga
421:Lothair II
208:Lothair II
201:Christians
197:suzerainty
182:, was the
176:Nicolaus I
142:6 December
24:Pope Saint
4886:Genevieve
4793:Zephaniah
4600:Symmachus
4585:Stephen I
4570:Sixtus II
4550:Silverius
4545:Sergius I
4505:Paschal I
4495:Miltiades
4405:Hormisdas
4380:Gregory I
4365:Felix III
4350:Evaristus
4345:Eutychian
4330:Eleuterus
4325:Dionysius
4320:Damasus I
4315:Cornelius
4310:Clement I
4255:Anacletus
3999:Philomena
3646:Dionysius
3621:Damasus I
3566:Anatolius
3252:Disciples
3187:Homobonus
3147:Anatolius
2960:Venerable
2726:(904–964)
2718:(756–857)
2712:(537–752)
2706:(493–537)
2698:(312–337)
2596:Pius VIII
2526:Clement X
2460:Urban VII
2410:Adrian VI
2400:Julius II
2380:Sixtus IV
2355:Eugene IV
2300:John XXII
2295:Clement V
2265:Martin IV
2240:Gregory X
2169:Urban III
2154:Adrian IV
2139:Lucius II
2074:Victor II
2019:John XVII
2009:Gregory V
1984:John XIII
1869:Stephen V
1859:Marinus I
1854:John VIII
1849:Adrian II
1819:Valentine
1814:Eugene II
1809:Paschal I
1743:Sisinnius
1728:Sergius I
1663:Severinus
1628:Gregory I
1598:Silverius
1568:Hormisdas
1563:Symmachus
1548:Felix III
1482:Damasus I
1457:Miltiades
1432:Eutychian
1422:Dionysius
1417:Sixtus II
1412:Stephen I
1402:Cornelius
1322:Evaristus
1317:Clement I
1312:Anacletus
1242:canonised
1237:graphical
1178:Adrian II
618:Chronicon
478:Photius I
425:Teutberga
244:Photius I
220:Teutberga
216:annulment
199:over all
133:Feast day
128:Sainthood
117:867-11-13
82:Adrian II
78:Successor
4970:See also
4871:Euphemia
4708:Jeremiah
4688:Habakkuk
4645:Prophets
4620:Vitalian
4615:Victor I
4565:Sixtus I
4560:Siricius
4490:Martin I
4470:Lucius I
4435:Julius I
4400:Hilarius
4370:Felix IV
4340:Eusebius
4335:Eugene I
4265:Anicetus
4137:Remigius
4092:Boniface
3498:Irenaeus
3280:Silvanus
3227:Salonius
3072:Matthias
3037:Barnabas
3024:Apostles
2883:Category
2857:Cold War
2631:Pius XII
2611:Leo XIII
2586:Pius VII
2455:Sixtus V
2420:Paul III
2395:Pius III
2350:Martin V
2330:Urban VI
2255:John XXI
2250:Adrian V
2230:Urban IV
2104:Urban II
2039:John XIX
1999:John XIV
1979:Leo VIII
1969:John XII
1874:Formosus
1783:Adrian I
1738:John VII
1688:Vitalian
1683:Eugene I
1678:Martin I
1633:Sabinian
1613:John III
1603:Vigilius
1578:Felix IV
1538:Hilarius
1487:Siricius
1477:Liberius
1472:Julius I
1452:Eusebius
1407:Lucius I
1367:Victor I
1352:Anicetus
1332:Sixtus I
1269:Antipope
1172:858–867
1104:(1956).
1081:(1948).
1035:March 1,
1009:March 1,
987:March 1,
663:See also
588:be made
582:Formosus
553:to him.
546:Bulgaria
527:Bulgaria
429:Waldrada
258:filioque
4931:Rosalia
4856:Cecilia
4803:Virgins
4763:Obadiah
4738:Malachi
4683:Ezekiel
4635:Zosimus
4625:Zachary
4610:Urban I
4540:Pontian
4515:Paul VI
4450:Leo III
4410:Hyginus
4360:Felix I
4270:Anterus
4200:Solomon
4165:Abraham
4009:Stephen
3776:Martyrs
3543:Fathers
3516:Matthew
3323:Ambrose
3290:Timothy
3285:Stephen
3260:Apollos
3167:Dominic
3129:Raphael
3122:
3120:Michael
3115:Gabriel
3067:Matthew
2964:Blessed
2776:Perugia
2770:Orvieto
2764:Viterbo
2661:Francis
2641:Paul VI
2626:Pius XI
2606:Pius IX
2591:Leo XII
2581:Pius VI
2440:Pius IV
2435:Paul IV
2375:Paul II
2370:Pius II
2320:Urban V
2004:John XV
1949:Leo VII
1944:John XI
1899:John IX
1889:Romanus
1788:Leo III
1763:Zachary
1733:John VI
1668:John IV
1588:John II
1513:Zosimus
1427:Felix I
1392:Anterus
1387:Pontian
1382:Urban I
1342:Hyginus
1219:of the
1055::
586:Marinus
517:to the
368:Cologne
348:Ravenna
342:Bishops
4778:Simeon
4768:Samuel
4703:Isaiah
4693:Haggai
4678:Elijah
4653:Agabus
4535:Pius X
4530:Pius V
4525:Pius I
4510:Paul I
4460:Leo IX
4455:Leo IV
4445:Leo II
4420:John I
4355:Fabian
4245:Agatho
4180:Joseph
3541:Church
3333:Jerome
3097:Thomas
3087:Philip
3032:Andrew
2616:Pius X
2496:Paul V
2491:Leo XI
2445:Pius V
2069:Leo IX
1934:Leo VI
1929:John X
1834:Leo IV
1773:Paul I
1718:John V
1708:Leo II
1703:Agatho
1573:John I
1397:Fabian
1347:Pius I
1257:extant
1253:Tombs
1125:
908:
855:
830:
766:
606:Ansgar
596:Legacy
551:Thrace
457:Judith
336:Ostian
309:Papacy
96:c. 800
42:Church
5077:Popes
4758:Nahum
4753:Moses
4748:Micah
4728:Jonah
4698:Hosea
4673:David
4580:Soter
4520:Peter
4465:Linus
4440:Leo I
4290:Caius
4217:Popes
4190:David
4175:Jacob
4170:Isaac
3586:Caius
3295:Titus
3092:Simon
3082:Peter
2968:Saint
2405:Leo X
1924:Lando
1909:Leo V
1723:Conon
1698:Donus
1533:Leo I
1437:Caius
1357:Soter
1307:Linus
1302:Peter
1217:Popes
936:" in
928:" in
356:Pavia
172:Latin
4718:Joel
4663:Anna
4658:Amos
4485:Mark
4195:Noah
4160:Abel
4155:Adam
3531:John
3526:Luke
3521:Mark
3077:Paul
3062:Jude
3057:John
1467:Mark
1168:Pope
1123:ISBN
1037:2023
1011:2023
989:2023
982:KRCG
906:ISBN
853:ISBN
828:ISBN
764:ISBN
657:Lent
645:icon
443:and
366:and
319:bull
298:pope
274:Rome
232:Rome
111:Died
100:Rome
93:Born
4713:Job
1061:".
584:or
564:" (
540:of
400:to
210:of
5073::
2954::
1028:.
980:.
954:.
880:^
797:^
779:^
746:.
264:.
246:.
174::
102:,
2930:e
2923:t
2916:v
1209:e
1202:t
1195:v
1131:.
1039:.
1013:.
991:.
965:.
914:.
861:.
836:.
774:)
379:(
170:(
119:)
115:(
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