Geography - Knowledge

1201:. Geography is subject to the laws of physics, and in studying things that occur in space, time must be considered. Time in geography is more than just the historical record of events that occurred at various discrete coordinates; but also includes modeling the dynamic movement of people, organisms, and things through space. Time facilitates movement through space, ultimately allowing things to flow through a system. The amount of time an individual, or group of people, spends in a place will often shape their attachment and perspective to that place. Time constrains the possible paths that can be taken through space, given a starting point, possible routes, and rate of travel. Visualizing time over space is challenging in terms of cartography, and includes Space-Prism, advanced 3D geovisualizations, and 1390:. Some publications limit the number of branches to physical and human, describing them as the principal branches. Geographers rarely focus on just one of these topics, often using one as their primary focus and then incorporating data and methods from the other branches. Often, geographers are asked to describe what they do by individuals outside the discipline and are likely to identify closely with a specific branch, or sub-branch when describing themselves to lay people. Human geography studies people and their communities, cultures, economies, and environmental interactions by studying their relations with and across space and place. Physical geography is concerned with the study of processes and patterns in the natural environment like the 1121: 1182: 1495: 1994:

serving as a set of unique methods for managing the interdisciplinary nature of the phenomena under investigation. While human and physical geographers use the techniques employed by technical geographers, technical geography is more concerned with the fundamental spatial concepts and technologies than the nature of the data. It is therefore closely associated with the spatial tradition of geography while being applied to the other two major branches. A technical geographer might work as a GIS analyst, a GIS developer working to make new software tools, or create general reference maps incorporating human and natural features.

1798: 2020: 2132: 1702: 2988: 1267:. However, this is an ongoing source of debate in geography and is unlikely to be resolved anytime soon. Several laws have been proposed, and Tobler's first law of geography is the most generally accepted in geography. Some have argued that geographic laws do not need to be numbered. The existence of a first invites a second, and many have proposed themselves as that. It has also been proposed that Tobler's first law of geography should be moved to the second and replaced with another. A few of the proposed laws of geography are below: 1042: 2100: 1631: 1663: 932: 1814: 2480: 2261: 1547: 1479: 1563: 1782: 10016: 2068: 1599: 1834: 1531: 1081: 1870: 2004: 9980: 9285: 1854: 924: 1918: 9297: 1734: 10005: 3173: 1766: 1159:. Places do not exist in a vacuum and instead have complex spatial relationships with each other, and place is concerned how a location is situated in relation to all other locations. As a discipline then, the term place in geography includes all spatial phenomena occurring at a location, the diverse uses and meanings humans ascribe to that location, and how that location impacts and is impacted by all other locations on Earth. In one of 1579: 1515: 67: 1750: 3831: 3770: 3105: 2157: 3692: 2358: 2570:

online platforms, or written exchanges. Geographers typically adopt a structured or semi-structured approach during interviews involving specific questions or discussion points when utilized for research purposes. These questions are designed to extract focused information about the research topic while being flexible enough to allow participants to express their experiences and viewpoints, such as through open-ended questions.

2796: 1902: 9321: 2052: 2084: 2036: 9992: 9309: 2116: 2403:, and (e) facilitates studies of how features/areas change over time. Remotely sensed data may be analyzed independently or in conjunction with other digital data layers (e.g., in a geographic information system). Remote sensing aids in land use, land cover (LULC) mapping, by helping to determine both what is naturally occurring on a piece of land and what human activities are taking place on it. 1647: 3183: 1886: 1718: 1228: 980:

compare, to generalize, to ascend from effects to causes, and, in doing so, to trace out the laws of nature and to mark their influences upon man. This is 'a description of the world'—that is Geography. In a word, Geography is a Science—a thing not of mere names but of argument and reason, of cause and effect.

2499:, or maps that combine geography and storytelling to produce a product with greater information than a two-dimensional image of places, names, and topography. This approach offers more inclusive strategies than more traditional cartographic approaches for connecting the complex layers that makeup places. 3745:

The discipline of History has significant overlap with geography, especially human geography. Like geology, history and geography have shared university departments. Geography provides the spatial context within which historical events unfold. The physical geographic features of a region, such as its

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Geographers employ interviews to gather data and acquire valuable understandings from individuals or groups regarding their encounters, outlooks, and opinions concerning spatial phenomena. Interviews can be carried out through various mediums, including face-to-face interactions, phone conversations,

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Cartography is the art, science, and technology of making maps. Cartographers study the Earth's surface representation with abstract symbols (map making). Although other subdisciplines of geography rely on maps for presenting their analyses, the actual making of maps is abstract enough to be regarded

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Technical geography concerns studying and developing tools, techniques, and statistical methods employed to collect, analyze, use, and understand spatial data. Technical geography is the most recently recognized, and controversial, of the branches. Its use dates back to 1749, when a book published by

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It was Biruni, not Avicenna, who found a way for a single man, at a single moment, to measure the earth's circumference, by trigonometric calculations based on angles measured from a mountaintop and the plain beneath it – thus improving on Eratosthenes' method of sighting the sun simultaneously from

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contained both theoretical background and practical applications related to ship navigation. The remaining problem facing both explorers and geographers was finding the latitude and longitude of a geographic location. While the problem of latitude was solved long ago, but that of longitude remained;

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to divide geography into themes. As academic fields increasingly specialize in their nature, technical geography has emerged as a branch of geography specializing in geographic methods and thought. The emergence of technical geography has brought new relevance to the broad discipline of geography by

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Qualitative methods in geography are descriptive rather than numerical or statistical in nature. They add context to concepts, and explore human concepts like beliefs and perspective that are difficult or impossible to quantify. Human geography is much more likely to employ qualitative methods than

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The uncertainty principle: "That the geographic world is infinitely complex and that any representation must therefore contain elements of uncertainty, that many definitions used in acquiring geographic data contain elements of vagueness, and that it is impossible to measure location on the Earth's

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is the exact site, or spatial coordinates, of objects, persons, places, or phenomena under investigation. We exist in space. Absolute space leads to the view of the world as a photograph, with everything frozen in place when the coordinates were recorded. Today, geographers are trained to recognize

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Names of places...are not geography...To know by heart a whole gazetteer full of them would not, in itself, constitute anyone a geographer. Geography has higher aims than this: it seeks to classify phenomena (alike of the natural and of the political world, in so far as it treats of the latter), to

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organized the discipline into a section containing content such as cartographic techniques and globes. There are several other terms, often used interchangeably with technical geography to subdivide the discipline, including "techniques of geographic analysis," "Geographic Information Technology,"

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Scale in the context of a map is the ratio between a distance measured on the map and the corresponding distance as measured on the ground. This concept is fundamental to the discipline of geography, not just cartography, in that phenomena being investigated appear different depending on the scale

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Place is one of the most complex and important terms in geography. In human geography, place is the synthesis of the coordinates on the Earth's surface, the activity and use that occurs, has occurred, and will occur at the coordinates, and the meaning ascribed to the space by human individuals and

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Narrowing down geography to a few key concepts is extremely challenging, and subject to tremendous debate within the discipline. In one attempt, the 1st edition of the book "Key Concepts in Geography" broke down this into chapters focusing on "Space," "Place," "Time," "Scale," and "Landscape." The

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Quantitative methods in geography became particularly influential in the discipline during the quantitative revolution of the 1950s and 60s. These methods revitalized the discipline in many ways, allowing scientific testing of hypotheses and proposing scientific geographic theories and laws. The

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Geography is a branch of inquiry that focuses on spatial information on Earth. It is an extremely broad topic and can be broken down multiple ways. There have been several approaches to doing this spanning at least several centuries, including "four traditions of geography" and into distinct

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is interested in studying and applying techniques and methods to store, process, analyze, visualize, and use spatial data. It is the newest of the branches, the most controversial, and often other terms are used in the literature to describe the emerging category. These branches use similar

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Qualitative cartography employs many of the same software and techniques as quantitative cartography. It may be employed to inform on map practices, or to visualize perspectives and ideas that are not strictly quantitative in nature. An example of a form of qualitative cartography is a

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landforms, climate, and resources, shape human settlements, trade routes, and economic activities, which in turn influence the course of historical events. Thus, a historian must have a strong foundation in geography. Historians employ the techniques of technical geographers to create

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Geographic information systems (GIS) deal with storing information about the Earth for automatic retrieval by a computer in an accurate manner appropriate to the information's purpose. In addition to all of the other subdisciplines of geography, GIS specialists must understand

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Today, geography is an extremely broad discipline with multiple approaches and modalities. There have been multiple attempts to organize the discipline, including the four traditions of geography, and into branches. Techniques employed can generally be broken down into

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The discipline of geography, especially physical geography, and geology have significant overlap. In the past, the two have often shared academic departments at universities, a point that has led to conflict over resources. Both disciplines do seek to understand the

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For something to exist in the realm of geography, it must be able to be described spatially. Thus, space is the most fundamental concept at the foundation of geography. The concept is so basic, that geographers often have difficulty defining exactly what it is.

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groups. This can be extraordinarily complex, as different spaces may have different uses at different times and mean different things to different people. In physical geography, a place includes all of the physical phenomena that occur in space, including the

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as a discipline spans cultures and millennia, being independently developed by multiple groups, and cross-pollinated by trade between these groups. The core concepts of geography consistent between all approaches are a focus on space, place, time, and scale.

3030:. This textbook sought to integrate new scientific discoveries and principles into classical geography and approach the discipline like the other sciences emerging, and is seen by some as the division between ancient and modern geography in the West. 1065:

in 1984. These themes are Location, place, relationships within places (often summarized as Human-Environment Interaction), movement, and regions. The five themes of geography have shaped how American education approaches the topic in the years since.

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branches. The Four traditions of geography are often used to divide the different historical approach theories geographers have taken to the discipline. In contrast, geography's branches describe contemporary applied geographical approaches.

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Additionally, several variations or amendments to these laws exist within the literature, although not as well supported. For example, one paper proposed an amended version of Tobler's first law of geography, referred to in the text as the

975:, plants, and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary. The interdisciplinary nature of the geographical approach depends on an attentiveness to the relationship between physical and human phenomena and their spatial patterns. 2627:), with seven islands arranged around it so as to form a seven-pointed star. The accompanying text mentions seven outer regions beyond the encircling ocean. The descriptions of five of them have survived. In contrast to the 3116:

and new practices such as participant observation and geostatistics being incorporated into geography's portfolio of tools. In the West during the 20th century, the discipline of geography went through four major phases:

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and can be viewed as a product of the quantitative revolution. In general, some dispute the entire concept of laws in geography and the social sciences. These criticisms have been addressed by Tobler and others, such as

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Tradition. These concepts are broad sets of geography philosophies bound together within the discipline. They are one of many ways geographers organize the major sets of thoughts and philosophies within the discipline.

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The concept of geography is present in all cultures, and therefore the history of the discipline is a series of competing narratives, with concepts emerging at various points across space and time. The oldest known

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was only 16.8 km less than the modern value of 6,356.7 km. In contrast to his predecessors, who measured the Earth's circumference by sighting the Sun simultaneously from two different locations,

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A graphical or bar scale. A map would also usually give its scale numerically ("1:50,000", for instance, means that one cm on the map represents 50,000 cm of real space, which is 500 meters).

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that seeks to understand the world in a holistic view. New concepts and philosophies have emerged from the rapid advancement of computers, quantitative methods, and interdisciplinary approaches. In 1970,

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Remote sensing is the art, science, and technology of obtaining information about Earth's features from measurements made at a distance. Remotely sensed data can be either passive, such as traditional

2213:, that "everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things." As spatial interrelationships are key to this synoptic science, maps are a key tool. Classical 2310:

affects the distortion of map symbols projected onto a flat surface for viewing. It can be said, without much controversy, that cartography is the seed from which the larger field of geography grew.

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in the case of Mars), its features, and phenomena that take place on it. For something to fall into the domain of geography, it generally needs some sort of spatial component that can be placed on a

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methods of geographical study and writing of geographical literature became much more comprehensive than what was found in Europe at the time (until the 13th century). Chinese geographers such as

1163:'s papers, he explains that in his view, geography is the study of Earth as a home for humanity, and thus place and the complex meaning behind the term is central to the discipline of geography. 2658:(c. 610–545 BC): considered by later Greek writers to be the true founder of geography, come to us through fragments quoted by his successors. Anaximander is credited with the invention of the 1615: 2639: 3723:

on the Earth's surface and the processes that change them over time. Geology employs many of the tools and techniques of technical geographers, such as GIS and remote sensing to aid in

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Krige, Danie G. (1951). "A statistical approach to some basic mine valuation problems on the Witwatersrand". J. of the Chem., Metal. and Mining Soc. of South Africa 52 (6): 119–139

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analysis, specifically the application of a statistical methodology to the exploration of geographic phenomena. Geostatistics is used extensively in a variety of fields, including

10054: 7698: 6994: 870:(100 – 170 AD). This work created the so-called "Ptolemaic tradition" of geography, which included "Ptolemaic cartographic theory." However, the concepts of geography (such as 4718: 3154:, "everything is related to everything else, but near things are more related than distant things." This law summarizes the first assumption geographers make about the world. 2984:

and mountain top, which yielded more accurate measurements of the Earth's circumference, and made it possible for it to be measured by a single person from a single location.

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Human geography (or anthropogeography) is a branch of geography that focuses on studying patterns and processes that shape human society. It encompasses the human, political,

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dating back to the 9th century BC depicted Babylon as being further north from the center of the world, though it is not certain what that center was supposed to represent.

2923:. He was regarded as the most skilled when it came to mapping cities and measuring the distances between them, which he did for many cities in the Middle East and the 3605: 3256: 2209:

All geographic research and analysis start with asking the question "where," followed by "why there." Geographers start with the fundamental assumption set forth in

874:) date back to the earliest attempts to understand the world spatially, with the earliest example of an attempted world map dating to the 9th century BCE in ancient 2741:). To measure the longitude at different locations on Earth, he suggested using eclipses to determine the relative difference in time. The extensive mapping by the 2643: 2714:. However, he still believed that the Earth was a flat disk, as did many of his contemporaries. One of the first estimates of the radius of the Earth was made by 2670:

is also credited with the prediction of eclipses. The foundations of geography can be traced to ancient cultures, such as the ancient, medieval, and early modern

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Geography is an extremely broad field. Because of this, many view the various definitions of geography proposed over the decades as inadequate. To address this,

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While the discipline of geography is normally concerned with the Earth, the term can also be informally used to describe the study of other worlds, such as the

9212: 1333: 1286:: "Everything is related to everything else, but things observed at a coarse spatial resolution are more related than things observed at a finer resolution." 10212: 10207: 5914:

Otto, Philipp; Dogan, Osman; Taspınar, Suleyman (2023). "A Dynamic Spatiotemporal Stochastic Volatility Model with an Application to Environmental Risks".

5221: 2905:. Suhrāb, a late tenth century Muslim geographer accompanied a book of geographical coordinates, with instructions for making a rectangular world map with 1197:, however, it is of significant concern in the discipline of geography. In physics, space and time are not separated, and are combined into the concept of 6228: 10047: 2551:

tool to explain the implications of geographic research. It is often employed to address and communicate the implications of complex topics, such as the

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Geography reformed: a new system of general geography, according to an accurate analysis of the science in four parts. The whole illustrated with notes

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have been employed to describe the study of other celestial objects. Ultimately, geography may be considered a subdiscipline within planetary science.

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quantitative revolution heavily influenced and revitalized technical geography, and lead to the development of the subfield of quantitative geography.

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Hecht, Brent; Moxley, Emily (2009). "Terabytes of Tobler: Evaluating the First Law in a Massive, Domain-Neutral Representation of World Knowledge".

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Geography is a systematic study of the Earth (other celestial bodies are specified, such as "geography of Mars", or given another name, such as

10040: 7819: 3612: 10199: 7914: 4675: 3473: 7457: 2927:. He often combined astronomical readings and mathematical equations to develop methods of pin-pointing locations by recording degrees of 3556: 3016:

revived a desire for both accurate geographic detail and more solid theoretical foundations in Europe. In 1650, the first edition of the

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study the Earth's spatial and temporal distribution of phenomena, processes, and features as well as the interaction of humans and their

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wrote important treatises, yet by the 17th century advanced ideas and methods of Western-style geography were adopted in China.

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Brewer, Cynthia (1994). "Color use guidelines for mapping and visualization". In MacEachren, A.M.; Taylor, D.R. Fraser (eds.).

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systems. GIS has revolutionized the field of cartography: nearly all mapmaking is now done with the assistance of some form of

2337:. The science of using GIS software and GIS techniques to represent, analyse, and predict the spatial relationships is called 10227: 10222: 8431: 7947: 7855: 7692: 7598: 7553: 7523: 7433: 7401: 6673: 6618: 6428: 6279: 5898: 5551: 5403: 5378: 5117: 5071: 4893: 4774: 4746: 4712: 4643: 4479: 4449: 4362: 4330: 4203: 4175: 4143: 4107: 4044: 4002: 8587: 7953: 7621: 7559: 5702:

Walker, Robert Toovey (28 April 2021). "Geography, Von Thünen, and Tobler's first law: Tracing the evolution of a concept".

6271: 6200: 4036: 1990: 1375: 4791: 10144: 10099: 7333: 3497: 3449: 3404: 3266: 1277: 1062: 824:—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be. While geography is specific to Earth, many 9038: 3727:. However, geology includes research that goes beyond the spatial component, such as the chemical analysis of rocks and 3004:

during the 16th and the 17th centuries, where many new lands were discovered and accounts by European explorers such as

2456:(estimate) of unmeasured points. Geographers are making notable contributions to the method of quantitative techniques. 10329: 10269: 10242: 8551: 8099: 6643: 6574:

Jenks, George (December 1953). "An Improved Curriculum for Cartographic Training at the College and University Level".

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2nd edition of the book expanded on these key concepts by adding "Environmental systems," "Social Systems," "Nature," "

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physical geography. Increasingly, technical geographers are attempting to employ GIS methods to qualitative datasets.

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and cartographic base maps. Geographers increasingly use remotely sensed data to obtain information about the Earth's

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and how humans create, view, manage, and influence space. Physical geography examines the natural environment and how

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Regional – Examines systematic relationships between categories for a specific region or location on the planet.

2196: 3799: 1885: 10264: 10182: 10177: 9996: 9258: 9222: 5353: 4061: 3479: 3443: 3167: 3065:). The development of many geographic societies also occurred during the 19th century, with the foundations of the 2916: 5803:

Goodchild, Michael (2004). "The Validity and Usefulness of Laws in Geographic Information Science and Geography".

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Johnston, Ron (2000). "Human Geography". In Johnston, Ron; Gregory, Derek; Pratt, Geraldine; et al. (eds.).

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to explore the interconnectedness between humans, space, place, and the environment. Geopoetics is employed as a

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established by "Guidelines for Geographic Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools," published jointly by the

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provided detailed accounts of their journeys and the geography of the regions they visited. Turkish geographer

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the world as a dynamic space where all processes interact and take place, rather than a static image on a map.

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used. Scale is the frame that geographers use to measure space, and ultimately to try and understand a place.

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In another approach to the abovementioned four traditions, geography is organized into applied branches. The

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or Locational Tradition, the Man-Land or Human-Environment Interaction Tradition (sometimes referred to as

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Just as all phenomena exist in time and thus have a history, they also exist in space and have a geography.

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Over the past two centuries, the advancements in technology with computers have led to the development of

2099: 10237: 10232: 10129: 10114: 9389: 8662: 8647: 5747: 4506:"Towards Qualitative Geovisual Analytics: A Case Study Involving Places, People, and Mediated Experience" 3668: 3654: 3491: 3339: 3082: 2967:, which was close to modern values of the Earth's circumference. His estimate of 6,339.9 km for the 2935:. He also developed similar techniques when it came to measuring the heights of mountains, depths of the 2834: 2826: 2599: 1283: 1085: 985: 743: 691: 7644: 4883: 3433:(1930–2022) – Chinese-American scholar credited with starting Humanistic Geography as a discipline. 3348:(1845–1918) – founder of the French school of geopolitics, wrote the principles of human geography. 1662: 10289: 10259: 9313: 8107: 7590: 6131:"Geography's Crosscutting Themes: Golden Anniversary Reflections on "The Four Traditions of Geography"" 4704: 3791: 3509: 3376: 3248: 3070: 2906: 2174: 760: 31: 17: 6842: 9651: 9379: 9119: 8610: 3118: 2445: 1530: 578: 131: 7884: 7803: 7718: 4550: 10367: 10124: 10094: 9984: 9832: 9822: 9619: 9345: 8575: 7910: 5419:

Galison, Peter Louis (1979). "Minkowski's space–time: From visual thinking to the absolute world".

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separately. Cartography has grown from a collection of drafting techniques into an actual science.

1892: 1781: 1537: 1054: 8346: 7902: 5027: 4663: 3332:(Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد الإدريسي; Latin: Dreses) (1100–1165) – author of Nuzhatul Mushtaq. 10362: 10279: 10254: 10089: 10084: 10015: 9794: 9682: 9577: 9227: 9192: 9134: 8657: 7450: 7231: 4505: 3918: 3784: 3647: 3345: 3323: 3126: 3098: 2526: 2392: 2251: 2167: 2051: 1749: 1717: 1264: 1108: 664: 651: 593: 141: 8370:""Academic War Over the Field of Geography": The Elimination of Geography at Harvard, 1947-1951" 6079: 4971: 2495:

of nominal data, such as land cover or dominant language group in an area. Another example is a

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DeLyser, Dydia; Herbert, Steve; Aitken, Stuart; Crang, Mike; McDowell, Linda (November 2009).

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Arbia, Giuseppe; Benedetti, R.; Espa, G. (1996). ""Effects of MAUP on image classification"".

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Systematic – Groups geographical knowledge into categories that can be explored globally.

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Various approaches to the study of human geography have also arisen through time and include:

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proposed the concept of the "Four traditions of Geography" in 1964. These traditions are the

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Gregory, Derek; Johnston, Ron; Pratt, Geraldine; Watts, Michael J.; Whatmore, Sarah (2009).

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Tobler, Waldo (1999). "Linear pycnophylactic reallocation comment on a paper by D. Martin".

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Clifford, Nicholas J.; Holloway, Sarah L.; Rice, Stephen P.; Valentine, Gill, eds. (2014).

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Qualitative Developmental Research Methods in Their Historical and Epistemological Contexts

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Key Concepts in Geography: Scale, Resolution, Analysis, and Synthesis in Physical Geography

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Tuan, Yi-Fu (1991). "Language and the Making of Place: A Narrative-Descriptive Approach".

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Hough, Carole; Izdebska, Daria (2016). "Names and Geography". In Gammeltoft, Peder (ed.).

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can be seen as a major turning point in geography from philosophy to an academic subject.

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The 18th and 19th centuries were the times when geography became recognized as a discrete

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Yi-Fu Tuan, geographer who foregrounded the importance of language in the making of place.

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The Relations of History and Geography: Studies in England, France, and the United States

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two different sites, applied in the ninth century by astronomers of the Khalif al-Ma'mun.

7764: 6447:. New Delhi: National Council of Educational Research and Training. 2006. pp. 1–12. 6262: 4831: 3894: 3862:

and even beyond. The study of systems larger than the Earth itself usually forms part of

3640: 3584: 3577: 3467: 3306: 3209: 3163: 3023: 2924: 2678:, who were the first to explore geography as both art and science, achieved this through 2307: 2067: 1963: 1820: 1708: 1562: 1407: 1387: 1280:: "The phenomenon external to a geographic area of interest affects what goes on inside." 1002: 968: 863: 829: 748: 400: 271: 254: 229: 179: 106: 10032: 8244: 7060: 6804: 6372: 6295: 6146: 6095: 6013: 5972: 5882: 5851: 5816: 5763: 5307: 5153: 4993: 4563: 4510:

Cartographica: The International Journal for Geographic Information and Geovisualization

4406: 4277: 2737:. The meridians were subdivided into 360°, with each degree further subdivided into 60 ( 2115: 1765: 1021:

produce and interact. The difference between these approaches led to the development of

10357: 9899: 9464: 9289: 9149: 9099: 8938: 8809: 8772: 8747: 8737: 8732: 8717: 8707: 8518: 8476: 8397: 8389: 8385: 8264: 8043: 7999: 7872: 7776: 7706: 7652: 7496: 7309: 7251: 7205: 7166: 7118: 7072: 7018: 6968: 6914: 6816: 6759: 6732: 6591: 6556: 6158: 6030: 5997: 5937: 5919: 5820: 5767: 5719: 5679: 5605: 5436: 5311: 5252: 5244: 5195: 4601: 4525: 4323:

Key Concepts in Geography: Place, Connections and Boundaries in an Interdependent World

4289: 3912: 3724: 3541: 3410: 3329: 3203: 3133:. The strong interdisciplinary links between geography and the sciences of geology and 3130: 3122: 3051: 3038:

agreeing on what zero meridians should be was only part of the problem. It was left to

2862: 2838: 2514: 2492: 2388: 2003: 1946: 1901: 1860: 1804: 1756: 1724: 1669: 1420: 1383: 1349: 1038:," "Development," and "Risk," demonstrating how challenging narrowing the field can be. 998: 820:. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and 718: 681: 676: 608: 558: 387: 289: 249: 224: 214: 209: 194: 184: 146: 136: 7479:

Delano Smith, Catherine (1996). "Imago Mundi's Logo the Babylonian Map of the World".

7045:"An art–science approach to bycatch in the Gulf of California shrimp trawling fishery" 6493:

Kretzschmar Jr., William A. (24 October 2013). Schlüter, Julia; Krug, Manfred (eds.).

6191: 5463:

International Encyclopedia of Geography: People, the Earth, Environment and Technology

2987: 9869: 9864: 9852: 9847: 9719: 9709: 9629: 9572: 9516: 9296: 9019: 8839: 8799: 8547: 8480: 8468: 8427: 8401: 8256: 7943: 7851: 7809: 7795: 7688: 7594: 7583: 7549: 7519: 7429: 7397: 7372: 7342: 7313: 7255: 7209: 7170: 7122: 7076: 7022: 7008: 6972: 6918: 6848: 6820: 6764: 6669: 6639: 6614: 6560: 6498: 6473: 6448: 6424: 6386: 6335: 6275: 6162: 6035: 5996:

Zhang, Yu; Sheng, Wu; Zhao, Zhiyuan; Yang, Xiping; Fang, Zhixiang (30 January 2023).

5941: 5894: 5723: 5683: 5635: 5547: 5474: 5399: 5374: 5349: 5113: 5067: 5005: 4945: 4921: 4889: 4770: 4742: 4708: 4639: 4475: 4445: 4358: 4355:

Key Concepts in Geography: Place, The Management of Sustainable Physical Environments

4326: 4233: 4199: 4171: 4139: 4103: 4067: 4040: 3998: 3970: 3871: 3759: 3549: 3372: 3298: 3196: 3176: 3061:, and became part of a typical university curriculum in Europe (especially Paris and 2912: 2850: 2800: 2667: 2384: 2083: 1908: 1605: 1521: 1214: 1006: 940: 833: 686: 478: 372: 334: 276: 6495:

Research Methods in Language Variation and Change: Computer mapping of language data

5824: 5771: 5470: 5315: 5256: 2757:, using a grid system on his maps and adopting a length of 56.5 miles for a degree. 2298:

to understand which symbols convey information about the Earth most effectively and

1041: 9884: 9729: 9704: 9511: 9501: 9491: 9301: 9114: 8986: 8871: 8789: 8722: 8510: 8460: 8381: 8248: 8069: 8035: 7991: 7488: 7299: 7289: 7243: 7197: 7156: 7110: 7064: 7000: 6960: 6906: 6808: 6754: 6744: 6702: 6583: 6546: 6376: 6150: 6099: 6025: 6017: 5976: 5929: 5886: 5855: 5812: 5759: 5711: 5671: 5514: 5466: 5428: 5303: 5236: 5191: 5157: 5059: 4997: 4846: 4631: 4529: 4517: 4410: 4281: 3906: 3747: 3424: 3326:(born 1944) – GIScience scholar and winner of the RGS founder's medal in 2003. 3206:(Born 1957) – influential in the use of GIS and geographic methods in History. 3001: 2920: 2842: 2761: 2683: 2671: 2662:, the simple, yet efficient Greek instrument that allowed the early measurement of 2437: 2326: 2217:

has been joined by a more modern approach to geographical analysis, computer-based

2122: 2090: 2035: 1876: 1772: 1337: 1202: 867: 573: 440: 325: 266: 199: 116: 78: 6964: 6551: 6534: 5715: 5458: 1250:

During the quantitative revolution, geography shifted to an empirical law-making (

9894: 9661: 9656: 9469: 9082: 8875: 8782: 8684: 8229:"The Association of American Geographers: The First Seventy-Five Years 1904–1979" 7937: 7682: 7615: 7543: 6154: 5957:"Mining Type-β Co-Location Patterns on Closeness Centrality in Spatial Data Sets" 5933: 5161: 4698: 3728: 3619: 3361: 3292: 2944: 2886: 2846: 2710:

was able to demonstrate that the profile of the Earth was circular by explaining

2695: 2590: 2448:, and a variety of other subjects. Applications of geostatistics rely heavily on 1924: 1683: 1637: 1379: 1186: 994: 971:. Because space and place affect a variety of topics, such as economics, health, 837: 541: 329: 259: 159: 7232:"Gesturing toward the common and the desperation: Climate geopoetics' potential" 6948: 5890: 5518: 4735:. Lecture delivered at King's College, London, by Sir Marc Alexander. Quoted in 4635: 1646: 10009: 9857: 9769: 9764: 9521: 9442: 9437: 9368: 9144: 9139: 9104: 9024: 8966: 8827: 8570: 8539: 6130: 6021: 4799: 3711: 3311: 3282: 3232: 2882: 2745:

as they explored new lands would later provide a high level of information for

2675: 2429: 2421: 2352: 2302:

to induce the readers of their maps to act on the information. They must learn

2138: 2042: 1979: 1941: 1614: 1172: 1137: 1133: 904: 841: 723: 603: 598: 563: 483: 420: 309: 8582: 7492: 6264:

Geography – Vol. II: Technical Geography Core concepts in the mapping sciences

6103: 5675: 5371:

Key Concepts in Geography: Time, Change and Stability in Environmental Systems

5001: 4414: 3229:(1779–1859) – occupied the first chair of geography at Berlin University. 2235:

Descriptive – Simply specifies the locations of features and populations.

1411:

geographic philosophies, concepts, and tools and often overlap significantly.

10351: 9960: 9916: 9879: 9809: 9784: 9694: 9592: 9538: 9533: 9109: 9072: 8901: 8848: 8472: 8260: 7794:

Tibbetts, Gerald R. (1997). "The Beginnings of a Cartographic Tradition". In

7294: 7277: 7247: 7201: 7161: 7144: 7114: 7068: 6749: 6390: 5138:"Interactive three-dimensional geovisualization of space-time access to food" 5009: 4196:

Key Concepts in Geography: Space, Making Room for Space in Physical Geography

3598: 3252: 3220: 3086: 3039: 2870: 2738: 2604: 2548: 2453: 2417: 2412: 1553: 1426: 1353: 1218: 1046: 1035: 791: 713: 701: 568: 531: 353: 343: 8592: 6910: 6876: 6812: 6229:"The Process of Geomorphology Related to Sub Branches of Physical Geography" 5859: 4850: 4521: 4390: 4129: 2260: 1189:

of time geography: space-time cube, path, prism, bundle, and other concepts.

816:'write') is the study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of 9759: 9699: 9447: 9405: 9248: 9087: 8924: 8843: 8832: 8817: 8742: 7422:

Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies

7185: 7044: 6768: 6039: 5877:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 5756. Springer. p. 88. 4630:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 409. pp. 435–441. 4132:

Geography and Ethnography: Perceptions of the World in Pre-Modern Societies

3888: 3859: 3396: 3335: 3272: 3147: 3138: 3027: 2977: 2968: 2878: 2874: 2830: 2742: 2715: 2552: 2522: 2433: 2396: 2365: 1621: 1485: 1345: 1259: 848: 546: 338: 314: 299: 219: 7004: 6993:

Magrane, Eric; Russo, Linda; de Leeuw, Sarah; Santos Perez, Craig (2019).

6894: 6788: 4626:

Sheehan, William (19 September 2014). "Geography of Mars, or Areography".

2479: 10068: 9911: 9799: 9724: 9641: 9560: 9553: 9410: 9177: 9129: 9124: 9065: 9055: 8867: 8857: 6707: 6690: 5981: 5956: 3909: – Development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day 3708: 3704: 3390: 3317: 3302: 3242: 3236: 3226: 3094: 2858: 2854: 2822: 2785: 2781: 2730: 2694:. There is some debate about who was the first person to assert that the 2655: 2529:

and in-depth interviews provide human geographers with qualitative data.

2508: 2376: 2369: 2299: 2281: 2214: 1970: 1824: 1589: 1505: 1501: 1434: 1430: 1395: 1222: 1152: 1144: 993:

Geography as a discipline can be split broadly into three main branches:

964: 956: 900: 871: 636: 588: 583: 524: 514: 367: 321: 7780: 5609: 5593: 5440: 3354:(c. 100–c. 170) – compiled Greek and Roman knowledge into the book 2543:

Geopoetics is an interdisciplinary approach that combines geography and

1473:

Physical geography can be divided into many broad categories, including:

931: 9965: 9804: 9646: 9604: 9548: 9182: 8932: 8910: 8885: 8880: 8522: 8464: 8393: 8369: 8023: 7732:

Nawwab, Ismail I.; Hoye, Paul F.; Speers, Peter C. (5 September 2018).

7500: 6595: 5396:

Key Concepts in Geography: Time, From Hegemonic Change to Everyday life

3900: 3696: 3430: 3355: 3013: 3009: 2754: 2726: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2638: 2538: 2295: 2264: 2181: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1998:

Technical geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as:

1844: 1569: 1462: 1442: 1391: 1251: 1227: 1160: 1148: 1080: 641: 358: 8286: 8268: 8047: 8003: 5248: 4605: 4589: 4293: 4261: 3295:(1916–1996) – influential in computer cartography and thematic mapping 9739: 9636: 9565: 9432: 9154: 8976: 8956: 8919: 8915: 8448: 6381: 6356: 5432: 4942:

Guidelines for Geographic Education: Elementary and Secondary Schools

4796:

AAG Career Guide: Jobs in Geography and related Geographical Sciences

3915: – Planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals 3867: 3863: 3835: 3423:(1850–1934) – father of American geography and developer of the 3172: 3113: 3108:

Waldo Tobler in front of the Newberry Library. Chicago, November 2007

2973: 2932: 2866: 2632: 2612: 2594: 2586: 2513:

Ethnographical research techniques are used by human geographers. In

2425: 2074: 2010: 1983: 1585: 1454: 1403: 1399: 1198: 1156: 923: 912: 908: 811: 805: 799: 706: 696: 613: 430: 410: 377: 363: 8514: 8228: 8227:

Freeman, T. W.; James, Preston E.; Martin, Geoffrey J. (July 1980).

6587: 6535:"Cartography and the others – aspects of a complicated relationship" 4916:

Holloway, Sarah L.; Rice, Stephen P.; Valentine, Gill, eds. (2003).

4470:

Fotheringham, A. Stewart; Brunsdon, Chris; Charlton, Martin (2000).

4168:

Key Concepts in Geography: Space, The Fundamental Stuff of Geography

3830: 3769: 3104: 2156: 847:

Origins of many of the concepts in geography can be traced to Greek

66: 8928: 8602: 8252: 8039: 7995: 6666:

Introductory digital image processing: a remote sensing perspective

6314: 5924: 5240: 4285: 3691: 2956: 2952: 2928: 2789: 2777: 2663: 2496: 2383:. A variety of platforms can be used for remote sensing, including 2357: 2330: 1951: 1696:

Human geography can be divided into many broad categories, such as:

1653: 1129: 1018: 1010: 960: 10004: 9337: 8175: 7617:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: Earinus-Nyx

5998:"An urban crowd flow model integrating geographic characteristics" 5063: 5058:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 1997. p. 28. 2795: 10064: 9486: 9092: 8961: 8905: 8889: 8822: 8501:

Bryce, James (1902). "The Importance of Geography in Education".

5955:

Zou, Muquan; Wang, Lizhen; Wu, Ping; Tran, Vanha (23 July 2022).

5503:"Strategies For The Visualization Of Geographic Time-Series Data" 3740: 3700: 3686: 3351: 2960: 2940: 2902: 2890: 2804: 2773: 2769: 2746: 2711: 2624: 2616: 2608: 2303: 2026: 1689: 1458: 1194: 972: 952: 875: 825: 551: 415: 348: 304: 42: 6992: 6468:

Lake, Ron; Burggraf, David; Trninic, Milan; Rae, Laurie (2004).

5222:"A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region" 2829:

led to a shift in the evolution of geography from Europe to the

1429:. It aims to understand the physical problems and the issues of 1425:

Physical geography (or physiography) focuses on geography as an

1053:

Another approach used extensively in teaching geography are the

6522:(5th ed.). US & UK: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 611–612. 3855: 3386: 3235: – cartographic theorist that created the web application 3134: 3062: 2936: 2765: 2659: 2620: 2544: 2232:

we find features and populations in a specific geographic area.

1987: 1372: 8593:

Origin and meaning of geography by Online Etymology Dictionary

8024:"Newton, the Newtonians, and the Geographia Generalis Varenii" 7982:

Baker, J. N. L. (1955). "The Geography of Bernhard Varenius".

7844:

Astronomy and Islamic society: Qibla, genomics and timekeeping

5055:

Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society

2959:, using the maximum altitude of the Sun, and solved a complex 2623:, and several cities, in turn surrounded by a "bitter river" ( 2224:

In their study, geographers use four interrelated approaches:

8111: 6874:

Bodenhamer, David J.; John Corrigan; Trevor M. Harris. 2015.

4881: 4472:

Quantitative Geography: Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis

3839: 3720: 3026:, which was later edited and republished by others including 2981: 2898: 2750: 2380: 1450: 1446: 1075: 821: 817: 794: 4469: 3182: 7186:"Geopoetics: On organising, mourning, and the incalculable" 6789:"Qualitative Methods for Research on Mapmaking and Map Use" 3967:

Introduction to Geography: People, Places & Environment

3847: 3279:

276–c. 195/194 BC) – calculated the size of the Earth.

1466: 1014: 7984:

Transactions and Papers (Institute of British Geographers)

5544:

Key Concepts in Geography: Scale, the local and the global

3393:, one of the first books outlining the study of geography. 959:

and place names. Although many geographers are trained in

10062: 9528: 7684:

Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth

6517: 6331:

Physical Geography: Great Systems and Global Environments

5840:

International Journal of Geographical Information Science

5627: 5398:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 140–152. 5373:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 119–139. 5028:"Exploring the five themes of geography using technology" 4357:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 173–199. 3606:

International Journal of Geographical Information Science

2865:

drew a world map on a linguistic basis, and later so did

944: 8145: 6691:"Land Use and Land Cover Mapping in the Era of Big Data" 5047: 5045: 4198:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 97–119. 2991:

Map of southern Atlantic ocean from 1733 edition of the

2901:, founded the "Balkhī school" of terrestrial mapping in 2436:. The mathematical basis for geostatistics derives from 8338: 6419:

Getis, Arthur; Bjelland, Mark; Getis, Victoria (2018).

5546:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 85–96. 4325:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 85–96. 4170:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 85–96. 3997:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 85–96. 2642:

Etching of an ancient seal identified as Eratosthenes.

1457:). Physical geography is the study of earth's seasons, 8134:"Русское Географическое Общество (основано в 1845 г.)" 7335:

Questionnaires and Interviews in Geographical Research

6470:

Geography Mark-Up Language: Foundation for the Geo-Web

6467: 5662:

Yano, Keiji (2001). "GIS and quantitative geography".

3364:(1933 – 2014) – the primary originator of modern 3251:(1944–2016) – scholar in the space and places of 2306:

and fairly advanced mathematics to understand how the

851:

of Cyrene, who may have coined the term "geographia" (

8067: 6895:"Deep mapping for environmental communication design" 6880:. Indiana University Press. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt1zxxzr2 6731:

Vibha, Pathak; Bijayini, Jena; Sanjay, Kaira (2013).

6668:. Glenview, IL: Pearson Education, Inc. p. 623. 5042: 4915: 4798:. American Association of Geographers. Archived from 4130:

Kurt A. Raaflaub & Richard J. A. Talbert (2009).

3141:, have also grown greatly, especially as a result of 1292:: Geographic variables exhibit uncontrolled variance. 963:

and cartology, this is not their main preoccupation.

8072:[Who are we ? – Society of Geography]. 7099:"Climate geopoetics (the earth is a composted poem)" 5026:

Buchanan, Lisa Brown; Tschida, Christina M. (2015).

3413:(1893–1969) – human geographer and inventor of 2428:, geology, petroleum exploration, weather analysis, 8598:

Topic Dictionaries at Oxford Learner's Dictionaries

8174:. The American Geographical Society. Archived from 7516:

A join to the map of the world: A notable discovery

6730: 4769:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 3897: – System that relates geologic strata to time 1193:Time is usually thought to be within the domain of 8546:. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. p. 14. 8421: 8226: 7582: 6445:Fundamentals of Physical Geography as a Discipline 6418: 6312: 5995: 5569: 4877: 4875: 4697:Hornby, William F.; Jones, Melvyn (29 June 1991). 4549:Diriwächter, R. & Valsiner, J. (January 2006) 3891: – Planet with environment similar to Earth's 1049:, are a central element in the study of geography. 955:. This has led to geography being associated with 8374:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 8028:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 7762: 7420:Raaflaub, Kurt A.; Talbert, Richard J.A. (2009). 7394:Key Concepts in Geography: Histories of Geography 7305:20.500.11820/b64b3dd4-c959-4a8e-877f-85d3058ce4b1 6576:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 5913: 5805:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 5752:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 5296:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 5184:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 4594:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 3536:Annals of the American Association of Geographers 3265:(1863–1932) – first female president of the 2313: 1378:organizes geography into the three categories of 10349: 7769:International Journal of the Classical Tradition 7731: 6080:"A New Look at the Four Traditions of Geography" 4465: 4463: 4461: 7734:"Islam and Islamic History and The Middle East" 7419: 6492: 5107: 5025: 4909: 4872: 3870:. The study of other planets is usually called 1258:have been proposed since then, most notably by 1246:Quantitative geography § Laws of geography 8449:"Biogeochemistry: its origins and development" 8017: 8015: 8013: 7585:A Concise History of Solar and Stellar Physics 7581:Tassoul, Jean-Louis; Tassoul, Monique (2004). 7580: 7042: 6893:Butts, Shannon; Jones, Madison (20 May 2021). 6689:Zhang, Chuanrong; Li, Xinba (September 2022). 6611:Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems 6328:Marsh, William M.; Kaufman, Martin M. (2013). 6124: 6122: 6120: 6073: 6071: 6069: 4934: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4230:Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience 3964: 3613:ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 836:. Geography has been called "a bridge between 10048: 9353: 9213:Geographic data and information organizations 8618: 7977: 7975: 7841:King, David A. (1996). Rashed, Roshdi (ed.). 6313:Pidwirny, Michael; Jones, Scott (1999–2015). 5954: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4764: 4661: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4458: 4100:International Encyclopedia of Human Geography 3903: – Physics of the Earth and its vicinity 3474:Institute of Geographical Information Systems 3437: 3212:(1622–1650)– German geographer and author of 768: 7676: 7674: 7620:. Vol. 2nd. London: Taylor and Walton. 7478: 7415: 7413: 6999:(1 ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. 6786: 6613:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, inc. 6486: 6327: 6256: 6254: 5587: 5585: 5348:. Geo Abstracts, University of East Anglia. 5103: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5021: 5019: 4543: 2873:). Further, Islamic scholars translated and 2615:, surrounded by a circular landmass showing 866:was as the title of a book by Greek scholar 8010: 7365:Survey Research in Underdeveloped Countries 6868: 6117: 6066: 5872: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5421:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 4696: 4503: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4371: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4087: 3798:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3557:Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography 2275: 10055: 10041: 9360: 9346: 8625: 8611: 8534: 8532: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8490: 7972: 7787: 7636: 7361: 7331: 7145:"Geopoetics: Storytelling against mastery" 6892: 6834: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6659: 6657: 6655: 6627: 6497:. Cambridge University Press. p. 53. 5785: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5631:The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Geography 5452: 5450: 5339: 5337: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 4958: 4664:"What is Environmental Geography, Anyway?" 4662:Hayes-Bohanan, James (29 September 2009). 4488: 4066:. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 3200:and founder of the sub-field biogeography. 2980:calculations based on the angle between a 2698:in shape, with the credit going either to 2474: 1045:Maps, like this 17th Century depiction of 775: 761: 9264:National Council for Geographic Education 8583:Definition of geography at Dictionary.com 8440: 8415: 8061: 7929: 7896: 7894: 7687:. Vol. 3. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. 7671: 7574: 7537: 7535: 7410: 7391: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7303: 7293: 7275: 7183: 7160: 6931: 6888: 6886: 6758: 6748: 6706: 6633: 6550: 6380: 6251: 6029: 5989: 5980: 5923: 5802: 5582: 5565: 5563: 5500: 5135: 5092: 5016: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4789: 4783: 4760: 4758: 4657: 4655: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 3818:Learn how and when to remove this message 3486:National Council for Geographic Education 3042:to solve it by inventing the chronometer 2197:Learn how and when to remove this message 1059:National Council for Geographic Education 1005:. Human geography largely focuses on the 8136:[Russian Geographical Society]. 7793: 7767:(2007). "Medieval Views of the Cosmos". 7725: 7642: 7507: 7472: 7442: 7269: 7223: 7177: 7136: 7090: 7036: 6940: 6403: 6348: 6260: 6233:Black Sea Journal of Scientific Research 6222: 6220: 6218: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6077: 6053: 6051: 6049: 5748:"On the First Law of Geography: A Reply" 5616: 5537: 5535: 5362: 5292:"On the First Law of Geography: A Reply" 5131: 5129: 4976:and the Fundamental Themes in Geography" 4690: 4439: 4428: 4388: 4339: 4307: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4123: 4093: 3965:Dahlman, Carl; Renwick, William (2014). 3960: 3958: 3956: 3829: 3690: 3389:(64/63 BC – c. AD 24) – wrote 3181: 3171: 3103: 2986: 2915:(976–1048) first described a polar equi- 2794: 2637: 2593:from the 9th century BC. The best known 2478: 2356: 2259: 1226: 1180: 1119: 1079: 1040: 930: 922: 8529: 8487: 8361: 8339:"Royal Geographical Society (with IBG)" 7935: 7756: 7701:from the original on 25 September 2016. 7680: 7607: 7448: 7096: 6946: 6787:Suchan, Trudy; Brewer, Cynthia (2000). 6775: 6688: 6652: 6636:Technological Transition in Cartography 6602: 6354: 5948: 5831: 5730: 5690: 5447: 5418: 5412: 5387: 5368: 5334: 5278: 5202: 5108:Matthews, John; Herbert, David (2008). 5052:"Chapter 3: Geography's Perspectives". 4970:Natoli, Salvatore J. (1 January 1994). 4767:The Oxford Handbook of Names and Naming 4741:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. p. 66. 4700:An introduction to Settlement Geography 4625: 4352: 4320: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4189: 4187: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3223:(1889–1975) – cultural geographer. 3137:, as well as economics, sociology, and 2909:or cylindrical equidistant projection. 2603:of 600 BC. The map as reconstructed by 2245: 1099:United States National Research Council 27:Study of lands and inhabitants of Earth 14: 10350: 10170:Electrical and electronics engineering 10155:Developmental and reproductive biology 8446: 8070:"Société de Géographie, Paris, France" 8021: 7891: 7867:from the original on 11 November 2016. 7834: 7532: 7513: 7355: 7320: 7142: 7043:Magrane, Eric; Johnson, Maria (2017). 6986: 6883: 6840: 6663: 6608: 6567: 6526: 6408:. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 353–360. 6397: 6128: 5866: 5837: 5745: 5701: 5560: 5456: 5393: 5343: 5289: 5219: 4969: 4814: 4755: 4721:from the original on 25 December 2016. 4652: 4587: 4165: 4152: 4059: 3988: 3986: 3933: 3921: – Scientific modeling of planets 3157: 2841:produced detailed world maps (such as 2459: 1974:"Geography method's and techniques," " 899:approaches. Common techniques include 862:). The first recorded use of the word 10036: 9341: 8606: 8538: 8500: 8367: 8319:from the original on 23 December 2019 8208:from the original on 23 December 2019 7981: 7613: 7396:(2nd ed.). Sage. pp. 3–20. 7362:Dixon, Chris; Leach, Bridget (1984). 7278:"Beyond geopoetics: For hybrid texts" 7229: 6573: 6532: 6357:"Physiography and Physical Geography" 6215: 6176: 6046: 5907: 5655: 5591: 5541: 5532: 5459:"Time geography and space–time prism" 5126: 4829: 4736: 4246: 4053: 3953: 3375:(1861–1947) – co-founder of the 2951:of the Earth. He also calculated the 895:approaches, with many studies taking 828:can be applied more broadly to other 9991: 9308: 8632: 8080:from the original on 6 November 2016 8076:(in French). Société de Géographie. 7900: 7840: 7541: 7460:from the original on 9 November 2016 6461: 6226: 6189: 6062:(2nd ed.). London: Edward Cave. 6057: 5661: 5181: 5110:Geography: A very short introduction 4860:from the original on 19 January 2022 4678:from the original on 26 October 2006 4628:Camille Flammarion's the Planet Mars 4504:Burns, Ryan; Skupin, Andre´ (2013). 4259: 4227: 4212: 4193: 4184: 4030: 4011: 3992: 3796:adding citations to reliable sources 3763: 3753: 2517:, there is a tradition of employing 2179:adding citations to reliable sources 2150: 1991:Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems 1376:Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems 1239: 9367: 9320: 7917:from the original on 11 August 2011 6844:Visualization in Modern Cartography 6533:Kainz, Wolfgang (21 October 2019). 5817:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402008.x 5764:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x 5308:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2004.09402009.x 4974:Guidelines for Geographic Education 3983: 3498:Royal Canadian Geographical Society 3450:American Association of Geographers 3267:Association of American Geographers 3255:and its pluralities; winner of the 3046:in 1760, and later in 1884 for the 2963:equation to accurately compute the 2845:), while other geographers such as 1088:used to indicate positions in space 1063:Association of American Geographers 24: 8386:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00151.x 8285:. 26 February 2009. Archived from 7956:from the original on 16 April 2021 7624:from the original on 16 April 2021 7562:from the original on 24 April 2016 7451:"Babylonian clay tablet, 600 B.C." 6129:Murphy, Alexander (27 June 2014). 5196:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1991.tb01715.x 4391:"The Four Traditions of Geography" 4096:"Cartography in Islamic Societies" 3462:Anton Melik Geographical Institute 3285:(1886–1966) – creator of the 1321: 1312: 822:its human and natural complexities 65: 25: 10384: 10200:Genetics and evolutionary biology 8588:Definition of geography by Lexico 8564: 8447:Gorham, Eville (1 January 1991). 7744:from the original on 17 June 2016 7659:from the original on 4 March 2016 6520:The Dictionary of Human Geography 6406:The Dictionary of Human Geography 5634:(1 ed.). SAGE Publications. 5346:An Introduction to Time-Geography 5322:from the original on 21 June 2022 5136:Chen, Xiang; Clark, Jill (2013). 4232:. University of Minnesota Press. 3838:command module. Endeavour of the 3675: 3504:Royal Danish Geographical Society 3338:(born 1949) – originator of 3245: – originator of map algebra 3048:International Meridian Conference 2483:A compound chorochromatic map of 2346: 1307:as a consequence of accessibility 1084:A right-handed three-dimensional 10014: 10003: 9990: 9979: 9978: 9319: 9307: 9295: 9284: 9283: 9259:International Geography Olympiad 8349:from the original on 12 May 2020 8331: 8301: 8275: 8220: 8190: 8160: 8126: 8092: 7822:from the original on 12 May 2020 6877:Deep Maps and Spatial Narratives 4442:The Philosophy of Geo-Ontologies 3768: 3480:International Geographical Union 3168:List of Graeco-Roman geographers 2976:developed a new method of using 2917:azimuthal equidistant projection 2446:non-parametric statistical tests 2406: 2155: 2130: 2114: 2098: 2082: 2066: 2050: 2034: 2018: 2002: 1916: 1900: 1884: 1868: 1852: 1832: 1812: 1796: 1780: 1764: 1748: 1732: 1716: 1700: 1661: 1645: 1629: 1613: 1597: 1577: 1561: 1545: 1529: 1513: 1493: 1477: 1278:Tobler's second law of geography 10204:Cellular and molecular biology 9933:List of social science journals 7808:. Vol. 2. Chicago: Brill. 7385: 6932:Cook, Ian; Crang, Phil (1995). 6925: 6724: 6715: 6682: 6539:Geo-spatial Information Science 6511: 6437: 6412: 6321: 6306: 6288: 5572:Journal of Geographical Systems 5494: 5471:10.1002/9781118786352.wbieg0431 5175: 5080:from the original on 7 May 2014 4725: 4619: 4588:Lowell, Percival (April 1902). 4581: 4556: 3699:shows the relationship between 3522: 2211:Tobler's first law of geography 2166:needs additional citations for 1272:Tobler's first law of geography 1028: 918: 9890:Science and technology studies 8972:Geographic information science 8068:Société de Géographie (2016). 7456:. Henry Davis Consulting Inc. 6899:Communication Design Quarterly 6847:. Elsevier. pp. 123–134. 6423:(15th ed.). McGraw Hill. 6334:. Cambridge University Press. 5032:The Ohio Social Studies Review 4102:. Elsevier. pp. 414–427. 3876:areography (geography of Mars) 3842:in the vicinity of the crater 3634:Journal of Transport Geography 3399:(1930–2018) – coined the 3366:geographic information systems 2760:From the 3rd century onwards, 2502: 2450:geographic information systems 2340:geographic information science 2314:Geographic information systems 2219:geographic information systems 2059:Geographic information science 1976:Geographic Information Science 1367:Category:Branches of geography 426:Geographic information science 13: 1: 9078:Geographic information system 8309:"National Geographic Society" 8198:"National Geographic Society" 7901:Aber, James Sandusky (2003). 7332:Dixon, C.; Leach, B. (1977). 6965:10.1080/2373566X.2015.1071674 6552:10.1080/10095020.2020.1718000 6296:"1(b). Elements of Geography" 6193:Geography – Vol. I: Geography 5716:10.1080/00167428.2021.1906670 4832:"What is Technical Geography" 3946: 3456:American Geographical Society 3276: 3194:(1769–1859) – published 3079:American Geographical Society 2812: 2733:system that was derived from 2721:The first rigorous system of 2558: 2532: 2320:Geographic information system 852: 537:Geographic information system 9005:Environmental social science 8204:. U.S. Department of State. 8142:Russian Geographical Society 7942:. Great Britain: Routledge. 7548:. Harvard University Press. 7282:Dialogues in Human Geography 7236:Dialogues in Human Geography 7190:Dialogues in Human Geography 7149:Dialogues in Human Geography 7103:Dialogues in Human Geography 6227:Dada, Anup (December 2022). 6155:10.1080/00221341.2014.918639 5934:10.1016/j.ecosta.2023.11.002 5162:10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.05.012 4790:Cotterill, Peter D. (1997). 4672:Bridgewater State University 3874:. Alternative terms such as 3564:Dialogues in Human Geography 3516:Russian Geographical Society 3075:Russian Geographical Society 2485:Indo-Aryan (Indic) languages 2442:linear discriminant analysis 2267:'s 1770 chart of New Zealand 1957: 1328:Four traditions of geography 812: 806: 800: 464:Environmental social science 7: 8422:Compton, Robert R. (1985). 7936:Goodman, Lenn Evan (1992). 7645:"Mapmaking and its History" 7614:Smith, Sir William (1846). 7518:. British Museum Magazine. 6793:The Professional Geographer 6472:. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 6078:Robinson, J. Lewis (1976). 5916:Econometrics and Statistics 5891:10.1007/978-3-642-03832-7_6 5519:10.3138/U558-H737-6577-8U31 5112:. Oxford University Press. 4636:10.1007/978-3-319-09641-4_7 4553:. FQS. Vol 7, No. 1, Art. 8 3881: 3669:The Professional Geographer 3655:Progress in Human Geography 3492:National Geographic Society 3340:non-representational theory 3083:National Geographic Society 3050:to adopt by convention the 2597:world map, however, is the 1414: 1360: 1086:Cartesian coordinate system 692:Non-representational theory 10: 10389: 10305:Probability and statistics 8108:Royal Geographical Society 7805:The history of cartography 7591:Princeton University Press 7545:A Source Book in Geography 6022:10.1038/s41598-023-29000-5 5875:Spatial Information Theory 4705:Cambridge University Press 4444:(2nd ed.). Springer. 4440:Tambassi, Timothy (2021). 4389:Pattison, William (1964). 4035:. Oxford, United Kingdom: 3757: 3738: 3734: 3684: 3680: 3526: 3510:Royal Geographical Society 3441: 3438:Institutions and societies 3161: 3085:in 1888. The influence of 3071:Royal Geographical Society 2907:equirectangular projection 2753:. He extended the work of 2577: 2562: 2536: 2506: 2463: 2410: 2350: 2317: 2279: 2249: 2146: 1961: 1681: 1418: 1364: 1325: 1243: 1212: 1170: 1127: 1073: 795: 40: 32:Geography (disambiguation) 29: 10075: 9974: 9941: 9925: 9672: 9398: 9375: 9279: 9236: 9205: 9168: 9120:Global Positioning System 9046: 9037: 8995: 8947: 8808: 8683: 8676: 8643: 7493:10.1080/03085699608592846 7184:Engelmann, Sasha (2021). 6421:Introduction to Geography 6300:www.physicalgeography.net 6261:Ormeling, Ferjan (2009). 6104:10.1080/00221347608980845 5002:10.1080/00221349408979676 4918:Key Concepts in Geography 4885:Key Concepts in Geography 4731:Hughes, William. (1863). 4474:. Sage Publications Ltd. 4415:10.1080/00221346408985265 4060:Roller, Duane W. (2010). 3969:(6th ed.). Pearson. 3119:environmental determinism 2877:the earlier works of the 2573: 2521:techniques, also used in 2290:Cartographers must learn 579:Global Positioning System 132:Environmental determinism 8576:Encyclopaedia Britannica 8503:The Geographical Journal 8313:U.S. Department of State 8233:The Geographical Journal 8022:Warntz, William (1989). 7911:Emporia State University 7681:Needham, Joseph (1959). 7392:Heffernan, Mike (2009). 7295:10.1177/2043820620986399 7248:10.1177/2043820620986396 7202:10.1177/2043820620986398 7162:10.1177/2043820620986397 7115:10.1177/2043820620908390 7069:10.1177/1474474016684129 6750:10.4103/2229-3485.115389 6638:. Univ of Wisconsin Pr. 6634:Monmonier, Mark (1985). 6609:DeMers, Michael (2009). 6355:Lockyer, Norman (1900). 5501:Monmonier, Mark (1990). 4739:The History of Geography 4094:Brentjes, Sonja (2009). 3926: 3662:The Geographical Journal 3627:Journal of Rural Studies 3381:Geographical Association 2827:fall of the Roman empire 2631:, an earlier Babylonian 2401:electromagnetic spectrum 2362:Synthetic aperture radar 2276:Quantitative cartography 1893:Transportation geography 1677: 1538:Environmental management 1284:Arbia's law of geography 1208: 1115: 1069: 1055:Five themes of geography 41:Not to be confused with 10100:Artificial intelligence 9578:international relations 9228:National mapping agency 9193:Survey (human research) 9135:Participant observation 7514:Finkel, Irving (1995). 7276:Cresswell, Tim (2021). 6911:10.1145/3437000.3437001 6813:10.1111/0033-0124.00212 5860:10.1080/136588199241472 5676:10.1023/A:1014252827646 5594:"The laws of geography" 5457:Miller, Harvey (2017). 4851:10.21163/GT_2016.111.01 4522:10.3138/carto.48.3.1691 4063:Eratosthenes' Geography 3919:Theoretical planetology 3648:Professional Geographer 3444:Geography organizations 3405:second law of geography 3346:Paul Vidal de La Blache 3324:Michael Frank Goodchild 3127:quantitative revolution 3099:Paul Vidal de la Blache 2527:Participant observation 2475:Qualitative cartography 2452:, particularly for the 2393:Digital elevation model 2252:Quantitative revolution 2228:Analytical – Asks 1265:Michael Frank Goodchild 1166: 652:Survey (human research) 594:Participant observation 142:Quantitative revolution 10330:Structural engineering 10270:Mechanical engineering 10243:Western and South Asia 9905:Quantum social science 9218:Geographical societies 9015:Landscape architecture 7903:"Abu Rayhan al-Biruni" 7643:Sullivan, Dan (2000). 7230:Acker, Maleea (2021). 7097:Magrane, Eric (2021). 6996:Geopoetics in Practice 6949:"Situating Geopoetics" 6947:Magrane, Eric (2015). 6733:"Qualitative research" 5746:Tobler, Waldo (2004). 5542:Herod, Andrew (2009). 5394:Taylor, Peter (2009). 5369:Thornes, John (2009). 5344:Thrift, Nigel (1977). 5290:Tobler, Waldo (2004). 5220:Tobler, Waldo (1970). 4920:(1st ed.). Sage. 4888:(2nd ed.). Sage. 4733:The Study of Geography 4321:Castree, Noel (2009). 4166:Thrift, Nigel (2009). 3851: 3715: 3401:first law of geography 3263:Ellen Churchill Semple 3192:Alexander von Humboldt 3187: 3179: 3152:first law of geography 3109: 3091:Alexander von Humboldt 2997: 2949:planetary habitability 2818: 2749:to construct detailed 2735:Babylonian mathematics 2723:latitude and longitude 2651: 2644:Philipp Daniel Lippert 2487: 2372: 2300:behavioural psychology 2268: 2256:Quantitative geography 1232: 1190: 1125: 1104: 1089: 1050: 991: 936: 935:Political map of Earth 928: 665:Theoretical Approaches 474:Landscape architecture 122:History of cartography 70: 10195:Environmental science 10080:Aerospace engineering 9942:Other categorizations 9795:International studies 9780:History of technology 9715:Communication studies 9598:public administration 9010:Environmental studies 8982:Statistical geography 8863:Environmental science 8540:Darby, Henry Clifford 7542:Kish, George (1978). 7449:Siebold, Jim (1998). 7426:John Wiley & Sons 7005:10.4324/9780429032202 6664:Jensen, John (2016). 6274:UNESCO. p. 482. 6058:Cave, Edward (1749). 5961:ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf 5592:Smith, Peter (2005). 4944:. The Council. 1984. 4830:Haidu, Ionel (2016). 4737:Baker, J.N.L (1963). 4353:Gregory, Ken (2009). 4262:"A View of Geography" 4194:Kent, Martin (2009). 4136:John Wiley & Sons 3833: 3694: 3592:Geographical Bulletin 3529:Geographic literature 3287:concentric zone model 3185: 3175: 3107: 3067:Société de Géographie 2990: 2965:Earth's circumference 2939:, and expanse of the 2803:, reconstituted from 2798: 2725:lines is credited to 2641: 2482: 2466:Qualitative geography 2379:, or active, such as 2360: 2263: 2107:Statistical geography 1741:Development geography 1303:Tobler–von Thünen law 1290:Spatial heterogeneity 1230: 1184: 1123: 1091: 1083: 1044: 977: 934: 927:Physical map of Earth 926: 469:Environmental studies 436:Statistical geography 69: 9775:Historical sociology 9223:Geoscience societies 9188:Interview (research) 9160:Land change modeling 9061:Computer cartography 9039:Techniques and tools 8897:Earth system science 8424:Geology in the field 8368:Smith, Neil (1987). 7907:academic.emporia.edu 7765:Savage-Smith, Emilie 7143:Nassar, Aya (2021). 7049:Cultural Geographies 6708:10.3390/land11101692 6315:"Physical Geography" 6190:Sala, Maria (2009). 6135:Journal of Geography 6084:Journal of Geography 5982:10.3390/ijgi11080418 4981:Journal of Geography 4792:"What is geography?" 4395:Journal of Geography 4260:Tuan, Yi-Fu (1991). 4228:Tuan, Yi-Fu (1977). 4031:Sala, Maria (2009). 3792:improve this section 3421:William Morris Davis 3415:Central place theory 3215:Geographia Generalis 3143:earth system science 3035:Geographia Generalis 3019:Geographia Generalis 3006:Christopher Columbus 2994:Geographia Generalis 2943:. He also discussed 2885:and established the 2580:History of geography 2565:Interview (research) 2519:qualitative research 2292:cognitive psychology 2246:Quantitative methods 2175:improve this article 1937:Behavioral geography 1841:Population geography 1789:Historical geography 1342:Integrated geography 1254:) approach. Several 1177:Historical geography 1023:integrated geography 880:history of geography 647:Interview (research) 619:Land change modeling 520:Computer cartography 454:Integrated geography 127:Historical geography 95:History of geography 36:Geo (disambiguation) 30:For other uses, see 10373:Main topic articles 9955:Geisteswissenschaft 9949:Behavioral sciences 9875:Political sociology 9790:Information science 9735:Development studies 9269:Spatial citizenship 9254:Geographers on Film 9244:Geography education 8854:Atmospheric science 8426:. New York: Wiley. 8289:on 26 February 2009 8245:1980GeogJ.146..298F 7061:2017CuGeo..24..487M 6934:Doing Ethnographies 6805:2000ProfG..52..145S 6373:1900Natur..63..207R 6147:2014JGeog.113..181M 6096:1976JGeog..75..520R 6014:2023NatSR..13.1695Z 5973:2022IJGI...11..418Z 5883:2009LNCS.5756...88H 5852:1999IJGIS..13...85T 5704:Geographical Review 5154:2013AppGe..43...81C 4994:1994JGeog..93....2N 4839:Geographia Technica 4668:webhost.bridgew.edu 4407:1964JGeog..63..211P 4278:1991GeoRv..81...99T 4266:Geographical Review 3895:Geologic time scale 3641:National Geographic 3585:Geographical Review 3578:Geographia Technica 3468:Gamma Theta Upsilon 3307:mercator projection 3301:(1512–1594) – 3210:Bernhardus Varenius 3164:List of geographers 3158:Notable geographers 3059:academic discipline 3054:as zero meridians. 3024:Bernhardus Varenius 2925:Indian subcontinent 2460:Qualitative methods 1964:Technical geography 1821:Political geography 1709:Cognitive geography 1408:Technical geography 1388:technical geography 1352:Tradition, and the 1334:William D. Pattison 1003:technical geography 401:Technical geography 53:Part of a series on 10010:Society portal 9497:auxiliary sciences 9150:Statistical survey 9100:Geologic modelling 8939:Quaternary science 8465:10.1007/BF00002942 8178:on 17 October 2016 8114:on 18 October 2016 7796:Harley, John Brian 7653:Rutgers University 6002:Scientific Reports 5598:Teaching Geography 5229:Economic Geography 4033:Geography Volume I 3993:Burt, Tim (2009). 3913:Terrestrial planet 3852: 3748:historical atlases 3725:geological mapping 3716: 3571:Economic Geography 3411:Walter Christaller 3330:Muhammad al-Idrisi 3204:Anne Kelly Knowles 3188: 3180: 3131:critical geography 3123:regional geography 3110: 3052:Greenwich meridian 2998: 2897:, originally from 2895:Abū Zayd al-Balkhī 2893:for this purpose. 2863:Mahmud al-Kashgari 2839:Muhammad al-Idrisi 2835:Muslim geographers 2819: 2696:Earth is spherical 2652: 2515:cultural geography 2493:Chorochromatic map 2488: 2389:aerial photography 2373: 2308:shape of the Earth 2269: 1947:Feminist geography 1861:Religion geography 1805:Internet geography 1757:Economic geography 1725:Cultural geography 1670:Quaternary science 1421:Physical geography 1384:physical geography 1233: 1191: 1126: 1090: 1051: 999:physical geography 951:, place names, or 937: 929: 719:Post-structuralism 609:Statistical survey 559:Geologic modelling 388:Quaternary science 290:Physical geography 147:Critical geography 137:Regional geography 71: 10343: 10342: 10325:Scientific naming 10315:Quantum computing 10145:Computer hardware 10140:Clinical research 10135:Civil engineering 10030: 10029: 9870:Political economy 9865:Political ecology 9720:Community studies 9710:Cognitive science 9673:Interdisciplinary 9573:Political science 9335: 9334: 9201: 9200: 9033: 9032: 9020:Landscape ecology 8840:Coastal geography 8433:978-0-471-82902-7 7949:978-0-415-01929-3 7857:978-0-203-71184-2 7694:978-0-521-05801-8 7600:978-0-691-11711-9 7555:978-0-674-82270-2 7525:978-0-7141-2073-7 7435:978-1-4051-9146-3 7403:978-1-4129-3022-2 7341:. Geo Abstracts. 6737:Perspect Clin Res 6675:978-0-13-405816-0 6620:978-0-470-12906-7 6430:978-1-259-57000-1 6367:(1626): 207–208. 6281:978-1-84826-960-6 5900:978-3-642-03831-0 5553:978-1-4051-9146-3 5405:978-1-4051-9146-3 5380:978-1-4051-9146-3 5142:Applied Geography 5119:978-0-19-921128-9 5073:978-0-309-05199-6 4895:978-1-4129-3022-2 4802:on 6 October 2006 4776:978-0-19-965643-1 4748:978-0-85328-022-4 4714:978-0-521-28263-5 4645:978-3-319-09640-7 4481:978-0-7619-5948-9 4451:978-3-030-78144-6 4364:978-1-4051-9146-3 4332:978-1-4051-9146-3 4205:978-1-4051-9146-3 4177:978-1-4051-9146-3 4145:978-1-4051-9146-3 4109:978-0-08-044911-1 4046:978-1-84826-960-6 4004:978-1-4051-9146-3 3872:planetary science 3828: 3827: 3820: 3760:Planetary science 3754:Planetary science 3550:Applied Geography 3373:Halford Mackinder 3305:who produced the 3299:Gerardus Mercator 3257:Vautrin Lud Prize 3177:Gerardus Mercator 3081:in 1851, and the 3022:was published by 2913:Abu Rayhan Biruni 2851:Abu Rayhan Biruni 2801:Ptolemy world map 2432:, logistics, and 2422:quantitative data 2385:satellite imagery 2207: 2206: 2199: 1909:Tourism geography 1606:Landscape ecology 1522:Coastal geography 1296:surface exactly." 1256:laws of geography 1240:Laws of geography 1215:Scale (geography) 1007:built environment 860: 195/194 BC 834:planetary science 785: 784: 633: 632: 511: 510: 479:Landscape ecology 373:Landscape ecology 335:Coastal geography 16:(Redirected from 10380: 10150:Computer science 10057: 10050: 10043: 10034: 10033: 10018: 10008: 10007: 9994: 9993: 9982: 9981: 9885:Regional science 9730:Cultural studies 9705:Business studies 9362: 9355: 9348: 9339: 9338: 9323: 9322: 9311: 9310: 9299: 9287: 9286: 9115:Geovisualization 9044: 9043: 8987:Spatial analysis 8872:Paleoclimatology 8681: 8680: 8627: 8620: 8613: 8604: 8603: 8558: 8557: 8536: 8527: 8526: 8498: 8485: 8484: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8365: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8354: 8335: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8305: 8299: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8279: 8273: 8272: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8194: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8153: 8144:. Archived from 8130: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8110:. Archived from 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8085: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8019: 8008: 8007: 7979: 7970: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7933: 7927: 7926: 7924: 7922: 7898: 7889: 7888: 7882: 7878: 7876: 7868: 7866: 7849: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7751: 7749: 7729: 7723: 7722: 7716: 7712: 7710: 7702: 7678: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7640: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7629: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7588: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7567: 7539: 7530: 7529: 7511: 7505: 7504: 7476: 7470: 7469: 7467: 7465: 7446: 7440: 7439: 7417: 7408: 7407: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7370: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7340: 7329: 7318: 7317: 7307: 7297: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7164: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7031: 7029: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6890: 6881: 6872: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6861: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6784: 6773: 6772: 6762: 6752: 6728: 6722: 6719: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6661: 6650: 6649: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6554: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6384: 6382:10.1038/063207a0 6352: 6346: 6345: 6325: 6319: 6318: 6310: 6304: 6303: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6269: 6258: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6224: 6213: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6198: 6187: 6174: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6126: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6075: 6064: 6063: 6055: 6044: 6043: 6033: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5927: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5800: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5743: 5728: 5727: 5699: 5688: 5687: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5625: 5614: 5613: 5589: 5580: 5579: 5567: 5558: 5557: 5539: 5530: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5433:10.2307/27757388 5416: 5410: 5409: 5391: 5385: 5384: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5341: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5287: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5265: 5259:. Archived from 5226: 5217: 5200: 5199: 5179: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5133: 5124: 5123: 5105: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5085: 5049: 5040: 5039: 5023: 5014: 5013: 4967: 4956: 4955: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4879: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4859: 4836: 4827: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4762: 4753: 4752: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4659: 4650: 4649: 4623: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4600:(170): 225–234. 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4560: 4554: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4501: 4486: 4485: 4467: 4456: 4455: 4437: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4386: 4369: 4368: 4350: 4337: 4336: 4318: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4257: 4244: 4243: 4225: 4210: 4209: 4191: 4182: 4181: 4163: 4150: 4149: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4091: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4028: 4009: 4008: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3962: 3940: 3937: 3907:History of Earth 3834:Photograph from 3823: 3816: 3812: 3809: 3803: 3772: 3764: 3494:(United States) 3425:cycle of erosion 3278: 3002:Age of Discovery 2921:celestial sphere 2843:Tabula Rogeriana 2817: 2814: 2729:. He employed a 2438:cluster analysis 2327:computer science 2202: 2195: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2159: 2151: 2134: 2123:Spatial analysis 2118: 2102: 2091:Geovisualization 2086: 2070: 2054: 2038: 2022: 2006: 1920: 1904: 1888: 1877:Social geography 1872: 1856: 1836: 1816: 1800: 1784: 1773:Health geography 1768: 1752: 1736: 1720: 1704: 1665: 1649: 1633: 1617: 1601: 1581: 1565: 1549: 1533: 1517: 1497: 1481: 1185:Examples of the 1102: 989: 868:Claudius Ptolemy 861: 857: 854: 832:in the field of 830:celestial bodies 815: 809: 803: 798: 797: 777: 770: 763: 624: 623: 574:Geovisualization 502: 501: 441:Spatial analysis 326:Paleoclimatology 117:Age of Discovery 50: 49: 21: 10388: 10387: 10383: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10378: 10377: 10368:Social sciences 10348: 10347: 10344: 10339: 10238:Hebrew toponyms 10233:Arabic toponyms 10071: 10061: 10031: 10026: 10002: 9970: 9937: 9921: 9895:Science studies 9679:Administration 9668: 9394: 9371: 9369:Social sciences 9366: 9336: 9331: 9275: 9232: 9197: 9164: 9083:Distributed GIS 9029: 8991: 8943: 8876:Palaeogeography 8804: 8672: 8639: 8631: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8554: 8537: 8530: 8515:10.2307/1775737 8499: 8488: 8453:Biogeochemistry 8445: 8441: 8434: 8420: 8416: 8406: 8404: 8366: 8362: 8352: 8350: 8337: 8336: 8332: 8322: 8320: 8307: 8306: 8302: 8292: 8290: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8225: 8221: 8211: 8209: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8181: 8179: 8166: 8165: 8161: 8151: 8149: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8117: 8115: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8083: 8081: 8066: 8062: 8052: 8050: 8020: 8011: 7980: 7973: 7959: 7957: 7950: 7934: 7930: 7920: 7918: 7899: 7892: 7880: 7879: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7858: 7850:. Vol. 1. 7847: 7839: 7835: 7825: 7823: 7816: 7800:Woodward, David 7792: 7788: 7763:Edson, Evelyn; 7761: 7757: 7747: 7745: 7730: 7726: 7714: 7713: 7704: 7703: 7695: 7679: 7672: 7662: 7660: 7641: 7637: 7627: 7625: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7579: 7575: 7565: 7563: 7556: 7540: 7533: 7526: 7512: 7508: 7477: 7473: 7463: 7461: 7454:henry-davis.com 7447: 7443: 7436: 7418: 7411: 7404: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7338: 7330: 7321: 7274: 7270: 7260: 7258: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7212: 7182: 7178: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7095: 7091: 7081: 7079: 7041: 7037: 7027: 7025: 7015: 6991: 6987: 6977: 6975: 6945: 6941: 6930: 6926: 6891: 6884: 6873: 6869: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6839: 6835: 6825: 6823: 6785: 6776: 6729: 6725: 6720: 6716: 6687: 6683: 6676: 6662: 6653: 6646: 6632: 6628: 6621: 6607: 6603: 6588:10.2307/2560899 6572: 6568: 6531: 6527: 6516: 6512: 6505: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6417: 6413: 6402: 6398: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6326: 6322: 6311: 6307: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6282: 6267: 6259: 6252: 6242: 6240: 6225: 6216: 6206: 6204: 6196: 6188: 6177: 6167: 6165: 6127: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6076: 6067: 6056: 6047: 5994: 5990: 5953: 5949: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5871: 5867: 5836: 5832: 5801: 5786: 5776: 5774: 5744: 5731: 5700: 5691: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5626: 5617: 5590: 5583: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5540: 5533: 5523: 5521: 5499: 5495: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5455: 5448: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5392: 5388: 5381: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5342: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5288: 5279: 5269: 5267: 5266:on 8 March 2019 5263: 5224: 5218: 5203: 5180: 5176: 5166: 5164: 5134: 5127: 5120: 5106: 5093: 5083: 5081: 5074: 5051: 5050: 5043: 5024: 5017: 4968: 4959: 4952: 4940: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4880: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4834: 4828: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4788: 4784: 4777: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4730: 4726: 4715: 4695: 4691: 4681: 4679: 4660: 4653: 4646: 4624: 4620: 4610: 4608: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4568:Merriam-Webster 4562: 4561: 4557: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4502: 4489: 4482: 4468: 4459: 4452: 4438: 4429: 4419: 4417: 4387: 4372: 4365: 4351: 4340: 4333: 4319: 4308: 4298: 4296: 4258: 4247: 4240: 4226: 4213: 4206: 4192: 4185: 4178: 4164: 4153: 4146: 4138:. p. 147. 4128: 4124: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4092: 4088: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4029: 4012: 4005: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3963: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3943: 3939:Emphasis added. 3938: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3884: 3824: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3789: 3773: 3762: 3756: 3743: 3737: 3729:biogeochemistry 3689: 3683: 3678: 3620:Journal of Maps 3531: 3527:Main category: 3525: 3488:(United States) 3482:(International) 3470:(international) 3446: 3442:Main category: 3440: 3362:Roger Tomlinson 3293:George F. Jenks 3170: 3162:Main articles: 3160: 2945:human geography 2887:House of Wisdom 2847:Yaqut al-Hamawi 2815: 2591:ancient Babylon 2582: 2576: 2567: 2561: 2541: 2535: 2525:and sociology. 2511: 2505: 2477: 2468: 2462: 2415: 2409: 2355: 2349: 2322: 2316: 2284: 2278: 2258: 2250:Main articles: 2248: 2203: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2172: 2160: 2149: 2142: 2141: 2135: 2126: 2125: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2055: 2046: 2045: 2039: 2030: 2029: 2023: 2014: 2013: 2007: 1966: 1960: 1928: 1927: 1925:Urban geography 1921: 1912: 1911: 1905: 1896: 1895: 1889: 1880: 1879: 1873: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1848: 1847: 1837: 1828: 1827: 1817: 1808: 1807: 1801: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1776: 1775: 1769: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1744: 1743: 1737: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1686: 1684:Human geography 1680: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1641: 1640: 1638:Palaeogeography 1634: 1625: 1624: 1618: 1609: 1608: 1602: 1593: 1592: 1582: 1573: 1572: 1566: 1557: 1556: 1550: 1541: 1540: 1534: 1525: 1524: 1518: 1509: 1508: 1498: 1489: 1488: 1482: 1423: 1417: 1380:human geography 1369: 1363: 1330: 1324: 1322:Four traditions 1315: 1313:Sub-disciplines 1248: 1242: 1225: 1213:Main articles: 1211: 1187:visual language 1179: 1171:Main articles: 1169: 1140: 1128:Main articles: 1118: 1103: 1097: 1078: 1072: 1031: 995:human geography 990: 984: 921: 859: 855: 838:natural science 781: 731: 730: 667: 657: 656: 542:Distributed GIS 499: 489: 488: 456: 446: 445: 403: 393: 392: 330:Palaeogeography 292: 282: 281: 162: 160:Human geography 152: 151: 97: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10386: 10376: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10363:Earth sciences 10360: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10290:Nanotechnology 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10260:Machine vision 10257: 10252: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10210: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10180: 10172: 10167: 10162: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10063:Glossaries of 10060: 10059: 10052: 10045: 10037: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10012: 10000: 9988: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9951: 9945: 9943: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9935: 9929: 9927: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9908: 9907: 9902: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9861: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9842: 9841: 9840: 9838:social science 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9770:Global studies 9767: 9765:Gender studies 9762: 9757: 9756: 9755: 9750: 9748:social science 9744:Environmental 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9665: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9634: 9633: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9602: 9601: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9570: 9569: 9568: 9558: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9526: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9477: 9472: 9467: 9457: 9456: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9443:macroeconomics 9440: 9438:microeconomics 9430: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9376: 9373: 9372: 9365: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9342: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9317: 9305: 9293: 9280: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9240: 9238: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9209: 9207: 9203: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9174: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9145:Remote sensing 9142: 9140:Photogrammetry 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9105:Geomathematics 9102: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9075: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9052: 9050: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9025:Time geography 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9001: 8999: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8967:Geoinformatics 8964: 8959: 8953: 8951: 8945: 8944: 8942: 8941: 8936: 8922: 8913: 8908: 8899: 8894: 8893: 8892: 8883: 8878: 8865: 8860: 8846: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8828:Phytogeography 8825: 8814: 8812: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8689: 8687: 8678: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8630: 8629: 8622: 8615: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8566: 8565:External links 8563: 8560: 8559: 8553:978-0859896993 8552: 8528: 8486: 8459:(3): 199–239. 8439: 8432: 8414: 8380:(2): 155–172. 8360: 8330: 8300: 8274: 8253:10.2307/632894 8219: 8189: 8159: 8148:on 24 May 2012 8140:(in Russian). 8125: 8091: 8060: 8040:10.2307/621272 8034:(2): 165–191. 8009: 7996:10.2307/621272 7971: 7948: 7928: 7890: 7856: 7833: 7814: 7786: 7755: 7738:islamicity.com 7724: 7693: 7670: 7635: 7606: 7599: 7573: 7554: 7531: 7524: 7506: 7471: 7441: 7434: 7409: 7402: 7384: 7377: 7354: 7347: 7319: 7268: 7222: 7176: 7135: 7089: 7055:(3): 487–495. 7035: 7013: 6985: 6939: 6924: 6882: 6867: 6853: 6833: 6799:(1): 145–154. 6774: 6723: 6714: 6681: 6674: 6651: 6645:978-0299100704 6644: 6626: 6619: 6601: 6582:(2): 317–331. 6566: 6525: 6510: 6503: 6485: 6478: 6460: 6453: 6436: 6429: 6411: 6396: 6347: 6341:978-0521764285 6340: 6320: 6305: 6287: 6280: 6250: 6214: 6175: 6141:(5): 181–188. 6116: 6090:(9): 520–530. 6065: 6045: 5988: 5947: 5906: 5899: 5865: 5830: 5811:(2): 300–303. 5784: 5758:(2): 304–310. 5729: 5710:(4): 591–607. 5689: 5670:(3): 173–180. 5654: 5640: 5615: 5581: 5559: 5552: 5531: 5493: 5480:978-0470659632 5479: 5446: 5411: 5404: 5386: 5379: 5361: 5354: 5333: 5302:(2): 304–310. 5277: 5241:10.2307/143141 5201: 5190:(4): 684–696. 5174: 5125: 5118: 5091: 5072: 5041: 5015: 4957: 4950: 4933: 4927:978-0761973898 4926: 4908: 4894: 4871: 4813: 4782: 4775: 4754: 4747: 4724: 4713: 4689: 4651: 4644: 4618: 4580: 4555: 4542: 4516:(3): 157–176. 4487: 4480: 4457: 4450: 4427: 4401:(5): 211–216. 4370: 4363: 4338: 4331: 4306: 4286:10.2307/215179 4245: 4238: 4211: 4204: 4183: 4176: 4151: 4144: 4122: 4108: 4086: 4072: 4052: 4045: 4010: 4003: 3982: 3976:978-0137504510 3975: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3826: 3825: 3776: 3774: 3767: 3758:Main article: 3755: 3752: 3739:Main article: 3736: 3733: 3685:Main article: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3676:Related fields 3674: 3673: 3672: 3665: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3616: 3609: 3602: 3595: 3588: 3581: 3574: 3567: 3560: 3553: 3546: 3539: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3439: 3436: 3435: 3434: 3428: 3418: 3408: 3394: 3384: 3369: 3359: 3349: 3343: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3312:Mark Monmonier 3309: 3296: 3290: 3283:Ernest Burgess 3280: 3270: 3260: 3246: 3240: 3233:Cynthia Brewer 3230: 3224: 3218: 3207: 3201: 3159: 3156: 2578:Main article: 2575: 2572: 2563:Main article: 2560: 2557: 2537:Main article: 2534: 2531: 2507:Main article: 2504: 2501: 2476: 2473: 2464:Main article: 2461: 2458: 2430:urban planning 2411:Main article: 2408: 2405: 2368:colored using 2353:Remote sensing 2351:Main article: 2348: 2347:Remote sensing 2345: 2318:Main article: 2315: 2312: 2280:Main article: 2277: 2274: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2205: 2204: 2163: 2161: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2144: 2143: 2139:Time geography 2137: 2136: 2129: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2113: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2097: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2081: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2047: 2043:Geoinformatics 2041: 2040: 2033: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2017: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2001: 1999: 1980:geoinformatics 1962:Main article: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1942:Culture theory 1939: 1930: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1851: 1849: 1839: 1838: 1831: 1829: 1819: 1818: 1811: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1795: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1779: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1763: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1731: 1729: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1699: 1697: 1682:Main article: 1679: 1676: 1675: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1660: 1658: 1652: 1651: 1644: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1626: 1620: 1619: 1612: 1610: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1594: 1584: 1583: 1576: 1574: 1568: 1567: 1560: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1544: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1528: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1500: 1499: 1492: 1490: 1484: 1483: 1476: 1474: 1419:Main article: 1416: 1413: 1362: 1359: 1326:Main article: 1323: 1320: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1287: 1281: 1275: 1244:Main article: 1241: 1238: 1210: 1207: 1173:Time geography 1168: 1165: 1138:Sense of place 1134:Place identity 1117: 1114: 1109:Absolute space 1095: 1074:Main article: 1071: 1068: 1030: 1027: 986:William Hughes 982: 920: 917: 905:remote sensing 844:disciplines." 842:social science 783: 782: 780: 779: 772: 765: 757: 754: 753: 752: 751: 746: 741: 733: 732: 729: 728: 727: 726: 724:Deconstruction 721: 711: 710: 709: 704: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 668: 663: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 649: 644: 639: 631: 630: 622: 621: 616: 611: 606: 604:Remote Sensing 601: 599:Photogrammetry 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 564:Geomathematics 561: 556: 555: 554: 549: 544: 534: 529: 528: 527: 522: 509: 508: 500: 495: 494: 491: 490: 487: 486: 484:Time geography 481: 476: 471: 466: 457: 452: 451: 448: 447: 444: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 421:Geoinformatics 418: 413: 404: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 332: 319: 318: 317: 312: 310:Phytogeography 307: 293: 288: 287: 284: 283: 280: 279: 274: 269: 264: 263: 262: 257: 252: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 163: 158: 157: 154: 153: 150: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 98: 93: 92: 89: 88: 87: 86: 81: 73: 72: 62: 61: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10385: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10346: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10168: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10116: 10113: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10077: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10058: 10053: 10051: 10046: 10044: 10039: 10038: 10035: 10023: 10022: 10017: 10013: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9989: 9987: 9986: 9977: 9976: 9973: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9961:Human science 9959: 9957: 9956: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9934: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9924: 9918: 9917:Vegan studies 9915: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9880:Public health 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9843: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9814:Philosophies 9813: 9811: 9810:Media studies 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9785:Human ecology 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9751: 9749: 9746: 9745: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9695:Anthrozoology 9693: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9680: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9635: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9620:developmental 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9593:public policy 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9571: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9544:legal systems 9542: 9540: 9539:legal history 9537: 9535: 9534:jurisprudence 9532: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9478: 9476: 9473: 9471: 9468: 9466: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9434: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9408: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9397: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9374: 9370: 9363: 9358: 9356: 9351: 9349: 9344: 9343: 9340: 9328: 9327: 9318: 9316: 9315: 9306: 9304: 9303: 9298: 9294: 9292: 9291: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9239: 9235: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9204: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9110:Geostatistics 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9073:Geochronology 9071: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8937: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8902:Geomorphology 8900: 8898: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8849:Earth science 8847: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8807: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8688: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8675: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8628: 8623: 8621: 8616: 8614: 8609: 8608: 8605: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8569: 8568: 8555: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8535: 8533: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8497: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8482: 8478: 8474: 8470: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8443: 8435: 8429: 8425: 8418: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8364: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8304: 8288: 8284: 8283:"AGS History" 8278: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8223: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8193: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8163: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8095: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8064: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8018: 8016: 8014: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7993: 7990:(21): 51–60. 7989: 7985: 7978: 7976: 7968: 7955: 7951: 7945: 7941: 7940: 7932: 7916: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7897: 7895: 7886: 7874: 7863: 7859: 7853: 7846: 7845: 7837: 7821: 7817: 7815:0-226-31633-5 7811: 7807: 7806: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7759: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7720: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7677: 7675: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7623: 7619: 7618: 7610: 7602: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7586: 7577: 7561: 7557: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7538: 7536: 7527: 7521: 7517: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7445: 7437: 7431: 7427: 7423: 7416: 7414: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7388: 7380: 7378:0-86094-135-3 7374: 7367: 7366: 7358: 7350: 7348:0-902246-97-6 7344: 7337: 7336: 7328: 7326: 7324: 7315: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7172: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7039: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7014:9780367145385 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6989: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6959:(1): 86–102. 6958: 6954: 6953:GeoHumanities 6950: 6943: 6935: 6928: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6889: 6887: 6879: 6878: 6871: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6837: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6718: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6677: 6671: 6667: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6647: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6529: 6521: 6514: 6506: 6504:9781107469846 6500: 6496: 6489: 6481: 6479:0-470-87154-7 6475: 6471: 6464: 6456: 6454:81-7450-518-0 6450: 6446: 6440: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6407: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6324: 6316: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6283: 6277: 6273: 6266: 6265: 6257: 6255: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6202: 6195: 6194: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6061: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5992: 5983: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5902: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5643: 5641:9781412919913 5637: 5633: 5632: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5588: 5586: 5577: 5573: 5566: 5564: 5555: 5549: 5545: 5538: 5536: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5507:Cartographica 5504: 5497: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5451: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5415: 5407: 5401: 5397: 5390: 5382: 5376: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5351: 5347: 5340: 5338: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5178: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5130: 5121: 5115: 5111: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5064:10.17226/4913 5061: 5057: 5056: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5020: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4975: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4953: 4951:9780892911851 4947: 4943: 4937: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4912: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4878: 4876: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4761: 4759: 4750: 4744: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4701: 4693: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4656: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4622: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4569: 4565: 4559: 4552: 4546: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4483: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4453: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4366: 4360: 4356: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4334: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4272:(1): 99–107. 4271: 4267: 4263: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4241: 4239:0-8166-3877-2 4235: 4231: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4207: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4188: 4179: 4173: 4169: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4147: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4111: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4075: 4073:9780691142678 4069: 4065: 4064: 4056: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4006: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3987: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3952: 3936: 3932: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3822: 3819: 3811: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3777:This section 3775: 3771: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3751: 3749: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3601: 3600: 3599:GeoHumanities 3596: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3559: 3558: 3554: 3552: 3551: 3547: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3284: 3281: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3253:globalization 3250: 3249:Doreen Massey 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3221:Carl O. Sauer 3219: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3150:proposed the 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3106: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087:Immanuel Kant 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3069:in 1821, the 3068: 3064: 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3040:John Harrison 3036: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3000:The European 2996: 2995: 2989: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2978:trigonometric 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2871:Piri Reis map 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831:Islamic world 2828: 2824: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2690:, or through 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2654:The ideas of 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2605:Eckhard Unger 2602: 2601: 2596: 2592: 2589:date back to 2588: 2581: 2571: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2549:mixed methods 2546: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2481: 2472: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2454:interpolation 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2418:Geostatistics 2414: 2413:Geostatistics 2407:Geostatistics 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2321: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2273: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2201: 2198: 2190: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2164:This section 2162: 2158: 2153: 2152: 2140: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2005: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1965: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1933: 1926: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1719: 1714: 1710: 1703: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1691: 1685: 1671: 1664: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1554:Geomorphology 1548: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1523: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1480: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1445:, and global 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1427:Earth science 1422: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1358: 1355: 1354:Earth Science 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1319: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1237: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1219:Scale (ratio) 1216: 1206: 1204: 1203:animated maps 1200: 1196: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1164: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1122: 1113: 1110: 1100: 1094: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1047:Pembrokeshire 1043: 1039: 1037: 1036:Globalization 1026: 1024: 1020: 1017:, water, and 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 987: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 933: 925: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 897:mixed-methods 894: 890: 884: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 856: 276 BC 850: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 814: 808: 802: 793: 792:Ancient Greek 789: 778: 773: 771: 766: 764: 759: 758: 756: 755: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 736: 735: 734: 725: 722: 720: 717: 716: 715: 714:Postmodernism 712: 708: 705: 703: 702:Structuralism 700: 699: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 669: 666: 661: 660: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 629: 626: 625: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 569:Geostatistics 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 538: 535: 533: 532:Geochronology 530: 526: 523: 521: 518: 517: 516: 513: 512: 507: 504: 503: 498: 493: 492: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 460: 455: 450: 449: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 407: 402: 397: 396: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 354:Geomorphology 352: 350: 347: 345: 344:Earth science 342: 340: 336: 333: 331: 327: 323: 320: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 301: 298: 297: 296: 291: 286: 285: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 166: 161: 156: 155: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 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