143:, is obtainable both voluntarily and taken post-mortem. Notably, urine is less prone to viral infections such as HIV or Hepatitis B in comparison to blood samples. Many drugs exhibit higher concentrations and more prolonged detection in urine compared to blood. The collection of urine samples is a non-invasive process that doesn't necessitate professional assistance. While urine is commonly used for qualitative analysis, it does not provide indications of impairment since the presence of drugs in urine merely signifies prior exposure. The duration of drug detection in urine varies; for instance, alcohol is detectable for 7–12 hours, cocaine metabolites for 2–4 days, and morphine for 48–74 hours. Marijuana, a substance with variable detection times depending on usage patterns, can be detected for 3 days after a single use, 5–7 days for moderate use (four times per week), 10–15 days for daily use, and less than 30 days for long-term heavy use, contingent upon frequency and intensity of consumption.
249:) has the capability to analyze compounds that are polar and less volatile. Derivatization is not required for these analytes as it would be in GC-MS, which simplifies sample preparation. As an alternative to immunoassay screening which generally requires confirmation with another technique, LC-MS offers greater selectivity and sensitivity. This subsequently reduces the possibility of a false negative result that has been recorded in immunoassay drug screening with synthetic cathinones and cannabinoids. A disadvantage of LC-MS on comparison to other analytical techniques such as GC-MS, is the high instrumentation cost. However, recent advances in LC-MS have led to higher resolution and sensitivity which assists in the evaluation of spectra to identify forensic analytes.
43:
and poisons. A broad array of biological specimens, including blood, urine, gastric contents, oral fluids, hair, and tissues, may undergo analysis. Forensic toxicologists collaborate with pathologists, medical examiners, and coroners to ascertain the cause and manner of death. Human
Performance toxicology examines the dose-response relationship between drugs present in the body and their effects. This field plays a pivotal role in shaping and implementing laws related to activities such as driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Lastly, Forensic Drug Testing (FDT) pertains to detecting drug use in contexts such as the workplace, sport doping, drug-related probation, and screenings for new job applicants.
39:
analyses can encompass a wide array of samples. In the course of an investigation, a forensic toxicologist must consider the context of an investigation, in particular any physical symptoms recorded, and any evidence collected at a crime scene that may narrow the search, such as pill bottles, powders, trace residue, and any available chemicals. Armed with this contextual information and samples to examine, the forensic toxicologist is tasked with identifying the specific toxic substances present, quantifying their concentrations, and assessing their likely impact on the individual involved.
114:
of administration is through nasal insufflation (snorting), although it can also be smoked in crystal rock form. The rapid increase in dopamine levels during use contributes to a pronounced and challenging comedown, often prompting individuals to seek higher doses in subsequent use to achieve the same effects as experienced previously. This pattern can contribute to the development of addiction. The effects of cocaine use include increased energy and euphoria, accompanied by potential negative effects such as paranoia, rapid heart rate, and anxiety, among others.
186:
use bone marrow to find what type poisons used, which can include cocaine or ethanol. Ethanol specifically is one of the most abused drugs worldwide, be it through alcohol consumption and abuse being a leading cause in death. Suicides, car crashes, and a variety of crimes are often performed under severe alcohol influence. The process of ethanol determination allows forensic toxicologists to utilize bone marrow post-mortem and isolate the ethanol level a person had been, and the metabolic speed of breakdown at which can be traced back to time of death.
216:
methods. Every analytical method used in forensic toxicology should be carefully tested by performing a validation of the method to ensure correct and indisputable results at all times. The choice of method for testing is highly dependent on what kind of substance one expects to find and the material on which the testing is performed. Customarily, a classification scheme is utilized that places poisons in categories such as: corrosive agents, gases and volatile agents, metallic poisons, non-volatile organic agents, and miscellaneous.
78:
177:
the hair the more drug that will be found in the hair. If two people consumed the same amount of drugs, the person with the darker and coarser hair will have more drug in their hair than the lighter haired person when tested. This raises issues of possible racial bias in substance tests with hair samples. Hair samples are analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In ELISA, an antigen must be immobilized to a solid surface and then complexed with an antibody that is linked to an enzyme.
123:
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237:) is a widely used analytical technique for the detection of volatile compounds. Ionization techniques most frequently used in forensic toxicology include electron ionization (EI) or chemical ionization (CI), with EI being preferred in forensic analysis due to its detailed mass spectra and its large library of spectra. However, chemical ionization can provide greater sensitivity for certain compounds that have high electron affinity functional groups.
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Bone marrow can be used for testing but that depends on the quality and availability of the bones. So far there is no proof that says that certain bones are better than others when it comes to testing. Extracting bone marrow from larger bones is easier than smaller bones. Forensic toxicologists often
151:
A blood sample of approximately 10 ml (0.35 imp fl oz; 0.34 US fl oz) is usually sufficient to screen and confirm most common toxic substances. A blood sample provides the toxicologist with a profile of the substance that the subject was influenced by at the time of
113:
Cocaine, in contrast to marijuana or alcohol, is a powerful stimulant. Upon entering the bloodstream, it rapidly reaches the brain within minutes, causing a significant surge in dopamine levels. The effects of cocaine are intense but short-lived, typically lasting about 30 minutes. The primary method
104:
Similar to alcohol, marijuana is absorbed into the bloodstream and crosses the blood brain barrier. Notably, the THC released from marijuana binds to the CB-1 cannabinoid receptors, inducing various effects. These effects encompass mood changes, altered perception of time, and heightened sensitivity,
176:
of drug intake events. Head hair grows at rate of approximately 1 to 1.5 cm a month, and so cross sections from different sections of the follicle can give estimates as to when a substance was ingested. Testing for drugs in hair is not standard throughout the population. The darker and coarser
95:
Alcohol gains access to the central nervous system by entering the blood stream through the lining of the stomach and small intestine. Subsequently, it transverses the blood brain barrier via the circulatory system. The absorbed alcohol can diminish reflexes, disrupt nerve impulses, prolong muscle
42:
In the United States, forensic toxicology compromises three distinct disciplines: Postmortem toxicology, Human
Performance toxicology, and Forensic Drug Testing (FDT). Postmortem toxicology involves analyzing biological specimens obtained during an autopsy to identify the impact of drugs, alcohol,
224:
Immunoassays require drawing blood and using the antibodies to find a reaction with substances such as drugs. The substances must be specific. It is the most common drug screening technique. Using the targeted drug the test will tell you if it is positive or negative to that drug. There can be 4
215:
Detection of drugs and pharmaceuticals in biological samples is usually done by an initial screening and then a confirmation of the compound(s), which may include a quantitation of the compound(s). The screening and confirmation are usually, but not necessarily, done with different analytical
38:
to aid medical or legal investigation of death, poisoning, and drug use. The paramount focus for forensic toxicology is not the legal implications of the toxicological investigation or the methodologies employed, but rather the acquisition and accurate interpretation of results. Toxicological
62:. Consequently, a thorough examination of factors such as injection marks and chemical purity becomes imperative for an accurate diagnosis. Additionally, the substance might undergo dilution as it disperses throughout the body. Unlike a regulated dose of a drug, which may contain grams or
257:
The compounds suspected of containing a metal are traditionally analyzed by the destruction of the organic matrix by chemical or thermal oxidation. This leaves the metal to be identified and quantified in the inorganic residue, and it can be detected using such methods as the
206:
from the eye may be used, as the fibrous layer of the eyeball and the eye socket of the skull protects the sample from trauma and adulteration. Other common organs used for toxicology are the brain, liver, and spleen.
202:
of the deceased, which can be useful for detecting undigested pills or liquids that were ingested prior to death. In highly decomposed bodies, traditional samples may no longer be available. The
852:
Savini, Fabio; Tartaglia, Angela; Coccia, Ludovica; Palestini, Danilo; D’Ovidio, Cristian; de Grazia, Ugo; Merone, Giuseppe Maria; Bassotti, Elisa; Locatelli, Marcello (12 June 2020).
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Dinis-Oliveira, R; Carvalho, F. F.; Duarte, J. A.; RemiĂŁo, F. F.; Marques, A. A.; Santos, A. A.; MagalhĂŁes, T. T (2010). "Collection of biological samples in forensic toxicology".
987:
Brown, Hilary M.; McDaniel, Trevor J.; Fedick, Patrick W.; Mulligan, Christopher C. (2020). "The current role of mass spectrometry in forensics and future prospects".
168:
Hair is capable of recording medium to long-term or high dosage substance abuse. Chemicals in the bloodstream may be transferred to the growing hair and stored in the
270:. Unfortunately, while this identifies the metals present it removes the original compound, and so hinders efforts to determine what may have been ingested. The
486:
Jones, Alan W. (September 2019). "Alcohol, its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in the body and pharmacokinetic calculations".
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Marcelino, SĂłstenes A.C.; Serakides, RogĂ©ria; Castro-Silva, Viviane N.; Ramos, Maria L.; Ocarino, Natália M.; Melo, MarĂlia M. (October 2020).
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results when taking the test. Those results can be a true-positive, a false-negative, a false-positive, and a true-negative.
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Identifying the ingested substance ingested is frequently challenging due to the body's natural processes (as outlined in
1465:
954:
Foltz, Rodger L.; Andrenyak, David M.; Crouch, Dennis J. (2017). "Forensic
Science, Applications of Mass Spectrometry".
813:"Use of bone marrow for detection of toxic chemicals for the elucidation of poisoning in forensic veterinary medicine"
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400:
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905:"An overview of forensic drug testing methods and their suitability for harm reduction point-of-care services"
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854:"Ethanol Determination in Post-Mortem Samples: Correlation between Blood and Vitreous Humor Concentration"
757:"The Further Mismeasure: The Curious Use of Racial Categorizations in the Interpretation of Hair Analyses"
2016:
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Paper
Presented at the American Society of Criminology Meetings, November 1999, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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1942:
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50:). It is uncommon for a chemical to persist in its original form once inside the body. For instance,
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1096:
1034:. Paul R. Haddad, Colin Poole, Marja-Liisa Riekkola (2nd ed.). Saint Louis: Elsevier Science.
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Other bodily fluids and organs may provide samples, particularly samples collected during an
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of the active constituent, an individual sample under investigation may only consist of
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responses, and impact various other physiological functions throughout the body.
524:
Gruber, Staci A.; Rogowska, Jadwiga; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A. (November 2009).
77:
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309:"Cytotoxic Activity of Herbal Medicines as Assessed in Vitro: A Review"
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55:
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collection; for this reason, it is the sample of choice for measuring
2315:
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1482:
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288:
67:
694:
677:
676:
Moeller, Karen E.; Lee, Kelly C.; Kissack, Julie C. (January 2008).
359:. U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Health and Safety Administration
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1253:
810:
726:. Vicenta Estrada (1st ed.). Delhi: College Publishing House.
271:
71:
59:
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416:
Wagner, Jarrad R. (2020). "Introduction to forensic toxicology".
195:
140:
526:"Altered affective response in marijuana smokers: An FMRI study"
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51:
851:
307:
Gavanji S, Bakhtari A, Famurewa AC, Othman EM (January 2023).
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is a multidisciplinary field that combines the principles of
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47:
450:
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85:
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903:
Harper, Lane; Powell, Jeff; Pijl, Em M. (December 2017).
228:
678:"Urine Drug Screening: Practical Guide for Clinicians"
641:
Levine, Barry (1 March 1993). "Forensic
Toxicology".
274:
of various metallic compounds can vary considerably.
953:
349:
675:
2431:
902:
418:An Introduction to Interdisciplinary Toxicology
210:
1466:
1097:
956:Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry
574:"What Does Cocaine Do to the Body and Brain?"
383:Adatsi, F.K. (2014). "Forensic Toxicology".
754:
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1032:Liquid Chromatography : Applications
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879:
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693:
549:
324:
245:Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (
721:
121:
76:
1067:"Forensic Toxicology Information Guide"
357:"Chemical Hazards and Toxic Substances"
241:Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
86:How certain substances affect your body
2432:
1386:List of extremely hazardous substances
1029:
717:
715:
713:
640:
415:
382:
252:
233:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (
26:with expertise in disciplines such as
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1085:
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724:Forensic toxicology and DNA profiling
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1421:
519:
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229:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
16:Use of toxicology for investigations
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13:
964:10.1016/b978-0-12-803224-4.00152-7
777:
456:
426:10.1016/b978-0-12-813602-7.00032-6
393:10.1016/b978-0-12-386454-3.00387-0
371:
14:
2456:
1325:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
1059:
792:www.forensicsciencesimplified.org
600:Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods
514:
198:. A common autopsy sample is the
2411:
2399:
2387:
2376:
2375:
1432:
1420:
1409:
1408:
1069:. all-about-forensic-science.com
542:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.019
466:National Institute on Drug Abuse
1023:
980:
947:
896:
845:
817:Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira
804:
669:
634:
219:
1396:Occupational safety and health
1300:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
1111:
591:
566:
479:
409:
300:
180:
1:
1740:Interface and colloid science
1494:Glossary of chemical formulae
294:
139:sample, originating from the
612:10.3109/15376516.2010.497976
313:Chemistry & Biodiversity
211:Detection and classification
99:
7:
2017:Bioorganometallic chemistry
1504:List of inorganic compounds
788:"Toxicology: How It's Done"
530:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
277:
117:
81:Drug's Location in the Body
58:, ultimately converting to
10:
2461:
1943:Dynamic covalent chemistry
1914:Enantioselective synthesis
1894:Physical organic chemistry
1847:Organolanthanide chemistry
1030:Fanali, Salvatore (2017).
830:10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6709
385:Encyclopedia of Toxicology
108:
90:
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1345:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak
1292:
1241:
1175:
1119:
922:10.1186/s12954-017-0179-5
871:10.3390/molecules25122724
755:Mieczkowski, Tom (1999).
2287:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
2203:Supramolecular chemistry
1842:Organometallic chemistry
1335:Consumption of Tide Pods
1320:Niigata Minamata disease
1147:Environmental toxicology
578:Midwest Recovery Centers
189:
146:
130:
2225:Combinatorial chemistry
2136:Food physical chemistry
2099:Environmental chemistry
1983:Bioorthogonal chemistry
1909:Retrosynthetic analysis
1730:Chemical thermodynamics
1713:Spectroelectrochemistry
1656:Computational chemistry
1183:Acceptable daily intake
1137:Occupational toxicology
722:Schiller, Jame (2012).
682:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
163:
2297:of element discoveries
2143:Agricultural chemistry
2131:Carbohydrate chemistry
2022:Bioinorganic chemistry
1887:Alkane stereochemistry
1832:Coordination chemistry
1661:Mathematical chemistry
1527:Instrumental chemistry
1340:Visakhapatnam gas leak
1284:Whole bowel irrigation
909:Harm Reduction Journal
488:WIREs Forensic Science
326:10.1002/cbdv.202201098
127:
82:
2292:Timeline of chemistry
2189:Post-mortem chemistry
2174:Clandestine chemistry
2104:Atmospheric chemistry
2027:Biophysical chemistry
1859:Solid-state chemistry
1809:Equilibrium chemistry
1718:Photoelectrochemistry
1305:2007 pet food recalls
154:blood alcohol content
125:
80:
2445:Forensic disciplines
2282:History of chemistry
2237:Chemical engineering
2012:Bioorganic chemistry
1762:Structural chemistry
1499:List of biomolecules
1203:Fixed-dose procedure
958:. pp. 707–711.
643:Analytical Chemistry
420:. pp. 445–459.
387:. pp. 647–652.
172:, providing a rough
28:analytical chemistry
2440:Forensic toxicology
2305:The central science
2259:Ceramic engineering
2184:Forensic toxicology
2157:Chemistry education
2055:Radiation chemistry
2037:Interdisciplinarity
1990:Medicinal chemistry
1928:Fullerene chemistry
1804:Microwave chemistry
1673:Molecular mechanics
1668:Molecular modelling
1162:In vitro toxicology
1152:Forensic toxicology
655:10.1021/ac00053a003
253:Detection of metals
20:Forensic toxicology
2348:Chemical substance
2210:Chemical synthesis
2179:Forensic chemistry
2060:Actinide chemistry
2002:Clinical chemistry
1683:Molecular geometry
1678:Molecular dynamics
1633:Elemental analysis
1586:Separation process
1366:Biological warfare
1350:List of poisonings
1157:Medical toxicology
1127:Aquatic toxicology
1001:10.1039/D0AY01113D
989:Analytical Methods
128:
83:
54:rapidly undergoes
36:clinical chemistry
2427:
2426:
2363:Quantum mechanics
2328:Chemical compound
2311:Chemical reaction
2249:Materials science
2167:General chemistry
2162:Amateur chemistry
2090:Photogeochemistry
2075:Stellar chemistry
2045:Nuclear chemistry
1966:Molecular biology
1933:Polymer chemistry
1904:Organic synthesis
1899:Organic reactions
1864:Ceramic chemistry
1854:Cluster chemistry
1784:Chemical kinetics
1772:Molecular physics
1651:Quantum chemistry
1564:Mass spectrometry
1448:
1447:
1264:Chelation therapy
1041:978-0-12-809344-3
995:(32): 3974–3997.
733:978-81-323-1309-0
500:10.1002/wfs2.1340
284:Arsenic poisoning
268:X-ray diffraction
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2323:Chemical element
1978:Chemical biology
1837:Magnetochemistry
1814:Mechanochemistry
1767:Chemical physics
1708:Electrochemistry
1613:Characterization
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1315:Minamata disease
1249:Activated carbon
1198:Biomagnification
1142:Entomotoxicology
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766:. Archived from
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649:(5): 272A–276A.
638:
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536:(1–2): 139–153.
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457:Volkow, Nora D.
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2215:Green chemistry
2109:Ocean chemistry
2085:Biogeochemistry
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1919:Total synthesis
1882:Stereochemistry
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1735:Surface science
1725:Thermochemistry
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1608:Crystallography
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1310:Bhopal disaster
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823:(10): 798–803.
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695:10.4065/83.1.66
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2050:Radiochemistry
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2007:Neurochemistry
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2080:Geochemistry
1995:Pharmacology
1971:Cell biology
1961:Biochemistry
1789:Spectroscopy
1688:VSEPR theory
1537:Spectroscopy
1481:Branches of
1437:
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1274:Hemodialysis
1151:
1071:. Retrieved
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260:Reinsch test
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32:pharmacology
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2418:WikiProject
1643:Theoretical
1628:Calorimetry
1439:WikiProject
1376:Food safety
1208:Lethal dose
319:(2): 3–27.
262:, emission
181:Bone Marrow
2434:Categories
2254:Metallurgy
1953:Biological
1519:Analytical
1371:Carcinogen
1242:Treatments
1113:Toxicology
797:2022-05-05
584:2022-05-05
295:References
68:micrograms
64:milligrams
56:metabolism
24:toxicology
2316:Catalysis
1824:Inorganic
1618:Titration
1483:chemistry
1293:Incidents
1259:Cathartic
1050:992565369
1017:220841952
915:(1): 52.
858:Molecules
839:230670036
742:789644363
508:181440740
444:213092492
343:255473013
289:Drug test
100:Marijuana
72:nanograms
2382:Category
2338:Molecule
2275:See also
1700:Physical
1415:Category
1254:Antidote
1176:Concepts
1009:32720670
941:28760153
890:32545471
704:18174009
628:20779037
620:20615091
560:19656642
459:"Heroin"
335:36595710
278:See also
174:timeline
170:follicle
118:Examples
60:morphine
2394:Commons
2358:Alchemy
1874:Organic
1427:Commons
1391:Mutagen
1073:13 June
932:5537996
881:7355602
663:8452243
551:2752701
471:5 March
363:5 March
196:autopsy
160:cases.
141:bladder
109:Cocaine
91:Alcohol
2406:Portal
1552:UV-Vis
1213:Poison
1120:Fields
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1233:Venom
1228:Toxin
1013:S2CID
835:S2CID
771:(PDF)
760:(PDF)
624:S2CID
504:S2CID
494:(5).
462:(PDF)
440:S2CID
339:S2CID
247:LC-MS
235:GC-MS
190:Other
147:Blood
137:urine
131:Urine
2333:Atom
1601:HPLC
1075:2014
1046:OCLC
1036:ISBN
1005:PMID
968:ISBN
937:PMID
886:PMID
738:OCLC
728:ISBN
700:PMID
659:PMID
616:PMID
556:PMID
473:2022
430:ISBN
397:ISBN
365:2022
331:PMID
164:Hair
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1557:NMR
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
