40:
705:, which were shown to be more accurate than unaided professional judgment. More recently, use is being made also of "dynamic" risk factors, such as attitudes, impulsivity, mental state, family and social circumstances, substance use, and the availability and acceptance of support, to make a "structured professional judgment." The aim of this is to move away from prediction to prevention, by identifying and then managing risk factors. This may entail monitoring, treatment, rehabilitation, supervision, and victim safety planning and depends on the availability of funding and legal powers.
579:
must assess a defendant's ability to assist their legal counsel, meaning that they understand the legal charges against them, the implications of being a defendant, and the adversarial nature of the proceedings, including the roles played by defense counsel, prosecutors, judges, and the jury. They must be able to communicate relevant information to their attorney, and understand information provided by their attorney. Finally, they must be competent to make important decisions, such as whether or not to accept a plea agreement.
527:, it is defined as "a subspecialty of psychiatry in which scientific and clinical expertise is applied in legal contexts involving civil, criminal, correctional, regulatory, or legislative matters, and in specialized clinical consultations in areas such as risk assessment or employment." A forensic psychiatrist provides services – such as determination of competency to stand trial – to a court of law to facilitate the adjudicative process and provide treatment, such as medications and psychotherapy, to criminals.
611:
finders of fact, be they judge or jury. As such, prominent leaders in the field of forensic psychiatry, from Thomas
Gutheil to Robert Simon and Liza Gold and others have identified teaching as a critical dimension in the role of expert witness. The expert will be asked to form an opinion and to testify about that opinion, but in so doing will explain the basis for that opinion, which will include important concepts, approaches, and methods used in psychiatry.
2140:
2150:
752:. The areas of assessment for courts are also somewhat different in Britain, because of differing mental health law. Fitness to plead and mental state at the time of the offence are indeed issues given consideration, but the mental state at the time of trial is also a major issue, and this assessment most commonly leads to the use of mental health legislation to detain people in hospitals, as opposed to their getting a prison sentence.
681:
information learned about mental health and criminal justice to advocate for those who are mentally ill. After earning a master's and a PhD in psychology or a Doctor of
Psychology, PsyD, they can become forensic psychologists. While they are required to be licensed by the state, they are not required to be medical doctors. This means that they cannot prescribe medication. Forensic psychologists make roughly $ 67,000 annually.
732:, in specialist secure units caring for mentally ill offenders (as well as people whose behaviour has made them impossible to manage in other hospitals). These can be either medium secure units (of which there are many throughout the country) or high secure hospitals (also known as special hospitals), of which three are in England and one in Scotland (the State Hospital, Carstairs), the best known of which is
1645:
805:. This part sets out provisions for, among other things, court ordered attempts at "treatment" before individuals receive a trial as described in section 672.58 of the Criminal Code. Also provided for are court ordered "psychiatric assessments". Critics have also expressed concerns that use of the DSM-IV-TR may conflict with section 2(b) of the
571:, which ensures the right to be present at one's trial, to face one's accusers, and to have help from an attorney. CST, sometimes referred to as adjudicative competency, serves three purposes: "preserving the dignity of the criminal process, reducing the risk of erroneous convictions, and protecting defendants' decision-making autonomy".
756:
violence, and fire-setting. They would be cared for by learning disability psychiatrists and registered learning disability nurses. Some psychiatrists doing this work have dual training in learning disability and forensic psychiatry or learning disability and adolescent psychiatry. Some nurses would have training in mental health, also.
877:
psychiatrists will complete a more specific training after their residency in a related area. This training typically lasts another one or two years. Because they have earned a doctorate in medicine (MD), they are able to both diagnose and treat disorders related to their mental state. They are also able to prescribe medication.
830:
given by your friends, family or co-workers, observations of you in the hospital." Also according to the Guide: "You have the right to refuse to take part in some or all of the assessment. Sometimes your friends or family members will be asked for information about you. They have the right to refuse to answer questions, too."
769:
forensic psychiatrist include determining readiness for parole, conducting assessments to determine any mental issues, evaluating injuries and their effects on the client, and determining competency. All of these tasks have one thing in common: their main focus is on evaluating capacity and competence.
772:
These workers play an important role in combating the phenomenon of "double revolving doors" between hospitals and prisons. Many mentally ill patients will rotate between hospitals and prisons because they are not getting the help they need. Legal decisions affecting psychiatric patients are not made
854:
In
Ontario, a court-ordered inpatient forensic assessment for criminal responsibility typically involves both treatment and assessment being performed with the accused in the custody of a single multidisciplinary team over a 30- or 60-day period. Concerns have been expressed that an accused may feel
829:
in
Toronto. The Guide states: "Whatever you tell a forensic psychiatrist and the other professionals assessing you is not confidential." The Guide further states: "The forensic psychiatrist will report to the court using any available information, such as: police and hospital records, information
696:
and management is a growth area in the forensic field, with much
Canadian academic work being done in Ontario and British Columbia. This began with the attempt to predict the likelihood of a particular kind of offense being repeated, by combining "static" indicators from personal history and offense
578:
established the standard for federal courts, ruling that "the test must be whether the defendant has sufficient present ability to consult with his attorney with a reasonable degree of rational understanding and a rational as well as factual understanding of proceedings against him." The evaluations
867:
In South Africa, patients are referred for observation for a period of 30 days by the courts if questions exist as to CST and MSO. Serious crimes require a panel, which may include two or more psychiatrists. Should the courts find the defendant not criminally responsible, the defendant may become a
817:
The position of the
Canadian Psychiatric Association holds, "in recent years, serious incursions have been made by governments, powerful commercial interests, law enforcement agencies, and the courts on the rights of persons to their privacy." It goes on to state, "breaches or potential breaches of
768:
Forensic psychiatrists typically work with attorneys and judges. Their purpose is to mediate psychiatric-legal issues that require a more professional perspective. Their scope of practice also includes helping their clients improve their mental status. A few duties that are typically expected of a
619:
Mental state opinion (MSO) gives the court an opinion, and only an opinion, as to whether a defendant was able to understand what he/she was doing at the time of the crime. This is worded differently in many states, and has been rejected altogether in some, but in every setting, the intent to do a
759:
Court work (medicolegal work) is generally undertaken as private work by psychiatrists (most often forensic psychiatrists), as well as forensic and clinical psychologists, who usually also work within the NHS. This work is generally funded by the Legal
Services Commission (used to be called Legal
680:
Forensic psychologists examine how different disorders and conditions can apply in court. Their jobs typically entail working as research assistants and probation officers. They often determine trial competency, assess the risk of inmates, and aid in jury selection. Forensic psychologists can use
671:
Forensic psychiatrists focus on how biology applies to the legal system. They focus more on the scientific facts as well as diagnosing and treating mental disorders. They legally assess clients, provide a diagnosis, and can prescribe medication if necessary. They are licensed medical doctors (MD)
610:
will have prepared a detailed report before testifying. The primary duty of the expert witness is to provide an independent opinion to the court. An expert is allowed to testify in court with respect to matters of opinion only when the matters in question are not ordinarily understandable to the
755:
Learning-disabled offenders who are a continuing risk to others may be detained in learning-disability hospitals (or specialised community-based units with a similar regimen, as the hospitals have mostly been closed). This includes those who commit serious crimes of violence, including sexual
858:
Some
Internet references address treatment/assessment conflict as it relates to various justice systems, particularly civil litigation in other jurisdictions. The American Academy Of Psychiatry and the Law states in its ethics guidelines, "when a treatment relationship exists, such as in
876:
A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who has completed undergraduate school, medical school, and residency training. Forensic psychiatrists typically have additional training that is relevant to the job they hold (such as a focus in child/adolescent, geriatric, or addiction). Many forensic
689:
Many past offenders against other people, and suspected or potential future offenders with mental health problems or an intellectual or developmental disability, are supervised in the community by forensic psychiatric teams made up of a variety of professionals, including psychiatrists,
739:
Forensic psychiatrists often also do prison inreach work, in which they go into prisons and assess and treat people suspected of having mental disorders; much of the day-to-day work of these psychiatrists comprises care of very seriously mentally ill patients, especially those with
736:. The other 'specials' are Ashworth hospital in Maghull, Liverpool, and Rampton hospital in Nottinghamshire. Also, a number of private-sector medium secure units sell their beds exclusively to the NHS, as not enough secure beds are available in the NHS system.
833:
Of note, the emphasis in the guide is on the right to refuse participation. This may seem unusual given that a result of a verdict of "Not
Criminally Responsible by reason of Mental Disorder" is often portrayed as desirable to the defence, similar to the
620:
criminal act and the understanding of the criminal nature of the act bear on the final disposition of the case. Much of forensic psychiatry is guided by significant court rulings or laws that bear on this area which include these three standards:
690:
psychologists, nurses, and care workers. These teams have dual responsibilities: to promote both the welfare of their clients and the safety of the public. The aim is not so much to predict as to prevent violence, by means of risk management.
818:
confidentiality in the context of therapy seriously jeopardize the quality of the information communicated between patient and psychiatrist and also compromise the mutual trust and confidence necessary for effective therapy to occur."
898:
as a forensic psychiatrist. In some countries, general psychiatrists can practice forensic psychiatry, as well. However, other countries, such as Japan, require a specific certification from the government to do this type of work.
639:: Excuses a defendant who, because of a mental disease or defect, lacks substantial capacity to appreciate the criminality (wrongfulness) of his or her conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law.
889:
are offered in this field to psychiatrists who have completed their general psychiatry training. Such psychiatrists may then be eligible to sit for a board certification examination in forensic psychiatry. In
855:
compelled on ethical, medical, or legal grounds to divulge information, medical, or otherwise, to assessors in an attempt to allow for and ensure safe and appropriate treatment during that period of custody.
1944:
627:: Excuses a defendant who, by virtue of a defect of reason or disease of the mind, does not know the nature and quality of the act, or, if he or she does, does not know that the act is indeed wrong.
773:
lightly and require an in-depth analysis of anyone involved. Forensic psychiatrists have a background in both the medical aspect of psychiatry as well as the legal aspects of a courtroom.
868:
state patient and be admitted in a forensic psychiatric hospital. They are referred to receive treatment for an indefinite period, but most were back in the community after three years.
842:. However, the issue of the accused's mental state can also be raised by the Crown or by the court itself, rather than solely by the defence counsel, differentiating it from many other
1453:
1170:
Bursztajn, Harold J.; Scherr, Albert E.; Brodsky, Archie (September 1994). "The
Rebirth Of Forensic Psychiatry in Light Of Recent Historical Trends in Criminal Responsibility".
1301:"HCR-20. Assessing risk for violence, version 2. By C. Webster, K. Douglas, D. Eaves and S. Hart. Mental Health, Law and Policy Institute, British Columbia. 1997. 98 + vii pp"
1471:
551:
recommendations. The two major areas of criminal evaluations in forensic psychiatry are competency to stand trial (CST) and mental state at the time of the offense (MSO).
658:, both in jails and prisons, and in the care of the mentally ill who have committed criminal acts (such as those who have been found not guilty by reason of insanity).
1929:
1672:
1682:
894:, one is required to complete a three-year subspeciality training in forensic psychiatry, after completing one's general psychiatry training, before receiving a
982:
Howells, Kevin; Day, Andrew; Thomas-Peter, Brian (September 2004). "Changing violent behaviour: Forensic mental health and criminological models compared".
2108:
1939:
1859:
708:
Risk management in forensic psychiatry is often done using standardised tests called structured professional judgement tools. Two such tools include the
568:
2115:
2098:
1909:
914:
702:
1379:"The Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for violence risk (SAPROF): A meta-analysis of its predictive and incremental validity"
1864:
524:
495:
709:
698:
1541:
806:
1467:
1449:
826:
1869:
895:
1563:
American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, "Ethics Guidelines for the Practice of Forensic Psychiatry". Adopted May, 2005.
1715:
1649:
885:
Some practitioners of forensic psychiatry have taken extra training in that specific area. In the United States, one-year
39:
1919:
1904:
1879:
1340:"Protective Factors for Violence Risk in Forensic Psychiatric Patients: A Retrospective Validation Study of the SAPROF"
1154:
1129:
1104:
821:
An outline of the forensic psychiatric process as it occurs in the province of Ontario is presented in the publication
1377:
Burghart, Matthias; de Ruiter, Corine; Hynes, Sophia E.; Krishnan, Nishant; Levtova, Yara; Uyar, Abdo (January 2023).
447:
651:
is a legal and not a medical term. Often, psychiatrists may be testifying for both the defense and the prosecution.
1894:
1874:
1685:, 2014, from Andrew Scull (ed.), Cultural Sociology of Mental Illness : an A-to-Z Guide, Sage, pp. 313–14
1275:"The RRASOR, Static-99R and Static-2002R All Add Incrementally to the Prediction of Recidivism among Sex Offenders"
1216:
Durham v. United States, 214 f.2d 862 (D.C. Cir. 1954), overruled in U.S. v. Brawner, 471 f.2d 969 (D.C. Cir. 1972)
396:
2103:
1899:
1748:
351:
249:
87:
1675:, 1993, from Journal of the Massachusetts Academy of Trial Attorneys with permission of Harold J. Bursztajn, MD.
2005:
1975:
1934:
1237:"Differences between clinicians and researchers in assessing risk of violence in forensic psychiatric patients"
488:
381:
209:
2000:
1949:
1884:
1274:
366:
2174:
386:
219:
1505:
Woody, Robert Henley (23 January 2009). "Ethical Considerations of Multiple Roles in Forensic Services".
693:
560:
464:
67:
1914:
224:
1493:
859:
correctional settings, the usual physician-patient duties apply", which may be seen as contradiction.
2093:
1990:
1985:
1758:
1753:
838:
in the United States. A verdict of "Not Criminally Responsible" is referred to as a "defence" by the
481:
469:
23:
1482:
2037:
2032:
1924:
1763:
1708:
567:
to understand the charges and assist their attorneys. In the United States, this is seated in the
2125:
729:
326:
311:
269:
2072:
1808:
1768:
1573:
Kaliski, S. Z. (2006). Psycholegal assessment in South Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1204:
839:
802:
603:
575:
296:
160:
1423:
2153:
2120:
1995:
1970:
1889:
1743:
1616:
886:
109:
99:
57:
2047:
2042:
1788:
1778:
1738:
961:
951:
745:
426:
376:
356:
321:
199:
165:
809:, which guarantees the fundamental freedom of "thought, belief, opinion, and expression".
8:
1965:
1823:
1803:
1701:
1668:
1659:
938:
908:
749:
391:
259:
189:
184:
155:
129:
114:
94:
1617:"Careers in Psychiatry & Behavioral Science | American Academy of Forensic Sciences"
790:-sanctioned investigations into and diagnosis of mental illness. Appropriate use of the
2067:
1798:
1678:
1522:
1439:
The Confidentiality of Psychiatric Records and the Patient's Right to Privacy(2000-21S)
1072:
1045:
999:
733:
624:
361:
301:
291:
234:
204:
194:
119:
104:
72:
1183:
2143:
2139:
2027:
1793:
1663:
1526:
1406:
1398:
1359:
1320:
1256:
1187:
1150:
1125:
1100:
1077:
1003:
786:
In Canada, certain credentialed medical practitioners may, at their discretion, make
606:
proceedings. Expert witnesses give their opinions about a specific issue. Often, the
316:
283:
124:
2012:
1596:
1514:
1390:
1351:
1312:
1248:
1179:
1067:
1057:
991:
964:, an early landmark case which introduced new forensic techniques in juridic debate
945:
919:
835:
644:
583:
306:
264:
62:
31:
1339:
1236:
794:
is discussed in its section entitled "Use of the DSM-IV-TR in Forensic Settings".
2062:
2022:
1980:
1828:
1818:
1773:
1355:
1252:
995:
956:
930:
843:
544:
431:
331:
77:
2057:
1843:
1838:
923:
891:
798:
787:
716:
developed in the late 2010s. These tools are used to measure the likelihood of
595:
548:
441:
143:
1945:
Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
1518:
582:
In England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, a similar legal concept is that of "
2168:
2077:
1833:
1402:
1363:
1324:
1260:
1062:
741:
254:
229:
82:
1585:"Forensic state patients at Sterkfontein Hospital: A 3-year follow-up study"
1378:
2052:
2017:
1410:
1081:
607:
599:
564:
371:
239:
1688:
1191:
1655:
630:
516:
416:
214:
1017:
797:
Concerns have been expressed that the Canadian criminal justice system
1724:
1394:
1018:"Ethics Guidelines | AAPL – American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"
717:
512:
421:
244:
49:
1601:
1584:
1338:
de Vries Robbé, Michiel; de Vogel, Vivienne; de Spa, Eva (July 2011).
647:" (NGRI) is one potential outcome in this type of trial. Importantly,
633:: Excuses a defendant whose conduct is the product of mental disorder.
1813:
1300:
791:
436:
1483:
Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, s 16, "defence of mental disorder".
1316:
648:
636:
1455:
The Forensic Mental Health System in Ontario: An Information Guide
823:
The Forensic Mental Health System In Ontario: An Information Guide
1562:
1644:
801:
based on DSM IV diagnosis within the context of Part XX of the
713:
655:
1542:"To Be or Not to Be: Treating Psychiatrist and Expert Witness"
1376:
1693:
540:
536:
1337:
1119:
1930:
Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists
1583:
Marais, Belinda; Subramaney, Ugashvaree (1 August 2015).
520:
1669:
The Role of a Forensic Psychiatrist in Legal Proceedings
1472:"What Happens Inside the Forensic Mental Health System?"
654:
Forensic psychiatrists are also involved in the care of
1169:
1147:
Ethical Issues in Forensic Psychiatry. Minimizing Harm
981:
948: – Condition caused by long-term substance abuse
1940:
Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1235:
de Vogel, Vivienne; de Ruiter, Corine (March 2004).
1122:
American Psychiatric Textbook of Forensic Psychiatry
728:
In the UK, most forensic psychiatrists work for the
661:
1860:
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
1494:
Criminal Code, RSC 1985, c C-46, ss 672.11, 672.12.
942:- involuntary civil commitment for sexual predators
574:In 1960, the Supreme Court of the United States in
16:
Subspeciality of psychiatry, related to criminology
539:in evaluating an individual's competency to stand
1234:
1099:(2nd ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing.
569:Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution
2166:
1582:
849:
1344:International Journal of Forensic Mental Health
1241:Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology
984:Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology
720:and identify protective factors for offenders.
594:Forensic psychiatrists are often called to be
1910:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia
1709:
1540:West, Sara; Friedman, Susan H. (1 May 2007).
697:details in actuarial instruments such as the
489:
1539:
915:Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
554:
922:delimiting the admissibility of scientific
871:
744:. Some units also treat people with severe
1865:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
1716:
1702:
525:American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law
496:
482:
1600:
1149:. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. p. 102.
1120:Simon, Robert and Liza Gold, ed. (2010).
1071:
1061:
781:
1298:
1046:"Competence to stand trial: An overview"
1094:
807:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
614:
589:
559:Competency to stand trial (CST) is the
519:. It encompasses the interface between
2167:
1468:Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
1450:Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
1144:
827:Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
675:
672:that make roughly $ 190,000 annually.
666:
563:to determine that defendants have the
2099:Neurological conditions and disorders
1870:American Neuropsychiatric Association
1697:
1504:
896:Certificate of Completion of Training
880:
1305:Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health
1172:Psychiatric Clinics of North America
1043:
1039:
1037:
1920:National Institute of Mental Health
1589:South African Journal of Psychiatry
1331:
1124:. American Psychiatric Publishing.
13:
1905:Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists
1880:Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse
1437:Canadian Psychiatric Association,
1097:The Psychiatrist as Expert Witness
812:
684:
547:(e.g., the insanity defense), and
14:
2186:
1637:
1034:
723:
662:Forensic psychiatry vs psychology
535:Forensic psychiatrists work with
523:and psychiatry. According to the
2148:
2138:
1895:European Psychiatric Association
1875:American Psychiatric Association
1643:
1299:Buchanan, Alec (November 2001).
763:
645:Not guilty by reason of insanity
397:Traffic collision reconstruction
38:
2149:
1900:Global Initiative on Psychiatry
1749:Child and adolescent psychiatry
1609:
1576:
1567:
1556:
1533:
1498:
1487:
1476:
1461:
1443:
1431:
1417:
1370:
1292:
1267:
1228:
1225:Model Penal Code, Sec. 4.01 (1)
1219:
862:
250:Questioned document examination
2116:Psychiatric survivors movement
2006:Psychiatric survivors movement
1976:Controversies about psychiatry
1935:Royal College of Psychiatrists
1723:
1656:Studies in Forensic Psychiatry
1427:, RSC 1985, c C-46, Part XX.1.
1210:
1198:
1163:
1138:
1113:
1088:
1010:
975:
1:
2001:Political abuse of psychiatry
1950:World Psychiatric Association
1885:Chinese Society of Psychiatry
1662:, 1916, reprinted 1969, from
1184:10.1016/S0193-953X(18)30104-7
1145:Sadoff, Robert (2011-02-07).
968:
850:Treatment/assessment conflict
530:
1356:10.1080/14999013.2011.600232
1253:10.1080/14788940410001655916
1050:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
996:10.1080/14788940410001655907
7:
1095:Gutheil, Thomas G. (2009).
934:- right to refuse treatment
902:
68:Bloodstain pattern analysis
10:
2191:
1915:Indian Psychiatric Society
2134:
2086:
1991:Electroconvulsive therapy
1986:Biopsychiatry controversy
1958:
1852:
1759:Cross-cultural psychiatry
1754:Cognitive neuropsychiatry
1731:
1519:10.1080/10508420802623690
776:
555:Competency to stand trial
367:Fire accelerant detection
2038:Psychiatric epidemiology
2033:Philosophy of psychiatry
1925:Philadelphia Association
1764:Developmental disability
1383:Psychological Assessment
1207:, 8 Eng. Rep. 718 (1843)
1063:10.4103/0019-5545.196830
872:Educational requirements
2104:Psychiatric medications
1673:Harold J. Bursztajn, MD
730:National Health Service
270:Social network analysis
2073:Psychosomatic medicine
1809:Nutritional psychiatry
1769:Descriptive psychiatry
1689:MedicoLegal Psychiatry
1279:www.publicsafety.gc.ca
1044:Hoge, StevenK (2016).
918:which established the
782:Criminal law framework
576:Dusky v. United States
511:is a subspeciality of
352:Electrical engineering
1996:Insulin shock therapy
1971:Clinical neuroscience
1890:Democratic Psychiatry
1744:Biological psychiatry
1507:Ethics & Behavior
750:learning disabilities
561:competency evaluation
382:Materials engineering
210:Facial reconstruction
2109:by condition treated
2048:Psychiatric hospital
2043:Psychiatric genetics
1789:Geriatric psychiatry
1779:Emergency psychiatry
1739:Addiction psychiatry
1652:at Wikimedia Commons
962:Bruneri-Canella case
746:personality disorder
615:Mental state opinion
590:As an expert witness
543:, defenses based on
427:Perry Mason syndrome
215:Fingerprint analysis
2175:Forensic psychiatry
1966:Behavioral medicine
1824:Palliative medicine
1804:Military psychiatry
1784:Forensic psychiatry
1679:Forensic psychiatry
1660:Bernard Glueck, Sr.
1650:Forensic psychiatry
939:Kansas v. Hendricks
909:Forensic psychology
676:Forensic psychology
667:Forensic psychiatry
509:Forensic psychiatry
450:forensic entomology
387:Polymer engineering
345:Related disciplines
260:Forensic geophysics
240:Gloveprint analysis
220:Firearm examination
190:Body identification
2068:Psychopharmacology
1799:Liaison psychiatry
1544:. Psychiatry Times
1395:10.1037/pas0001184
881:Training standards
734:Broadmoor Hospital
515:and is related to
362:Fire investigation
245:Palmprint analysis
205:Election forensics
88:Forensic genealogy
2162:
2161:
2094:Counseling topics
2028:Pentylenetetrazol
1794:Immuno-psychiatry
1683:Samuel Lézé, Ph.D
1664:Project Gutenberg
1648:Media related to
1602:10.7196/SAJP.8255
825:published by the
506:
505:
284:Digital forensics
225:Footwear evidence
2182:
2152:
2151:
2142:
2013:Imaging genetics
1718:
1711:
1704:
1695:
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1647:
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1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
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1502:
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1491:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1459:
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377:Linguistics
357:Engineering
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200:Colorimetry
166:Social work
1725:Psychiatry
1626:2024-04-16
1285:2019-11-20
1027:2019-11-20
969:References
718:recidivism
549:sentencing
531:Court work
513:psychiatry
422:CSI effect
392:Statistics
185:Accounting
156:Psychology
151:Psychiatry
130:Toxicology
115:Palynology
95:Entomology
1814:Narcology
1527:144431004
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1261:1478-9949
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656:prisoners
437:Skid mark
235:Profiling
195:Chemistry
120:Pathology
105:Limnology
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2169:Category
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1022:aapl.org
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637:ALI test
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470:Category
125:Podiatry
110:Medicine
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