344:" are added to account for uncertainties in data and evaluation processes. For example, if a dose of a toxic substance is safe for a laboratory rat, one might assume that one-tenth that dose would be safe for a human, allowing a safety factor of 10 to allow for interspecies differences between two mammals; if the data are from fish, one might use a factor of 100 to account for the greater difference between two chordate classes (fish and mammals). Similarly, an extra protection factor may be used for individuals believed to be more susceptible to toxic effects such as in pregnancy or with certain diseases. Or, a newly synthesized and previously unstudied chemical that is believed to be very similar in effect to another compound could be assigned an additional protection factor of 10 to account for possible differences in effects that are probably much smaller. This approach is very approximate, but such protection factors are deliberately very conservative, and the method has been found to be useful in a wide variety of applications.
317:, all of which can ultimately be fatal if inhaled. Corrosive chemicals possess physical toxicity because they destroy tissues, but are not directly poisonous unless they interfere directly with biological activity. Water can act as a physical toxicant if taken in extremely high doses because the concentration of vital ions decreases dramatically with too much water in the body. Asphyxiant gases can be considered physical toxicants because they act by displacing oxygen in the environment but they are inert, not chemically toxic gases.
1747:"Basic Information about Lead Air Pollution." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 17 Mar. 2017. Web. Beaubier, Jeff, and Barry D. Nussbaum. "Encyclopedia of Quantitative Risk Analysis and Assessment." Wiley. N.p., 15 Sept. 2008. Web. "Criteria Air Pollutants." EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, 2 Mar. 2017. Web. "USEPA List of Priority Pollutants." The Environmental Science of Drinking Water (2005): 243–45. EPA, 2014. Web "What Are Some Types of Environmental Hazards?" Reference. IAC Publishing, n.d. Web.
255:
increase their lethality. Although scientific instrumentation limitations make it difficult to prove concretely, archaeologists hypothesize the practice of making poison arrows was widespread in cultures as early as the paleolithic era. The San people of
Southern Africa have managed to preserved this practice into the modern era, with the knowledge base to form complex mixtures from poisonous beetles and plant derived extracts, yielding an arrow-tip product with a shelf life beyond several months to a year.
48:
102:
380:
3856:
465:
3880:
1005:
time), the physical form of the toxicant (solid, liquid, gas), the concentration of the substance, and in the case of gases, the partial pressure (at high ambient pressure, partial pressure will increase for a given concentration as a gas fraction), the genetic makeup of an individual, an individual's overall health, and many others. Several of the terms used to describe these factors have been included here.
3868:
371:(c) in vivo exposure on experimental animals. Toxicity tests are mostly used to examine specific adverse events or specific endpoints such as cancer, cardiotoxicity, and skin/eye irritation. Toxicity testing also helps calculate the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) dose and is helpful for clinical studies.
847:
Hazards in the arts have been an issue for artists for centuries, even though the toxicity of their tools, methods, and materials was not always adequately realized. Lead and cadmium, among other toxic elements, were often incorporated into the names of artist's oil paints and pigments, for example,
438:
The types of toxicities where substances may cause lethality to the entire body, lethality to specific organs, major/minor damage, or cause cancer. These are globally accepted definitions of what toxicity is. Anything falling outside of the definition cannot be classified as that type of toxicant.
370:
The preclinical toxicity testing on various biological systems reveals the species-, organ- and dose-specific toxic effects of an investigational product. The toxicity of substances can be observed by (a) studying the accidental exposures to a substance (b) in vitro studies using cells/ cell lines
323:
Behavioral toxicity refers to the undesirable effects of essentially therapeutic levels of medication clinically indicated for a given disorder (DiMascio, Soltys and Shader, 1970). These undesirable effects include anticholinergic effects, alpha-adrenergic blockade, and dopaminergic effects, among
1004:
Toxicity of a substance can be affected by many different factors, such as the pathway of administration (whether the toxicant is applied to the skin, ingested, inhaled, injected), the time of exposure (a brief encounter or long term), the number of exposures (a single dose or multiple doses over
517:
Acute toxicity looks at lethal effects following oral, dermal or inhalation exposure. It is split into five categories of severity where
Category 1 requires the least amount of exposure to be lethal and Category 5 requires the most exposure to be lethal. The table below shows the upper limits for
332:
Toxicity can be measured by its effects on the target (organism, organ, tissue or cell). Because individuals typically have different levels of response to the same dose of a toxic substance, a population-level measure of toxicity is often used which relates the probabilities of an outcome for a
254:
Humans have a deeply rooted history of not only being aware of toxicity, but also taking advantage of it as a tool. Archaeologists studying bone arrows from caves of
Southern Africa have noted the likelihood that some aging 72,000 to 80,000 years old were dipped in specially prepared poisons to
946:
to certain concentrations of a substance in their environment to determine the lethality level. Fish are exposed for 96 hours while crustacea are exposed for 48 hours. While GHS does not define toxicity past 100 mg/L, the EPA currently lists aquatic toxicity as "practically non-toxic" in
784:
An
Environmental hazard can be defined as any condition, process, or state adversely affecting the environment. These hazards can be physical or chemical, and present in air, water, and/or soil. These conditions can cause extensive harm to humans and other organisms within an ecosystem.
851:
20th-century printmakers and other artists began to be aware of the toxic substances, toxic techniques, and toxic fumes in glues, painting mediums, pigments, and solvents, many of which in their labelling gave no indication of their toxicity. An example was the use of
394:
For substances to be regulated and handled appropriately they must be properly classified and labelled. Classification is determined by approved testing measures or calculations and has determined cut-off levels set by governments and scientists (for example,
1553:
1031:
concept, a novel
Abstract Drug Toxicity Index (DTI) has been proposed recently. DTI redefines drug toxicity, identifies hepatotoxic drugs, gives mechanistic insights, predicts clinical outcomes and has potential as a screening tool.
354:
It is more difficult to determine the toxicity of chemical mixtures than a pure chemical because each component displays its own toxicity, and components may interact to produce enhanced or diminished effects. Common mixtures include
1549:
2027:
1885:"Reliable information on K-12 science education, chemistry, toxicology, environmental health, HIV/AIDS, disaster/emergency preparedness and response, and outreach to minority and other specific populations"
217:(meaning "toxic") was used to describe substances which had the ability of "causing death or serious debilitation or exhibiting symptoms of infection." The word draws its origins from the Greek noun τόξον
420:
351:, or whether the risk is just too small to see. In addition, it is possible that a single cell transformed into a cancer cell is all it takes to develop the full effect (the "one hit" theory).
384:
821:
Workers in various occupations may be at a greater level of risk for several types of toxicity, including neurotoxicity. The expression "Mad as a hatter" and the "Mad Hatter" of the book
367:. Even more complex are situations with more than one type of toxic entity, such as the discharge from a malfunctioning sewage treatment plant, with both chemical and biological agents.
1313:
923:
programs. TOXMAP is a resource funded by the US Federal
Government. TOXMAP's chemical and environmental health information is taken from NLM's Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) and
829:
who used a toxic chemical for controlling the shape of hats. Exposure to chemicals in the workplace environment may be required for evaluation by industrial hygiene professionals.
1727:
1698:
1666:
696:
shows damage less severe than corrosion if: the damage occurs within 72 hours of application; or for three consecutive days after application within a 14-day period; or causes
294:, the disease is chiefly caused by a nonliving substance secreted by the organism, rather than the organism itself. Such nonliving biological toxicants are generally called
714:
involves tissue damage or degradation of vision which does not fully reverse in 21 days. Eye irritation involves changes to the eye which do fully reverse within 21 days.
1764:
1012:
A single exposure to a toxic substance which may result in severe biological harm or death; acute exposures are usually characterized as lasting no longer than a day.
3823:
809:: particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, asbestos, ground-level ozone, lead (from aircraft fuel, mining, and industrial processes)
686:. This examines the severity of the damage done; when it is incurred and how long it remains; whether it is reversible and how many test subjects were affected.
996:
Note: A category 4 is established for chronic exposure, but simply contains any toxic substance which is mostly insoluble, or has no data for acute toxicity.
347:
Assessing all aspects of the toxicity of cancer-causing agents involves additional issues, since it is not certain if there is a minimal effective dose for
2058:
419:. While currently many countries have different regulations regarding the types of tests, numbers of tests and cut-off levels, the implementation of the
692:
from a substance must penetrate through the epidermis into the dermis within four hours of application and must not reverse the damage within 14 days.
1493:
340:. When such data does not exist, estimates are made by comparison to known similar toxic things, or to similar exposures in similar organisms. Then, "
3248:
2935:
1644:
1135:
1042:
1342:
1119:
1791:. National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Neurotoxicology and Models for Assessing Risk. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1992.
193:
there is a dose below which there is no detectable toxic effect. Toxicity is species-specific, making cross-species analysis problematic. Newer
1465:
290:, the inherent toxicity of the organism is balanced by the host's response; the effective toxicity is then a combination. In some cases, e.g.
1938:
1018:
Continuous exposure to a toxicant over an extended period of time, often measured in months or years; it can cause irreversible side effects.
912:
1597:
1305:
1838:
1577:
1623:
742:
is a form of toxicity in which a biological, chemical, or physical agent produces an adverse effect on the structure or function of the
3794:
908:
1719:
1690:
1658:
1197:
1365:"Potential biomarkers for southern African hunter-gatherer arrow poisons applied to ethno-historical and archaeological samples"
2107:
1837:. United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization, Geneva. 2001.
1219:
704:
is minor damage (less severe than irritation) within 72 hours of application or for three consecutive days after application.
674:
Note: The undefined values are expected to be roughly equivalent to the category 5 values for oral and dermal administration.
1868:
1451:
1757:
305:
Physical toxicants are substances that, due to their physical nature, interfere with biological processes. Examples include
2928:
2199:
2164:
1248:
Laios, Konstantinos; Michaleas, Spyros N.; Tsoucalas, Gregory; Papalampros, Alexandros; Androutsos, George (2021-05-04).
2893:
3365:
1796:
504:
2447:
3884:
3679:
2883:
1058:
396:
2921:
2823:
2316:
3497:
3492:
2878:
2574:
2485:
2351:
1863:. foreword by Monona Rossol; contributions from Elizabeth Dove. Grand Prairie, Alberta: Printmaking Resources.
1028:
758:– alters the normal activity of the nervous system in such a way as to cause permanent or reversible damage to
486:
426:
Global classification looks at three areas: Physical
Hazards (explosions and pyrotechnics), Health Hazards and
2055:
3764:
3502:
3190:
2803:
2428:
110:
3320:
2356:
1485:
263:
There are generally five types of toxicities: chemical, biological, physical, radioactive and behavioural.
1835:"Environmental health criteria: Neurotoxicity risk assessment for human health: Principles and approaches"
3872:
3487:
2546:
2080:
2070:
1913:
797:: detergents, fertilizer, raw sewage, prescription medication, pesticides, herbicides, heavy metals, PCBs
3606:
3225:
2281:
2100:
1820:
1334:
1083:
1078:
907:
is a
Geographic Information System (GIS) from the Division of Specialized Information Services of the
3920:
3759:
3265:
3253:
3195:
2793:
2541:
2535:
1884:
747:
482:
60:
1430:
270:
rather than toxicants. The biological toxicity of pathogens can be difficult to measure because the
3754:
3675:
3477:
2858:
2560:
916:
1934:
3804:
3425:
3335:
3139:
2609:
2371:
2366:
2276:
2194:
1593:
1514:
Matsumura Y, Ananthaswamy HN (March 2005). "Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin".
1171:
475:
266:
Disease-causing microorganisms and parasites are toxic in a broad sense but are generally called
1834:
1573:
Parasuraman S. Toxicological screening. J Pharmacol
Pharmacother 2011 ;2:74-9. Available from:
3149:
2745:
2506:
2481:
2416:
2305:
2189:
1073:
873:
743:
682:
Skin corrosion and irritation are determined through a skin patch test analysis, similar to an
404:
34:
3910:
3472:
3375:
3355:
2853:
2645:
2124:
2093:
1619:
400:
387:
3717:
3330:
3315:
3131:
2888:
2750:
2660:
2501:
2381:
2149:
1376:
427:
860:. Painters began to notice the dangers of breathing painting mediums and thinners such as
8:
3915:
3860:
3799:
3523:
3482:
3289:
3242:
3185:
3010:
2984:
2798:
2686:
2655:
2301:
2261:
2184:
1048:
822:
178:
1405:
1380:
1364:
236:, often when describing harmful inter-personal relationships or character traits (e.g. "
3712:
3576:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3360:
3220:
3035:
2768:
2718:
2619:
2432:
2411:
2311:
2232:
2144:
1985:
1960:
1814:
1574:
1457:
1443:
1282:
1249:
1141:
1053:
911:(NLM) that uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the
800:
723:
Respiratory sensitizers cause breathing hypersensitivity when the substance is inhaled.
545:
334:
186:
123:
3842:
3402:
3325:
3258:
3215:
3154:
3121:
3058:
3025:
3015:
2974:
2763:
2624:
2614:
2442:
2436:
2271:
1990:
1864:
1802:
1792:
1638:
1531:
1461:
1447:
1410:
1392:
1287:
1269:
1193:
727:
249:
237:
3388:
2913:
1335:"Arrow Analysis Pushes Back Origins of Poison-Tip Technology - Archaeology Magazine"
3383:
3345:
3340:
3275:
3168:
3063:
2808:
2696:
2691:
2491:
2461:
2247:
2227:
2209:
1980:
1972:
1523:
1439:
1400:
1384:
1363:
Isaksson, Sven; Högberg, Anders; Lombard, Marlize; Bradfield, Justin (2023-07-23).
1277:
1261:
1223:
935:
775:
Aspiration hazards are solids or liquids which can cause damage through inhalation.
765:
Reproductively toxic substances cause adverse effects in either sexual function or
364:
20:
65:
3562:
3350:
3270:
3068:
3050:
2848:
2723:
2551:
2511:
2496:
2204:
2154:
2074:
2062:
1581:
1265:
881:
794:
360:
314:
27:
2406:
3769:
3742:
3665:
3632:
3567:
3307:
3073:
3020:
2838:
2818:
2737:
2579:
2321:
2266:
2077:
Environmental Health e-Maps from the United States
National Library of Medicine
1527:
1388:
1130:
1099:
1094:
759:
448:
416:
412:
271:
198:
189:
when taken in too high a dose, whereas for even a very toxic substance such as
159:
147:
2036:
3904:
3637:
3528:
3450:
3298:
3083:
3040:
2956:
2843:
2330:
2237:
1396:
1273:
1104:
885:
877:
806:
755:
739:
341:
291:
287:
210:
69:
3144:
1806:
813:
The EPA maintains a list of priority pollutants for testing and regulation.
232:
English-speaking American culture has adopted several figurative usages for
3653:
3467:
2813:
2773:
2674:
2598:
2476:
2159:
2116:
1994:
1861:
Non-toxic intaglio printmaking / by Keith Howard; foreword by Monono Rossol
1535:
1414:
1306:"Oxford Dictionary's Word of 2018 says a lot about how we feel as a planet"
1291:
865:
857:
697:
226:
151:
47:
3733:
3697:
3658:
3644:
3571:
3543:
3002:
2898:
2385:
2361:
1486:"San Poison Arrows [journal article review] | Peaceful Societies"
1161:
1109:
1068:
892:
454:
348:
190:
163:
3030:
3789:
3687:
3649:
3586:
3550:
3515:
3177:
2778:
2710:
2602:
2377:
1976:
1156:
1151:
1114:
1063:
861:
837:
751:
733:
683:
489: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
170:
101:
2019:
379:
3809:
3749:
3702:
3611:
3598:
3555:
3538:
3462:
3113:
3078:
2946:
2556:
1146:
943:
920:
889:
766:
709:
408:
283:
146:, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a
464:
3707:
3692:
3625:
3615:
3533:
3207:
2678:
2650:
2637:
356:
310:
267:
194:
174:
139:
134:. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an
131:
2081:
Toxseek: meta-search engine in toxicology and environmental health
1247:
864:. Aware of toxicants in studios and workshops, in 1998 printmaker
3828:
3737:
3454:
3099:
2139:
1089:
826:
127:
3827:
is generally non-toxic metal, but in large doses it can lead to
3824:
3620:
3581:
2969:
2085:
2031:
1550:"Behavioral Toxicity - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1362:
1125:
924:
904:
135:
1720:"Sorry, We didn't find what you were looking for | UNECE"
1691:"Sorry, We didn't find what you were looking for | UNECE"
1659:"Sorry, We didn't find what you were looking for | UNECE"
888:-resist hand-etching methods, and introducing a new method of
736:
induce cancer, or increase the likelihood of cancer occurring.
3838:
3834:
2993:
1909:
1166:
853:
299:
295:
275:
219:
182:
155:
143:
2067:
2050:
2531:
2424:
2420:
2222:
939:
750:. It occurs when exposure to a substance – specifically, a
603:
596:
333:
given individual in a population. One such measure is the
306:
279:
2597:
1888:
1022:
2871:
772:
Specific-target organ toxins damage only specific organs.
677:
2673:
788:
2831:
1961:"A simple model to solve complex drug toxicity problem"
201:, while maintaining the concept of toxicity endpoints.
2293:
298:
if produced by a microorganism, plant, or fungus, and
162:). Sometimes the word is more or less synonymous with
2943:
1513:
225:(meaning "arc"), in reference to the use of bows and
2009:
1575:
http://www.jpharmacol.com/text.asp?2011/2/2/74/81895
838:
Hazards from medical waste and prescription disposal
2255:
903:There are many environmental health mapping tools.
1620:"Pesticide Labels and GHS: Comparison and Samples"
1429:
726:A substance which is a skin sensitizer causes an
3902:
2051:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
1136:Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
1043:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
898:
320:Radiation can have a toxic effect on organisms.
1617:
1120:Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling
999:
832:
825:derive from the known occupational toxicity of
700:which lasts for 14 days in two test subjects.
3297:
2929:
2736:
2101:
913:United States Environmental Protection Agency
2056:Whole Effluent, Aquatic Toxicity Testing FAQ
1858:
1643:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
803:: heavy metals, herbicides, pesticides, PCBs
274:may be a single organism. Theoretically one
33:"Toxic" redirects here. For other uses, see
1685:
1683:
1250:"The ancient Greek roots of the term Toxic"
2936:
2922:
2108:
2094:
938:testing subjects key indicator species of
909:United States National Library of Medicine
2709:
2177:
2132:
1984:
1404:
1281:
505:Learn how and when to remove this message
1712:
1680:
927:, and from other authoritative sources.
779:
411:provide the example of well-established
378:
16:Dose dependant harmfulness of substances
2636:
2344:
1023:Alternatives to dose-response framework
876:-type printmaking techniques including
816:
3903:
2469:
2399:
1427:
842:
678:Other methods of exposure and severity
2917:
2089:
1958:
1200:from the original on 9 September 2017
947:concentrations greater than 100 ppm.
789:Common types of environmental hazards
3867:
2524:
1243:
1241:
769:to either a parent or the offspring.
487:adding citations to reliable sources
458:
423:has begun unifying these countries.
41:
3879:
1594:"About the GHS - Transport - UNECE"
1516:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
1027:Considering the limitations of the
930:
717:
197:and metrics are evolving to bypass
13:
2894:Minimum bactericidal concentration
1859:Keith Howard; et al. (1988).
1618:EPA, OCSPP, OPP, US (2015-08-25).
1444:10.1016/b978-0-12-815339-0.00001-9
213:medical literature, the adjective
14:
3932:
2005:
1935:"EPA: Ecological risk assessment"
1431:"The Prehistory of Poison Arrows"
1238:
872:which detailed twelve innovative
442:
433:
397:no-observed-adverse-effect levels
374:
282:can reproduce to cause a serious
3878:
3866:
3855:
3854:
2884:Minimum inhibitory concentration
2115:
1220:"Toxicity Endpoints & Tests"
1059:California Proposition 65 (1986)
848:"lead white" and "cadmium red".
684:allergic inflammation patch test
575:measured in mg/kg of bodyweight
551:measured in mg/kg of bodyweight
463:
113:is a common symbol for toxicity.
100:
46:
2824:WHO list of essential medicines
2317:Non-specific effect of vaccines
1952:
1941:from the original on 2015-09-30
1927:
1916:from the original on 2019-06-11
1902:
1877:
1852:
1841:from the original on 2021-02-27
1827:
1781:
1770:from the original on 2024-05-15
1750:
1741:
1730:from the original on 2024-07-02
1701:from the original on 2024-07-03
1669:from the original on 2024-07-02
1651:
1626:from the original on 2015-09-24
1611:
1600:from the original on 2020-11-14
1586:
1567:
1556:from the original on 2021-08-04
1542:
1496:from the original on 2024-01-20
1468:from the original on 2024-06-03
1345:from the original on 2024-02-14
1316:from the original on 2024-01-17
474:needs additional citations for
2879:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
1507:
1478:
1421:
1356:
1327:
1298:
1212:
1186:
870:Non-Toxic Intaglio Printmaking
1:
2804:Functional analog (chemistry)
1789:Environmental neurotoxicology
1179:
899:Mapping environmental hazards
2357:Hill equation (biochemistry)
1266:10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.010
1222:. AltTox.org. Archived from
1000:Factors influencing toxicity
833:Hazards for small businesses
649:Dust and Mist Inhalation: LC
327:
220:
204:
130:of substances can damage an
7:
1438:, Elsevier, pp. 1–10,
1138:(RTECS) – toxicity database
1035:
59:to comply with Knowledge's
10:
3937:
3607:Arthropod bites and stings
3226:Nitrogen dioxide poisoning
2872:Antimicrobial pharmacology
2352:Dose–response relationship
2282:Desensitization (medicine)
1528:10.1016/j.taap.2003.08.019
1490:peacefulsocieties.uncg.edu
1428:Borgia, Valentina (2019),
1389:10.1038/s41598-023-38735-0
1084:Material safety data sheet
1079:List of highly toxic gases
730:from a dermal application.
452:
446:
421:Globally Harmonized System
302:if produced by an animal.
286:. If a host has an intact
247:
243:
154:) or an organ such as the
32:
18:
3850:
3822:
3818:
3782:
3726:
3674:
3597:
3513:
3449:
3442:
3401:
3374:
3366:Tricyclic antidepressants
3306:
3288:
3234:
3206:
3176:
3167:
3130:
3112:
3092:
3049:
3001:
2992:
2983:
2965:
2794:Coinduction (anesthetics)
2787:
2588:
2460:
2246:
2123:
2013:
1758:"Priority Pollutant List"
748:peripheral nervous system
524:Method of administration
313:fibres or finely divided
173:is that the effects of a
122:is the degree to which a
108:
99:
94:
2859:Multiple drug resistance
2832:Tolerance and resistance
2200:Physiological antagonist
1194:"Definition of TOXICITY"
917:Toxics Release Inventory
258:
72:may contain suggestions.
57:may need to be rewritten
3805:List of types of poison
3361:Serotonergic substances
2610:Neuropsychopharmacology
2372:Cheng-Prussoff Equation
2367:Del Castillo Katz model
2294:Other effects of ligand
2277:Receptor (biochemistry)
2195:Irreversible antagonist
1959:Dixit, Vaibhav (2019).
1436:Toxicology in Antiquity
1174:, a disambiguation page
3093:Other non-toxic metals
2746:Classical pharmacology
2507:Plasma protein binding
2482:Volume of distribution
2190:Competitive antagonist
1819:: CS1 maint: others (
1074:Indicative limit value
405:tolerable daily intake
401:threshold limit values
391:
35:Toxic (disambiguation)
3473:Ichthyoallyeinotoxism
2854:Antibiotic resistance
2646:Clinical pharmacology
2165:Physiological agonist
2125:Ligand (biochemistry)
780:Environmental hazards
625:Vapour Inhalation: LC
428:environmental hazards
382:
169:A central concept of
2751:Reverse pharmacology
2661:Pharmacoepidemiology
2502:Biological half-life
2382:Ligand binding assay
2256:Activity at receptor
2150:Irreversible agonist
817:Occupational hazards
702:Mild skin irritation
483:improve this article
390:for toxic chemicals.
111:skull and crossbones
26:. For the song, see
3843:foodborne illnesses
3800:Lists of poisonings
3483:Shellfish poisoning
3191:Aluminium phosphide
2799:Combination therapy
2687:Pharmacoinformatics
2656:Medicinal chemistry
2262:Mechanism of action
1965:Toxicology Research
1381:2023NatSR..1311877I
1339:www.archaeology.org
1049:Biological activity
843:Hazards in the arts
823:Alice in Wonderland
166:in everyday usage.
19:For the album, see
3795:EPA list of hazard
3577:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
3321:Anticholinesterase
2769:Immunopharmacology
2719:Pharmacotoxicology
2620:Psychopharmacology
2412:Intrinsic activity
2312:Pleiotropy (drugs)
2233:Agonist-antagonist
2145:Endogenous agonist
2073:2019-12-15 at the
2061:2021-04-14 at the
1977:10.1039/C8TX00261D
1580:2021-07-23 at the
1369:Scientific Reports
1254:Toxicology Reports
1226:on October 1, 2018
1142:Soil contamination
1054:Biological warfare
392:
187:water intoxication
124:chemical substance
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3778:
3777:
3760:Poisonous animals
3438:
3437:
3403:Vitamin poisoning
3397:
3396:
3284:
3283:
3163:
3162:
3108:
3107:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2867:
2866:
2764:Photopharmacology
2759:
2758:
2732:
2731:
2705:
2704:
2669:
2668:
2632:
2631:
2625:Electrophysiology
2615:Neuropharmacology
2570:
2569:
2520:
2519:
2456:
2455:
2443:Therapeutic index
2395:
2394:
2340:
2339:
2289:
2288:
2218:
2217:
2173:
2172:
2046:
2045:
1870:978-0-9683541-0-0
1763:. December 2014.
1453:978-0-12-815339-0
994:
993:
728:allergic response
672:
671:
653:measured in mg/L
629:measured in mg/L
515:
514:
507:
250:History of poison
238:toxic masculinity
181:-dependent; even
117:
116:
89:Medical condition
87:
86:
61:quality standards
3928:
3921:Chemical hazards
3882:
3881:
3870:
3869:
3858:
3857:
3831:, which is rare.
3820:
3819:
3755:Venomous animals
3447:
3446:
3304:
3303:
3295:
3294:
3196:Organophosphates
3174:
3173:
3051:Dietary minerals
2999:
2998:
2990:
2989:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2869:
2868:
2829:
2828:
2809:Polypharmacology
2734:
2733:
2707:
2706:
2697:Pharmacogenomics
2692:Pharmacogenetics
2671:
2670:
2634:
2633:
2595:
2594:
2522:
2521:
2492:Rate of infusion
2467:
2466:
2462:Pharmacokinetics
2397:
2396:
2342:
2341:
2291:
2290:
2253:
2252:
2248:Pharmacodynamics
2228:Neurotransmitter
2210:Enzyme inhibitor
2175:
2174:
2130:
2129:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2087:
2086:
2011:
2010:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1887:. Archived from
1881:
1875:
1874:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1818:
1810:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1687:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1590:
1584:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1433:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1196:. 30 July 2023.
1190:
1015:Chronic exposure
990:≤ 100 mg/L
984:≤ 1.0 mg/L
976:≤ 100 mg/L
970:≤ 1.0 mg/L
950:
949:
936:Aquatic toxicity
931:Aquatic toxicity
718:Other categories
595:Gas Inhalation:
521:
520:
510:
503:
499:
496:
490:
467:
459:
365:industrial waste
223:
126:or a particular
104:
92:
91:
82:
79:
73:
50:
42:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3890:
3846:
3832:
3814:
3774:
3722:
3670:
3593:
3509:
3434:
3429:
3393:
3370:
3336:Benzodiazepines
3280:
3266:Carbon monoxide
3254:Ethylene glycol
3230:
3202:
3159:
3126:
3104:
3088:
3045:
2979:
2961:
2942:
2912:
2903:
2863:
2849:Drug resistance
2827:
2783:
2755:
2728:
2724:Neurotoxicology
2701:
2665:
2628:
2590:
2584:
2566:
2516:
2512:Bioavailability
2497:Onset of action
2452:
2391:
2336:
2285:
2242:
2214:
2205:Inverse agonist
2169:
2155:Partial agonist
2119:
2114:
2075:Wayback Machine
2063:Wayback Machine
2047:
2042:
2041:
2022:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1812:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1731:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1702:
1689:
1688:
1681:
1672:
1670:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1616:
1612:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1582:Wayback Machine
1572:
1568:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1512:
1508:
1499:
1497:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1454:
1426:
1422:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1317:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1246:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1038:
1025:
1002:
987:≤ 10 mg/L
973:≤ 10 mg/L
933:
901:
882:digital imaging
845:
840:
835:
819:
791:
782:
720:
694:Skin irritation
680:
652:
628:
600:
574:
549:
518:each category.
511:
500:
494:
491:
480:
468:
457:
451:
445:
436:
417:toxicity labels
377:
361:cigarette smoke
338:
330:
315:silicon dioxide
278:, bacterium or
261:
252:
246:
227:poisoned arrows
207:
90:
83:
77:
74:
64:
51:
38:
31:
28:Toxicity (song)
17:
12:
11:
5:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3876:
3864:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3770:Mycotoxicology
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3745:
3730:
3728:
3727:Related topics
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3666:Tick paralysis
3663:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3633:Scorpion venom
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3520:
3518:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3376:Cardiovascular
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3312:
3310:
3301:
3299:Drug overdoses
3292:
3290:Pharmaceutical
3286:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3182:
3180:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:Bacteriostatic
2886:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2839:Drug tolerance
2835:
2833:
2826:
2821:
2819:Lists of drugs
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2740:
2738:Drug discovery
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2605:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2580:Bioequivalence
2577:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2528:
2526:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2414:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2389:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2324:
2322:Adverse effect
2319:
2314:
2309:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:Mode of action
2264:
2259:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2065:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:Classification
2007:
2006:External links
2004:
2001:
2000:
1971:(2): 157–171.
1951:
1926:
1901:
1876:
1869:
1851:
1826:
1797:
1780:
1749:
1740:
1711:
1679:
1650:
1610:
1585:
1566:
1541:
1522:(3): 298–308.
1506:
1477:
1452:
1420:
1355:
1326:
1312:. 2018-11-19.
1297:
1237:
1211:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1131:Reference dose
1128:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:Nephrotoxicity
1097:
1095:Hepatotoxicity
1092:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:Acute exposure
1001:
998:
992:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
977:
974:
971:
968:
964:
963:
960:
957:
954:
932:
929:
900:
897:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
818:
815:
811:
810:
804:
798:
790:
787:
781:
778:
777:
776:
773:
770:
763:
760:nervous tissue
737:
731:
724:
719:
716:
690:Skin corrosion
679:
676:
670:
669:
666:
663:
660:
657:
654:
650:
646:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
626:
622:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
598:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
572:
568:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
547:
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
513:
512:
471:
469:
462:
449:Acute toxicity
447:Main article:
444:
443:Acute toxicity
441:
435:
434:Health hazards
432:
413:toxicity class
376:
375:Classification
373:
342:safety factors
336:
329:
326:
272:threshold dose
260:
257:
248:Main article:
245:
242:
206:
203:
199:animal testing
160:hepatotoxicity
115:
114:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
85:
84:
54:
52:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3933:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3887:
3886:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3865:
3863:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:Miscellaneous
3781:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Deadly fungus
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3638:Charybdotoxin
3636:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:Batrachotoxin
3527:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3512:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3426:Megavitamin-B
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Sulfuric acid
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2844:Tachyphylaxis
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2332:
2331:Neurotoxicity
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:Selectivity (
2299:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2238:Pharmacophore
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1891:on 2019-03-21
1890:
1886:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1798:0-585-14379-X
1794:
1790:
1784:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1744:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1646:
1640:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Neurotoxicity
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1030:
1029:dose-response
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
997:
989:
986:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
969:
966:
965:
961:
958:
955:
952:
951:
948:
945:
941:
937:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
896:
894:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:photo etching
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
856:for cleaning
855:
849:
830:
828:
824:
814:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
792:
786:
774:
771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
756:neurotoxicant
753:
749:
745:
741:
740:Neurotoxicity
738:
735:
732:
729:
725:
722:
721:
715:
713:
711:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
685:
675:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
648:
647:
643:
640:
637:
634:
631:
624:
623:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
605:
601:
594:
593:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
570:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
543:
542:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
519:
509:
506:
498:
488:
484:
478:
477:
472:This section
470:
466:
461:
460:
456:
450:
440:
431:
429:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
389:
386:
385:international
381:
372:
368:
366:
362:
358:
352:
350:
345:
343:
339:
325:
321:
318:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
292:cholera toxin
289:
288:immune system
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
264:
256:
251:
241:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
222:
216:
212:
211:Ancient Greek
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
112:
107:
103:
98:
93:
81:
71:
67:
62:
58:
55:This article
53:
49:
44:
43:
40:
36:
29:
25:
23:
3911:Pharmacology
3883:
3871:
3859:
3654:Latrodectism
3645:spider venom
3468:Haff disease
3389:Dipyridamole
3331:Barbiturates
3241:
3003:Toxic metals
2951:
2814:Chemotherapy
2774:Cell biology
2675:Biochemistry
2599:Neuroscience
2547:Distribution
2477:Loading dose
2326:
2160:Superagonist
2117:Pharmacology
2026:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1943:. Retrieved
1929:
1918:. Retrieved
1904:
1893:. Retrieved
1889:the original
1879:
1860:
1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1829:
1788:
1783:
1772:. Retrieved
1752:
1743:
1732:. Retrieved
1723:
1714:
1703:. Retrieved
1694:
1671:. Retrieved
1662:
1653:
1628:. Retrieved
1613:
1602:. Retrieved
1588:
1569:
1558:. Retrieved
1544:
1519:
1515:
1509:
1498:. Retrieved
1489:
1480:
1470:, retrieved
1435:
1423:
1375:(1): 11877.
1372:
1368:
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1338:
1329:
1318:. Retrieved
1309:
1300:
1257:
1253:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:the original
1214:
1202:. Retrieved
1188:
1026:
1003:
995:
934:
902:
869:
866:Keith Howard
858:silk screens
850:
846:
820:
812:
783:
708:
706:
701:
698:inflammation
693:
689:
688:
681:
673:
602:measured in
516:
501:
492:
481:Please help
476:verification
473:
437:
425:
415:systems and
393:
369:
353:
346:
331:
322:
319:
304:
265:
262:
253:
233:
231:
229:as weapons.
218:
214:
208:
185:can lead to
168:
152:cytotoxicity
119:
118:
78:January 2022
75:
66:You can help
56:
39:
21:
3885:WikiProject
3698:Fish toxins
3659:Loxoscelism
3572:Snake venom
3544:Physalaemin
3516:vertebrates
3356:Paracetamol
2899:Bactericide
2575:Compartment
2386:Patch clamp
2362:Schild plot
1260:: 977–979.
1230:25 February
1204:19 February
1162:Toxicophore
1110:Ototoxicity
1069:Drunkenness
962:Category 3
959:Category 2
956:Category 1
893:lithography
734:Carcinogens
539:Category 5
536:Category 4
533:Category 3
530:Category 2
527:Category 1
495:August 2009
455:Lethal dose
349:carcinogens
191:snake venom
3916:Toxicology
3905:Categories
3833:including
3790:Antibiotic
3718:Strychnine
3688:Cinchonism
3650:Latrotoxin
3599:Arthropods
3587:Batroxobin
3498:Neurotoxic
3493:Diarrhetic
3443:Biological
3186:Pesticides
3178:Phosphorus
3114:Metalloids
2779:Physiology
2711:Toxicology
2603:psychology
2552:Metabolism
2542:Absorption
2536:Liberation
2378:Organ bath
2306:Functional
2185:Antagonist
2178:Inhibitory
2133:Excitatory
1945:2008-11-04
1920:2010-09-21
1895:2010-09-21
1845:2019-12-18
1774:2024-07-14
1734:2024-07-02
1705:2024-07-02
1673:2024-07-02
1630:2008-11-04
1604:2008-11-04
1560:2021-03-17
1500:2024-01-20
1472:2024-01-20
1349:2024-01-20
1320:2024-01-17
1180:References
1157:Toxication
1152:Toxic tort
1115:Paracelsus
1064:Carcinogen
868:published
862:turpentine
752:neurotoxin
668:Undefined
644:Undefined
620:Undefined
571:Dermal: LD
453:See also:
409:Pesticides
171:toxicology
3810:Pollution
3750:Cnidocyte
3703:Lathyrism
3616:Bee venom
3612:Bee sting
3556:Coturnism
3539:Bufotenin
3524:Amphibian
3503:Paralytic
3478:Scombroid
3463:Ciguatera
3421:Vitamin E
3416:Vitamin D
3411:Vitamin A
3132:Nonmetals
3079:Manganese
3011:Beryllium
2985:Inorganic
2947:Poisoning
2561:Clearance
2557:Excretion
2376:Methods (
1815:cite book
1724:unece.org
1695:unece.org
1663:unece.org
1462:165342081
1397:2045-2322
1274:2214-7500
1147:Teratogen
953:Exposure
944:crustacea
921:Superfund
915:'s (EPA)
890:non-toxic
767:fertility
407:levels).
388:pictogram
328:Measuring
284:infection
268:pathogens
205:Etymology
195:paradigms
164:poisoning
140:bacterium
70:talk page
3861:Category
3713:Mushroom
3693:Ergotism
3678: /
3652: /
3626:Melittin
3614: /
3570: /
3534:Bombesin
3453: /
3430:syndrome
3259:Methanol
3221:Nicotine
3208:Nitrogen
3155:Fluoride
3150:Chlorine
3145:Selenium
3059:Chromium
3036:Thallium
2957:Overdose
2952:Toxicity
2679:genetics
2651:Pharmacy
2638:Medicine
2448:Affinity
2407:Efficacy
2345:Analysis
2327:Toxicity
2071:Archived
2059:Archived
1995:30997019
1939:Archived
1914:Archived
1910:"TOXNET"
1839:Archived
1807:44957274
1765:Archived
1728:Archived
1699:Archived
1667:Archived
1639:cite web
1624:Archived
1598:Archived
1578:Archived
1554:Archived
1536:15020192
1494:Archived
1466:archived
1415:37482542
1406:10363533
1343:Archived
1314:Archived
1310:NBC News
1292:34026561
1198:Archived
1036:See also
981:Chronic
874:Intaglio
707:Serious
357:gasoline
324:others.
311:asbestos
234:toxicity
175:toxicant
132:organism
120:Toxicity
95:Toxicity
22:Toxicity
3873:Commons
3829:argyria
3738:Stinger
3708:Locoism
3488:Amnesic
3455:Seafood
3384:Digoxin
3351:Opioids
3346:Lithium
3341:Cocaine
3326:Aspirin
3316:Alcohol
3308:Nervous
3276:Toluene
3249:Ethanol
3243:alcohol
3216:Cyanide
3169:Organic
3122:Arsenic
3026:Mercury
3016:Cadmium
2975:History
2589:Related
2532:(L)ADME
2486:Initial
2470:Metrics
2417:Potency
2400:Metrics
2302:Binding
2272:Binding
2140:Agonist
1986:6417485
1377:Bibcode
1283:8122150
1090:Mutagen
1045:(ATSDR)
886:acrylic
827:hatters
746:and/or
744:central
617:20 000
244:History
215:τoξικόν
128:mixture
24:(album)
3839:toxins
3835:venoms
3825:Silver
3676:Plants
3621:Apamin
3582:Ancrod
3568:Snakes
3563:Mammal
3514:Other
3271:Oxygen
3100:Silver
3069:Copper
3064:Cobalt
3031:Nickel
2994:Metals
2970:Poison
2591:fields
2068:TOXMAP
1993:
1983:
1867:
1805:
1795:
1534:
1460:
1450:
1413:
1403:
1395:
1290:
1280:
1272:
1172:Toxica
1126:Poison
1086:(MSDS)
967:Acute
925:PubMed
905:TOXMAP
712:damage
614:2 500
590:5 000
587:2 000
584:1 000
566:5 000
563:2 000
544:Oral:
403:, and
363:, and
309:dust,
300:venoms
296:toxins
136:animal
68:. The
3743:plant
3680:Fungi
3551:Birds
2788:Other
2525:LADME
2037:T65.9
1768:(PDF)
1761:(PDF)
1458:S2CID
1167:Toxin
854:xylol
795:Water
656:0.05
276:virus
259:Types
221:toxon
183:water
156:liver
144:plant
142:, or
3736:and
3734:Bite
3451:Fish
3084:Zinc
3074:Iron
3021:Lead
2677:and
2601:and
2437:TD50
2433:LD50
2429:ED50
2425:IC50
2421:EC50
2223:Drug
1991:PMID
1865:ISBN
1821:link
1803:OCLC
1793:ISBN
1645:link
1532:PMID
1448:ISBN
1411:PMID
1393:ISSN
1288:PMID
1270:ISSN
1232:2012
1206:2015
940:fish
919:and
801:Soil
665:5.0
662:1.0
659:0.5
635:2.0
632:0.5
611:500
608:100
604:ppmV
581:200
560:300
383:The
307:coal
280:worm
240:").
179:dose
177:are
148:cell
109:The
3235:CHO
3041:Tin
2534:: (
2028:ICD
1981:PMC
1973:doi
1524:doi
1520:195
1440:doi
1401:PMC
1385:doi
1278:PMC
1262:doi
942:or
807:Air
754:or
710:eye
641:20
638:10
578:50
557:50
485:by
209:In
3907::
3841:,
3837:,
2435:,
2431:,
2427:,
2423:,
2384:,
2380:,
2304:,
2035::
2032:10
1989:.
1979:.
1967:.
1963:.
1937:.
1912:.
1817:}}
1813:{{
1801:.
1726:.
1722:.
1697:.
1693:.
1682:^
1665:.
1661:.
1641:}}
1637:{{
1622:.
1596:.
1552:.
1530:.
1518:.
1492:.
1488:.
1464:,
1456:,
1446:,
1434:,
1409:.
1399:.
1391:.
1383:.
1373:13
1371:.
1367:.
1341:.
1337:.
1308:.
1286:.
1276:.
1268:.
1256:.
1252:.
1240:^
895:.
884:,
880:,
651:50
627:50
599:50
597:LC
573:50
554:7
548:50
546:LD
430:.
399:,
359:,
337:50
335:LD
138:,
3845:.
3428:6
2937:e
2930:t
2923:v
2563:)
2559:(
2538:)
2488:)
2484:(
2439:)
2419:(
2388:)
2333:)
2329:(
2308:)
2109:e
2102:t
2095:v
2030:-
2020:D
1997:.
1975::
1969:8
1948:.
1923:.
1898:.
1873:.
1848:.
1823:)
1809:.
1777:.
1737:.
1708:.
1676:.
1647:)
1633:.
1607:.
1563:.
1538:.
1526::
1503:.
1442::
1417:.
1387::
1379::
1352:.
1323:.
1294:.
1264::
1258:8
1234:.
1208:.
1122:.
762:.
508:)
502:(
497:)
493:(
479:.
158:(
150:(
80:)
76:(
63:.
37:.
30:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
