586:. It is relatively "small, disparate, and fragmented" compared to the other approaches, thus, there is no thorough guide to achieve the best practice in forensic palynology. Moreover, there is a limit in forensic palynologists as most skilled palynologists do not enter the forensic palynology field. As becoming a Forensic Palynologist requires rigorous training and education, one must attain a PhD with sufficient background in studies such as forensic science, botany, ecology, geography, and climatology. Most importantly they must receive training in the field of quaternary science. Recently however, there has been expansive research into areas that have yet to well documented, such as the study that did research on the effects that an arid climate had on pollen analytics that took place in southeast Spain. This study not only expanded the use of forensic palynology into new parts of the world that have not yet been introduced to this science, but also collected results that outline a proper method for pollen spectra collecting that is effective in arid conditions. Another recent study did research in Bolivia to study the pollen assemblage in high altitude soils, this study also created a forensic database for uses in non-seasonal soil. This database creation is allowing forensic palynology to be used in a more broad area now, as data for both high altitude pollen assemblage and non-seasonal soil data has been collected. Another recent advancement in forensic palynology is the massive expansion of the largest pollen database on the internet, PalDat. The University of Vienna and AGES worked to integrate over 2000 datasets consisting of detailed methods for pollen analysis including the use of high resolution light microscopy micrographs of hydrated pollen, and polarity ratios to determine the shape and aperture position of a pollen grain.
808:
under the bed. They then took clothing items of the suspect for evidence analysis and soil samples from the garden of the suspects house. 25 days later, the police found the missing persons body was found 1000 meters off a coastline. Forensic mycology and palynology was then applied to analysis the palynomorphs and fungal species, as soil samples from the location of the corpse were analyzed. Samples were first acquired by scarping the surface area and then filtration and acetolysis was conducted to isolate the pollen samples. The analysis of the suspects clothing was then compared to the analysis of the corpse and the surrounding area. Results indicated that the corpse had a palynomorph composition of marine species, the quantity and exact species were all documented. The soil from the suspects house had a continental palynomorph composition that was also fully documented and recorded. The suspects bloodstained clothing had the same marine palynomorph composition as the body and the surrounding area. Soil samples in the suspects car and under the soles of the suspects shoes also contained the same palynomorph composition as the coastline area where the body was found. Along with other forensic evidence, the suspect was found guilty and the use of forensic palynology was used to help close this case.
595:
consult other professionals. Furthermore, the palynologist should be given significant information as there is only one person handling the analysis of the samples. Important duties to note is that they ensure that all paperwork is dated, signed, filed and archived in order to maintain good records. Forensic
Palynologists usually visit the crime scene to survey the vegetation. For example, identify plants and their characteristics and qualities ( size, vigor...) and obtain plant samples to allow for analysis like ground sampling. Geography analysis including a survey of the topography, altitude, climate, and geology of the area is also required, as all of these factors influence the assemblage and composition of palynomorphs. Scrubbing, scraping, washing is essential for retrieval of palynomorphs from various materials. And utilize other methods like police photographers, cartographers, and botanists. It is vital for the Forensic Palynologist to visit the crime scene before the Crime Science Investigators (CSI) or Scenes of crime Officers (SOCOs) to avoid disturbance of environmental evidence and contamination.
50:
630:(either via wind, insect, or another method) throughout the immediate environment. Pollen can also be found in soil, clothing, hair, drugs, stomach contents, ropes, and rock which are places where it would be difficult for the suspect to remove because of pollen's adhesion properties. In some cases, where the pollen of a plant is absent, fungi and fungal spores may be able to detect a plant's presence at the site. There have been cases where the presence of rarely reported fungi and fungal spores have helped identify information in forensic cases. Pollen has been found inside counterfeit pharmaceuticals that have been transported across the world, the presence of the pollen can be used to trace these illegal drugs back to their manufacturing region and even factory.
731:(USDA), insured beekeepers a higher world market price for their honey. Under the premisses that the honey was produced on USA grounds. Thus, honey samples were sent for pollen analysis, where confirmation that the honey was produced in the USA was concluded or not. Generally, most of the cases during this time involved lawsuits concerning beekeepers. For example, a Michigan beekeeper arose suspect of importing beehives from the southeastern USA that weren't inspected for mites. This led to the USDA inspecting honey samples where it was concluded that they were imported from the Southeastern region of USA. Due to that the honey contained floral types common to the Southeastern region and not found in Michigan.
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single garden will have a distinctive pollen assemblage. Pollen evidence can also reveal the season in which a particular object picked up the pollen. Recent research into forensic palynology has seen advancements in DNA barcoding from pollen, to the level of singular pollen molecules, allowing DNA profiles to be created from singular palynomorphs, streamlining the efficiency and accuracy of taxonomic identification.
22:
639:
geolocation information. Many things could go wrong and invalidate any samples collected, especially if the personnel handling them is not experienced. On the subject of experience, contamination is another major problem that can invalidate the use of a sample as evidence; therefore, it is important that samples are collected early on with collection sites identified depending on the case.
740:
walnut pollen found was unusual as there was no walnut site nearby. However, It was later discovered that a walnut tree was cut down thirty years before and the walnut pollen remained. the pollen was then analyzed and linked to the suspect in the crime scene. Thus, the walnut pollen provided a significant role solving the case.
777:
The pollen assemblage created from the submitted samples indicated the victim was in the north-eastern United States before her death. The individual taxa of plant species observed in the assemblage also indicated that the victim lived in, or spent much of her time in, a developed, urban environment.
769:
A modern application of forensic palynology occurred in 2015, in the city of Boston, Massachusetts. A body of a young female child was discovered by law enforcement in the Boston
Harbour, but no identifying features remained as the body was in the late stages of decomposition. Investigators submitted
706:
One of the earliest document cases in which pollen plays a key role took place in
Austria. A man went missing, and was presumed murdered, but no body was found. The authorities had arrested a suspect, who had motive for the murder, but did not have a body or confession, and the case stalled. A search
807:
A man was reported missing to the local police in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The family reported a possible suspect due to the fact the missing person and the suspect had intense arguments not long before his disappearance. The police searched the suspects house and found bloodstains on clothing items
667:
Sample collection methods will vary depending on the case investigation and on the collector. Due to the lack of palynologists in the forensic field, other forensic scientists that are present may have to collect the samples. This raises issues in terms of the quality of the sample, since collection
798:
Investigators then asked around the neighborhoods surrounding the arboretum, and a tip led them to a resident who, after questioning, admitted that her boyfriend at the time had abused the child, which resulted in the child's death. The man who murdered the child was sentenced to serve a minimum of
739:
An example concerning
Forensic Palynology in the United Kingdom, took place during 1993 handled by Patricia Wiltshire. Where it involved a murder case in which the body was laid on soil that preserved pollen. Wiltshire then found traces of walnut pollen in the soil and suspect's shoes, however, the
671:
When collection sites have been determined, samples can be retrieved with clean instruments and placed into tightly sealed, sterile containers. Examples are "sterile zip-lock plastic bags, or screw-top plastic (in preference to glass) containers." After each sample, instruments should be thoroughly
649:
Another disadvantage is in the form of the lack of history and therefore acceptance in the forensic setting and the court of law. Forensic palynology is not used in many countries and the application and methodologies have not been reviewed extensively in the court as this methodology has only been
594:
In terms of criminal investigation, forensic palynologist services are requested from cases such as forgery, rape, homicide, genocide, terrorism, drug dealing, assault, and robbery. It usually consist of a single individual who works with the polynomial case. Of course, the palynologist could still
625:
A sample of pollen from a crime scene can help to identify a specific plant species that may have had contact with a victim, or point to evidence that does not ecologically belong in the area. A pollen assemblage is a sample of pollen with a variety of plant species represented. Identifying those
692:
DNA Barcoding is another method used to differentiate between pollen grains by comparing their DNA sequences. A pollen grain of 10 micrometers in length is required. Once the sample is collected and prepared, genetic markers are placed, then the DNA is isolated, and finally the DNA is sequenced,
626:
species and their relative frequency can point to a specific area or time of year. This could aid in the determination of whether the scene where the pollen was found was the primary scene or secondary scene. Pollen is made in great numbers, by a large variety of plants, and it is designed to be
529:
grains, spores, and other palynomorphs.), that aims to prove or disprove a relationship among objects, people, and places that may pertain to both criminal and civil cases. Pollen can reveal where a person or object has been, because regions of the world, countries, and even different parts of a
663:
Because pollen can be easily picked up by anyone, it is important that pollen samples are collected as soon as possible to prevent contamination from outside sources. Samples then need to be prepared and placed on slides in order to fully be safe from contamination. The process of preparing the
680:
Analyzing the samples, once the palynomorphs have been extracted, will allow for identification, which can then be used in a forensic case to relate a person or object to a crime scene, or even to determine whether the scene at which the pollen was found was the primary or the secondary scene.
684:
Samples are chemically processed with a mix of acids, sodium hydroxide, acetic anhydride with water washes in between. They are then neutralized, and the extracts are stained and mounted onto slides for microscopic examination. This helps in identification with the help of available reference
638:
One of the main disadvantages in this field is the lack of trained specialists. As of 2008, there are no academic centers or training facilities for the use of pollen in forensics in the U.S. This is crucial because of the expertise required to identify palynomorphs and to apply the data to
672:
cleaned or replaced to prevent contamination. In cases, where collection is by hand, gloves should be used and replaced after each sample. Samples should be labeled and sample history documentation should be maintained to keep track of the people who have had access to the sample.
688:
Compared to the SEM, semi-automated pollen grain imaging techniques such as
Transmitted Light Microscopy (TLM), Widefield fluorescent method, and Structured illumination (Apotome) were found to have a higher speed and accuracy when it came to the identification of pollen spores.
664:
samples and identifying them is time-consuming. When collecting a sample, it should be paired with site surveys and photos of the scene to provide context for later uses. For example, if the pollen evidence is used in court, then the additional context would be useful.
554:
In areas such as New
Zealand, where the demand for this field is high, forensic palynology has been used as evidence in many different case types that range anywhere from non-violent to extremely violent crimes. Pollen has been used to trace activity at mass graves in
719:-aged rock deposits that would contain the fossilized species. When the suspect was presented with this information, he willingly confessed and lead authorities to the sites of both the murder and the body, both of which were inside the region indicated by Dr. Klaus.
685:
collections to make comparisons on the pollen's characteristics. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been used traditionally since the 1970s for primary identification of palynomorphs, but is very time-consuming, tedious, and not ideal for routine analysis.
786:
region of Europe. The species of cedar observed in the assemblage was thought by investigators to most likely be from an ornamental piece in a park or other conservation area. This is when the investigators discovered individuals of the
Lebanese cedar tree in the
1922:
621:
also serve as a resource for forensic palynologists to identify and classify the samples they collect. There are also many online databases that consist of thousands of records and identification methods for palynomorphs that are accessible worldwide.
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pollen. The presence of pollen is ubiquitous, but in this case, the pollen was clumped onto the clothing (rather than dusted) and did not seem to be simply the result of air dispersal. It was ultimately concluded that "the clothes had so much
711:'s Paleobotany Department, for analysis. Dr. Klaus found modern pollen from a variety of species, including spruce, willow, and alder. He also found fossilized hickory pollen grains, from a species long extinct. There was only one area of the
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bush during a crime. Because pollen has distinct morphology and is relatively indestructible, it is likely to adhere to a variety of surfaces often without notice and has even become a part of ongoing research into forensic bullet coatings.
799:
20 years for second degree murder. The mother's involvement in the crime is not reported, though she served 2 years probation for accessory after a plea deal for providing information about her then boyfriend who had committed the act.
1166:
Sermon, Paul A.; Worsley, Myles P.; Cheng, Yu; Courtney, Lee; Shinar-Bush, Verity; Ruzimuradov, Olim; Hopwood, Andy J.; Edwards, Michael R.; Gashi, Bekim; Harrison, David; Xu, Yanmeng (September 2012).
551:, and various other organic microorganisms – both living and fossilized. There are a variety of ways in which the study of these microscopic, walled particles can be applied to criminal forensics.
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around for 50 years and only in some countries. This means that forensic palynology evidence is rarely submitted due to lack of history in the courts, and lack of application in most countries.
916:
727:
The first cases that involved forensic palynology in the United States was in 1970, where
Honeybee pollination studies were issued. During this time honey pollen analysis began growing as the
646:
from
Austria called PalDat exists but there are no known databases to exist in North America. However, PalDat is internationally accessible and data from around the world has been published.
642:
Limited access to international databases can also prove to be an issue when it comes time for the analyst to identify pollen evidence to a specific family or genus of plants. Currently, a
774:
directorate laboratory in
Houston, Texas, for pollen analysis. The report from the submitted samples provided investigators with information they could use to identify the unknown victim.
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bush outside of the house. One of the burglars was brought in as a suspect, but all evidence was circumstantial, and the man did not confess. Analysis of his clothes revealed the
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sites for the sample should be determined depending on the case. Discussion with the investigation team is necessary in order to establish the best sampling method.
924:
1710:"Progress towards establishing collection standards for semi-automated pollen classification in forensic geo-historical location applications"
1132:
D. Mildenhall (2006), "Hypericum pollen determines the presence of burglars at the scene of a crime: An example of forensic palynology",
1004:
Alotaibi, Saqer S.; Sayed, Samy M.; Alosaimi, Manal; Alharthi, Raghad; Banjar, Aseel; Abdulqader, Nosaiba; Alhamed, Reem (1 May 2020).
505:
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Alotaibi, Saqer S.; Sayed, Samy M.; Alosaimi, Manal; Alharthi, Raghad; Banjar, Aseel; Abdulqader, Nosaiba; Alhamed, Reem (May 2020).
728:
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samples taken from the clothes of the victim, a blanket found with the body, as well as a small amount of recovered hair to the
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usually through high throughout sequencing (HTS). HTS is faster and less expensive than traditional methods for DNA barcoding.
2036:
1686:
1293:
1572:"Rarely reported fungal spores and structures: An overlooked source of probative trace evidence in criminal investigations"
1347:
Ochando, Juan; Munuera, Manuel; Carrión, José S.; Fernández, Santiago; Amorós, Gabriela; Recalde, Julio (1 December 2018).
49:
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of the suspect's belongings yielded a pair of muddy boots. The mud was sampled and given to Wilhelm Klaus, at the
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Forensic Palynology is an evolving forensic science application. And is mostly utilized in countries such as
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229:
1674:
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77:
938:
Bell, Karen L.; Burgess, Kevin S.; Okamoto, Kazufusa C.; Aranda, Roman; Brosi, Berry J. (1 March 2016).
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exist as a reference. Large-scale collections of pollen specimens that reside in museums and university
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1969:
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491:
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33:
539:– microscopic structures of both animal and plant origin that are resistant to decay. This includes
1812:"Pollen molecular biology: Applications in the forensic palynology and future prospects: A review"
1708:
Riley, Kimberly C.; Woodard, Jeffrey P.; Hwang, Grace M.; Punyasena, Surangi W. (1 October 2015).
1619:"The role of forensic palynology in sourcing the origin of falsified antimalarial pharmaceuticals"
1006:"Pollen molecular biology: Applications in the forensic palynology and future prospects: A review"
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pollen on them that they had to have been in direct and intimate contact with a flowering bush."
336:
321:
279:
2087:"Forensic palynology and the search for geolocation: Factors for analysis and the Baby Doe case"
1970:"Forensic palynology: Current status of a rarely used technique in the United States of America"
306:
170:
2143:
1274:"USE OF QUATERNARY PROXIES IN FORENSIC SCIENCE | Analytical Techniques in Forensic Palynology"
1453:"Integration of the pollen database PONET into PalDat with new features for light microscopy"
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1399:"Use of pollen assemblages as forensic evidence in non-seasonal high-altitude soils"
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Serrudo Gonzáles, Vanesa; Ortuño Limarino, Teresa; Duchen, Pablo (1 January 2024).
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2016:
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Hawksworth, David L.; Wiltshire, Patricia E. J.; Webb, Judith A. (1 July 2016).
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451:
153:
940:"Review and future prospects for DNA barcoding methods in forensic palynology"
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1578:. Special Issue on the 7th European Academy of Forensic Science Conference.
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2001:
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1153:
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559:, pinpoint the scene of a crime, and catch a burglar who brushed against a
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Mildenhall, D. C.; Wiltshire, P. E. J.; Bryant, V. M. (22 November 2006).
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Mildenhall, D. C.; Wiltshire, P. E. J.; Bryant, V. M. (22 November 2006).
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224:
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431:
254:
59:
2059:"Forensic science: How pollen is a silent witness to solving murders"
1396:
1091:
618:
579:
561:
544:
446:
2144:"Palynology and mycology as biological evidence in a homicide case"
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643:
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Povilauskas, Leticia Karina; Tranchida, María Cecilia (May 2023).
1349:"Forensic palynology revisited: Case studies from semi-arid Spain"
1080:"Civil and criminal investigations. The use of spores and pollen"
716:
613:
have a variety of shapes, sizes, colors, structures, and numbers
607:
across, resulting in their easy and unnoticeable transportation.
604:
21:
778:
The assemblage also captured pollen of the Lebanese cedar tree (
712:
610:
556:
526:
1675:"Chapter 10 – Additional Approaches in Forensic Plant Science"
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Koelzer, Karen; Weber, Martina; Ulrich, Silvia (4 July 2023).
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Laurence, Andrew R.; Bryant, Vaughn M. (1 September 2019).
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Bryant, Vaughn M.; Jones, Gretchen D. (22 November 2006).
1707:
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1874:
848:
1169:"Deterring gun crime materially using forensic coatings"
937:
1569:
16:
Forensic application of the study of particulate matter
1204:
1202:
603:
Pollen and similar spores are generally less than 50
2141:
1493:
1278:
Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science (Second Edition)
1199:
748:After a home invasion, two burglars brushed past a
1450:
1877:"Forensic palynology: Why do it and how it works"
914:
851:"Forensic palynology: Why do it and how it works"
2186:
2021:Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice
1923:"Forensic Palynology: A New Way to Catch Crooks"
898:"Forensic Palynology: A New Way to Catch Crooks"
715:Valley that hosted those living plants, and had
2019:, in Bruinsma, Gerben; Weisburd, David (eds.),
2015:Laurence, Andrew R.; Bryant, Vaughn M. (2014),
1681:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 129–147,
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2014:
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492:
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1414:
1280:, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 556–566,
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944:Forensic Science International: Genetics
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729:United States Department of Agriculture
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1714:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
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1353:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
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25:1871 plate of magnified pollen grains
1816:Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
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1010:Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
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1757:"Protocols for forensic palynology"
1502:"Protocols for forensic palynology"
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1337:
1211:"Protocols for forensic palynology"
915:Robert Stackhouse (17 April 2003),
13:
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1209:Wiltshire, Patricia E. J. (2016).
917:"Forensics studies look to pollen"
802:
791:, a public park that is a part of
772:U.S. Customs and Border Protection
543:pollen, as well as spores (fungi,
14:
2216:
1617:Mildenhall, D.C. (3 April 2017).
1122:
1062:
978:
817:
569:
1318:Green, Elon (17 November 2015).
1272:Bryant, V. M. (1 January 2013),
1108:Pollen helps war crime forensics
701:
696:
633:
407:Traffic collision reconstruction
48:
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2008:
1986:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.021
1961:
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1610:
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1185:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.04.021
1146:10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.11.028
1105:Peter Wood (9 September 2004),
867:10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.012
260:Questioned document examination
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1974:Forensic Science International
1881:Forensic Science International
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1576:Forensic Science International
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1173:Forensic Science International
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1134:Forensic Science International
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908:
855:Forensic Science International
1:
2029:10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2_169
1781:10.1080/01916122.2015.1091138
1643:10.1080/01916122.2016.1156587
1526:10.1080/01916122.2015.1091138
1478:10.1080/00173134.2023.2256328
1235:10.1080/01916122.2015.1091138
811:
598:
2148:Journal of Forensic Sciences
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956:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.12.010
7:
2061:. BBC News. 26 January 2020
1078:Mildenhall, Dallas (2008).
675:
533:Palynology is the study of
78:Bloodstain pattern analysis
10:
2221:
1836:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.02.019
1320:"How Pollen Solves Crimes"
1030:10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.02.019
653:
589:
377:Fire accelerant detection
2160:10.1111/1556-4029.15249
280:Social network analysis
1679:Forensic Plant Science
521:is a subdiscipline of
362:Electrical engineering
26:
2017:"Forensic Palynology"
1403:Science & Justice
784:Eastern Mediterranean
392:Materials engineering
220:Facial reconstruction
24:
2205:Forensic disciplines
735:United Kingdom, 1993
709:University of Vienna
437:Perry Mason syndrome
225:Fingerprint analysis
2195:Forensic palynology
1828:2020SJBS...27.1185A
1773:2016Paly...40....4W
1726:2015RPaPa.221..117R
1635:2017Paly...41..203M
1518:2016Paly...40....4W
1469:2023Grana..62..221K
1365:2018RPaPa.259...29O
1227:2016Paly...40....4W
1022:2020SJBS...27.1185A
904:on 3 February 2007.
765:United States, 2015
723:United States, 1970
615:identification keys
519:Forensic palynology
460:forensic entomology
397:Polymer engineering
355:Related disciplines
270:Forensic geophysics
250:Gloveprint analysis
230:Firearm examination
200:Body identification
896:Vaughn M. Bryant.
793:Harvard University
372:Fire investigation
255:Palmprint analysis
215:Election forensics
98:Forensic genealogy
27:
2038:978-1-4614-5690-2
1688:978-0-12-801475-2
1295:978-0-444-53642-6
782:), native to the
744:New Zealand, 2005
659:Sample Collection
516:
515:
294:Digital forensics
235:Footwear evidence
2212:
2180:
2179:
2154:(3): 1064–1072.
2139:
2133:
2132:
2106:
2082:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1947:
1945:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1822:(5): 1185–1190.
1807:
1801:
1800:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1670:
1655:
1654:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1567:
1554:
1553:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1480:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1418:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1206:
1197:
1196:
1179:(1–3): 131–136.
1163:
1157:
1156:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1092:10.7396/2008_4_E
1075:
1060:
1059:
1049:
1016:(5): 1185–1190.
1001:
976:
975:
935:
929:
928:
927:on 23 April 2013
923:, archived from
912:
906:
905:
900:. Archived from
893:
887:
886:
846:
789:Arnold Arboretum
508:
501:
494:
420:Related articles
327:Network analysis
317:Malware analysis
275:Forensic geology
52:
42:Forensic science
29:
28:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2140:
2136:
2083:
2074:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2013:
2009:
1966:
1962:
1950:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1929:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1873:
1869:
1808:
1804:
1753:
1749:
1706:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1671:
1658:
1615:
1611:
1568:
1557:
1498:
1494:
1449:
1440:
1395:
1388:
1345:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1270:
1266:
1207:
1200:
1164:
1160:
1130:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1076:
1063:
1002:
979:
936:
932:
913:
909:
894:
890:
847:
818:
814:
805:
803:Argentina, 2023
767:
746:
737:
725:
704:
699:
678:
661:
656:
636:
601:
592:
572:
549:dinoflagellates
512:
467:
466:
465:
462:
459:
442:Pollen calendar
421:
413:
412:
411:
356:
348:
347:
346:
296:
286:
285:
284:
189:
181:
180:
156:
146:
145:
144:
88:DNA phenotyping
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2218:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2182:
2181:
2134:
2072:
2050:
2037:
2007:
1980:(3): 183–197.
1960:
1914:
1887:(3): 163–172.
1867:
1802:
1747:
1700:
1687:
1656:
1629:(2): 203–206.
1609:
1555:
1492:
1463:(4): 221–227.
1438:
1386:
1336:
1307:
1294:
1264:
1198:
1158:
1140:(3): 231–235,
1121:
1097:
1061:
977:
930:
907:
888:
861:(3): 163–172.
815:
813:
810:
804:
801:
766:
763:
745:
742:
736:
733:
724:
721:
703:
700:
698:
695:
677:
674:
660:
657:
655:
652:
635:
632:
600:
597:
591:
588:
584:United Kingdom
571:
570:Present status
568:
547:, and ferns),
525:(the study of
514:
513:
511:
510:
503:
496:
488:
485:
484:
483:
482:
477:
469:
468:
464:
463:
456:
454:
452:Trace evidence
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
423:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
410:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
358:
357:
354:
353:
350:
349:
345:
344:
342:Audio analysis
339:
337:Video analysis
334:
329:
324:
322:Mobile devices
319:
314:
312:Database study
309:
304:
302:Computer exams
298:
297:
292:
291:
288:
287:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
191:
190:
188:Criminalistics
187:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
173:
168:
163:
157:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
101:
100:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
64:
63:
58:
57:
54:
53:
45:
44:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2217:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2060:
2054:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1943:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1312:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
934:
926:
922:
921:The Battalion
918:
911:
903:
899:
892:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
816:
809:
800:
796:
794:
790:
785:
781:
780:Cedrus libani
775:
773:
762:
760:
755:
751:
741:
732:
730:
720:
718:
714:
710:
702:Austria, 1959
697:Case Examples
694:
690:
686:
682:
673:
669:
665:
651:
647:
645:
640:
634:Disadvantages
631:
629:
623:
620:
616:
612:
611:Pollen grains
608:
606:
596:
587:
585:
581:
577:
567:
564:
563:
558:
552:
550:
546:
542:
541:spermatophyte
538:
537:
531:
528:
524:
520:
509:
504:
502:
497:
495:
490:
489:
487:
486:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
471:
470:
461:
458:Use of DNA in
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
417:
416:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
352:
351:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
307:Data analysis
305:
303:
300:
299:
295:
290:
289:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
265:Vein matching
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
240:Forensic arts
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
185:
184:
177:
174:
172:
171:Psychotherapy
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
155:
150:
149:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:DNA profiling
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
65:
61:
60:Physiological
56:
55:
51:
47:
46:
43:
40:
39:
35:
31:
30:
23:
19:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2094:
2090:
2063:. Retrieved
2053:
2042:, retrieved
2020:
2010:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:
1917:
1884:
1880:
1870:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1692:, retrieved
1678:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1579:
1575:
1509:
1505:
1495:
1460:
1456:
1409:(1): 73–80.
1406:
1402:
1356:
1352:
1327:. Retrieved
1324:The Atlantic
1323:
1299:, retrieved
1277:
1267:
1218:
1214:
1176:
1172:
1161:
1137:
1133:
1113:, retrieved
1107:
1100:
1086:(4): 35–52.
1083:
1013:
1009:
947:
943:
933:
925:the original
920:
910:
902:the original
891:
858:
854:
806:
797:
776:
768:
758:
753:
749:
747:
738:
726:
713:Danube River
705:
691:
687:
683:
679:
670:
666:
662:
648:
641:
637:
624:
609:
602:
593:
573:
560:
553:
536:palynomorphs
534:
532:
518:
517:
382:Fractography
124:
110:Epidemiology
68:Anthropology
18:
1767:(1): 4–24.
1720:: 117–127.
1512:(1): 4–24.
1221:(1): 4–24.
950:: 110–116.
576:New Zealand
427:Crime scene
387:Linguistics
367:Engineering
332:Photography
210:Colorimetry
176:Social work
2200:Palynology
2189:Categories
2097:: 109903.
1951:|url=
1761:Palynology
1623:Palynology
1506:Palynology
1215:Palynology
1111:, BBC News
812:References
599:Advantages
582:, and the
545:bryophytes
523:palynology
432:CSI effect
402:Statistics
195:Accounting
166:Psychology
161:Psychiatry
140:Toxicology
125:Palynology
105:Entomology
2168:0022-1198
2129:199527472
2113:0379-0738
1994:0379-0738
1901:0379-0738
1844:1319-562X
1797:131148113
1789:0191-6122
1742:0034-6667
1651:0191-6122
1596:0379-0738
1582:: 41–46.
1550:131148113
1534:0191-6122
1487:0017-3134
1425:1355-0306
1381:0034-6667
1359:: 29–38.
1259:131148113
1243:0191-6122
1115:4 January
1038:1319-562X
964:1872-4973
875:0379-0738
759:Hypericum
754:Hypericum
750:Hypericum
628:dispersed
580:Australia
562:Hypericum
447:Skid mark
245:Profiling
205:Chemistry
130:Pathology
115:Limnology
83:Dentistry
2176:37031349
2121:31400618
2002:16504436
1942:cite web
1909:16920303
1862:32346322
1604:27017083
1542:24741963
1433:38182315
1251:24741963
1193:22608265
1154:16406430
1056:32346322
972:26751251
883:16920303
676:Analysis
644:database
619:herbaria
480:Category
135:Podiatry
120:Medicine
34:a series
32:Part of
2065:5 March
2044:5 March
1953:value (
1853:7182995
1824:Bibcode
1769:Bibcode
1722:Bibcode
1694:2 March
1631:Bibcode
1514:Bibcode
1465:Bibcode
1361:Bibcode
1329:4 March
1301:4 March
1223:Bibcode
1047:7182995
1018:Bibcode
717:Miocene
654:Methods
605:microns
475:Outline
73:Biology
2174:
2166:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2035:
2000:
1992:
1949:Check
1932:25 May
1907:
1899:
1860:
1850:
1842:
1795:
1787:
1740:
1685:
1649:
1602:
1594:
1548:
1540:
1532:
1485:
1431:
1423:
1379:
1292:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1191:
1152:
1054:
1044:
1036:
970:
962:
881:
873:
590:Duties
557:Bosnia
527:pollen
154:Social
2125:S2CID
1793:S2CID
1546:S2CID
1538:JSTOR
1457:Grana
1255:S2CID
1247:JSTOR
2172:PMID
2164:ISSN
2117:PMID
2109:ISSN
2067:2022
2046:2022
2033:ISBN
1998:PMID
1990:ISSN
1955:help
1934:2021
1927:http
1905:PMID
1897:ISSN
1858:PMID
1840:ISSN
1785:ISSN
1738:ISSN
1696:2022
1683:ISBN
1647:ISSN
1600:PMID
1592:ISSN
1530:ISSN
1483:ISSN
1429:PMID
1421:ISSN
1377:ISSN
1331:2022
1303:2022
1290:ISBN
1239:ISSN
1189:PMID
1150:PMID
1117:2010
1052:PMID
1034:ISSN
968:PMID
960:ISSN
879:PMID
871:ISSN
2156:doi
2099:doi
2095:302
2025:doi
1982:doi
1978:163
1889:doi
1885:163
1848:PMC
1832:doi
1777:doi
1730:doi
1718:221
1639:doi
1584:doi
1580:264
1522:doi
1473:doi
1411:doi
1369:doi
1357:259
1282:doi
1231:doi
1181:doi
1177:221
1142:doi
1138:163
1088:doi
1042:PMC
1026:doi
952:doi
863:doi
859:163
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2170:.
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