55:
612:. Although the sources sympathetic to Photios give the impression that the trial ended without a conviction, the chronicle of Pseudo-Symeon clearly states that Photios was banished to the monastery of Gordon, where he later died. Latin sources confirm that while he did not die in a state of complete excommunication, having been reinstated by a council which was approved by Pope John VIII, his ecclesiastical career was viewed in utter disgrace by Catholic authorities and many of his theological opinions were condemned posthumously. Yet it appears that he did not remain reviled for the remainder of his life.
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486:. True or not, this story does reveal Basil's dependence on Photios for literary and ideological matters. Following Photios's recall, Ignatios and the ex-patriarch met, and publicly expressed their reconciliation. When Ignatios died on October 23, 877, it was a matter of course that his old opponent replaced him on the patriarchal throne three days later. Shaun Tougher asserts that from this point on Basil no longer simply depended on Photios, but in fact he was dominated by him.
416:, since it was believed that he was having an affair with his widowed daughter-in-law. In response, Bardas and Michael engineered Ignatios's confinement and removal on the charge of treason, thus leaving the patriarchal throne empty. The throne was soon filled with a kinsman of Bardas, Photios himself, who was tonsured a monk on December 20, 858, and on the four following days was successively ordained lector, sub-deacon, deacon and priest, and then on Christmas Day, the
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yet the other side of his character is no less evident. His insatiable ambition, his determination to obtain and keep the patriarchal see, led him to the extreme of dishonesty. His claim was worthless. That
Ignatius was the rightful patriarch as long as he lived, and Photius an intruder, cannot be denied by any one who does not conceive the Church as merely the slave of a civil government. And to keep this place Photius descended to the lowest depth of deceit."
707:. Theology and ecclesiastical history are also very fully represented, but poetry and ancient philosophy are almost entirely ignored. It seems that he did not think it necessary to deal with those authors with whom every well-educated man would naturally be familiar. The literary criticisms, generally distinguished by keen and independent judgment, and the excerpts vary considerably in length. The numerous biographical notes are probably taken from the work of
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474:, who now usurped the throne. Photios was deposed as patriarch, not so much because he was a protégé of Bardas and Michael, but because Basil I was seeking an alliance with the Pope and the western emperor. Photios was removed from his office and banished about the end of September 867, and Ignatios was reinstated on November 23. Photios was condemned by the
739:, "since the time I learned how to understand and evaluate literature" i.e. since his youth. Moreover, the Abbasids were interested only in Greek science, philosophy and medicine; they did not have Greek history, rhetoric, or other literary works translated; nor did they have Christian patristic writers translated. Yet the majority of works in
482:
restore him. Ignatios's biographer argues that
Photios forged a document relating to the genealogy and rule of Basil's family, and had it placed in the imperial library where a friend of his was a librarian. According to this document, the Byzantine emperor's ancestors were not mere peasants as everyone believed but descendants of the
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upon his death: according to some chronicles, his body was permitted to be buried in
Constantinople. In addition, according to the anti-Photian biographer of Ignatius, partisans of the ex-patriarch after his death endeavored to claim for him the "honor of sainthood". Furthermore, a leading member of Leo's court,
481:
Not long after his condemnation, Photios had reingratiated himself with Basil, and became tutor to the
Byzantine emperor's children. From surviving letters of Photios written during his exile at the Skepi monastery, it appears that the ex-patriarch brought pressure to bear on the Byzantine emperor to
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Most of the popular sources treating
Photios's life are written by persons hostile to him. The chief contemporary authority for the life of Photios is his bitter enemy, Nicetas the Paphlagonian, the biographer of his rival Ignatios. Modern scholars are thus cautious when assessing the accuracy of the
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regards him as "one of the most wonderful men of all the middle ages", and stresses that "had not given his name to the great schism, he would always be remembered as the greatest scholar of his time". Yet, Fortescue is equally adamant of his condemnation of
Photios' involvement in the Schism: "And
637:
After his death, Photius began to be venerated as saint in environs of
Constantinople. His name features in a manuscript of the Typicon of the Great Church of Constantinople dated to the middle of the tenth century, where he is referred to a saint with a day of commemoration of February 6. According
505:
attended, prepared to acknowledge
Photios as legitimate patriarch, a concession for which the pope was much censured by Latin opinion. The patriarch stood firm on the main points contested between the Eastern and Western Churches: the demand of an apology to the Pope, the ecclesiastical jurisdiction
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Although
Photios had an excellent education, we have no information about how he received this education. The famous library he possessed attests to his enormous erudition (theology, history, grammar, philosophy, law, the natural sciences, and medicine). Most scholars believe that he never taught at
649:
Photios is one of the most famous figures not only of 9th-century
Byzantium but of the entire history of the Byzantine Empire. One of the most learned men of his age, and revered – even by some of his opponents and detractors – as the most prolific theologian of his time, he has earned his fame due
628:
and the Patriarch Stephen, and he also wrote one on Photios. Shaun Tougher notes, however, that "yet Photios's passing does seem rather muted for a great figure of Byzantine history Leo certainly did not allow him back into the sphere of politics, and it is surely his absence from this arena that
375:
Photios achieved a dazzling reputation as a scholar. In a feud with Patriarch Ignatios, Photios invented a fanciful theory that people have two souls, for the sole purpose of tricking Ignatios into embarrassing himself by being seen to take it seriously, whereupon Photius withdrew his proposal and
619:
on his brothers, a text probably written in 888, the Emperor presents Photios favorably, portraying him as the legitimate archbishop, and the instrument of ultimate unity, an image that jars with his attitude to the patriarch in the previous year. Confirmation that Photios was rehabilitated comes
591:
Basil died in 886 injured while hunting, according to the official story. Warren T. Treadgold believes that this time the evidence points to a plot on behalf of Leo VI, who became emperor, and deposed Photios, although the latter had been his tutor. Photios was replaced by the Byzantine emperor's
653:
Analyzing his intellectual work, Tatakes regards Photios as "mind turned more to practice than to theory". He believes that, thanks to Photios, humanism was added to Orthodoxy as a basic element of the national consciousness of the medieval Byzantines, returning it to the place it had had in the
427:
The confinement and removal of Ignatios and the speedy promotion of Photios at first caused only internal controversy within the Church of Constantinople, and in 859 a local council was held, examining the issue and confirming the removal of Ignatios and election of Photios. In the same time,
262:
in order to force him into resignation, and Photios, still a layman, was appointed to replace him. Amid power struggles between the pope and the Byzantine emperor, Ignatius was reinstated. Photios resumed the position when Ignatius died (877), by order of the Byzantine emperor. The new pope,
2469:
Treadgold, Warren T. (October 1983). "Review: Patriarch Photios of Constantinople: His Life, Scholarly Contributions, and Correspondence together with a Translation of Fifty-Two of His Letters by Despina Stratoudaki White; The Patriarch and the Prince: The Letter of Patriarch Photios of
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court, since many of the mentioned works were rarely cited during the so-called Byzantine Dark Ages c. 630 – c. 800, and it was known that the Abbasids were interested in works of Greek science and philosophy. However, specialists of this period of Byzantine history, such as
343:
Photios says that, when he was young, he had an inclination for the monastic life, but instead he started a secular career. The way to public life was probably opened for him by (according to one account) the marriage of his brother Sergios to Irene, a sister of Empress
335:
or at any other university; Vasileios N. Tatakes asserts that, even while he was patriarch, Photios taught "young students passionately eager for knowledge" at his home, which "was a center of learning". He was a friend of the renowned Byzantine scholar and teacher
764:, was probably in the main the work of some of his pupils. It was intended as a book of reference to facilitate the reading of old classical and sacred authors, whose language and vocabulary were out of date. For a long time, the only manuscripts of the
291:
information these sources provide. Little is known of Photios's origin and early years. It is known that he was born into a notable family and that his uncle Saint Tarasius had been the patriarch of Constantinople from 784–806 under both Empress
437:
sought to involve himself in determining the legitimacy of the succession. His legates were dispatched to Constantinople with instructions to investigate, but finding Photios well ensconced, they acquiesced in the confirmation of his election at a
442:
in 861. On their return to Rome, they discovered that this was not at all what Nicholas had intended, and in 863 at a synod in Rome the Supreme Pontiff deposed Photios, and reappointed Ignatius as the rightful patriarch, triggering a
1010:
Fr. Justin Taylor, essay "Canon Law in the Age of the Fathers" (published in Jordan Hite, T.O.R., & Daniel J. Ward, O.S.B., "Readings, Cases, Materials in Canon Law: A Textbook for Ministerial Students, Revised Edition" ), p.
2443:
Taylor, Fr. Justin (1990), essay "Canon Law in the Age of the Fathers" (published in "Readings, Cases, Materials in Canon Law: A Textbook for Ministerial Students, Revised Edition" by Jordan Hite, T.O.R., & Daniel J. Ward,
684:, a collection of extracts and abridgements of 280 volumes of previous authors (usually cited as Codices), the originals of which are now to a great extent lost. The work is especially rich in extracts from historical writers.
776:
and Berolinensis graec. oct. 22, both of which were incomplete. But in 1959, Linos Politis of the University of Thessaloniki discovered a complete manuscript, codex Zavordensis 95, in the Zavorda Monastery (Greek: Ζάβορδα) in
747:
are histories, grammars or literary works, usually rhetoric, rather than science, medicine or philosophy. This further indicates that the majority of the works cannot have been read while Photios was in the Abbasid empire.
654:
early Byzantine period. Tatakes also argues that, having understood this national consciousness, Photios emerged as a defender of the Greek nation and its spiritual independence in his debates with the Western Church.
223:'s archbishopric around the turn of the fifth century. He is also viewed as the most important intellectual of his time – "the leading light of the ninth-century renaissance". He was a central figure in both the
559:, Photios took the side of the Byzantine emperor. In 883, Basil accused Leo of conspiracy and confined the prince to the palace; he would have even have Leo blinded had he not been dissuaded by Photios and
432:
and the rest of the western bishops took up the cause of Ignatios. The latter's confinement and removal without a formal ecclesiastical trial meant that Photios's election was uncanonical, and eventually
906:
is characteristic: the author argues that Photios was educated after an agreement he concluded with a Jewish magician who offered him knowledge and secular recognition, in case he renounced his faith.
890: The exact dates of Photios's birth and death are not known. Most sources list circa 810 and others circa 820 as his year of birth. He died some time between 890 and 895 (probably 891 or 893).
788:, a collection of some 300 questions and answers on difficult points in Scripture, addressed to Amphilochius, archbishop of Cyzicus. Other similar works are his treatise in four books against the
735:
in Baghdad because he clearly states in both his introduction and his postscript that when he learned of his appointment to the embassy, he sent his brother a summary of books that he read
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Photios is also the writer of two "mirrors of princes", addressed to Boris-Michael of Bulgaria (Epistula 1, ed. Terzaghi) and to Leo VI the Wise (Admonitory Chapters of Basil I).
1648:
1618:
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1296:
La Géographie Ecclésiastique de l'Empire Byzantin. 1. Part: Le Siège de Constantinople et le Patriarcat Oecuménique. 3rd Vol. : Les Églises et les Monastères
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seem to have been the prime movers. All four were, at least in part, of Armenian descent as for Photius, the fact is that his mother Irene, was the sister of
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partisans of Ignatios decided to appeal to the Holy Roman and Catholic Church, thus initiating ecclesiastical controversy on an ecumenical scale as the
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307:. Sergios's family returned to favor only after the restoration of the icons in 842. Certain scholars assert that Photios was, at least in part, of
2362:
He Thematike ton Byzantinon "Katoptron Hegemonos" tes Proimes kai Meses Byzantines Periodo (398–1085). Symbole sten Politike Theoria ton Byzantinon
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and many other officials. In this conspiracy, Leo was not implicated, but Photios was possibly one of the conspirators against Basil's authority.
478:, thus putting an end to the schism. During his second patriarchate, however, Ignatios followed a policy not very different from that of Photios.
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Photios continued his career as a writer throughout his exile, and Leo probably rehabilitated his reputation within the next few years; in his
524:, and the papal legates made do with his return of Bulgaria to Rome. This concession, however, was purely nominal, as Bulgaria's return to the
1168:, p. 110: "Something of it, though, has been saved for posterity in the extracts made later by the Greek Byzantine patriarch Photios..."
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Photios was a well-educated man from a noble Constantinopolitan family. Photios's great uncle was a previous patriarch of Constantinople,
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2116:. Vol. 609 (Subsidia Tomus 117). Louvain, Belgium: Éditions Peeters (Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium).
800:. Photios also addressed a long letter of theological advice to the newly converted Boris I of Bulgaria. Numerous other
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Recent years have seen the first translations into English of a number of primary sources about Photios and his times.
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to Dvornik, Photius must have been venerated as a saint in the second half of the tenth century at the very latest.
231:, and is considered "he great systematic compiler of the Eastern Church, who occupies a similar position to that of
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churches on two separate occasions, once in 862 and again in 877, but his efforts ultimately proved unsuccessful.
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stresses that "Arshavir, Photius' uncle, must not be confused with Arshavir, the brother of John the Grammarian".
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918: David Marshall Lang argues that "Photius was only one of many Byzantine scholars of Armenian descent".
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Photios is widely regarded as the most powerful and influential church leader of Constantinople subsequent to
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352:(r. 829–842) in 842, had assumed the regency of the Byzantine Empire. Photios became a captain of the guard (
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The contemporary Eastern Orthodox Church venerates Photius as a saint, with his feast day being February 6.
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to the east of the empire. He sought to bridge the confessional differences between the Greek Orthodox and
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described this as "perhaps the only really satisfactory practical joke in the whole history of theology."
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Arméniens et Byzantins à l'Époque de Photius: Deux Débats Théologiques Après le Triomphe de l'Orthodoxie
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Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur Liber quo Vita Basilii Imperatoris amplectitur
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East and West: The Making of a Rift in the Church: From Apostolic Times until the Council of Florence
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447:. Four years later, Photios was to respond on his own part by calling a Council and attempting to
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Constantinople to Khan Boris of Bulgaria by Despina Stratoudaki White; Joseph R. Berrigan, Jr".
829:" by Photios was published in 1983. Another translation was published in 1987 with a preface by
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Shepard, Jonathan (2002). "Spreading the Word: Byzantine Missions". In Cyril A. Mango (ed.).
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The Entry of the Slavs into Christendom: An Introduction to the Medieval History of the Slavs
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and his nephew, the youthful Emperor Michael, put an end to the administration of the regent
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254:. He intended to be a monk, but chose to be a scholar and statesman instead. In 858, Emperor
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1985:), Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies; Byzantina Australiensia 11, 1998.
567:, Leo's mistress. In 886, Basil discovered and punished a conspiracy by the domestic of the
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Bougard, Francois (2002). "Hadrian III". In Levillain, Philippe; O'Malley, John W. (eds.).
850:
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624:, wrote poems commemorating the memory of several prominent contemporary figures, such as
8:
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934:, the Arshavir who had married Calomaria the sister of Bardas and the empress Theodora."
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the Holy Father on grounds of heresy – over the question of the double procession of the
377:
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to his part in ecclesiastical conflicts, and also for his intellect and literary works.
608:, were put on trial for treason before a tribunal headed by senior officials, headed by
275:, reversing the former. The contested councils mark the end of unity represented by the
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to transmit notice of his election and a synodal letter to Photios about faith and the
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Photios's summary of Books 9–16 of Memnon of Heraclea's history of Heraclea Pontica
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authority over the entire Church and by disputed jurisdiction over newly converted
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in 870 had already secured for it an autocephalous church. Without the consent of
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notes that Leo was not one of the persons with whom Photios had a correspondence.
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448:
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anathematizing Photios, while Eastern Orthodox regard as legitimate a subsequent
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Green, Timothy (2006). "Failure of a Mission? Photius and the Armenian Church".
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that Leo extracted a resignation from Photios. In 887, Photios and his protégé,
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Photios was canonized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in 1847.
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2003:, Liverpool University Press; Translated Texts for Byzantinists, vol. 7, 2019.
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by the Western church. Eventually, Photios refused to apologize or accept the
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2583:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 483–484.
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1367:, Chapter 3: "Early Christian Diversity: The Quest for Coherence", p. 146.
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The first English translation, by Holy Transfiguration Monastery, of the "
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5309:
5109:
5094:
4961:
4941:
4921:
4773:
4748:
4707:
4568:
4477:
4467:
4429:
4387:
4350:
4316:
2758:
2145:
1971:
797:
452:
405:
398:
316:
255:
497:
Photios now obtained the formal recognition of the Christian world in a
5550:
5510:
5079:
5069:
4946:
4876:
4763:
4732:
4712:
4656:
4651:
4606:
4501:
2493:
1999:
Wahlgren, Staffan (translator, writer of introduction and commentary).
1438:
Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce AD 300-900
838:
834:
793:
789:
304:
2240:. Toronto: Medieval Academy of America (University of Toronto Press).
1958:
Featherstone, Jeffrey Michael and Signes-Codoñer, Juan (translators).
544:. Photios also promoted a policy of religious reconciliation with the
5590:
5540:
5304:
5179:
4906:
4677:
4601:
4508:
4482:
4402:
3006:
2771:
2637:
1084:, Chapter Thirteen: "Ignatius, Photius, and Pope Nicholas I", p. 168.
743:
are by Christian patristic authors, and most of the secular texts in
569:
324:
323:-faced", but whether this was a generic insult or a reference to his
308:
267:, approved Photios's reinstatement. Catholics regard as legitimate a
244:
240:
27:
Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople from 858 to 867 and 877 to 886
4241:
2656:
2624:
Greek Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes
2485:
243:
in two parts...formed and still forms the classic source of ancient
5515:
4991:
4717:
4687:
4646:
4641:
4407:
4382:
2795:
2660:
1056:, Chapter Seven: "Renaissance of Learning: East and West", p. 159;
931:
507:
460:
408:
in 856. In 858, Bardas found himself opposed by the then Patriarch
365:
364:). At an uncertain date, Photios participated in an embassy to the
2564:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1960:
Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur Libri I-IV
1672:, Chapter Seven: "Renaissance of Learning: East and West", p. 171.
536:
chose a policy of appeasement and sent between 884 and 885 bishop
466:
This state of affairs changed with the murder of Photios's patron
4753:
4616:
4397:
4355:
4338:
4225:
2601:
811:
778:
723:
719:
688:
597:
369:
103:
455:. The situation was additionally complicated by the question of
5535:
4626:
4596:
4448:
4360:
4291:
4155:
2226:. Stockholm, Sweden: Almquist & Wiksell Periodical Company.
796:, and his controversy with the Latins on the Procession of the
704:
467:
456:
394:
320:
1518:"The Errors of the Greeks Condemned in Three General Councils"
30:"Photios" redirects here. For other people with the name, see
4636:
4631:
4611:
4419:
555:
During the altercations between Emperor Basil I and his heir
388:
Photios's ecclesiastical career took off spectacularly after
208:
from 858 to 867 and from 877 to 886. He is recognized in the
41:
2258:
Islamic Imperial Law: Harun-al-Rashid's Codification Project
4621:
2531:"About the Deposition of Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos (907)"
1778:
532:(r. 852–889), the papacy was unable to enforce its claims.
470:
in 866 and of Emperor Michael III in 867, by his colleague
429:
420:
of Constantinople's cathedral, Hagia Sophia, Photios's was
193:
187:
2429:. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated.
1996:
comprising the Life of Basil I), Berlin: De Gruyter, 2011.
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
190:
2304:. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies.
1641:"Saints and Feasts: Photios, Patriarch of Constantinople"
822:
is the principal source for the work, which is now lost.
687:
To Photios, we are indebted for almost all we possess of
1835:
1699:
1326:
1314:
2423:
Tatakes, Vasileios N.; Moutafakis, Nicholas J. (2003).
2089:
Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005).
1233:
311:
descent while other scholars merely refer to him as a "
2029:(1950). "Role of the Armenians in Byzantine Science".
1591:
1379:, Chapter Fourteen: "External Gains, 842–912", p. 457.
1118:
731:, have shown that Photios could not have compiled his
583:
The trial of Photios, miniature from the 12th century
493:
A fresco of St. Photios as Patriarch of Constantinople
5391:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
1675:
196:
184:
59:
Photios baptising the Bulgarians, miniature from the
2140:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1229:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 33.
2645:, Berolini typis et impensis Ge. Reimeri, 1824–25,
1184:, Chapter IV: "The Schism of Photius", pp. 146–147.
596:, and sent into exile to the monastery of Bordi in
273:
Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)
181:
2643:Photii biblioteca ex recensione Immanuelis Bekkeri
2451:The Reign of Leo VI (886–912): Politics and People
2312:Greek East and Latin West: The Church, AD 681–1071
1719:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Photius of Constantinople"
674:The most important of the works of Photios is his
2422:
2014:, active 1081), Cambridge University Press, 2010.
1693:
1196:
269:Fourth Council of Constantinople (Roman Catholic)
5616:
2109:
2088:
1441:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 958–959.
1100:
983:"Photius the Great, Patriarch of Constantinople"
376:admitted he had not been serious. The historian
5660:Byzantine saints of the Eastern Orthodox Church
2315:. Crestwood, NY: St Vladimir’s Seminary Press.
1298:. Paris: Institut Français d'Etudes Byzantines.
2237:Byzantium: The Imperial Centuries, AD 610–1071
383:
315:". Byzantine writers also report that Emperor
4257:
2744:
2480:(4). Medieval Academy of America: 1100–1102.
2182:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press LLC.
2092:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church
358:) and subsequently chief imperial secretary (
5675:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
4499:
4453:
4439:
2507:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1611:"Saint Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople"
760:(Λέξεων Συναγωγή), published later than the
348:, who upon the death of her husband Emperor
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
989:. The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
784:His most important theological work is the
714:Some older scholarship speculated that the
600:. It is confirmed from letters to and from
4264:
4250:
2751:
2737:
2638:Ongoing English Translation of the Lexicon
2374:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
319:(r. 842–867) once angrily called Photios "
258:(r. 842–867) decided to confine Patriarch
61:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
53:
2598:Orthodox Icon and Synaxarion (February 6)
2528:
2500:
2468:
2336:. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons.
2172:
2008:A synopsis of Byzantine history, 811-1057
1705:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1434:
1376:
1344:
1212:
1192:
1190:
1181:
1069:
5680:9th-century patriarchs of Constantinople
2569:
2382:
2168:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2062:
2041:
1939:
1911:
1887:
1866:
1784:
1364:
1262:
1250:
1124:
1087:
1006:
1004:
722:at the time of Photius's embassy to the
578:
488:
2760:Bishops of Byzantium and Patriarchs of
2447:
2401:
2350:
2296:
2254:
2230:
2158:
1935:
1808:
1759:
1747:
1743:
1731:
1681:
1597:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1530:
1400:
1388:
1352:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1278:
1266:
1153:
1141:
1081:
225:conversion of the Slavs to Christianity
14:
5617:
2359:
2165:The Photian Schism: History and Legend
2144:
2130:
2025:
1923:
1796:
1687:
1578:
1224:
1218:
1187:
1177:
1112:
206:ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople
4271:
4245:
2732:
2329:
2308:
2196:
2069:The Armenians in the Byzantine Empire
1966:Books I-IV, comprising the reigns of
1862:
1669:
1645:Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America
1468:
1348:
1290:
1208:
1057:
1053:
1020:
1001:
975:
2657:Works by Photios I of Constantinople
2275:
2219:
2018:
1974:), Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2015.
1899:
1775:" by Roger Pearse, January 15, 2011.
1165:
171:815 – 6 February 893), also spelled
2676:Titles of Chalcedonian Christianity
2602:Patriarch Photios of Constantinople
2408:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2360:Paidas, Konstantinos D. S. (2005).
2095:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2048:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1836:Photius; Joseph P. Farrell (1987).
1812:On the Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit
1651:from the original on April 14, 2024
1621:from the original on April 18, 2023
1021:White, Despina Stratoudaki (1981).
772:, which passed into the library of
24:
2604:Life and translations of his works
1949:
902: The case of pseudo-Simeon's
781:, Greece, where it still resides.
499:council convened at Constantinople
25:
5756:
5700:9th-century Christian theologians
2614:The Myrobiblion at Tertullian.Org
2589:
2333:Byzantium: The Empire of New Rome
2223:Orientalia Suecana, Volumes 51–52
2137:The History of the Jewish Khazars
1407:. Psychology Press. p. 682.
629:accounts for his quiet passing."
5735:9th-century Greek mathematicians
5461:The Closing of the American Mind
5381:Civilization and Its Discontents
5361:A Vindication of Natural Society
4224:
2664:
2557:
2529:Vlyssidou, Vassiliki N. (1997).
2279:The Armenians: A People in Exile
1839:The Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit
871:Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)
501:in November 879. The legates of
412:, who refused to admit him into
299:(r. 802–811). During the second
177:
2619:Catholic Encyclopedia – Photius
2405:The Oxford History of Byzantium
2154:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
2110:Dorfmann-Lazarev, Igor (2004).
1929:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1872:
1856:
1829:
1802:
1790:
1765:
1753:
1737:
1725:
1711:
1633:
1603:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1510:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1428:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1338:
1302:
1284:
1272:
1256:
1202:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1130:
285:
277:first seven Ecumenical Councils
5720:9th-century Greek philosophers
5665:Critics of the Catholic Church
2001:The Chronicle of the Logothete
1581:Le Typicon de la Grande Église
1106:
1075:
1063:
1047:
1014:
751:
667:
644:
13:
1:
5635:9th-century Byzantine writers
5351:Oration on the Dignity of Man
2351:Norwich, John Julius (1991).
2276:Lang, David Marshall (1988).
2261:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
1979:On the reigns of the emperors
1842:. Holy Cross Orthodox Press.
1694:Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003
1585:Pontifical Oriental Institute
1197:Tatakes & Moutafakis 2003
1027:. Holy Cross Orthodox Press.
1024:The Life of Patriarch Photios
963:
926:, Photius, Caesar Bardas and
632:
168:
135:Anthimus VI of Constantinople
5730:9th-century Greek scientists
5685:9th-century Christian saints
5421:The Society of the Spectacle
4152:Patriarchs of Constantinople
3623:Patriarchs of Constantinople
3036:Patriarchs of Constantinople
2631:Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit
2282:. London: Unwin Paperbacks.
2232:Jenkins, Romilly James Heald
2074:Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian
1101:Cross & Livingstone 2005
968:
942:
910:
894:
882:
827:Mystagogy of the Holy Spirit
424:and installed as patriarch.
7:
2711:Patriarch of Constantinople
2692:Patriarch of Constantinople
2663:(public domain audiobooks)
2387:(in Greek). Athens: Armos.
2364:(in Greek). Athens, Greece.
2179:The Orthodox Eastern Church
1435:McCormick, Michael (2001).
950: G. N. Wilson regards
844:
703:, and the lost writings of
662:
384:Patriarch of Constantinople
100:6 February 893 (aged c. 78)
10:
5761:
2930:(Roman period, 330–451 AD)
2383:Plexidas, Ioannis (2007).
2255:Jokisch, Benjamin (2007).
1579:Mateos, Juan, ed. (1962).
954:as Photios's teacher, but
774:Trinity College, Cambridge
510:, and the addition of the
484:Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
29:
5725:9th-century Greek writers
5645:Christian anti-Gnosticism
5599:
5503:
5491:Intellectuals and Society
5441:The Culture of Narcissism
5332:
5000:
4792:
4741:
4670:
4584:
4577:
4517:
4279:
4213:
4151:
3622:
3035:
2924:
2769:
2717:
2708:
2698:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2629:Saint Photius the Great,
2512:Stanford University Press
2213:10.2143/MUS.119.1.2011771
1988:Ševčenko, Ihor (trans.).
1878:Symeon Metaphrastes (?).
1404:The Papacy: Gaius-Proxies
1265:, "Introduction", p. 17;
295:(r. 797–802) and Emperor
160:
140:
119:
109:
96:
80:
67:
52:
39:
5690:Byzantine letter writers
5481:The Malaise of Modernity
5431:The History of Sexuality
4530:Catholic social teaching
2510:. Stanford, California:
2330:Mango, Cyril A. (1980).
2042:Chadwick, Henry (2003).
2006:Wortley, John (trans.).
1977:Kaldellis, A. (trans.).
1942:, "Introduction", p. 16.
1890:, "Introduction", p. 15.
1869:, "Introduction", p. 15.
876:
574:John Kourkouas the Elder
5670:Greek religious writers
5561:Philosophy of education
4231:Christianity portal
2608:The Excerpta of Photius
2596:Saint Photios the Great
2580:Encyclopædia Britannica
2541:: 23–36. Archived from
2448:Tougher, Shaun (1997).
247:for the Greek Church."
214:Saint Photios the Great
210:Eastern Orthodox Church
114:Eastern Orthodox Church
4500:
4454:
4440:
4158:period, since 1923 AD)
2309:Louth, Andrew (2007).
2132:Dunlop, Douglas Morton
1994:Theophanes Continuatus
1964:Theophanes Continuatus
1815:. Studion Publishers.
1773:The Lexicon of Photius
1225:Vlasto, A. P. (1970).
861:University of Magnaura
588:
494:
403:logothete of the drome
70:Confessor of the Faith
5650:Byzantine theologians
5566:Philosophy of history
5556:Philosophy of culture
5451:A Conflict of Visions
3629:period, 1453–1923 AD)
2634:(English translation)
2385:The Prince of Photios
2353:Byzantium: The Apogee
1583:. Vol. 1. Rome:
1533:, pp. 73–76, 84.
952:Leo the Mathematician
866:Bibliotheca (Photius)
626:Leo the Mathematician
606:Theodore Santabarenos
582:
492:
338:Leo the Mathematician
76:, Pillar of Orthodoxy
74:Equal to the Apostles
5571:Political philosophy
5371:Democracy in America
3042:period, 451–1453 AD)
2426:Byzantine Philosophy
1746:, pp. 365–386;
1347:, pp. 147–148;
1211:, pp. 168–169;
851:Byzantine philosophy
709:Hesychius of Miletus
699:, the lost books of
472:Basil the Macedonian
422:consecrated a bishop
5710:9th-century jurists
5411:One-Dimensional Man
3958:Callinicus IV (III)
2535:Byzantine Symmeikta
2220:Gren, Erik (2002).
1787:, pp. 483–484.
1734:, pp. 365–386.
1587:. pp. 228–229.
1471:, pp. 123–168.
928:Leo the Philosopher
924:John the Grammarian
610:Andrew the Scythian
530:Boris I of Bulgaria
378:John Julius Norwich
5630:9th-century births
5625:9th-century deaths
5531:Cultural pessimism
5526:Cultural criticism
4425:National character
2779:period, 38–330 AD)
2302:Byzantine Humanism
2076:Armenian Library.
1968:Leo V the Armenian
1520:. 17 January 2018.
837:) Chrysostomos of
693:Memnon of Heraclea
622:Leo Choirosphaktes
589:
561:Stylianos Zaoutzes
538:Theodosius of Oria
495:
476:Council of 869–870
5705:Byzantine jurists
5655:Byzantine writers
5612:
5611:
5328:
5327:
4473:Spontaneous order
4463:Social alienation
4312:Cultural heritage
4273:Social philosophy
4239:
4238:
4018:Callinicus V (IV)
2987:John I Chrysostom
2727:
2726:
2718:Succeeded by
2699:Succeeded by
2502:Treadgold, Warren
2461:978-90-04-10811-0
2454:. Leiden: Brill.
2394:978-960-527-396-5
2322:978-0-88141-320-5
2268:978-3-11-019048-9
2174:Fortescue, Adrian
2055:978-0-19-926457-5
2019:Secondary sources
1914:, pp. 27–28.
1762:, pp. 26–27.
1557:, pp. 87–88.
1545:, pp. 85–86.
1448:978-0-521-66102-7
1414:978-0-415-92230-2
1391:, pp. 70–71.
1335:, pp. 70–90.
1323:, pp. 39–69.
150:
149:
110:Venerated in
47:Photios the Great
16:(Redirected from
5752:
5576:Social criticism
5496:
5486:
5476:
5466:
5456:
5446:
5436:
5426:
5416:
5406:
5396:
5386:
5376:
5366:
5356:
5346:
4582:
4581:
4564:Frankfurt School
4542:Communitarianism
4505:
4459:
4445:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4243:
4242:
4229:
4228:
2763:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2682:Preceded by
2672:
2671:
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2584:
2563:
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2553:
2551:
2550:
2525:
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2373:
2365:
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2347:
2326:
2305:
2293:
2272:
2251:
2227:
2216:
2207:(1–2): 123–168.
2193:
2169:
2160:Dvornik, Francis
2155:
2151:The Age of Faith
2141:
2127:
2106:
2085:
2059:
2038:
2027:Adontz, Nicholas
2010:(the history of
1981:(the history of
1943:
1933:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1809:Photius (1983).
1806:
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1782:
1776:
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1763:
1757:
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1735:
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1312:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1281:, pp. 63–64
1276:
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1200:
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1104:
1098:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1034:978-0-91658626-3
1018:
1012:
1008:
999:
998:
996:
994:
979:
945:
913:
897:
885:
718:was compiled in
701:Diodorus Siculus
656:Adrian Fortescue
585:Madrid Skylitzes
563:, the father of
546:Armenian kingdom
203:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
183:
170:
162:
91:Byzantine Empire
57:
37:
36:
21:
5760:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5715:Protospatharioi
5615:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5595:
5521:Critical theory
5499:
5494:
5484:
5474:
5464:
5454:
5444:
5434:
5424:
5414:
5404:
5394:
5384:
5374:
5364:
5354:
5344:
5324:
5002:
4996:
4794:
4788:
4737:
4666:
4573:
4525:Budapest School
4513:
4302:Cosmopolitanism
4275:
4270:
4240:
4235:
4223:
4209:
4153:
4147:
3726:Metrophanes III
3624:
3618:
3339:Constantine III
3037:
3031:
2929:
2925:Archbishops of
2920:
2774:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2723:
2714:
2704:
2695:
2687:
2665:
2592:
2587:
2573:, ed. (1911). "
2558:
2556:
2548:
2546:
2522:
2486:10.2307/2853829
2462:
2437:
2416:
2395:
2367:
2366:
2344:
2323:
2290:
2269:
2248:
2190:
2124:
2103:
2064:Charanis, Peter
2056:
2031:Armenian Review
2021:
1983:Joseph Genesios
1952:
1950:Primary sources
1947:
1946:
1938:, p. 159;
1934:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1877:
1873:
1865:, p. 169;
1861:
1857:
1850:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1371:
1363:
1359:
1351:, p. 171;
1343:
1339:
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1289:
1285:
1277:
1273:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1234:
1223:
1219:
1215:, p. 1100.
1207:
1203:
1195:
1188:
1180:, p. 194;
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1135:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1002:
992:
990:
981:
980:
976:
971:
966:
961:
959:
939:
936:Nicholas Adontz
907:
891:
879:
856:Filioque clause
847:
754:
672:
665:
647:
635:
534:Pope Adrian III
435:Pope Nicholas I
386:
355:prōtospatharios
313:Greek Byzantine
288:
239:," and whose "
221:John Chrysostom
180:
176:
101:
85:
63:
48:
45:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5758:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5581:Social science
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5497:
5487:
5477:
5471:Gender Trouble
5467:
5457:
5447:
5437:
5427:
5417:
5407:
5401:The Second Sex
5397:
5387:
5377:
5367:
5357:
5347:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5006:
5004:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4586:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4527:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4451:
4446:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:Invisible hand
4390:
4385:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4347:
4346:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4269:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4233:
4221:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4170:Constantine VI
4167:
4161:
4159:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4123:Neophytus VIII
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4103:Sophronius III
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4058:Constantius II
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3968:Joannicius III
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3932:Callinicus III
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3836:Parthenius III
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3801:Athanasius III
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3604:Metrophanes II
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3399:Constantine IV
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:Constantine II
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2931:
2927:Constantinople
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2767:
2766:
2762:Constantinople
2756:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2716:
2715:877–886
2706:
2705:
2700:
2697:
2696:858–867
2688:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2670:
2669:
2654:
2640:
2635:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2591:
2590:External links
2588:
2586:
2585:
2571:Chisholm, Hugh
2554:
2526:
2520:
2498:
2466:
2460:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2420:
2414:
2399:
2393:
2380:
2357:
2355:. London: BCA.
2348:
2342:
2327:
2321:
2306:
2294:
2288:
2273:
2267:
2252:
2246:
2228:
2217:
2194:
2188:
2170:
2156:
2142:
2128:
2122:
2107:
2101:
2086:
2060:
2054:
2039:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:John Scylitzes
2004:
1997:
1992:(Chronicle of
1986:
1975:
1962:(Chronicle of
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1884:PG 109, 732 BC
1871:
1855:
1848:
1828:
1821:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1764:
1752:
1736:
1724:
1710:
1708:, p. 138.
1706:Fortescue 2001
1698:
1696:, p. 103.
1686:
1674:
1662:
1632:
1602:
1600:, p. 389.
1590:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1509:
1507:, p. 461.
1505:Treadgold 1997
1497:
1493:Vlyssidou 1997
1485:
1483:, p. 460.
1481:Treadgold 1997
1473:
1461:
1447:
1427:
1413:
1393:
1381:
1377:Treadgold 1997
1369:
1357:
1345:Fortescue 2001
1337:
1325:
1313:
1301:
1292:Janin, Raymond
1283:
1271:
1269:, p. 235.
1255:
1253:, p. 483.
1232:
1217:
1213:Treadgold 1983
1201:
1199:, p. 102.
1186:
1182:Fortescue 2001
1170:
1158:
1146:
1129:
1127:, p. 484.
1117:
1115:, p. 529.
1105:
1086:
1074:
1072:, p. 1100
1070:Treadgold 1983
1062:
1060:, p. 168.
1046:
1033:
1013:
1000:
973:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
920:Peter Charanis
880:
878:
875:
874:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
846:
843:
820:Church History
804:also survive.
770:Codex Galeanus
753:
750:
671:
666:
664:
661:
646:
643:
634:
631:
565:Zoe Zaoutzaina
526:Byzantine rite
503:Pope John VIII
418:patronal feast
385:
382:
287:
284:
252:Saint Tarasius
229:Photian schism
148:
147:
144:
138:
137:
131:Ottoman Empire
127:Constantinople
123:
117:
116:
111:
107:
106:
98:
94:
93:
87:Constantinople
82:
78:
77:
65:
64:
58:
50:
49:
46:
40:
32:Photios (name)
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5757:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5620:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5586:Social theory
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5478:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5423:
5422:
5418:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5382:
5378:
5373:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5240:Radhakrishnan
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5001:20th and 21st
4999:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:18th and 19th
4791:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:Constantine V
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4053:Constantius I
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Gerasimus III
4006:
4004:
4003:Neophytus VII
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3988:Sophronius II
3986:
3984:
3983:Theodosius II
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Callinicus II
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3876:Athanasius IV
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Methodius III
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:Dionysius III
3849:
3847:
3846:Parthenius IV
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:Joannicius II
3819:
3817:
3816:Parthenius II
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:Neophytus III
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3741:Theoleptus II
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3621:
3615:
3614:Athanasius II
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
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3567:
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3562:
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3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3494:Nicephorus II
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:Constantine I
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Macedonius II
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
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2975:
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2970:
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2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Polycarpus II
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
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2694:
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2680:
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2673:
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2658:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2566:public domain
2555:
2545:on 2016-03-03
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2521:0-8047-2630-2
2517:
2513:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
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2463:
2457:
2453:
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2442:
2438:
2436:0-87220-563-0
2432:
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2421:
2417:
2415:0-19-814098-3
2411:
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2371:
2363:
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2354:
2349:
2345:
2343:0-684-16768-9
2339:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:Lemerle, Paul
2295:
2291:
2289:9780044402893
2285:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2247:0-8020-6667-4
2243:
2239:
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2229:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2189:0-9715986-1-4
2185:
2181:
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2175:
2171:
2167:
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2157:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2123:90-429-1412-2
2119:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2102:0-19-280290-9
2098:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1941:
1940:Plexidas 2007
1937:
1932:
1926:, p. 66.
1925:
1920:
1913:
1912:Charanis 1963
1908:
1902:, p. 54.
1901:
1896:
1889:
1888:Plexidas 2007
1885:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1867:Plexidas 2007
1864:
1859:
1851:
1849:0-916586-88-X
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1822:0-943670-00-4
1818:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1785:Chisholm 1911
1781:
1774:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1750:, p. 40.
1749:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1695:
1690:
1684:, p. 68.
1683:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1569:, p. 88.
1568:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1495:, p. 33.
1494:
1489:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1365:Chadwick 2003
1361:
1355:, p. 69.
1354:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1263:Plexidas 2007
1259:
1252:
1251:Chisholm 1911
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1156:, p. 68.
1155:
1150:
1144:, p. 68.
1143:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1125:Chisholm 1911
1121:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1036:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1007:
1005:
988:
987:Online Chapel
984:
978:
974:
960:
957:
953:
949:
944:
940:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
908:
905:
901:
896:
892:
889:
884:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
842:
840:
836:
832:
831:Archimandrite
828:
823:
821:
817:
816:Philostorgius
813:
808:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
749:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
725:
721:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
678:
670:
660:
657:
651:
642:
639:
630:
627:
623:
618:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
586:
581:
577:
575:
572:
571:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:
509:
504:
500:
491:
487:
485:
479:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
449:excommunicate
446:
441:
436:
431:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
400:
396:
393:
392:
381:
379:
373:
371:
367:
363:
362:
361:protasēkrētis
357:
356:
351:
347:
341:
339:
334:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
283:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
201:
174:
166:
158:
154:
145:
143:
139:
136:
132:
128:
124:
122:
118:
115:
112:
108:
105:
99:
95:
92:
88:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
62:
56:
51:
43:
38:
33:
19:
5640:Anthologists
5489:
5479:
5469:
5459:
5449:
5439:
5429:
5419:
5409:
5399:
5389:
5379:
5369:
5359:
5349:
5339:
4759:Guicciardini
4742:Early modern
4722:
4578:Philosophers
4552:Conservatism
4547:Confucianism
4535:Distributism
4468:Social norms
4456:Sittlichkeit
4442:Ressentiment
4388:Institutions
4366:Human nature
4217:in exile at
4128:Anthimus VII
4083:Meletius III
4048:Agathangelus
4038:Anthimus III
3948:Neophytus VI
3926:Jeremias III
3911:Athanasius V
3891:Neophytus IV
3871:Gerasimus II
3866:Dionysius IV
3811:Parthenius I
3766:Neophytus II
3756:Theophanes I
3736:Pachomius II
3716:Dionysius II
3711:Joannicius I
3701:Theoleptus I
3651:Sophronius I
3636:Gennadius II
3594:Euthymius II
3584:Callistus II
3519:Athanasius I
3499:Germanus III
3479:Methodius II
3419:Theodosius I
3389:Theodotus II
3359:Nicholas III
3314:Sisinnius II
3253:
3224:Nicephorus I
3179:Callinicus I
2952:Macedonius I
2871:Philadelphus
2801:Polycarpus I
2709:
2690:
2642:
2630:
2578:
2547:. Retrieved
2543:the original
2538:
2537:(in Greek).
2534:
2506:
2477:
2471:
2450:
2425:
2404:
2384:
2361:
2352:
2332:
2311:
2301:
2278:
2257:
2236:
2222:
2204:
2198:
2178:
2164:
2150:
2146:Durant, Will
2136:
2112:
2091:
2068:
2044:
2034:
2030:
2007:
2000:
1989:
1978:
1959:
1953:
1936:Lemerle 1986
1931:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1879:
1874:
1858:
1838:
1831:
1811:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1767:
1760:Lemerle 1986
1755:
1748:Lemerle 1986
1744:Jokisch 2007
1739:
1732:Jokisch 2007
1727:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1682:Tougher 1997
1677:
1665:
1653:. Retrieved
1644:
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1598:Dvornik 1948
1593:
1580:
1574:
1567:Tougher 1997
1562:
1555:Tougher 1997
1550:
1543:Tougher 1997
1538:
1531:Tougher 1997
1526:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1437:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1403:
1396:
1389:Tougher 1997
1384:
1372:
1360:
1353:Tougher 1997
1340:
1333:Dvornik 1948
1328:
1321:Dvornik 1948
1316:
1311:, p. 69
1309:Tougher 1997
1304:
1295:
1286:
1279:Norwich 1991
1274:
1267:Shepard 2002
1258:
1226:
1220:
1204:
1173:
1161:
1154:Tougher 1997
1149:
1142:Tougher 1997
1140:, CII, 609;
1137:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1103:, "Photius".
1082:Jenkins 1987
1077:
1065:
1049:
1038:. Retrieved
1023:
1016:
991:. Retrieved
986:
977:
956:Paul Lemerle
947:
943:
941:
922:notes that "
915:
911:
909:
903:
899:
895:
893:
887:
883:
881:
824:
819:
809:
806:
801:
785:
783:
769:
765:
761:
757:
755:
744:
740:
736:
732:
729:Paul Lemerle
715:
713:
686:
681:
675:
673:
668:
652:
648:
640:
636:
616:
614:
602:Pope Stephen
590:
568:
554:
541:
521:
518:Nicene creed
511:
496:
480:
465:
426:
414:Hagia Sophia
389:
387:
374:
359:
353:
342:
329:
327:is unclear.
297:Nikephoros I
289:
286:Secular life
281:
249:
218:
213:
172:
164:
152:
151:
5740:810s births
5546:Historicism
5375:(1835–1840)
5341:De Officiis
5065:de Beauvoir
5035:Baudrillard
4987:Vivekananda
4977:Tocqueville
4892:Kierkegaard
4708:Ibn Khaldun
4678:Alpharabius
4569:Personalism
4478:Stewardship
4435:Reification
4430:Natural law
4351:Familialism
4317:Culturalism
4205:Bartholomew
4195:Athenagoras
4165:Gregory VII
4143:Meletius IV
4118:Dionysius V
4108:Joachim III
4088:Anthimus VI
4078:Germanus IV
4068:Anthimus IV
4043:Chrysanthus
4033:Eugenius II
4023:Jeremias IV
3978:Meletius II
3963:Seraphim II
3901:Neophytus V
3896:Gabriel III
3791:Anthimus II
3731:Jeremias II
3696:Pachomius I
3676:Maximus III
3666:Dionysius I
3609:Gregory III
3559:Callistus I
3539:Gerasimus I
3474:Germanus II
3459:Theodore II
3409:Michael III
3394:Neophytus I
3384:Nicholas IV
3309:Nicholas II
3289:Theophylact
3274:Εuthymius I
3244:Methodius I
3229:Theodotus I
3119:Cyriacus II
3054:Gennadius I
3002:Sisinnius I
2911:Metrophanes
2836:Athenodorus
2821:Eleutherius
2770:Bishops of
2037:(3): 55–73.
1972:Michael III
1924:Adontz 1950
1797:Paidas 2005
1615:www.oca.org
1178:Dunlop 1954
1138:Epistola II
1113:Durant 1972
798:Holy Spirit
790:Manichaeans
786:Amphilochia
762:Bibliotheca
752:Other works
745:Bibliotheca
741:Bibliotheca
733:Bibliotheca
716:Bibliotheca
682:Myriobiblon
677:Bibliotheca
669:Bibliotheca
645:Assessments
453:Holy Spirit
406:Theoktistos
317:Michael III
256:Michael III
204:), was the
68:The Great,
5745:893 deaths
5619:Categories
5551:Humanities
5511:Agnotology
5170:Kołakowski
4733:Ibn Tufayl
4713:Maimonides
4657:Thucydides
4652:Tertullian
4607:Lactantius
4502:Volksgeist
4483:Traditions
4297:Convention
4180:Photius II
4138:Germanus V
4113:Joachim IV
4098:Joachim II
4073:Anthimus V
4063:Gregory VI
3993:Gabriel IV
3943:Seraphim I
3938:Paisius II
3921:Cosmas III
3841:Gabriel II
3786:Gregory IV
3781:Timothy II
3771:Raphael II
3761:Meletius I
3746:Matthew II
3721:Joasaph II
3706:Jeremias I
3686:Maximus IV
3641:Isidore II
3564:Philotheus
3514:Gregory II
3464:Maximus II
3454:Michael IV
3429:Nicetas II
3374:Michael II
3354:Eustratius
3324:Eustathius
3319:Sergius II
3304:Αntony III
3294:Polyeuctus
3279:Stephen II
3269:Nicholas I
3199:Anastasius
3194:Germanus I
3164:Theodore I
3094:Anthimus I
3089:Epiphanius
3012:Maximianus
2967:Demophilus
2886:Eugenius I
2876:Cyriacus I
2861:Olympianus
2549:2008-07-23
2072:. Lisbon:
1863:Mango 1980
1670:Louth 2007
1469:Green 2006
1349:Louth 2007
1209:Mango 1980
1058:Mango 1980
1054:Louth 2007
1040:2014-01-03
964:References
835:Archbishop
794:Paulicians
737:previously
633:Veneration
617:Epitaphios
350:Theophilos
305:iconophile
301:Iconoclasm
245:Church Law
241:collection
146:February 6
5591:Sociology
5541:Historism
5250:Santayana
5220:Oakeshott
5190:MacIntyre
5175:Kropotkin
5150:Heidegger
5003:centuries
4917:Nietzsche
4882:Jefferson
4867:Helvétius
4832:Condorcet
4795:centuries
4779:Montaigne
4602:Confucius
4592:Augustine
4509:Worldview
4403:Modernity
4376:Formation
4200:Demetrius
4190:Maximus V
4175:Basil III
4093:Cyril VII
4013:Gregory V
3998:Procopius
3906:Cyprianus
3831:Paisius I
3826:Cyril III
3751:Gabriel I
3691:Joachim I
3681:Nephon II
3671:Raphael I
3646:Joasaph I
3599:Joseph II
3589:Matthew I
3579:Antony IV
3554:Isidore I
3534:John XIII
3484:Manuel II
3444:George II
3439:Dositheus
3379:Cosmas II
3344:John VIII
3334:Michael I
3264:Antony II
3259:Stephen I
3254:Photios I
3209:Nicetas I
3149:Thomas II
3129:Sergius I
3104:Eutychius
3079:Timothy I
3069:Euphemius
3049:Anatolius
3040:Byzantine
3027:Anatolius
3007:Nestorius
2982:Nectarius
2977:Gregory I
2972:Maximus I
2937:Alexander
2916:Alexander
2772:Byzantium
2721:Stephen I
2370:cite book
2200:Le Muséon
1900:Lang 1988
1880:Chronicle
1799:, passim.
1655:April 14,
1625:April 14,
1166:Gren 2002
1136:Photios.
969:Citations
904:Chronicle
810:Photios'
768:were the
570:Hikanatoi
325:ethnicity
265:John VIII
153:Photios I
121:Canonized
18:Photius I
5695:Filioque
5604:Category
5516:Axiology
5504:See also
5295:Voegelin
5285:Spengler
5260:Shariati
5215:Nussbaum
5200:Maritain
5160:Irigaray
5140:Habermas
5105:Foucault
5090:Durkheim
4992:Voltaire
4957:de Staël
4932:Rousseau
4857:Franklin
4718:Muhammad
4703:Gelasius
4688:Avempace
4671:Medieval
4647:Polybius
4642:Plutarch
4408:Morality
4383:Ideology
4371:Identity
4280:Concepts
4185:Benjamin
4028:Cyril VI
3916:Cyril IV
3796:Cyril II
3661:Symeon I
3569:Macarius
3549:John XIV
3529:Nephon I
3524:John XII
3504:Joseph I
3489:Arsenius
3469:Μanuel I
3434:Leontius
3424:Basil II
3414:Chariton
3349:Cosmas I
3249:Ignatios
3239:John VII
3234:Antony I
3219:Tarasius
3174:Paul III
3169:George I
3124:Thomas I
3109:John III
3064:Fravitta
2992:Arsacius
2962:Evagrius
2957:Eudoxius
2947:Eusebius
2896:Dometius
2881:Castinus
2866:Marcus I
2856:Pertinax
2846:Laurence
2816:Diogenes
2811:Sedecion
2806:Plutarch
2796:Onesimus
2702:Ignatios
2685:Ignatios
2661:LibriVox
2504:(1997).
2473:Speculum
2300:(1986).
2234:(1987).
2176:(2001).
2162:(1948).
2148:(1972).
2134:(1954).
2082:17186882
2066:(1963).
1649:Archived
1619:Archived
1454:25 March
1420:25 March
1294:(1953).
932:Arshavir
845:See also
802:Epistles
663:Writings
592:brother
550:Armenian
542:filioque
522:filioque
513:filioque
508:Bulgaria
461:Bulgaria
410:Ignatios
401:and the
399:Theodora
366:Abbasids
346:Theodora
333:Magnaura
309:Armenian
260:Ignatius
227:and the
5345:(44 BC)
5275:Sombart
5270:Skinner
5255:Scruton
5235:Polanyi
5210:Niebuhr
5195:Marcuse
5130:Gramsci
5125:Gentile
5085:Du Bois
5075:Deleuze
5045:Benoist
5015:Agamben
4972:Thoreau
4962:Stirner
4952:Spencer
4902:Le Play
4852:Fourier
4837:Emerson
4822:Carlyle
4807:Bentham
4784:Müntzer
4754:Erasmus
4728:Plethon
4723:Photios
4683:Aquinas
4617:Mencius
4585:Ancient
4518:Schools
4398:Loyalty
4356:History
4344:Counter
4339:Culture
4307:Customs
4156:Turkish
3953:Cyril V
3856:Clement
3776:Cyril I
3656:Mark II
3627:Ottoman
3509:John XI
3364:John IX
3329:Alexius
3299:Βasil I
3284:Tryphon
3214:Paul IV
3189:John VI
3139:Paul II
3134:Pyrrhus
3114:John IV
3084:John II
3059:Acacius
3022:Flavian
3017:Proclus
2997:Atticus
2901:Rufinus
2851:Alypius
2791:Stachys
2575:Photius
2568::
2494:2853829
2444:O.S.B.)
993:10 June
812:epitome
779:Grevena
766:Lexicon
758:Lexicon
724:Abbasid
720:Baghdad
689:Ctesias
598:Armenia
594:Stephen
516:to the
370:Baghdad
235:in the
233:Gratian
173:Photius
165:Phōtios
104:Armenia
102:Bordi,
5536:Ethics
5495:(2010)
5485:(1991)
5475:(1990)
5465:(1987)
5455:(1987)
5445:(1979)
5435:(1976)
5425:(1967)
5415:(1964)
5405:(1949)
5395:(1935)
5385:(1930)
5365:(1756)
5355:(1486)
5300:Walzer
5290:Taylor
5280:Sowell
5265:Simmel
5230:Pareto
5225:Ortega
5135:Guénon
5120:Gehlen
5115:Gandhi
5070:Debord
5055:Butler
5050:Berlin
5040:Bauman
5030:Badiou
5020:Arendt
5010:Adorno
4942:Ruskin
4897:Le Bon
4872:Herder
4847:Fichte
4842:Engels
4812:Bonald
4802:Arnold
4774:Milton
4769:Luther
4749:Calvin
4627:Origen
4597:Cicero
4557:Social
4493:Family
4488:Values
4449:Rights
4413:Public
4361:Honour
4292:Anomie
4287:Agency
4219:Nicaea
3973:Samuel
3544:Isaias
3449:John X
3154:John V
2942:Paul I
2906:Probus
2841:Euzois
2786:Andrew
2651:vol. 2
2647:vol. 1
2562:
2518:
2492:
2458:
2433:
2412:
2391:
2340:
2319:
2286:
2265:
2244:
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1031:
946:
914:
898:
886:
705:Arrian
557:Leo VI
468:Bardas
445:schism
395:Bardas
391:Caesar
321:Khazar
161:Φώτιος
125:1847,
84:c. 815
5333:Works
5320:Žižek
5305:Weber
5245:Röpke
5205:Negri
5185:Lasch
5155:Hoppe
5110:Fromm
5100:Evola
5080:Dewey
5060:Camus
4967:Taine
4947:Smith
4937:Royce
4927:Renan
4862:Hegel
4827:Comte
4817:Burke
4764:Locke
4698:Dante
4693:Bruni
4662:Xunzi
4637:Plato
4632:Philo
4612:Laozi
4420:Mores
4332:Multi
4322:Inter
3881:James
3574:Nilus
3184:Cyrus
3144:Peter
3099:Menas
2891:Titus
2826:Felix
2777:Roman
2490:JSTOR
877:Notes
833:(now
697:Conon
506:over
457:papal
440:synod
293:Irene
157:Greek
142:Feast
133:, by
42:Saint
5315:Zinn
5310:Weil
5180:Land
5165:Kirk
5025:Aron
4982:Vico
4922:Owen
4912:Mill
4907:Marx
4887:Kant
4877:Hume
4622:Mozi
4327:Mono
3404:Luke
2516:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2431:ISBN
2410:ISBN
2389:ISBN
2376:link
2338:ISBN
2317:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2184:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2097:ISBN
2078:OCLC
2050:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1657:2023
1627:2023
1456:2024
1443:ISBN
1422:2024
1409:ISBN
1029:ISBN
995:2016
839:Etna
792:and
756:The
430:Pope
237:West
97:Died
81:Born
5145:Han
5095:Eco
3369:Leo
2659:at
2577:".
2482:doi
2209:doi
2205:119
1970:to
814:of
680:or
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