Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

4792: 4702: 3789: 5865: 229: 2503: 6139: 6162: 1941: 3780: 5958: 4448: 119: 6293: 5895: 5847: 3032: 5915: 4945: 6070: 1952: 733: 2582: 4420: 761: 3128: 6049: 5073: 5994: 6200: 2157: 708: 1694: 6223: 6090: 2766: 5832: 3016: 6181: 2196: 6248: 1321: 3149: 2736: 5978: 6111: 95: 4132: 5938: 4575: 1835: 6030: 694: 16190: 2952:. The economic strength of Commonwealth grain trade waned from the late 17th century on. Trade relationships were disrupted by the wars, and the Commonwealth proved unable to improve its transport infrastructure or its agricultural practices. Serfs in the region were increasingly tempted to flee. The Commonwealth's major attempts at countering this problem and improving productivity consisted of increasing serfs' workload and further restricting their freedoms in a process known as export-led serfdom. 2725: 1096: 2177: 6010: 2050: 4282: 4850: 1210: 6335: 1475: 5300: 4560:

into arrogance, courage into stubbornness and freedom into anarchy. The faults of Sarmatism were blamed for the demise of the country from the late 18th century onwards. Criticism, often one-sided and exaggerated, was used by the Polish reformists to push for radical changes. This self-deprecation was accompanied by works of German, Russian and Austrian historians, who tried to prove that it was Poland itself that was to blame for its fall.

4911: 4054: 1593: 6324: 747: 13589: 5741: 3362: 1241:. Lithuania's vulnerable position and rising tensions on its eastern flank persuaded the nobles to seek a closer bond with Poland. The idea of a federation presented better economic opportunities, whilst securing Lithuania's borders from hostile states to the north, south and east. Lesser Lithuanian nobility were eager to share the personal privileges and political liberties enjoyed by the Polish 4662:. With the creation of the Commonwealth, the number of Poles in comparison to the total population decreased to 50%. In 1569, the population stood at 7 million, with roughly 4.5 million Poles, 750,000 Lithuanians, 700,000 Jews and 2 million Ruthenians. Historians Michał Kopczyński and Wojciech Tygielski suggest that with the territorial expansion after the 3823:) used in funerals and other important ceremonies. As a rule, such portraits were nailed to sheet metal, six- or eight- sided in shape, fixed to the front of a coffin placed on a high, ornate catafalque. These were a unique and distinguishable feature of the Commonwealth's high culture, not found elsewhere in Europe. A similar tradition was only practiced in 2797:. Some major cities were home to craftsmen, jewellers and clockmakers. The majority of industries and trades were concentrated in the Kingdom of Poland; the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was more rural and its economy was driven by farming and clothmaking. Mining developed in the south-west region of Poland which was rich in natural resources such as 13199: 3263:, never gained widespread popularity in Poland. Brzezinski, however, notes that foreign mercenaries did form a significant portion of the more elite infantry units, at least until the early 17th century. In 16th-century Poland, several other formations formed the core of the military. There was a small standing army, 2481:

Commonwealth population who enjoyed those political rights (the szlachta) was a substantially larger percentage than in majority European countries even in the nineteenth century; note that in 1820 in France only about 1.5% of the male adult population had the right to vote, and in 1840 in Belgium, only about 5%.

4817:, "the wording and substance of the declaration of the Confederation of Warsaw of were extraordinary with regards to prevailing conditions elsewhere in Europe; and they governed the principles of religious life in the Republic for over two hundred years." Subsequently, the Catholic church initiated a 807:

between 1569 and 1795. It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th- to 17th-century Europe. At its largest territorial extent, in the early 17th century, the Commonwealth covered almost 1,000,000 km (400,000 sq mi) and as of 1618 sustained a multi-ethnic population of

2572:

by foreign powers might use their liberum veto to block attempted reforms. This sapped the Commonwealth and plunged it into political paralysis and anarchy for over a century, from the mid-17th century to the end of the 18th, while its neighbours stabilised their internal affairs and increased their

4721:

followed by famine in the period from 1648 to 1657 were accountable for at least 4 million deaths. Coupled with further territorial losses, by 1717 the population had fallen to 9 million. The population slowly recovered throughout the 18th century; just before the first partition of Poland in 1772,

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democracy, since all the szlachta were equal in rights and privileges, and the Sejm could veto the king on important matters, including legislation (the adoption of new laws), foreign affairs, declaration of war, and taxation (changes of existing taxes or the levying of new ones). Also, the 15% of

4559:

In its early, idealistic form, Sarmatism represented a positive cultural movement: it supported religious belief, honesty, national pride, courage, equality and freedom. In time, however, it became distorted. Late extreme Sarmatism turned belief into bigotry, honesty into political naïveté, pride

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The death of Sigismund II Augustus in 1572 was followed by a three-year Interregnum during which adjustments were made in the constitutional system. The lower nobility was now included in the selection process, and the power of the monarch was further circumscribed in favor of the expanded noble

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Commonwealth borders shifted with wars and treaties, sometimes several times in a decade, especially in the eastern and southern parts. After the Peace of Jam Zapolski (1582), the Commonwealth had approximately 815,000 km area and a population of 7.5 million. After the Truce of Deulino

2363:(Latin), the right of an individual Sejm deputy to oppose a decision by the majority in a Sejm session; the voicing of such a "free veto" nullified all the legislation that had been passed at that session; during the crisis of the second half of the 17th century, Polish nobles could also use the 2014:

noted that Polish customs and traditions were abandoned in favour of everything foreign, and neighbouring states continued to exploit Poland to their advantage. Moreover, Western Europe's increasing exploitation of resources in the Americas rendered the Commonwealth's supplies less crucial which

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and other magnates sponsored by Sweden. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was formally neutral at this point, as Augustus entered the war as Elector of Saxony. Disregarding Polish negotiation proposals supported by the Swedish parliament, Charles crossed into the Commonwealth and vanquished the

1854:

and the state became increasingly susceptible to foreign influence. The remaining European powers perpetually meddled in the country's affairs. Upon the death of a king, several royal houses actively intruded in the hope of securing votes for their desired candidates. The practice was common and

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Poland retained religious freedom laws during an era when religious persecution was an everyday occurrence in the rest of Europe. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was a place where the most radical religious sects, trying to escape persecution in other countries of the Christian world, sought

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underwent an alternating series of wars and alliances across the 13th and 14th centuries. The relations between the two states differed at times as each strived and competed for political, economic or military dominance of the region. In turn, Poland had remained a staunch ally of its southern

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Urban population of the Commonwealth was low compared to Western Europe. Exact numbers depend on calculation methods. According to one source, the urban population of the Commonwealth was about 20% of the total in the 17th century, compared to approximately 50% in the Netherlands and Italy

4598:

throughout its existence – it comprised countless religious identities and ethnic minorities inhabiting the country's vast territory. The precise number of minority groups and their populations can only be hypothesised. Statistically, the most prominent groups were the Poles, Lithuanians,

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wrote of 16th century Poland: "This country, which in our day we have seen divided on the pretext of religion, is the first state in Europe that exemplified tolerance. In this state, mosques arose between churches and synagogues." The Commonwealth gave rise to the famous Christian

3088:) extended across Poland–Lithuania, which was situated in the heart of Europe and attracted foreign merchants or settlers. Countless goods and cultural artefacts continued to pass from one region to another via the Commonwealth, particularly that the country was a link between the 2083:

Poniatowski's attempts at reform were met with staunch resistance both internally and externally. Any goal of stabilizing the Commonwealth was dangerous for its ambitious and aggressive neighbours. Like his predecessors, he sponsored artists and architects. In 1765 he founded the

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for the purpose of maintaining this formation. This formation was also paid for by the king, and in the peacetime, numbered about 3,500–4,000 men according to Bardach; Brzezinski gives the range of 3,000–5,000. It was composed mostly of the light cavalry units manned by nobility

2704:

called the constitution "a blow to the Prussian monarchy", fearing that a strengthened Poland would once again dominate Prussia. In the end, the 3 May Constitution was never fully implemented, and the Commonwealth entirely ceased to exist only four years after its adoption.

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also contributed by financing Frederick, whose election took place in June 1697. Many questioned the legality of his elevation to the throne; it was speculated that the Prince of Conti had received more votes and was the rightful heir. Frederick hurried with

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Podobną opinię przekazał nieco późnej, w 1577 r. Marcin Kromer "Za naszej pamięci weszli do głównych miast Polski kupcy i rzemieślnicy włoscy, a język ich jest także częściowo w użyciu, mianowicie wśród wytworniejszych Polaków, którzy chętnie podróżują do

212: 1356:, and profiting from the lucrative trade with France. It was also believed that an Austrian Archduke could be too powerful and attempt to limit noble privileges. French envoys had also offered large amounts of bribes, amounting to several hundred thousand 2541:(1576–86), the kings of foreign origin were inclined to subordinate the interests of the Commonwealth to those of their own country and ruling house. This was especially visible in the policies and actions of the first two elected kings from the Swedish 1739:

asked the Tsar to incorporate Ukraine as an autonomous duchy under Russian protection. Russian annexation of Zaporizhian Ukraine gradually supplanted Polish influence in that part of Europe. In the years following, Polish settlers, nobles, Catholics and

5088:– officially recognised; dominant language, used by most of the Commonwealth's nobility and by the peasantry in the Crown province; official language in the Crown chancellery and since 1697 in the Grand Duchy chancellery. Dominant language in the towns. 1849:

John Sobieski's death in 1696 arguably ended the period of national sovereignty, and Poland's relative authority over the region dwindled swiftly. By the 18th century, destabilization of its political system brought the Commonwealth to the brink of

5864: 3164:

The military in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth evolved from the merger of the armies from the Polish Kingdom and from the Grand Lithuanian Duchy, though each state maintained its own division. The united armed forces comprised the Crown Army

2267:). Over time, the Henrician Articles were merged with the pacta conventa, specific pledges agreed to by the king-elect. From that point onwards, the king was effectively a partner with the noble class and was constantly supervised by a group of 6138: 3055:). Another source suggests much lower figures: 4–8% urban population in Poland, 34–39% in the Netherlands and 22–23% in Italy. The Commonwealth's preoccupation with agriculture, coupled with the nobles' privileged position when compared to the 9538: 15688: 6666:, first published in 1621, writes of Poland: "Poland is a receptacle of all religions, where Samosetans, Socinians, Photinians ..., Arians, Anabaptists are to be found"; "In Europe, Poland and Amsterdam are the common sanctuaries ". 1588:

that granted Poland–Lithuania extensive territories in the east and marked its largest territorial expansion. At least five million Russians died between 1598 and 1613, the result of continuous conflict, famine and Sigismund's invasion.

4829:: "You could live here in accordance with your ideas and preferences, in great, even the greatest freedoms, including writing and publishing. No one is a censor here." Others, particularly the leaders of the Roman Catholic church, the 2670:

These reforms came too late, however, as the Commonwealth was immediately invaded from all sides by its neighbors, which had been content to leave the Commonwealth alone as a weak buffer state, but reacted strongly to attempts by king

5773: 1899:

ruled Poland–Lithuania and Saxony simultaneously, dividing power between the two states. In spite of his controversial means of attaining power, Augustus II lavishly spent on the arts and left an extensive cultural and architectural

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The art and music of the Commonwealth was largely shaped by prevailing European trends, though the country's minorities, foreigners as well as native folk cultures also contributed to its versatile nature. A common art form of the

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L'union personnelle polono-saxonne contribua davantage à faire connaître en Pologne le français que l'allemand. Cette fonction de la langue française, devenue l'instrument de communication entre les groupes dirigeants des deux

6934:, Pimlico 1997, p. 554: "Poland–Lithuania was another country which experienced its 'Golden Age' during the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The realm of the last Jagiellons was absolutely the largest state in Europe" 2262:

The monarch's power was limited in favour of a sizable noble class. Each new king had to pledge to uphold the Henrician Articles, which were the basis of Poland's political system (and included near-unprecedented guarantees of

5279:, saw the participation of the Lithuanian state in the old Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth mostly in a negative light at the early stages of regaining its independence, although this attitude has been changing in recent years. 3247:

excluding special units; the Lithuanian Army was to be subdivided into two divisions, eight field regiments and two cavalry brigades excluding special units. If implemented, the reform predicted an army of almost 100,000 men.

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had proven an irresistible magnet for the non-Polish nobility in the Commonwealth. Many referred to themselves as "gente Ruthenus, natione Polonus" (Ruthenian by blood, Polish by nationality) since the 16th century onwards.

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They were the first Catholic schools in which one of the main languages of instruction was Polish. Although he followed Locke in attaching weight to the native language, in general Latin lost ground to French rather than

5894: 1144:. A fundamental step in developing extensive ties with Lithuania was a succession crisis arising in the 1380s. Louis died on 10 September 1382 and, like his uncle, did not produce a son to succeed him. His two daughters, 1008:

Western Europeans often simplified the name to 'Poland' and in most past and modern sources it is referred to as the Kingdom of Poland, or just Poland. The terms 'Commonwealth of Poland' and 'Commonwealth of Two Nations'

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Thus, at the time of the first partition in 1772, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth consisted of 43 per cent Latin Catholics, 33 per cent Greek Catholics, 10 per cent Christian Orthodox, 9 per cent Jews and 4 per cent

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and other reformers to strengthen the country. Russia feared the revolutionary implications of the 3 May Constitution's political reforms and the prospect of the Commonwealth regaining its position as a European power.

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to produce surpluses for internal and external trade. This economic arrangement worked well for the ruling classes and nobles in the early years of the Commonwealth, which was one of the most prosperous eras of the

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While the term "Poland" was also commonly used to denote this whole polity, Poland was in fact only part of a greater whole – the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which comprised primarily two parts:

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in 1572 – after nearly two centuries – disrupted the fragile equilibrium of the Commonwealth's government. Power increasingly slipped away from the central government to the nobility.

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The Crown had about double the population of Lithuania and five times the income of the latter's treasury. As with other countries, the borders, area and population of the Commonwealth varied over time. After the

4246:. The largest projects involved entire towns, although in time many of them would lapse into obscurity or were abandoned. These towns were generally named after the sponsoring magnate. Among the most prominent is 1716:, proved to be weak and impotent. The multicultural and mega-diverse federation already suffered domestic problems. As persecution of religious and ethnic minorities strengthened, several groups started to rebel. 1187:, a kingdom ruled over by two sovereigns; their descendants and successive monarchs held the titles of king and grand duke respectively. The ultimate clause dictated that Lithuania was to be merged in perpetuity ( 2463:

Act of 1505) that no monarch could hope to break the szlachta's grip on power. The Commonwealth's political system is difficult to fit into a simple category, but it can be tentatively described as a mixture of:

1276:

was established. Whilst the military remained separate, a unified foreign policy meant that Lithuanian troops were obliged to contribute during a conflict not to their advantage. As a result, several Lithuanian

3267:("continuous defense") about 1,500–3,000 strong, paid for by the king, and primarily stationed at the troubled southern and eastern borders. It was supplemented by two formations mobilised in case of war – the 6089: 2271:. The Sejm could veto the king on important matters, including legislation (the adoption of new laws), foreign affairs, declaration of war, and taxation (changes of existing taxes or the levying of new ones). 7580:

describes the advent of modern codified national constitutions as one of the milestones of democracy, and states that "The first European country to follow the U.S. example was Poland in 1791." John Markoff,

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seaport on the Baltic and Poland's wealthiest region. Gdańsk at the time was inhabited by a German-speaking majority and further hosted large numbers of foreign merchants, particularly of Scottish, Dutch or

12977:

In 1600 the son of the chancellor of Poland was learning four languages: Latin, Greek, Turkish, and Polish. By the time he had completed his studies, he was fluent not only in Turkish but also in Tatar and

6048: 4821:, relying heavily on methods of persuasion and legal means. As a result, compared to many other European countries, the conflict between the Catholics and the Protestants in Poland was relatively peaceful. 2868:. Cereals, cattle and fur amounted to nearly 90% of the country's exports to European markets by overland and maritime trade in the 16th century. From Gdańsk, ships carried cargo to the major ports of the 1994:

in 1703. Charles then succeeded in dethroning Augustus and coercing the Sejm (parliament) to replace him with Stanisław in 1704. Augustus regained the throne in 1709, but his own death in 1733 sparked the

11633:

Obraz świata i Rzeczypospolitej w polskich gazetach rękopiśmiennych z okresu późnego baroku: studium z dziejów kształtowania się i rozpowszechniania sarmackich stereotypów wiedzy i informacji o "theatrum

5831: 10526: 1268:, attended by envoys from both nations. It was agreed that the merger will take place the same year and both parliaments will be fused into a joint assembly. No independent parliamentary convocation or 6363: 1667:, he reclaimed regions of Livonia and the Baltics which were lost during the Polish-Swedish wars. Unlike his father who worshipped the Habsburgs, Władysław sought closer ties with France and married 1580:

was transported in a cage to Warsaw where he paid a tribute to Sigismund; Vasili was later murdered in captivity. The Commonwealth forces were eventually driven out on 4 November 1612 (celebrated as

6029: 211: 19093: 3283:, recruited by the Polish commanders for the conflict. It differed from other European mercenary formations in that it was commanded by Polish officers, and dissolved after the conflict has ended. 2471:

and federation, with regard to the broad autonomy of its regions. It is, however, difficult to decisively call the Commonwealth either confederation or federation, as it had some qualities of both;

4965:

As a result, in the eastern territories a Polish (or Polonised) aristocracy dominated a peasantry whose great majority was neither Polish nor Catholic. Moreover, the decades of peace brought huge

2714: 5957: 19068: 2533:. This policy often produced monarchs who were either totally ineffective or in constant debilitating conflict with the nobility. Furthermore, aside from notable exceptions such as the able 6110: 4813:

signed on 28 January 1573 secured the rights of minorities and religions; it allowed all persons to practice any faith freely, though religious tolerance varied at times. As outlined by

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despite the fact that it was still an independent state. A majority of control over Poland was central to Catherine's diplomatic and military strategies. Attempts at reform, such as the

17805: 15468: 5809:

formed the Commonwealth's northern border. As with most European countries at the time, the Commonwealth had extensive forest cover, especially in the east. Today, what remains of the

10995: 6161: 4198:. Another characteristic is the common usage of black marble. Altars, fonts, portals, balustrades, columns, monuments, tombstones, headstones and whole rooms (e.g. Marble Room at the 118: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6307: 6302: 5288: 4722:

the Commonwealth's population was 14 million, including around 1 million nobles. In 1792, the population of Poland was around 11 million and included 750,000 nobles.

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The Commonwealth was an important European center for the development of modern social and political ideas. It was famous for its rare quasi-democratic political system, praised by

1085: 1081: 1077: 12640:

Although still sometimes in use by the end of the XVII century and lack of official decree like one for Grand Duchy chancellery, there was no separate Ruthenian Metrica since 1673.

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in 1618, the Commonwealth's population reached 12 million people, of which Poles constituted only 40%. At that time the nobility made up 10% of the entire population and the

2131:. By 1795, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had been completely erased from the map of Europe. Poland and Lithuania were not re-established as independent countries until 1918. 3963:

Music was a common feature of religious and secular events. To that end many noblemen founded church and school choirs, and employed their own ensembles of musicians. Some, like

6356: 6312: 4893:. Poland, as the culturally most advanced part of the Commonwealth, with the royal court, the capital, the largest cities, the second-oldest university in Central Europe (after 1348:). Henry already posed as a candidate before Sigismund's death and received widespread support from the pro-French factions. The choice was a political move aimed at curtailing 5993: 10649: 7714:

Zbior Deklaracyi, Not I Czynnosci Głownieyszych, Ktore Poprzedziły I Zaszły Pod Czas Seymu Pod Węzłem Konfederacyi Odprawuiącego Się Od Dnia 18. Wrzesnia 1772. Do 14 Maia 1773

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was more diverse than the Kingdom of Poland, and was deemed a melting pot of many cultures and religions. Hence, the inhabitants of the Grand Duchy were collectively known as

1892:

to Poland to quell any opposition. He was crowned as Augustus II in September and Conti's brief military engagement near Gdańsk in November of the same year proved fruitless.

5064:(1618), the Commonwealth had an area of some 990,000 km and a population of 11–12 million (including some 4 million Poles and close to a million Lithuanians). 8383:"Bitwa pod Byczyną. Zamoyski upokarza Habsburgów i gwarantuje tron Zygmuntowi III – HISTORIA.org.pl – historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne" 3222: 2937:

was forbidden in Poland in the 15th century, and formally abolished in Lithuania in 1588, replaced by the second enserfment. Typically a nobleman's landholding comprised a

1389:, as the next king. The decision was condemned by the anti-Habsburg coalition, which demanded a "native" candidate, known as "Piasts". As a compromise, on 13 December 1575 16799: 10803: 1374:

in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In June 1574, Henry abandoned Poland and headed back to claim the French crown following the death of his brother and predecessor,

9855:, Text of a presentation made at the Polish Arts Club of Buffalo on the occasion of the celebrations of Poland's Constitution Day on 3 May 1996. Retrieved 20 March 2006. 6349: 5144:– not officially recognised; but used in some official documents in the Grand Duchy and, mostly, used as a spoken language in the northernmost part of the country (in 3217: 4791: 2603:

calls the first of its kind in Europe. The revolutionary Constitution recast the erstwhile Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Polish–Lithuanian federal state with a

4989:(traditionally Orthodox), Polish and Ruthenian peasants. When the latter, deprived of their native protectors among the Ruthenian nobility, turned for protection to 7233: 6180: 10958: 9898: 6222: 1435:(Elbing). Báthory, unable to penetrate the city's extensive fortifications, succumbed to the demands for greater privileges and freedoms. However, his successful 15220: 6292: 19063: 124: 926:

After a long period of prosperity, the Commonwealth entered a period of protracted political, military, and economic decline. Its growing weakness led to its

16155: 5937: 5100:– not officially recognised; replaced Latin at the royal court in Warsaw in the beginning of the 18th century as a language used in foreign relations and as 1260:, who was childless and ailing. According to historians, it was his active involvement which hastened the process and made the union possible. A parliament ( 4701: 16170: 13669: 12221: 8832: 19058: 15563: 8882: 7254: 4825:

refuge. In 1561 Giovanni Bernardino Bonifacio d'Oria, a religious exile living in Poland, wrote of his adopted country's virtues to a colleague back in

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populations were much simpler in décor than those in other parts of Poland–Lithuania. Mutual influence was further reflected in the great popularity of

17689: 16080: 12038: 8911: 6247: 3117: 11277: 10230:

Economy and culture in the Baltic, 1650–1700: papers of the VIIIth Visby Symposium held at Gotland's Historical Museum, Visby, August 18th–22th , 1986

9752: 7724:

Name used for the common state, Henryk Rutkowski, Terytorium, w: Encyklopedia historii gospodarczej Polski do 1945 roku, t. II, Warszawa 1981, s. 398.

8382: 7474: 5294: 3174: 2140: 10577: 2999:. Most of the river shipping moved north, southward transport being less profitable, and barges and rafts were often sold off in Gdańsk for lumber. 7044: 7033: 6447: 6442: 859:, enforced the merger to strengthen frontiers of his dominion and maintain unity as he remained childless. His death in 1572 marked the end of the 7240:

academic journal mission statement: "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was ... characterized by religious tolerance unusual in premodern Europe"

4321:(between the entrance court and the garden). Its architecture – a merger of European art with old Commonwealth building traditions are visible in 16119: 13593: 11694: 11534: 10045: 9402: 4301: 3766:). He also authored instructions for the journey of his sons to Kraków (1640) and France (1645), a good example of liberal education of the era. 1167:, but certain factions of the nobility remained apprehensive believing that William would not secure domestic interests. Instead, they turned to 12991: 12339: 11979: 10338: 8007: 7671:

Ex quo serenissima respublica Poloniae in corpore ad exempluin omnium aliarnm potentiarum, lilulum regiuin Borussiae recognoscere decrevit (...)

1029:. The English term Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and German Polen–Litauen are seen as renderings of the 'Commonwealth of Two Nations' variant. 17736: 16544: 12794: 7367:"In the mid-1500s, united Poland was the largest state in Europe and perhaps the continent's most powerful state politically and militarily". " 7136: 2769:

Cereals exports in the years 1619–1799. Agriculture, once extremely profitable to the nobility, became much less so after the mid-17th century.

2308: 1632: 1596: 891: 507: 11842: 10553: 16085: 16075: 12502: 12363: 9592: 5877: 12415: 12391: 11076:Łyczak, Bartłomiej (1 January 2011). "The Coffin Portrait and Celebration of Death in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Modern Period". 9618: 9616: 9424: 2959:

usually signed a contract with merchants of Gdańsk, who controlled 80% of this inland trade, to ship the grain north to that seaport on the

2096:, the oldest military decoration still in use. Stanisław August also admired the culture of ancient kingdoms, particularly Rome and Greece; 19088: 16368: 15595: 14268: 14096: 14011: 13750: 13072: 4124:(or "Dutch") style as their primary form of architectural expression, comparable to that of the Netherlands, Belgium, northern Germany and 11798: 11649:

W każdym razie "królowa bez korony i pierwsza dama Rzeczypospolitej", jak współcześni określali Sieniawską, zasługuje na biografię naukową

3788: 1250: 18973: 18412: 18329: 16871: 16097: 15448: 11188: 9613: 7119: 6718: 5977: 5483: 2502: 1272:

was henceforth permitted. Subjects of the Polish Crown were no longer restricted in purchasing land on Lithuanian territory and a single

12838: 9885: 9848: 9779: 9139: 1245:, but did not accept Polish demands for the incorporation of the Grand Duchy into Poland as a mere province, with no sense of autonomy. 18983: 15902: 15767: 9809: 5461: 1502: 12862: 11785:

Total and Jewish population based on Frazee; others are estimations from Pogonowski (see the following reference). Charles A. Frazee,

8957: 2493:, since the monarch was bound by pacta conventa and other laws, and the szlachta could disobey any king's decrees they deemed illegal. 1246: 481: 19083: 19078: 17434: 12689: 12486: 11380: 8156: 6186: 1868: 1760: 1645:; this neutrality spared the country from the ravages of a political-religious conflict that devastated most of contemporary Europe. 12202: 6763:

formed part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth which was ruled by Catholic monarchs who made Roman Catholicism the state religion

3917:

The religious cultures of Poland–Lithuania coexisted and penetrated each other for the entirety of the Commonwealth's history – the

2323:), "agreed-to agreements" negotiated with the king-elect, including a bill of rights, binding on the king, derived from the earlier 18993: 18978: 17505: 15658: 15392: 15328: 14165: 11500: 10414: 10070: 4068:

The architecture of the cities in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth reflected a combination of Polish, German and Italian trends.

1281:

deplored the accords and left the assembly in protest. Sigismund II used his authority as grand duke and enforced the Act of Union

11998: 8404: 5920: 19023: 19008: 18988: 18266: 17854: 16749: 15822: 15583: 15419: 14483: 11699:(in Polish). Poznań: Wydawn. Nauk. Instytutu Nauk Politycznych i Dziennikarstwa Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza. p. 168. 11202: 8665:. Vol. From the Fall of Constantinople, in 1453, to the War in the Crimea, in 1857. Volume 2. London: J. Murray. p. 504 8152:

class. From that point, the king was effectively a partner with the noble class and constantly supervised by a group of senators.

3194: 1912:

into a modern palatial residence. Countless landmarks and monuments in the city bear a name referencing the Saxon kings, notably

12169: 9992: 7508: 6865: 6257: 6009: 4795: 4155: 3964: 1648:

During this period, Poland was experiencing a cultural awakening and extensive developments in arts and architecture; the first

19073: 17947: 17699: 17346: 16363: 16175: 15693: 15568: 15531: 15409: 13755: 13044: 11814: 9928: 4928: 4171: 1712:

The Commonwealth's power and stability began waning after a series of blows during the following decades. Władysław's brother,

1620: 12186: 11466: 5438:

countries: Poland, Ukraine, Moldova (Transnistria), Belarus, Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia. Also some small towns in

3979:

were known for their sponsorship of arts which manifested itself in their permanently retained orchestras, at their courts in

2549:(1655), one of the events that mark the end of the Commonwealth's Golden Age and the beginning of the Commonwealth's decline. 1940: 1735:, for protection by the Russian Tsar. In 1651, in the face of a growing threat from Poland, and forsaken by his Tatar allies, 1132:, died on 5 November 1370 without fathering a legitimate male heir. Consequently, the crown passed onto his Hungarian nephew, 19018: 16784: 16283: 16160: 16047: 14535: 14090: 13570: 13551: 13528: 13509: 13490: 13454: 13397: 13380: 13348:

After a fire had destroyed a wooden synagogue in 1733 Stanislaw Lubomirski decided to found a new bricked synagogue building.

13209: 13126: 13028: 12549: 12144: 12113: 11962: 11935: 11729: 11704: 11608: 11544: 11510: 11476: 11449: 11390: 11287: 11164: 11005: 10813: 10684: 10352: 10264: 10080: 10002: 9694: 9634: 9548: 9467: 9434: 9363: 9336: 9309: 9276: 9244: 9203: 9100: 9075: 9050: 9023: 9013: 8996: 8967: 8732: 8636: 8599: 8565: 8531: 8497: 8451: 8200: 8091: 8017: 7990: 7941: 7771: 7518: 6955: 6902: 6875: 6756: 5855: 5127: 17: 14500: 12528: 11567: 9725: 8843: 5749:(1618), the Commonwealth had an area of some 1 million km (990,000 km) and a population of about 11 million. 2103:

Politically, however, the vast Commonwealth was in steady decline and by 1768, it started to be considered by Russians as a

1652:

king openly sponsored foreign painters, craftsmen, musicians and engineers, who settled in the Commonwealth at his request.

1298:

during which adjustments were made to the constitutional system; these adjustments significantly increased the power of the

94: 19013: 19003: 17954: 16835: 16815: 16789: 16102: 15958: 15600: 13720: 11154: 9540:

In the Shadows of Poland and Russia: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Sweden in the European Crisis of the Mid-17th Century

7751: 7144: 4270:

between 1627 and 1644, had several courtyards surrounded by fortifications. Similar fortified complexes include castles in

3063:. The nobility could also regulate the price of grain for their advantage, thus acquiring much wealth. Some of the largest 2773:

The economy of the Commonwealth was predominantly based on agricultural output and trade, though there was an abundance of

1604: 12662: 3715: 942:, during the late 18th century. Shortly before its demise, the Commonwealth adopted a major reform effort and enacted the 18998: 18927: 17885: 17674: 17652: 17132: 17052: 16861: 16702: 16418: 16247: 16227: 15915: 14988: 12453: 12234:

Europeanisation, national identities, and migration: changes in boundary constructions between Western and Eastern Europe

10866:

Jacek F. Gieras (1994). "Volume 30 of Monographs in electrical and electronic engineering, Oxford science publications".

10394: 10196: 4028: 1829: 1291:

was passed by the gathered deputies and signed by attendees on 1 July, thus creating the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

1191:) with the Polish Kingdom; however, this did not take effect until 1569. Jogaila was crowned as Władysław II Jagiełło at 1026: 12706: 12043: 11129: 11104: 10969: 5564:), westernmost and most autonomous part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania, also the western part of Lithuania Proper, capital 5094:– officially recognised; commonly used in foreign relations and popular as a second language among some of the nobility. 946:, which was the first codified constitution in modern European history and the second in modern world history after the 19123: 19118: 19113: 17817: 17764: 17731: 17726: 16968: 16897: 16107: 15855: 15615: 13479:

An Unproclaimed Empire: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania: From the Viewpoint of Comparative Historical Sociology of Empires

11414: 8081: 7646: 3327: 2015:

resulted in financial losses. Augustus III spent little time in the Commonwealth, instead preferring the Saxon city of

911:, which tightly circumscribed royal authority. The country also exhibited unusual levels of ethnic diversity and great 16496: 13218: 11439: 5114:; officially recognised; official language in the Grand Duchy chancellery until 1697 (when replaced by Polish) and in 2477:, as only the szlachta (nobility) – around 15% of the population – had political rights; 1860: 1481:, who reigned between 1587 and 1632, presided over an era of prosperity and territorial expansion of the Commonwealth. 18010: 17834: 17578: 17137: 17079: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16807: 16310: 15473: 15453: 14258: 13435: 13416: 13284: 13259: 13234: 13182: 13157: 13001: 12969: 12944: 12913: 12888: 12858: 12834: 12775: 12714: 12685: 12658: 12606: 12524: 12482: 12449: 12411: 12387: 12359: 12335: 12269: 12241: 12061: 12034: 11794: 11641: 11334: 11235: 11057: 10911: 10875: 10850: 10432: 10318: 10237: 10212: 10145: 9881: 9829: 9805: 9775: 9748: 9721: 9664: 9588: 9497: 8865: 8828: 8693: 8259: 8049: 7914: 7865: 7837: 7625: 7590: 7559: 7454: 7424: 7399: 7352: 7264: 7229: 7209: 7205: 7115: 6838: 5162:– officially recognised; used in some foreign relations, in Ducal Prussia and by German minorities especially in the 4993:

that facilitated violence which in the end broke the Commonwealth. The tensions were aggravated by conflicts between

4469: 3447: 3251:

The armies of those states differed from the organization common in other parts of Europe; according to Bardach, the

1842: 1672: 1386: 1218: 947: 31: 16052: 8722: 3779: 19143: 19108: 19103: 19098: 19053: 18912: 18507: 17810: 17192: 17167: 17067: 16025: 14803: 12729:' in 1552...//Courts juratory were written in Lithuanian language. In fact, such survived from the 17th century... 9487: 8041: 7445: 6422: 5651: 5357: 5104:. It was commonly used as a language of science and literature and as a second language among some of the nobility. 4011:

for the royal orchestra. Notable home grown musicians, who also composed and played for the King's court, included

3485: 3235:

approved landslide reforms and defined future structures of the military; the Crown Army was to be split into four

2089: 1723:

inhabiting south-eastern borderlands of the Commonwealth rioted against Polish and Catholic oppression of Orthodox

1444: 1344:. Approximately 40,000 nobles cast a vote in what was to become a centuries-long tradition of a nobles' democracy ( 726: 13085: 10927: 7678:

Histoire des trois démembremens de la Pologne: pour faire suite à l'histoire de l'Anarchie de Pologne par Rulhière

7344:

The Struggle for the Eurasian Borderlands. From the Rise of Early Modern Empires to the End of the First World War

7123: 1932:). First manufactories producing on a mass scale were opened to satisfy the demands of the nobility as consumers. 451: 19138: 19133: 19128: 18937: 18540: 18405: 18117: 17583: 16476: 16070: 16030: 14201: 13745: 8487: 4920: 4499: 4365: 2685: 9833: 7091:

Stone, Daniel, The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795, Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2001.

6130: 5060:(1582), the Commonwealth had approximately 815,000 km area and a population of 7.5 million. After the 4698:. There was a tendency for the people from the more densely inhabited western territories to migrate eastwards. 4548:

as a language of thought or expression; and served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility by creating an almost

4447: 4374: 3947: 2672: 2073: 2023:

as viceroy and minister of Polish affairs who in turn left the politics to Polish magnate families, such as the

408: 18724: 18557: 18495: 18177: 18167: 17642: 16551: 16383: 16322: 15895: 15848: 15404: 15341: 14780: 14283: 13543: 13068: 11912: 11908: 11598: 10154: 9709: 7325: 7296: 7064: 5648:), a joint domain of the Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Parts lost to Sweden in the 1620s and in 1660; 5317: 4163: 2189: 1100: 699: 10474: 10386: 8940: 5704:) was not within the Commonwealth, but small parts belonged to various Commonwealth kings; in particular, the 4777:, culture and identity became vulnerable; the country's name was changed to "Commonwealth of Poland" in 1791. 3827:. Polish monarchs and nobles frequently invited and sponsored foreign painters and artisans, notably from the 3413: 2747:(Danzig), the Commonwealth's chief seaport and trading centre from which goods would be transported along the 1230: 1155:

The Polish lords rejected Mary in favour of her younger sister Jadwiga, partly due to Mary's association with

919:, though the practical degree of religious freedom varied. Poland acted as the dominant partner in the union. 18932: 18841: 18015: 17844: 17637: 17086: 16856: 16659: 16614: 16609: 16522: 16486: 16124: 15973: 15673: 14617: 13135: 12809: 10500: 6427: 6392: 6055: 4818: 2701: 1787: 1156: 462: 420: 9040: 6144: 4336: 4187: 19043: 18129: 18087: 18061: 17925: 17915: 17839: 17684: 17669: 17498: 16649: 16344: 15538: 15426: 15321: 15271: 14253: 14241: 13760: 13465: 12721:

Official usage of Lithuanian language in the 16th century Lithuania's cities proves magistrate's decree of

11676: 5591: 4390: 3951: 2595:

The Commonwealth did eventually make a serious effort to reform its political system, adopting in 1791 the

1996: 1619:. This secured the Turkish frontier for the duration of Sigismund's rule. In spite of the victories in the 8755: 7470: 7041: 7030: 4076:

had a profound impact on traditional burgher architecture which can be observed to this day – castles and

3492:, formed in 1773, was the world's first national Ministry of Education. Commonwealth scientists included: 3326:

Following the end of the Commonwealth, the Polish–Lithuanian military tradition would be continued by the

2088:, the first state school in Poland for all classes of society. In 1773 the king and parliament formed the 18891: 18886: 18502: 18039: 17822: 17746: 17369: 17057: 16998: 16973: 16917: 16742: 16332: 16293: 16252: 16210: 16008: 15812: 15712: 15134: 15048: 14943: 14858: 14775: 14273: 14145: 14000: 13625: 13602: 12651:

Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: History, Data, Analysis

12262:

Imperfect communities: identity, discourse and nation in the seventeenth-century Grand Duchy of Lithuania

12136: 10585: 6397: 6235: 5371: 4765:

sought to minimise the Commonwealth's diversity; the aim was to root out some minorities by imposing the

4235: 3331: 3157:

Militia, a local guard formation in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the 16th and 17th centuries

2546: 2545:, whose politics brought the Commonwealth into conflict with Sweden, culminating in the war known as the 1978: 1925: 1513:

sealed Sigismund's right to the throne of Poland and Sweden. Sigismund's long reign marked an end to the

1141: 374: 9626:

The headless state: aristocratic orders, kinship society, & misrepresentations of nomadic inner Asia

1991: 1802:

Ottomans. For its centuries-long opposition to Muslim advances, the Commonwealth would gain the name of

18947: 18942: 18398: 18261: 18094: 18000: 17959: 17849: 17664: 17404: 17336: 17219: 16866: 16851: 16776: 16449: 16257: 16242: 16222: 16165: 16092: 15817: 15573: 15558: 15463: 15281: 15196: 14785: 14683: 12569: 10129: 9175: 6275: 6126: 5213: 5077: 3622: 3463: 2596: 2586: 2116: 2061: 1982: 1804: 1798:

marked the final turning point in the 250-year struggle between the forces of Christian Europe and the

1779:, which became a major European power in the 18th century and proved to be Poland's most enduring foe. 1234: 943: 600: 587: 14973: 13623:

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – Maps, history of cities in Poland, Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania

12178: 12161: 11354: 9399: 8033: 6694: 6216:

architecture in Europe, consistently built in accordance with the Italian theories of an "ideal town".

5457:

Other notable parts of the Commonwealth, without respect to region or voivodeship divisions, include:

3843:), Germany or Italy. The interiors of upper-class residences, palaces and manors were adorned by wall 3606: 3031: 2010:

The relative peace and inactivity that followed only weakened Poland's reputation on the world stage.

1951: 923:

of nobles was generally voluntary, but state efforts at religious conversion were sometimes resisted.

907:(some 15% of the population). The king and his government were bound by a constitutional statute, the 19048: 19038: 19028: 18917: 18671: 18632: 17827: 17800: 17439: 17316: 17197: 17147: 17025: 16932: 16907: 16669: 16534: 16351: 16305: 16040: 16035: 15888: 15610: 15480: 15251: 14938: 14873: 14863: 14848: 14183: 14130: 14040: 12983: 11903:, Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795, Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 126. 11204:

Dialog. Miesiȩcznik poświȩcony dramaturgii współczesnej, teatralnej, filmowej, radiowej, telewizyjnej

10072:

Polska samorządna; ilustrowane dzieje administracji i samorządu terytorialnego na tle historii Polski

9133: 8591:

The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 4, The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War, 1609–48/49

7256:

Citizenship and Ethnicity: The Growth and Development of a Democratic Multiethnic Institution (notes)

6662: 5885: 4917: 4370: 3972: 3918: 3545: 3007:

in 1569, which became a checkpoint for merchants travelling to the Crown lands from the Grand Duchy.

2581: 2510: 2298: 2097: 2065: 2057: 1999:

in which Stanisław once more attempted to seize the crown, this time with the support of France. The

1498: 868: 613: 574: 15073: 4944: 4243: 3954:). Conversely, Latin infiltration into Ruthenian Orthodox and Protestant art was also conventional ( 3484:(established in 1579) they were the major scholarly and scientific centers in the Commonwealth. The 2963:. Countless rivers and waterways in the Commonwealth were used for shipping purposes, including the 2237:("The King reigns but does not govern"). The Commonwealth had a parliament, the Sejm, as well as a 1659:

succeeded him as Władysław IV in 1632 with no major opposition. A skilled tactician, he invested in

18091: 17632: 17588: 16978: 16942: 16922: 16461: 16444: 16356: 15953: 15653: 15397: 15382: 14693: 14673: 14638: 14591: 14545: 13897: 13713: 9966: 7577: 7317: 7103: 6039: 5378: 5326: 5072: 4954:

was converted into a mosque during the Turkish occupation between 1672 and 1699, with the 33-meter

4739: 3976: 3437: 2459:

of monarchy. In time, the szlachta accumulated enough privileges (such as those established by the

2406: 2250: 2216: 2085: 2000: 1538: 1222: 1164: 1116: 1104: 804: 713: 12533: 11021: 9326: 7682: 4746:

regardless of their nationality, with the exception of Jews residing in Lithuania who were called

4373:

replaced Baroque by the second half of the 18th century – the last ruler of the Poland–Lithuania,

4120:" above the cornice on the façade. Cities in northern Poland–Lithuania and in Livonia adopted the 18922: 18580: 18301: 18144: 18112: 18081: 17920: 17890: 17774: 17491: 17157: 17127: 17035: 16912: 16794: 16327: 16298: 16145: 16013: 15724: 15590: 15548: 15521: 15372: 15314: 14571: 14263: 14246: 14236: 14211: 14055: 13781: 12375: 7738: 7487: 7200:, Vol. 1: "The Origins to 1795", Vol. 2: "1795 to the Present". Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6985: 6709: 6657: 5944: 4651:), who were either categorised as merchants, settlers or refugees fleeing religious persecution. 4214:) were extensively decorated with black marble, which became popular after the mid-17th century. 3856: 3743: 3697: 3477: 3182: 2689: 2490: 2165: 2092:, the first Ministry of Education in European history. In 1792, the king ordered the creation of 1825: 1705: 1693: 1688: 1612: 1337: 887: 371: 332: 11532: 10903: 9301: 7750:

1791 document signed by the King Stanislaw August "Zareczenie wzaiemne Oboyga Narodow" pp. 1, 5

5964: 5192:– not officially recognised; used in some foreign relations and by Italian minorities in cities. 5009:

uprisings. In the west and north, many cities had sizable German minorities, often belonging to

4419: 2529:

exhibited a preference for foreign candidates who would not establish a strong and long-lasting

1340:, was proclaimed King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in the first royal election outside 18746: 18575: 18336: 18172: 18122: 17417: 17412: 17356: 17249: 17187: 17003: 16983: 16735: 16619: 16539: 16481: 16408: 16317: 16198: 15648: 15552: 15291: 15206: 15053: 14765: 14698: 14566: 14515: 14447: 14347: 14337: 14135: 14070: 13877: 13806: 13653: 13649: 12741: 7052: 5810: 5687: 5031: 4773:, Polish culture and the Roman Catholic religion where possible. By the late 18th century, the 4032: 4012: 3943: 3557: 3370: 2765: 2568:. The Commonwealth's political system was vulnerable to outside interference, as Sejm deputies 2553: 2375: 2161: 2004: 1872: 1838: 1756: 1656: 1546: 1238: 1145: 1057: 171: 13449:. Vol. I: The Making of the Polish–Lithuanian Union, 1385–1569. Oxford University Press. 12726: 12130: 11925: 10424:

Russia's foreign trade and economic expansion in the seventeenth century: windows on the world

8589: 6801: 6722: 6167: 5908:

patronised by the Polish court flourished as the center for amber working in the 17th century.

5115: 4429: 2397:

had its own parliament (sejmik), which exercised serious political power, including choice of

2011: 1415:

supported Bathory as he wanted to promote a princely or ducal candidate. He also endorsed the

18826: 18691: 18276: 18139: 18056: 17910: 17714: 17389: 17341: 17172: 17117: 17008: 16624: 16576: 16471: 16403: 16395: 16288: 16271: 15807: 15792: 15782: 15739: 15543: 15516: 15377: 15276: 15256: 15236: 15099: 15063: 15018: 14963: 14755: 14750: 14525: 14472: 14297: 14206: 14175: 14115: 14065: 13847: 13837: 13504:. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press. 13149: 13143: 11952: 10674: 10449: 10379: 9845: 9234: 9195: 7936:, translated by Walter J. Renfroe, Budapest: Central European University Press, p. 182, 7617: 7551: 6945: 6253: 6083:, a series of elegies upon the death of his beloved daughter, is an acknowledged masterpiece. 5924: 5272: 5119: 5057: 4308: 4179: 4069: 3906:. Folk flower motifs as well as Polish fashion were popularised in the form of a back-draped 3529: 3343: 3213: 3200:

The most prestigious formation of the two respective armes were their 16th- and 17th-century

2680:

regarded the May constitution as fatal to her influence and declared the Polish constitution

2156: 2028: 1855:

apparent, and the selection was often the result of hefty bribes directed at corrupt nobles.

1534: 1257: 985:

In the 17th century and later it was also known as the 'Most Serene Commonwealth of Poland' (

856: 14427: 11254:

Obrona Żydów zamieszkałych w krajach polskich od niesłusznych zarzutów i fałszywych oskarzeń

7701:

Polonia sive de situ, populis, moribus, magistratibus et re publica regni Polonici libri duo

3459: 3140:

formation serving the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland throughout the 16th and 17th centuries.

3015: 2834: 2195: 2020: 18881: 18876: 18816: 18751: 18656: 18271: 18224: 18134: 18051: 18025: 17937: 17930: 17900: 17788: 17622: 17605: 17573: 17427: 17291: 17152: 17047: 16988: 16695: 16664: 16639: 16586: 16556: 16508: 16432: 16413: 16237: 16112: 16003: 15968: 15923: 15787: 15734: 15698: 15605: 15526: 15436: 15261: 15180: 15144: 15094: 14953: 14878: 14663: 14540: 14332: 14107: 14085: 14080: 14045: 13987: 13661: 12298: 12288: 11660:

Andrzej Wasko, Sarmatism or the Enlightenment: <space>The Dilemma of Polish Culture,

10376:

Revolt and revolution in early modern Europe: an essay on the history of political violence

9869: 6437: 6060: 5798: 5430:

The lands that once belonged to the Commonwealth are now largely distributed among several

5248: 4878: 4854: 4810: 4786: 4754: 4382: 4356: 4199: 4147: 4117: 3907: 3883: 3797: 3723: 3433: 3385: 3351: 3060: 2659: 2622: 2518: 2445: 2425: 2336: 2331: 2264: 2239: 2120: 2053: 2044: 2032: 1924:. The period saw the development of urban planning, street allocation, hospitals, schools ( 1909: 1901: 1864: 1744:

became the victims of retaliation massacres instigated by the Cossacks in their dominions.

1732: 1728: 1668: 1664: 1642: 1394: 1375: 1183:

on 14 August 1385. The Act imposed Christianity in Lithuania and transformed Poland into a

958:

The official name of the state was the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (

927: 916: 875: 860: 525: 10280: 9874:

The Price of Freedom: A History of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the Present

8164: 7368: 3875: 3455: 3127: 3059:, resulted in a fairly slow process of urbanization and thus a rather slow development of 1987: 1663:, modernised the army and fiercely defended the Commonwealth's eastern borders. Under the 439: 8: 18846: 18776: 18719: 18636: 18462: 18341: 18149: 18076: 18071: 17873: 17859: 17721: 17394: 17384: 17311: 17276: 17182: 17074: 17062: 17042: 17015: 16993: 16885: 16599: 16594: 16566: 16561: 16491: 16466: 15749: 15744: 15683: 15578: 15499: 15286: 15231: 15068: 15058: 15043: 15033: 14998: 14928: 14843: 14813: 14760: 14477: 14231: 14226: 14125: 14120: 13887: 13842: 13801: 13706: 12822: 12206: 10997:

Constitutions, Elections, and Legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: A Guide to Their History

10344: 8622: 8443:

Warrior Kings of Sweden. The Rise of an Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

6610: 6568: 6529: 6500: 6466: 6417: 6412: 5769: 5679: 5655: 5549: 5527: 5199: 5141: 5131: 5045: 4898: 4774: 4762: 4714: 4175: 3537: 3501: 3381: 3236: 2677: 2637: 2604: 2405:) to the national Sejm and charging of the deputy with specific voting instructions. The 2402: 2212: 2200: 2077: 1856: 1577: 1526: 1494: 1329: 1320: 1061: 967: 912: 825: 548: 493: 303: 198: 16501: 11954:

Commemorating the Polish Renaissance Child: Funeral Monuments and Their European Context

10371: 7676: 6979: 5138:) were widely used in the Grand Duchy and eastern parts of the Crown as spoken language. 4220:

often undertook construction projects as monuments to themselves: churches, cathedrals,

3480:

is one of the oldest universities in the world (established in 1364), together with the

3148: 2412:

Golden Liberty created a state that was unusual for its time, although somewhat similar

1253:, two prominent nobles and military commanders in Lithuania, vocally opposed the union. 19033: 18952: 18856: 18640: 18592: 18587: 18490: 18480: 18437: 18429: 18365: 18324: 18256: 18159: 18104: 18020: 17995: 17973: 17769: 17694: 17523: 17374: 17321: 17281: 16956: 16711: 16654: 16629: 16604: 16232: 15983: 15963: 15841: 15777: 15759: 15636: 15511: 15458: 15414: 15349: 15185: 15008: 15003: 14968: 14948: 14923: 14918: 14913: 14908: 14903: 14888: 14883: 14828: 14735: 14581: 14452: 14342: 14322: 14278: 14221: 14216: 14193: 14160: 14150: 14140: 14022: 12788: 12053:

The origins of the Slavic nations: premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

11189:"French and English furniture distinctive styles and periods described and illustrated" 10896: 10647: 10287: 10177: 9294: 9191: 6620: 6600: 6519: 6152: 5928: 5858:

portraited with the insignium of his power in the parliament – the Marshal's cane, 1640

5545: 5268: 5236: 5135: 5107: 5041: 4951: 4874: 4865:, in remote and multi-ethnic parts of the Commonwealth, was then much less an index of 4386: 4289: 4271: 4203: 4036: 4024: 4016: 3988: 3899: 3879: 3860: 3668: 3636: 3481: 3268: 3197:

never played a major role in the military structure from the mid-17th century onwards.

2926: 2693: 2681: 2451:

This political system unusual for its time stemmed from the ascendance of the szlachta

2421: 2324: 2124: 1974: 1776: 1764: 1736: 1720: 1581: 1569: 1490: 1478: 1371: 1367: 1333: 1137: 1133: 1121: 935: 908: 754: 293: 13301: 12953: 7647:"Regnum Poloniae Magnusque Ducatus Lithuaniae – definicja, synonimy, przykłady użycia" 5239:, traced its origins to the Commonwealth. Other revival movements appeared during the 4352: 4344: 4285: 3319:. Often, in wartime, the Sejm would legislate a temporary increase in the size of the 1929: 1398: 233:

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (green) and its vassal states (light green) in 1619

18831: 18806: 18786: 18766: 18756: 18646: 18628: 18597: 18530: 18447: 18421: 18199: 18194: 18182: 18066: 18005: 17985: 17704: 17615: 17458: 17331: 17286: 17241: 17231: 17177: 17162: 17105: 16937: 16902: 16767: 16674: 16644: 16634: 16454: 16020: 15802: 15678: 15485: 15211: 15201: 15164: 15038: 15023: 14898: 14868: 14838: 14833: 14808: 14745: 14740: 14730: 14601: 14550: 14437: 14432: 14155: 13791: 13776: 13566: 13547: 13524: 13505: 13486: 13450: 13431: 13412: 13393: 13280: 13255: 13230: 13227:

Pollution and property: comparing ownership institutions for environmental protection

13205: 13178: 13153: 13122: 13064: 13056: 13024: 12997: 12965: 12940: 12934: 12909: 12884: 12854: 12830: 12771: 12710: 12681: 12654: 12602: 12545: 12520: 12478: 12445: 12407: 12383: 12355: 12331: 12265: 12237: 12166: 12140: 12109: 12057: 12030: 11958: 11931: 11904: 11790: 11725: 11700: 11637: 11604: 11540: 11506: 11472: 11445: 11386: 11330: 11283: 11231: 11160: 11053: 11001: 10907: 10871: 10846: 10809: 10680: 10428: 10348: 10314: 10260: 10233: 10208: 10141: 10076: 9998: 9877: 9825: 9801: 9771: 9744: 9717: 9690: 9660: 9630: 9584: 9544: 9493: 9463: 9430: 9359: 9332: 9305: 9272: 9240: 9199: 9184: 9096: 9071: 9046: 9019: 8963: 8861: 8824: 8728: 8689: 8632: 8595: 8561: 8527: 8493: 8447: 8255: 8196: 8087: 8045: 8013: 7986: 7937: 7910: 7861: 7833: 7767: 7621: 7586: 7555: 7544: 7514: 7450: 7420: 7395: 7348: 7321: 7292: 7260: 7225: 7201: 7111: 7060: 6951: 6898: 6871: 6834: 6752: 6432: 6117: 5948: 5814: 5782: 5447: 5240: 5195: 5014: 4994: 4842: 4655: 4317: 4207: 4048: 3867: 3739: 3660: 3569: 3397: 3389: 3347: 2881: 2782: 2735: 2697: 2484: 2433: 2390: 2128: 1964: 1884: 1880: 1809: 1783: 1697: 1628: 1557: 1518: 1514: 1506: 1315: 1303: 1149: 1129: 1112: 931: 879: 864: 844: 800: 364: 17091: 13118: 13112: 12766:

Ališauskas, V.; L. Jovaiša; M. Paknys; R. Petrauskas; E. Raila; et al. (2001).

10205:

The Lithuanian-Rus'commonwealth, the Polish domination, and the Cossack-Hetman state

7610: 6689: 6239: 5005:, overall discrimination of Orthodox religions by dominant Catholicism, and several 4713:

A sudden change in the country's demographics occurred in the mid-17th century. The

4322: 4135: 4020: 3755: 3689: 3307: 3272: 1905: 1382: 18821: 18736: 18681: 18651: 18602: 18562: 18545: 18535: 18470: 18442: 18374: 18346: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18100: 17610: 17598: 17259: 17142: 17122: 17030: 16716: 16339: 15943: 15864: 15797: 15665: 15227: 15191: 15109: 14933: 14703: 14648: 14611: 14586: 14576: 14510: 14462: 14392: 14387: 14382: 14377: 14372: 14362: 14357: 14050: 13796: 12183: 11665: 11661: 11085: 8849: 8821:

Development of Class Structure in Eastern Europe: Poland and Her Southern Neighbors

8631:. Vol. III: 1400 CE to 1650 CE. Portland: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 194. 7504: 7237: 6713: 6402: 6339: 6209: 5639: 5523: 5344: 5335: 5308: 5244: 5189: 5145: 5123: 5061: 4830: 4803: 4730: 4695: 4663: 4595: 4574: 4534: 4438: 4275: 4255: 4239: 4121: 4073: 4057: 4000: 3996: 3930: 3816: 3678:

The works of many Commonwealth authors are considered classics, including those of

3588: 3296: 3190: 2692:, referring to the constitution as the "contagion of democratic ideas". Meanwhile, 2456: 2437: 2413: 2093: 1889: 1834: 1795: 1748: 1624: 1585: 1561: 1460: 1424: 360: 100: 13166: 9489:

Diplomats without a Country: Baltic Diplomacy, International Law, and the Cold War

7168: 2311:, the Commonwealth parliament which the king was required to hold every two years; 18861: 18836: 18624: 18607: 18452: 18251: 18189: 17895: 17647: 17467: 17379: 17326: 17301: 17296: 15948: 15772: 15104: 14853: 14823: 14818: 14678: 14668: 14633: 14623: 14606: 14442: 14397: 14312: 14030: 14005: 13852: 13645: 13629: 13606: 13018: 12989: 12878: 12573: 12292: 12190: 12173: 12103: 12051: 11575: 11252: 11047: 10840: 10701: 10422: 10254: 10127: 10107: 9852: 9793: 9684: 9680: 9654: 9624: 9406: 9390:

Andrzej Jezierski, Cecylia Leszczyńska, Historia gospodarcza Polski, 2003, s. 68.

9353: 8660: 8626: 8555: 8521: 8441: 8357: 8135: 7980: 7931: 7478: 7440: 7389: 7385: 7342: 7048: 7037: 6892: 6639: 6582: 6548: 6510: 6480: 6407: 6104:(1656), the first description of an ecosystem of the Far East published in Europe 6080: 5802: 5697: 5663: 5629: 5605: 5595: 5575: 5557: 5509: 5487: 5465: 5232: 5173: 5159: 5097: 5085: 5049: 5018: 4974: 4970: 4877:(szlachta), which included Poles, but also many members of non-Polish origin who 4766: 4747: 4659: 4640: 4494:

culture, penetrating all aspects of its life. Sarmatism enshrined equality among

4304: 4263: 4211: 4131: 3693: 3679: 3640: 3618: 3614: 3422: 2287: 1896: 1713: 1542: 1522: 1416: 1412: 1360:. Upon ascending the throne, Henry signed the contractual agreement known as the 1288: 1269: 1214: 1204: 1192: 1049: 1041: 1033: 1010: 986: 959: 832: 817: 809: 561: 326: 298: 272: 57: 17202: 5775:

Poland: about Its Location, People, Culture, Offices and the Polish Commonwealth

5385:

The Commonwealth was further divided into smaller administrative units known as

5021:

in the world – by the mid-16th century 80% of the world's Jews lived in Poland (

4262:. The magnates throughout Poland competed with the kings. The monumental castle 4116:

rooftiles. The most distinguishable feature of Polish Mannerism are decorative "

3968: 3038: 2807: 2355:

to form a legal rebellion against a king who violated their guaranteed freedoms;

1747:

The other blow to the Commonwealth was a Swedish invasion in 1655, known as the

982:). The Latin term was usually employed in international treaties and diplomacy. 18811: 18801: 18796: 18791: 18771: 18761: 18676: 18619: 18512: 18475: 18379: 18314: 18204: 17942: 17905: 17657: 17627: 17568: 17422: 17264: 16927: 15869: 15367: 15246: 15028: 15013: 14978: 14718: 14713: 14596: 14530: 14402: 14060: 14035: 13940: 13857: 13811: 13197: 12908:(in Polish). Wydawnictwo Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk. p. 79. 12599:

Poland's last king and English culture: Stanisław August Poniatowski, 1732–1798

12568: 11533:

Feliks Gryglewicz; Romuald Łukaszyk; Wincenty Granat; Zygmunt Sułowski (1973).

10838: 10109:

The role of East-Central Europe in international trade, 16th and 17th centuries

6100: 6015: 5435: 5431: 5167: 5101: 5002: 4998: 4890: 4718: 4679: 4579: 4570:

Demographic history of Poland § Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795)

4553: 4528: 4464: 3735: 3549: 3260: 3205: 3133: 3093: 2968: 2901: 2841: 2557: 2429: 2315: 2279: 2275: 2255: 2181: 2151: 2112: 2108: 1791: 1701: 1684: 1565: 1486: 1390: 1362: 1353: 1345: 1180: 1095: 1018: 998: 992: 975: 939: 883: 840: 836: 821: 740: 72: 13521:

The Conversion of Lithuania. From Pagan Barbarians to Late Medieval Christians

12328:

The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence

11811:

The new Cambridge modern history: The Counter-Reformation and price revolution

7378: 6096: 4927:

was constructed between 1746 and 1762 following the Act of Unification of the

4490:, alleged ancestors of the Poles. This belief system was an important part of 4311:(Złoczów). 18th-century magnate palaces represents the characteristic type of 4191: 3584: 1615:

diminished the supremacy of the Sultanate and eventually led to the murder of

18967: 18907: 18706: 17741: 17472: 17364: 17020: 14893: 14658: 14653: 14075: 13933: 13892: 13872: 13684: 13671: 13657: 13020:

Historic Power Europe; A Post-Hegelian Interpretation of European Integration

12906:

Nazwy zachodnioeuropejskie w języku polskim a związki Polski z kulturą Europy

12433: 12077: 11896: 10891: 10654:(in Polish). Vol. 2. Polska: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. pp. 306–308 10396:

The Rise and Decline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth due to Grain Trade

10163:

The Rise and Decline of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth due to Grain Trade

9576: 9143:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 981–982. 9128: 7853: 7735:

The Polish Revolution and the Catholic Church, 1788–1792: A Political History

7696: 7539: 6749:

The Post-Soviet Russian Orthodox Church: Politics, Culture and Greater Russia

6328: 6122: 5778:, which was regarded as one of the most comprehensive guides to the country. 5761: 5709: 5705: 5571: 5439: 5163: 5149: 4814: 4675: 4658:

was much more homogenous; approximately 70% of the population was Polish and

4624: 4008: 4004: 3992: 3984: 3828: 3610: 3596: 3493: 3467: 3201: 3137: 2904:

region. In turn, the Commonwealth imported wine, beer, fruit, exotic spices,

2869: 2861: 2748: 2600: 2542: 2534: 2468: 2441: 2385:), the right to form an organization to force through a common political aim. 1649: 1456: 1408: 1160: 1125: 1056:), the latter relatively common in historiography to distinguish it from the 337: 14422: 13637: 13145:

The newly independent states of Eurasia: handbook of former Soviet republics

12673: 11089: 10623: 9132: 8163:. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. 1992. Archived from 3509: 2724: 2049: 1599:(parliament) of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the early 17th century 1517:

and the beginning of the Silver Age. A devout Catholic, he hoped to restore

18866: 18696: 18567: 18485: 17306: 16140: 14983: 14505: 14467: 14367: 13950: 13641: 12294:

Rzeczpospolita w dobie Jana III (Commonwealth during the reign of John III)

12022: 9606:

The Northern Wars: War, State and Society in northeastern Europe, 1558–1721

9426:

Działalność niepodległościowa żołnierzy polskich na Litwie i Wileńszczyźnie

7250: 5758: 5683: 5052:

regained power in Poland, the szlachta became almost exclusively Catholic.

4966: 4886: 4834: 4758: 4670:

around 15%. The average population density per square kilometer was: 24 in

4644: 4378: 4281: 4251: 3925:

became commonplace and Roman Catholic churches in regions with significant

3652: 3541: 3497: 3451: 3426: 2980: 2918:), furniture, fabrics as well as industrial products like steel and tools. 2615: 2538: 2381: 2364: 2359: 2348: 2230: 2208: 2176: 2104: 1921: 1913: 1813: 1752: 1553: 1510: 1436: 920: 895: 394: 13352: 13201:

Traduzioni e circolazione delle idee nella cultura europea tra '500 e '700

13061:

Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940

12765: 12744:

a letter from Wladyslaw Vasa issued in 1639 written in Lithuanian language

11539:. Lublin: Tow. Nauk. Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego. p. 1189. 9068:

The Northern Wars. War, State and Society in Northeastern Europe 1558–1721

7408: 6148: 5852: 4849: 4393:

in Warsaw are part of the neoclassical legacy of the former Commonwealth.

4340: 2700:

used it as a pretext for further territorial expansion. Prussian minister

2409:

had its own separate army, treasury and most other official institutions.

1005:), the Commonwealth of the Polish Kingdom, or the Commonwealth of Poland. 867:, whereupon members of domestic noble families or external dynasties were 18851: 18729: 18714: 18686: 18522: 17553: 17269: 16571: 15729: 15622: 15215: 14724: 14520: 14412: 14407: 14327: 13918: 13902: 13502:

Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345

12880:

Poland's threatening other: the image of the Jew from 1880 to the present

11309: 9686:

After the Deluge; Poland–Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655–1660

7482: 6213: 6205: 5873: 5535: 5499: 5386: 5276: 5252: 5226: 4881:

in increasing numbers with each following generation. For the non-Polish

4735: 4706: 4667: 4549: 4247: 4125: 3832: 3824: 3672: 3276: 3231:; the regiments were supervised by the king and his family. In 1788, the 3097: 3089: 3075: 3056: 2992: 2976: 2972: 2949: 2905: 2893: 2645: 2626: 2024: 1876: 1530: 1403: 1295: 852: 534: 519: 8855: 7137:"Lietuvos feodalinės visuomenės ir jos valdymo sistemos genezė: 2 dalis" 6042:, proposed a deep programme of reforms of the state, society and church. 5729: 4360: 3294:(national parliament of Poland) legislated in 1562–1563 the creation of 3004: 2892:, were used for the export of live cattle (herds of around 50,000 head) 2076:

was elected monarch with the connivance and support of his former lover

1287:. In fear, the absent nobles promptly returned to the negotiations. The 1209: 1060:. In Lithuania, the state is referred to as 'Republic of Both Nations' ( 18614: 18319: 18309: 18244: 17709: 17558: 17543: 17254: 16150: 15362: 14770: 14708: 14627: 13867: 13832: 13141: 13089: 12579: 12437: 11303: 10935: 10450:"Economic Structure and agricultural productivity in Europe, 1300–1800" 10137: 9736: 9328:

Understanding Mass Higher Education: Comparative Perspectives On Access

7040:(p. 115), 1618 languages map (p. 119), 1657–67 losses map (p. 128) and 6656:

This quality of the Commonwealth was recognized by its contemporaries.

5806: 5583: 4616: 4604: 4487: 4259: 4113: 4085: 3987:. Both foreign and domestic composers were active in the Commonwealth. 3926: 3887: 3801: 3648: 3644: 3626: 3592: 3580: 3573: 3525: 3401: 3377: 3232: 3079: 3064: 2960: 2790: 2778: 2460: 2436:

and religious and dynastic warfare, the Commonwealth experimented with

2417: 2394: 1917: 1768: 1468: 898: 796: 793: 11560: 11382:"Domy pańskie" na Lubelszczyźnie od późnego gotyku do wczesnego baroku 10256:

Inna Rzeczpospolita jest możliwa! Widma przeszłości, wizje przyszłości

9186:

Migrants and citizens: demographic change in the European state system

7860:. Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. pp. 116–117. 6776:

Od Polan mieszkających w lasach – historia Polski – aż do króla Stasia

5840:(Statutes of the Polish Kingdom, Arranged in Alphabetical Order), 1563 4648: 4582:, painter, butcher, musician, tailor, barmaid, pharmacist, shoemaker, 3903: 2389:

The three regions (see below) of the Commonwealth enjoyed a degree of

1819: 1474: 1455:, respectively), thus expanding the Commonwealth's influence into the 18661: 17679: 17538: 16189: 15911: 15880: 15129: 15119: 14688: 13995: 13882: 13482: 13274: 12782:

In 1794 Government's declarations were carried out and in Lithuanian.

12231: 10805:

Naczelni wodzowie i wyżsi dowódcy Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie

9450: 8766:] (in Polish). Warsaw: PW "Wiedza Poweszechna". pp. 102–118. 7288: 7075:

According to Panstwowe Przedsiebiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych:

7005:

According to Panstwowe Przedsiebiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych:

5740: 5613: 5601: 5565: 5421:. There were frequent exceptions to these rules, often involving the 5418: 5403: 5299: 4870: 4866: 4632: 4620: 4583: 4578:

Social strata in the Commonwealth's society in 1655. From left: Jew,

4483: 4453: 4433: 4409: 4221: 4154:

and Roman Catholic churches across Poland and Lithuania, notably the

4093: 4077: 4061: 3895: 3855:) imported from Western Europe; the most renowned collection are the 3812: 3561: 3361: 3252: 3104:

to the Commonwealth were incorrectly known as "Polish rugs" (French:

2922: 2889: 2877: 2794: 2786: 2652: 2474: 1851: 1660: 1283: 1229:

Several minor agreements were struck before unification, notably the

18390: 13614: 13326: 12993:

Ethnic identity: problems and prospects for the twenty-first century

10648:

Juliusz Bardach; Zdzisław Kaczmarczyk; Bogusław Leśnodorski (1957).

7283:

J. Smith, David; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldirs; Lane, Thomas (2002).

5999:

Example of the merchant architecture: Konopnica's tenement house in

5984: 5905: 5617: 5495: 5473: 4799: 4726: 4195: 4159: 4053: 3751: 3473: 3154: 2830: 2756: 2744: 2169: 1432: 1420: 245: 18871: 18666: 17483: 15306: 15266: 15149: 15139: 14958: 14457: 13729: 12027:

Cossack Rebellions: Social Turmoil in the Sixteenth Century Ukraine

11680: 11310:

Państwowy Instytut Badania Sztuki Ludowej (1974). "Volumes 28–29".

10227: 10050:(in Polish). Vol. 19. Gdańsk: Towarzystwo Naukowe. p. 149 7108:

Democratic Government in Poland: Constitutional Politics Since 1989

5968: 5625: 5587: 5443: 5413: 5208:– not officially recognized; used in some foreign relations and by 5010: 4978: 4935: 4910: 4882: 4691: 4636: 4587: 4503: 4405: 4139: 3844: 3836: 3702: 3656: 3521: 3312: 3240: 3228: 3185:

could not declare war or summon an army without the consent of the

2909: 2849: 2826: 2813: 2715:

Transportation and travel during the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

2663: 2641: 2630: 2525:

When presented with periodic opportunities to fill the throne, the

2452: 2352: 2227: 2100:

became the dominant form of architectural and cultural expression.

1616: 1608: 1592: 1349: 1299: 1273: 1242: 1172: 902: 16727: 13388:

Bardach, Juliusz; Lesnodorski, Boguslaw; Pietrzak, Michal (1987).

13277:

Celestial lancets: a history and rationale of acupuncture and moxa

12903: 12768:

Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštijos kultūra. Tyrinėjimai ir vaizdai

12195: 10169: 9567:(Most Serene Republic of Venice), Książka i Wiedza, 1972, Warszawa 8409:(in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Uniwersytet Warszawski. p. 21 4512: 4080:

were fitted with central Italianate courtyards composed of arched

2607:

and abolished many of the deleterious features of the old system.

2398: 1611:

in southeastern Europe, but Sigismund's victory over the Turks at

1560:

in 1609 when that country was plagued by a civil war known as the

1324:

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth at its greatest extent in 1619.

18741: 18552: 18239: 18234: 18219: 18214: 17514: 16215: 15337: 15159: 15114: 15089: 14643: 14352: 13970: 13923: 13862: 13786: 13740: 12722: 12542:

The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe

10302: 9929:"Jak powstawała i co zawiera mapa Rzeczpospolitej Obojga Narodów" 8727:(in Polish). Polska: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. p. 115. 8193:

Elective Monarchy in Transylvania and Poland–Lithuania, 1569–1587

6228: 6190: 5881: 5765: 5721: 5693: 5539: 5505: 5394: 5264: 5260: 5183: 5177: 5006: 4990: 4986: 4955: 4931: 4743: 4687: 4671: 4600: 4518: 4458: 4348: 4312: 4217: 4167: 4097: 3840: 3505: 3393: 3244: 3178: 2996: 2964: 2956: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2885: 2873: 2774: 2569: 2530: 2249:). The king was obliged to respect citizens' rights specified in 2204: 2016: 1782:

In the late 17th century, the king of the weakened Commonwealth,

1772: 1724: 1448: 1440: 1428: 1411:

initially refused to recognise the Transylvanian as their ruler.

1278: 1184: 1176: 1168: 848: 342: 11464: 10808:(in Polish). Polska: Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny. p. 12. 8362:(in Polish). Vol. 3. Kraków: Szujski-Kluczycki. p. 139 7830:

The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526

5451: 5130:

until 1673; used in some foreign relations its dialects (modern

4924: 2487:, since the monarch, elected by the szlachta, was Head of State; 1775:; in 1701 the once-insignificant duchy was transformed into the 18229: 17563: 16758: 16373: 15241: 15154: 14417: 14317: 13960: 13816: 13638:

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on BBC Radio 4 "In Our Time"

13588: 12517:

The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569–1772

11847:(in Polish). Polish Sociological Association. 2007. p. 96. 10551: 8489:

Constitutions, Elections, and Legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977

7674: 7375:. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 26 June 2009. 6171: 6000: 5870: 5794: 5675: 5517: 5477: 5423: 5209: 5205: 4894: 4628: 4612: 4540: 4507: 4326: 4231: 4183: 4151: 4101: 4089: 4081: 3922: 3664: 3565: 3553: 3409: 3316: 3302: 3101: 3068: 3000: 2984: 2822: 2802: 2752: 2368: 2343: 2268: 2185: 1960: 1573: 1452: 1341: 1265: 253: 13622: 12990:

Lola Romanucci-Ross; George A. De Vos; Takeyuki Tsuda (2006).

11441:

The architecture of Poland: a chapter of the European heritage

10105: 6059:, the first Polish newspaper published on the orders of Queen 5271:

considers itself a successor to the Commonwealth, whereas the

5186:– not officially recognised; used by Jews in their daily life. 3003:

become an important site after formation of a customs post at

2556:(1606–1607) marked a substantial increase in the power of the 1370:. The Act stated the fundamental principles of governance and 1357: 17548: 15938: 15357: 13698: 13599: 12623: 12264:. Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas. p. 31. 12101: 10558:. Vol. 3–4. Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne. p. 214 10336: 8916:. Vol. 24, 25. Polska: Zakład Ossolińskich. p. 172. 7933:

Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People

6558: 6490: 5901: 5790: 5786: 5781:

Kromer's works and other contemporary maps, such as those of

5713: 5289:

Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

5091: 4826: 4770: 4545: 4297: 3980: 3870:

and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth gave rise to the term

3707: 3517: 3405: 3022: 2988: 2865: 2845: 2818: 2428:". At a time when most European countries were headed toward 2320: 1799: 1731:. It resulted in a Ukrainian request, under the terms of the 901:, held legislative power; its lower house was elected by all 813: 347: 277: 19094:

1795 disestablishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

13523:. Vilnius: Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore. 13198:

Girolamo Imbruglia; Rolando Minuti; Luisa Simonutti (2007).

10839:

J. K. Fedorowicz; Maria Bogucka; Henryk Samsonowicz (1982).

10736:

Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak,

10043: 6789:

Lexikon des polnischen Adels im Goldenen Zeitalter 1500–1600

5472:), southern Poland, with two largest cities, its capital at 2591:

adopted in 1791 was the first modern constitution in Europe.

2274:

The foundation of the Commonwealth's political system, the "

1883:, who in turn voiced their endorsement. Imperial Russia and 1678: 1397:– became the new monarch. The nobles simultaneously elected 15124: 13965: 13955: 13945: 13928: 8945:. Polska: Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza. pp. 138–143. 5671: 5534:), northwest Grand Duchy, its most Catholic and ethnically 5348: 5153: 4837:, were less optimistic about Poland's religious frivolity. 4683: 4608: 4363:. Lesser nobility resided in country manor houses known as 4138:, completed in 1696, exemplifies the opulence of royal and 3933: 3577: 3418: 3291: 3186: 2991:. The rivers had relatively developed infrastructure, with 2944: 2897: 2844:

by the export of grain (rye), cattle (oxen), furs, timber,

2798: 2424:. Both states were styled "Serenissima Respublica" or the " 2301:

of the king by all nobles wishing to participate, known as

1963:

near the end of the Commonwealth's existence. Paintings by

1741: 1497:– won the election, but his claim was overtly contested by 1464: 1381:

The interregnum concluded on 12 December 1575 when primate

1261: 831:

The Commonwealth was established as a single entity by the

13387: 9903:. Vol. 6. Polska: Fundacja "Polonia Restituta,". 1991 9648: 9646: 9372: 9324: 8926: 8909: 6802:"Poland - Partition, Sovereignty, Revolution | Britannica" 5259:) federation that, at its largest extent, would span from 4725:

The most multicultural and robust city in the country was

3946:

in the predominantly Latin territories of today's Poland (

3750:(Diary of the Chocim War), which was published in 1646 in 3432:

With its political system, the Commonwealth gave birth to

1541:. As a consequence, he was deposed in Sweden by his uncle 1407:. Báthory's election proved controversial – Lithuania and 19069:

1569 establishments in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

11880: 11878: 10706:(in Polish). Poznań: Księgarnia Katolicka. pp. 23–25 9457: 9015:

Boże igrzysko. Historia Polski. Od początków do roku 1795

6867:

The Routledge Research Companion to Heritage and Identity

6852:

A history of the great war. Bureau of national literature

6719:"1596 administrative capital, the tiny village of Warsaw" 6388:

History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–1795)

6383:

History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764)

6378:

History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)

5180:

used by Jews for religious, scholarly, and legal matters.

4982: 4498:, horseback riding, tradition, provincial quaint life in 4088:, balconies, portals and ornamental balustrades. Ceiling 2880:. The land routes, mostly to the German provinces of the 2857: 2853: 1808:(bulwark of Christianity). During the next 16 years, the 1078:

History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)

835:

on 1 July 1569. The two nations had previously been in a

13430:. Men-At-Arms Series. Vol. 188. Osprey Publishing. 13411:. Men-At-Arms Series. Vol. 184. Osprey Publishing. 12558: 10859: 9481: 9479: 8959:

Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego

6829:

Panstwowe Przedsiebiorstwo Wydawnictw Kartograficznych:

4841:"This country became a place of shelter for heretics" – 4112:) were widespread. Rooftops were generally covered with 3412:) communities. In the 18th century, the French Catholic 2805:

and salt. The currency used in Poland–Lithuania was the

2640:" and extended political rights to include not only the 2224:

our state is a republic under the presidency of the King

1564:. In July 1610, the outnumbered Polish force comprising 1256:

A fierce proponent of a single unified Commonwealth was

12095: 11769: 11767: 11419:. Polska: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. p. 119 10842:

A Republic of nobles: studies in Polish history to 1864

10740:(Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe), 1987, p. 229. 10605: 10603: 10288:"Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History" 9643: 9355:

Customs and Culture in Poland Under the Last Saxon King

9210:

polish lithuanian commonwealth americas western europe.

8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 7282: 6897:(in Polish). Wydawn. Prawnicze LexisNexis. p. 13. 2840:

The country played a significant role in the supply of

2833:

had the privilege of minting its own coinage. In 1794,

1032:

Other informal names include the 'Republic of Nobles' (

30:"Poland-Lithuania" redirects here. For other uses, see 11875: 11444:. Kraków: International Cultural Centre. p. 110. 9526:. Pont. Institutum Orientalium Studiorum. p. 154. 9266: 8724:

Dzieje sztuki polskiej: Architektura polska XVII wieku

8327: 8325: 8254:

Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 118.

7079:, wydanie X, 1990, p. 16, just over 9 million in 1618. 6505:

Lenkijos Karalystė ir Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė

6155:, is sometimes referred to as the "Polish Versailles". 4889:

that followed the adoption of the Polish language and

4705:

Density of urban network of the Commonwealth per each

3921:

adopted elements of the national dress, loanwords and

1309: 1171:, the Grand Duke of Lithuania. Jogaila was a lifelong 972:

Lenkijos Karalystė ir Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė

12962:

Art in Poland, 1572–1764: land of the winged horsemen

12932: 12851:

Land of the Winged Horsemen: Art in Poland, 1572–1764

12442:

The National Question in Europe in Historical Context

11993: 11991: 11630: 11318: 10202: 9476: 9165: 9163: 8144: 8063: 8061: 7192: 7190: 6705: 6703: 4969:

efforts to the eastern territories (nowadays roughly

4857:

in 1573, the first act of religious freedom in Europe

3991:

brought in Italian composers and conductors, such as

3983:(Vilnius). Musical life further flourished under the 3286:

Several years before the Union of Lublin, the Polish

3173:) in the Grand Duchy. The military was headed by the 16171:

2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum

12287: 11764: 11207:. Vol. 11. Polska: RSW "Prasa". 1966. p. 6 10600: 9581:

Notes on Life and Letters: Notes on Life and Letters

9429:. Polska: Naukowe Wydawn. Piotrkowskie. p. 23. 8998:

Historia sztuki polskiej w zarysie: Sztuka nowożytna

8406:

Kryzys Oświecenia a początki konserwatyzmu polskiego

8224: 8117: 8115: 7858:

Jadwiga of Anjou and the Rise of East Central Europe

7675:

Antoine-François-Claude Ferrand (1820). "Volume 1".

7414: 5401:, governor). Voivodeships were further divided into 5040:). However, many noble families quickly adopted the 4544:); favoured European Baroque architecture; endorsed 2080:, a German noblewoman who became Empress of Russia. 1841:, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, wearing the 1767:

in 1657, Catholic Poland was forced to renounce its

13600:

Commonwealth of Diverse Cultures: Poland's Heritage

11884: 11869: 11857: 11830:

Contested Spaces of Nobility in Early Modern Europe

11773: 11758: 11747: 11743: 11741: 11722:

Pod wspólnym niebem. Narody dawnej Rzeczypospolitej

11719: 11324: 10392: 10160: 9485: 9232: 8686:

Rapier i koncerz: z dziejów wojen polsko-szwedzkich

8322: 5838:

Statuta Regni Poloniae in ordinem alphabeti digesta

3874:, French for "Polish-styled". With the marriage of 1904:) legacy in both countries. In Poland, he expanded 1820:

Political turmoil and the enlightenment (1697–1771)

1393:– sister of Sigismund Augustus and a member of the 1352:hegemony, ending skirmishes with the French-allied 13275:Gwei-Djen Lu; Joseph Needham; Vivienne Lo (2002). 12872: 12870: 12596: 12259: 11988: 11152: 11071: 11069: 11039: 10895: 10767: 10765: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10757: 10755: 10672: 9714:The Great Globe Itself: A Preface to World Affairs 9536: 9358:. Central European University Press. p. 262. 9293: 9183: 9160: 9042:Dzieje kultury polskiej. Czasy nowsze do roku 1831 8858:The Essential World History: Volume II: Since 1500 8288: 8286: 8058: 7909:. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Szkolne PWN. p. 141. 7799: 7797: 7795: 7609: 7543: 7187: 6700: 6524:Королівство Польське і Велике князівство Литовське 3866:The economic, cultural and political ties between 2134: 1879:to Catholicism awed the conservative magnates and 782:Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 43:Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania 13329:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 23 September 2009 13175:Encyclopedia of witchcraft: the Western tradition 13172: 12876: 12678:The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact 12380:The Circum-Baltic Languages: Typology and Contact 11329:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 286–287. 11045: 8856:William J. Duiker, Jackson J. Spielvogel (2006). 8133: 8121: 8112: 7347:. Cambridge: University Press. pp. 158–161. 4594:The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was immensely 3882:in 1725, Polish culture began to flourish at the 3169:), recruited in Poland, and the Lithuanian Army ( 18965: 13243: 13142:Stephen K. Batalden, Sandra L. Batalden (1997). 12959: 12539: 11738: 11720:Kopczyński, Michał; Tygielski, Wojciech (2010). 11603:. Polska: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. p. 134. 11156:Fashion world of the 18th and early 19th century 10370: 9922: 9920: 9918: 8846:, Louis Edwin Van Norman, New York: 1907, p. 18. 8343: 8331: 8316: 8304: 8292: 8274: 7285:The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 7222:Living in Translation: Polish Writers in America 6977: 6534:Польскае Каралеўства і Вялікае Княства Літоўскае 6515:Königreich Polen und des Großfürstentums Litauen 5674:of the Commonwealth. It established a colony in 5311:, superimposed on present-day national borders. 4873:; it was a designation largely reserved for the 4377:, greatly admired the classical architecture of 4296:The fascination with the culture and art of the 2829:were widely accepted and exchanged. The city of 13249: 13110: 13043:A. stated, for instance by the preamble of the 12867: 12283: 12281: 11923: 11813:, 1559–1610, 1968, Cambridge University Press, 11131:Arrasy flamandzkie w zamku królewskim na Wawelu 11106:Arrasy flamandzkie w zamku królewskim na Wawelu 11066: 10865: 10752: 10420: 10308: 9768:The Revolutionary Period in Europe 1763 to 1815 8283: 7792: 7766:. Polska: Prószyński i Spółka. pp. 30–32. 7384: 6781: 6685: 6683: 5594:, incorporated into the Crown in 1569 with the 5017:. The Commonwealth had also one of the largest 3675:were persecuted under the Counter Reformation. 3617:) (1698–1760), considered to be the founder of 2222:The political doctrine of the Commonwealth was 1812:would drive the Turks permanently south of the 1378:. The throne was subsequently declared vacant. 13224: 13083: 12255: 12253: 12232:Willfried Spohn, Anna Triandafyllidou (2003). 12182:from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 12165:from Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 12132:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples 11999:"Memory of the World Register Nomination Form" 11927:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples 11824: 11822: 10834: 10832: 10340:A history of Eastern Europe: crisis and change 9456:Jan Zamoyski's speech in the Parliament, 1605 8887:. Polska: Wydawnictwo Literackie. p. 143. 8688:. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. pp. 191–200. 8557:Tsars and Imposters. Russia's Time of Troubles 7471:The Causes of Slavery or Serfdom: A Hypothesis 7391:The Slavs in European History and Civilization 7314:The Polish Renaissance in Its European Context 6984:. Bureau of national literature, inc. p. 6937: 6485:Królestwo Polskie i Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie 5636:), the eastern Commonwealth, adjoining Russia; 3279:of mostly noble knights-landholders), and the 3118:Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1152:(Hedwig), held claims to the vast dual realm. 964:Królestwo Polskie i Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie 51:Królestwo Polskie i Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie 19064:States and territories disestablished in 1795 18406: 17499: 16743: 15896: 15322: 13714: 13518: 13037: 12926: 12049: 11950: 11944: 11378: 10993: 10920: 10890: 10175: 9915: 9659:. Manchester University Press. pp. 8–9. 9291: 9181: 9095:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, LLC. p. 694. 8526:. US: Cornell University Press. p. 168. 8275:Besala, Jerzy; Biedrzycka, Agnieszka (2005). 8249: 8220:(in Polish). Warszawa: PWN. pp. 216–217. 8134:Maniecky, Wojciech; Szajnocha, Karol (1869). 8086:. Polska: Księgarnia Akademicka. p. 10. 7982:The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1733–1795 7603: 7601: 7599: 7433: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7015: 6943: 6357: 5801:formed part of the southern border, with the 5744:Topographical map of the Commonwealth in 1764 5295:Offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 2141:Offices in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1623:, the exhausted Commonwealth army signed the 1572:, which enabled the Poles to take and occupy 1294:Sigismund's death in 1572 was followed by an 1264:) convened on 10 January 1569 in the city of 843:of 1385 and the subsequent marriage of Queen 12278: 11981:Freedom of Conscience and Religion in Poland 11930:. University of Toronto Press. p. 169. 11917: 11696:Unia Europejska a społeczeństwo obywatelskie 11471:(in Polish). Polska: Bis Press. p. 32. 11352: 11000:. University Press of America. p. 125. 10651:Historia państwa i prawa Polski do roku 1795 10475:"Jarmarki w województwie lubelskim w XVI w." 10228:Sven-Olof Lindquist, Birgitta Radhe (1989). 9622: 9400:Russia's Rise as a European Power, 1650–1750 8683: 7243: 7120:Google print p. 11 – constitutional monarchy 6971: 6680: 6495:Regnum Poloniae Magnusque Ducatus Lithuaniae 5789:. The Commonwealth's southeastern part, the 5643: 5212:in their religious matters, they also wrote 2811:(meaning "the golden") and its subunit, the 1641:) who were reluctant to get involved in the 1627:which ceded much of Livonia to Sweden under 980:Regnum Poloniae Magnusque Ducatus Lithuaniae 196: 66:Regnum Poloniae Magnusque Ducatus Lithuaniae 49: 16120:Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991) 13319: 13229:. Cambridge University Press. p. 106. 13088:(in Polish). Rzeczpospolita. Archived from 12904:Karol Zierhoffer, Zofia Zierhoffer (2000). 12700: 12680:, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001, 12469: 12467: 12465: 12463: 12461: 12382:, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2001, 12250: 12153: 12056:. Cambridge University Press. p. 169. 11819: 11465:Zdzisław Klimczuk; Józef Garliński (1996). 10884: 10829: 10786: 10779: 10777: 10730: 10624:"Wolna elekcja i zasady jej funkcjonowania" 9865: 9863: 9861: 9824:, Sterling Publishing Company, Inc., 2002, 9519: 8994: 8492:. University Press of America. p. 89. 6825: 6823: 5757:In the 16th century, the Polish bishop and 5307:with its major subdivisions after the 1618 5282: 5080:(1792) in Hebrew, Polish, German and French 4300:in the late Baroque period is reflected by 3748:Commentariorum chotinensis belli libri tres 1631:. At the same time, the country's powerful 644:1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi) 169: 160:"If God is with us, then who is against us" 153: 64: 27:1569–1795 bi-confederate monarchy in Europe 19059:States and territories established in 1569 18413: 18399: 17506: 17492: 16750: 16736: 15903: 15889: 15329: 15315: 13721: 13707: 13560: 13425: 13406: 13392:. Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. 13254:. Oxford University Press US. p. 13. 12964:. Art Services International. p. 32. 12843: 12793:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12572:Institute of History (1970). "Volume 22". 12509: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12310: 12308: 11692: 11536:Encyklopedia katolicka: Kinszasa-Krzymuska 11437: 11279:Polska; art, architecture, design 966–1990 11127: 11102: 10724: 10699: 10609: 10480:. Muzeum Pałacu Króla Jana III w Wilanowie 10068: 10047:Seria popularno-naukowa "Pomorze Gdańskie" 9967:"shillings – Polish translation – Linguee" 9953: 9814: 9789: 9787: 9762: 9760: 9652: 9629:. Columbia University Press. p. 188. 9492:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 9378: 8800: 8788: 8776: 8754: 8720: 8279:(in Polish). Vol. XLIII. p. 116. 8277:Stefan Batory: Polski Słownik Biograficzny 8067: 8032: 7978: 7967: 7955: 7904: 7596: 7417:A social and religious history of the Jews 7099: 7097: 7012: 6742: 6740: 6364: 6350: 4611:. There were also considerable numbers of 4182:. Fine examples of decorative Baroque and 3671:took refuge in the Commonwealth, when the 2837:began issuing the first Polish banknotes. 2259:, negotiated at the time of his election. 2233:summed up this doctrine when he said that 2031:. It was also during this period that the 1816:, never again to threaten central Europe. 1124:. The last Polish monarch from the native 227: 13252:The Grove encyclopedia of decorative arts 12496: 12494: 12429: 12427: 12425: 12423: 11977: 11498: 11412: 11348: 11346: 11314:. Państwowy Instytut Sztuki. p. 259. 11275: 11186: 10801: 10472: 10332: 10330: 9990: 9610:2000. Especially pp. 9–11, 114, 181, 323. 9543:. Stockholm University. pp. 37, 87. 9269:Nowa encyklopedia powszechna PWN: Sud-żyz 9093:A Global Chronology of Conflict, Vol. Two 9045:. Polska: Wiedza Powszechna. p. 27. 8708: 8621: 8519: 8402: 7880: 7786: 7761: 7503: 7446:Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage 7394:. Rutgers University Press. p. 300. 6768: 6716:, "A Very Short History of Kraków", see: 5374:(Poland proper), colloquially "the Crown" 5251:'s failed attempt to create a Polish-led 4396: 3667:teacher, scientist, educator, and writer 3609:(1631–1700), mathematician and engineer; 3356: 3181:or supreme commander in other countries. 3021:Coat of arms of the Commonwealth on a 15 2921:The agricultural sector was dominated by 2618:and banned the szlachta's confederations; 2038: 1908:and facilitated the refurbishment of the 1761:Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg 1727:in 1648, in what came to be known as the 1679:Deluge, rebellions and Vienna (1648–1696) 1552:Sigismund III then initiated a policy of 1198: 915:by European standards, guaranteed by the 636:815,000 km (315,000 sq mi) 13350: 13302:"Taurus Poniatovii – Poniatowski's bull" 13104: 12829:, University of California Press, 1983, 12475:Culture And Customs of the Baltic States 12458: 12344: 12070: 11832:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2011. p. 233. 11250: 10956: 10950: 10774: 10552:Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne (1989). 10366: 10364: 10123: 10121: 10119: 10101: 10099: 9997:. Polska: Nasza Księgarnia. p. 11. 9858: 9838: 9822:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great 9703: 9486:Pacy, James S.; James T. McHugh (2001). 9351: 9169: 9127: 9038: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8809: 8473: 8439: 8195:. Oxford (GB): Oxford University Press. 7465: 7463: 7278: 7276: 6820: 6746: 6448:Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth 6443:Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth 5739: 5298: 5071: 4848: 4790: 4700: 4573: 4280: 4130: 4052: 3462:(1750–1812) helped pave the way for the 3360: 2764: 2580: 2501: 2194: 2175: 2155: 2048: 1833: 1692: 1591: 1473: 1319: 1208: 1094: 13519:Rowell, S. C.; Baronas, Darius (2015). 13299: 13204:(in Italian). Bibliopolis. p. 76. 12816: 12801: 12694: 12601:. Oxford University Press. p. 70. 12404:Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe 12305: 12128: 12016: 11957:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 36. 11779: 11568:"Palaces and Castles in a Lion Country" 11109:(in Polish). Polska: Arkady. p. 15 11014: 10743: 10621: 10498: 10106:Zsigmond Pál Pach, Zs. P. Pach (1970). 9926: 9798:Germany from the Earliest Period Vol. 4 9784: 9757: 9608:. Harlow, England; New York: Longman's. 8982: 8938: 8485: 8446:. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. 8427: 8359:Dzieła Józefa Szujskiego. Dzieje Polski 8355: 8252:The Polish–Lithuanian state, 1386–1795 8237: 8215: 8083:Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów a Ukraina 8005: 7892: 7852: 7815: 7803: 7664: 7571: 7538: 7311: 7214: 7094: 6890: 6737: 6018:armours, first half of the 17th century 5516:), central Poland, with its capital at 4897:), and the more liberal and democratic 4802:was built between 1597 and 1619 by the 4654:Prior to the union with Lithuania, the 4510:-inspired souvenirs or attire for men ( 4060:was built between 1580 and 1631 in the 3942:) and the icons resembling effigies of 3470:calls the first of its kind in Europe. 2507:The Republic at the Zenith of Its Power 2455:over other social classes and over the 2294:, a term used from 1573 on), included: 2188:was the highest court of appeal in the 2168:after the capital was transferred from 14: 18966: 15910: 15410:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic 13756:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 13540:The Polish–Lithuanian State, 1386–1795 13499: 13476: 13463: 13447:The Oxford History of Poland–Lithuania 13173:Richard M. Golden (2006). "Volume 4". 13148:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 13045:Constitution of the Republic of Poland 13016: 12491: 12420: 12396: 12368: 12102:Peter Kardash, Brett Lockwood (1988). 11654: 11596: 11343: 11312:Polska sztuka ludowa (Polish Folk Art) 11191:. Good Press – via Google Books. 11187:Singleton, Esther (12 December 2019). 11075: 10870:. Oxford University Press. p. V. 10337:Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries (2007). 10327: 10207:. Philosophical Library. p. 367. 9730: 9597: 9570: 9239:. Bellona Publishing. pp. 64–65. 9221: 9115: 9090: 9011: 8955: 8897: 8880: 8587: 8553: 8106: 8079: 7929: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7607: 7340: 7334: 7134: 6863: 5393:). Each voivodeship was governed by a 5034:, the szlachta were mostly Catholics ( 4885:such conversion meant a final step of 4254:and designed by the Italian architect 4150:was marked by construction of several 3425:, antecedents of British and American 2777:workshops and manufactories – notably 1576:for the next two years. The disgraced 1459:. Most importantly, Poland gained the 1431:, blockaded maritime trade to neutral 1090: 18420: 18394: 17487: 16731: 16161:Soviet economic blockade of Lithuania 15884: 15310: 13986: 13702: 13537: 13444: 13381:Bibliography of the history of Poland 12667: 11901:God's Playground. A History of Poland 11828:Matthew P. Romaniello, Charles Lipp. 11683:6 (2591) 10 February 2007 (in Polish) 11257:. Brussels: C. Vanderauwer. p. 7 11230:. London: Routledge. pp. 72–73. 11225: 10902:. Columbia University Press. p. 10898:God's Playground: A History of Poland 10703:Wojsko polskie Kościuszki w roku 1794 10361: 10116: 10096: 10044:Gdańskie Towarzystwo Naukowe (1991). 9679: 9422: 9325:Ted Tapper; David Palfreyman (2005). 9300:. Columbia University Press. p. 9296:God's Playground: 1795 to the present 9065: 8806: 8380: 8186: 8184: 8182: 8140:(in Polish). Ossoliński. p. 504. 7985:. Yale University Press. p. 14. 7827: 7481:(discussion and full online text) of 7460: 7273: 7249: 7198:God's Playground. A History of Poland 7166: 7087: 7085: 6650: 4682:, 12 in Lublin palatinate, 10 in the 3914:) worn by aristocrats at Versailles. 1584:in Russia). The war concluded with a 17513: 15336: 12519:, Cambridge University Press, 2000, 12444:, Cambridge University Press, 1993, 12350:Stephen Barbour, Cathie Carmichael, 11984:. Interpress Publishers. p. 31. 11505:(in Polish). Excalibur. p. 47. 10252: 9741:The Political Writings of John Adams 9583:, Cambridge University Press, 2004, 9557: 9460:Dictionary of Quotations (Classical) 8962:. Polska: Zielona Sowa. p. 30. 8658: 8190: 7449:, Cambridge University Press, 2002, 7145:Ministry of the Interior (Lithuania) 7009:, wydanie X, 1990, p. 16, 990.000 km 6469:until 1572 and between 1791 and 1792 5813:constitutes the last largely intact 3742:) wrote notable diaries. During the 2497: 2207:, which exclusively was the highest 1981:) against Augustus II was formed by 816:were the two co-official languages. 19089:1795 disestablishments in Lithuania 18928:History of the Mediterranean region 16757: 12883:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 42. 12621: 12544:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 115. 12203:"European Jewish Congress – Poland" 11282:. Langewiesche Köster. p. 34. 10792:Bardach et al. (1987), pp. 227–228. 10771:Bardach et al. (1987), pp. 229–230. 10178:"Rzeczpospolita spichlerzem Europy" 8942:Jak w dawnej Polsce królów obierano 8910:Instytut Badań Literackich (1969). 7634: 7616:. Oxford University Press. p. 4381:and promoted it as a symbol of the 3804:(right), both from the 18th century 3195:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy 1830:Personal union of Poland and Saxony 1751:, which was supported by troops of 1719:A major rebellion of self-governed 1310:Apex and the Golden Age (1573–1648) 1027:Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations 24: 17638:Revolution and War of Independence 13751:List of current sovereign monarchs 13563:Historical Dictionary of Lithuania 13390:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego 13023:. New York: Taylor & Francis. 12352:Language and Nationalism in Europe 10738:Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego 9462:. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 254. 9458:Harbottle Thomas Benfield (2009). 8218:Historia państwa i prawa polskiego 8179: 7082: 6894:Historia ustroju i prawa polskiego 5878:Orthodox Church of the Holy Spirit 5785:, show the Commonwealth as mostly 5446:), became a part of Poland in the 5036: 5023: 4977:), heightening the tensions among 4331: 4226: 3956: 3938: 3710:. Perhaps the most famous are the 3684: 3631: 3601: 3442: 3096:and Western Europe. For instance, 3084: 3051: 2914: 2245: 1637: 876:parliamentary system of government 855:King of Poland. Their descendant, 209: 25: 19155: 18984:Early modern history of Lithuania 16808:Partitions, duchies and kingdoms 15623:Union State of Russia and Belarus 13581: 13084:Grzegorz Górny (23 August 2008). 12624:"Державна архівна служба України" 12354:, Oxford University Press, 2000, 12205:. Eurojewcong.org. Archived from 11677:Dziejochciejstwo, dziejokrętactwo 11416:Sebastiano Serlio a sztuka polska 10679:. Osprey Publishing. p. 11. 10447: 10290:. Britannica.com. 31 January 1910 10232:. Gotlands Fornsal. p. 367. 9603: 9331:. Routledge Falmer. p. 140. 9001:. Polska: Wydawnictwo Literackie. 8860:. Cengage Learning. p. 336. 8560:. New York: Algora. p. 201. 7681:(in French). Deterville. p. 6193:, Pietro Puttini, built 1675–1704 6174:, Pietro Puttini, built 1674–1712 5983:Silver tankard by Józef Ceypler, 5247:(1863–64) and in the 1920s, with 5198:– officially recognised; used by 3967:built their own opera houses (in 3764:The Progress of the War of Chocim 3534:Crestofle d'Artischau Arciszewski 3524:: a mathematician, physician and 3490:Commission for National Education 3367:Artis Magnæ Artilleriæ pars prima 3177:, a rank equivalent to that of a 3067:in the Commonwealth were held at 2145: 2119:, came too late. The country was 1786:, allied with Holy Roman Emperor 1673:Charles I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua 1387:Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor 1249:(Radvila Rudasis) and his cousin 1165:William Habsburg, Duke of Austria 32:Poland-Lithuania (disambiguation) 19084:1795 disestablishments in Poland 19079:1569 establishments in Lithuania 18913:Bibliography of European history 18508:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 17955:Ukraine–European Union relations 17811:Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine 17653:West Ukrainian People's Republic 17193:Upper Silesian Industrial Region 16188: 14269:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13587: 13341: 13293: 13268: 13191: 13077: 13050: 13010: 12897: 12827:The History of Polish Literature 12810:A History of East Central Europe 12759: 12734: 12707:Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla 12643: 12634: 12615: 12586: 12503:A History of East Central Europe 12122: 11971: 11890: 11863: 11851: 11835: 11803: 11752: 11724:(in Polish). Warszawa: Bellona. 11713: 11686: 11670: 11624: 11590: 11526: 11492: 11458: 11431: 11406: 11372: 11269: 11244: 11219: 11195: 11180: 11153:Orlińska-Mianowska, Ewa (2008). 11146: 11121: 11096: 10987: 10795: 10718: 10693: 10666: 10641: 10615: 10570: 10545: 10527:"Drogi handlowe w dawnej Polsce" 10519: 10492: 10466: 10441: 10311:Lineages of the absolutist state 10246: 10221: 10062: 10037: 10011: 9984: 9959: 9947: 9891: 9716:, Transaction Publishers, 2005, 9673: 9530: 9513: 9416: 9413:, Vol. 36 Issue: 8, August 1986. 9393: 9384: 9345: 9318: 9285: 9260: 9226: 9215: 9155:The Cambridge New Modern History 9147: 9121: 9109: 9084: 9059: 9032: 9005: 8988: 8976: 8949: 8932: 8920: 8903: 8891: 8874: 8844:Poland, the knight among nations 8837: 8523:Poland. The First Thousand Years 8080:Pernal, Andrew Boleslaw (2010). 7259:. Greenwood Press. p. 122. 7173:Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija 6950:. Psychology Press. p. 66. 6423:History of the Germans in Poland 6333: 6322: 6291: 6246: 6221: 6198: 6187:Church of St. Peter and St. Paul 6179: 6160: 6137: 6109: 6088: 6068: 6047: 6028: 6008: 5992: 5976: 5956: 5936: 5927:and Grand Treasurer. Painted by 5913: 5893: 5863: 5845: 5830: 5820: 5652:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 5620:, western part of Royal Prussia; 5582:), at the southern shore of the 5358:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 5076:First anniversary anthem of the 4943: 4909: 4446: 4418: 3787: 3778: 3769: 3746:in 1621 he wrote a diary called 3560:(1600–1651), military engineer, 3384:was known for near-unparalleled 3239:, with seventeen field infantry 3147: 3126: 3030: 3014: 2734: 2723: 2090:Commission of National Education 1950: 1939: 1790:to deal crushing defeats to the 1445:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia 1040:) and the 'First Commonwealth' ( 1003:Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae 917:Warsaw Confederation Act of 1573 759: 745: 731: 727:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria 706: 692: 155:Si Deus nobiscum quis contra nos 117: 93: 18994:Early modern history of Ukraine 18979:Early modern history of Belarus 18938:History of Western civilization 18541:Christianity in the Middle Ages 16071:Occupation of the Baltic states 16048:1919 Polish coup d'état attempt 13746:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 13565:(2 ed.). Scarecrow Press. 13561:Sužiedėlis, Saulius A. (2011). 13464:Litwin, Henryk (October 2016). 13374: 12996:. Rowman Altamira. p. 84. 12853:, Yale University Press, 1999, 12703:Rytų Lietuva praeityje ir dabar 12649:Piotr Eberhardt, Jan Owsinski, 12330:, Yale University Press, 1994, 11885:Kopczyński & Tygielski 2010 11870:Kopczyński & Tygielski 2010 11858:Kopczyński & Tygielski 2010 11789:, Barron's Educational Series, 11774:Kopczyński & Tygielski 2010 11759:Kopczyński & Tygielski 2010 11748:Kopczyński & Tygielski 2010 11636:(in Polish). Schr. p. 79. 10959:"Jan Amos Comenius (1592–1670)" 10501:"Follow the Ancient Amber Road" 10112:. Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 220. 9846:The Constitution of May 3, 1791 9689:. Cambridge: University Press. 9267:Bartłomiej Kaczorowski (2004). 8927:Instytut Badań Literackich 1969 8794: 8782: 8770: 8748: 8714: 8702: 8677: 8652: 8615: 8581: 8547: 8513: 8479: 8467: 8433: 8421: 8396: 8374: 8349: 8337: 8310: 8298: 8268: 8243: 8209: 8161:Poland – The Historical Setting 8127: 8100: 8073: 8026: 7999: 7972: 7961: 7949: 7923: 7898: 7886: 7874: 7846: 7821: 7809: 7780: 7755: 7744: 7727: 7718: 7712:the therm used for instance in 7706: 7689: 7566:May second oldest constitution. 7527: 7497: 7361: 7305: 7160: 7128: 7069: 6999: 6924: 6911: 6884: 6857: 6833:, wydanie X, 1990, p. 14, 6631: 6540: 6472: 5275:, re-established at the end of 5267:in the south. The contemporary 4563: 4552:sense of unity and of pride in 4436:pose and in a male coat called 4142:residences in the Commonwealth. 4042: 2817:. Foreign coins in the form of 2759:and other towns in the country. 2686:Grigori Aleksandrovich Potemkin 2576: 2135:State organization and politics 1928:), public parks and libraries ( 1875:. The latter's conversion from 1861:François Louis, Prince of Conti 1607:forced Poland to withdraw from 1505:to challenge the new king. His 19009:Political history of Lithuania 18989:Early modern history of Poland 18974:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 18782:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 18725:Christianity in the modern era 18496:Christianity in late antiquity 17737:Annexation of Crimea by Russia 17594:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 15979:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 15405:Belarusian Democratic Republic 15388:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 13728: 13594:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 13544:University of Washington Press 12960:Jan K. Ostrowski, ed. (1999). 12933:Rosemary A. Chorzempa (1993). 12406:, Blackwell Publishing, 1998, 12185:. Retrieved 14 February 2006. 11631:Kazimierz Maliszewski (1990). 10203:Nicholas L. Chirovsky (1984). 10069:Kucharczuk, Katarzyna (2011). 9800:, Kessinger Publishing, 2004, 9770:, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, 9710:William Christian Bullitt, Jr. 9565:Najaśniejsza Republika Wenecka 9423:Roman, Wanda Krystyna (2003). 8520:Dabrowski, Patrice M. (2014). 8381:pisze, Przemek (3 July 2013). 6919:Państwo i społeczeństwo 2012/1 6844: 6794: 6563:Res Publica Utriusque Nationis 6460: 6286:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5494:), west–central Poland around 5318:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 5305:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 5214:Ruthenian in the Arabic script 4738:extraction. Historically, the 4478:The prevalent ideology of the 4426:The First Lady of the Republic 4029:Stanisław Sylwester Szarzyński 3758:as a basis for his epic poem, 2943:, a large farmstead worked by 2444:and federation, democracy and 1621:Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) 1529:. His intolerance towards the 1048:) or 'First Polish Republic' ( 1023:Res Publica Utriusque Nationis 786:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 700:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland 309: 13: 1: 19074:1569 establishments in Poland 18933:History of the European Union 15584:Presidential Security Service 15420:Annexation of Western Belarus 13466:"Central European Superpower" 12580:National Ossoliński Institute 12168:. Retrieved 10 February 2006 11574:. 2 June 2008. Archived from 11379:Rolska-Boruch, Irena (2003). 10934:. 29 May 2003. Archived from 10138:National Ossoliński Institute 9134:"Polish Succession War" 9039:Brückner, Aleksander (1931). 9018:. Polska: Znak. p. 412. 8684:Podhorodecki, Leszek (1985). 8122:Maniecky & Szajnocha 1869 7419:. Columbia University Press. 7415:Salo Wittmayer Baron (1976). 6673: 6553:Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów 6428:History of the Jews in Poland 6393:List of medieval great powers 6056:Merkuriusz Polski Ordynaryjny 6024:Science, art and architecture 5176:– officially recognised; and 4819:Counter-Reformation in Poland 4236:Presidential Palace in Warsaw 3544:, general and admiral of the 3454:(1536–1612). Later, works by 3388:, with peacefully coexisting 2702:Ewald Friedrich von Hertzberg 2337:Warsaw Confederation Act 1573 1869:Maximilian Emanuel of Bavaria 1845:which he established in 1705. 1568:defeated the Russians at the 1251:Mikołaj "the Black" Radziwiłł 1179:upon marriage by signing the 1015:Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów 463:Grand Chancellor of Lithuania 421:Grand Chancellor of the Crown 129: 105: 19019:Political history of Ukraine 18267:Intangible Cultural Heritage 17685:Eastern Front (World War II) 17670:Ukrainian National Committee 15569:Ministry of Internal Affairs 13761:List of monarchy referendums 13428:Polish Armies (2): 1569–1696 13426:Brzezinski, Richard (1988). 13409:Polish Armies (1): 1569–1696 13407:Brzezinski, Richard (1987). 11693:Paradowski, Ryszard (2005). 11502:Sztuki polskiej drogi dziwne 11325:Paul Robert Magocsi (1996). 10845:. CUP Archive. p. 209. 10393:Krzysztof Olszewski (2007). 10161:Krzysztof Olszewski (2007). 10075:. Carta Blanca. p. 66. 9991:Flisowski, Zbigniew (1985). 9593:Google Print, p. 422 (notes) 9233:Bartłomiej Szyndler (2009). 8662:The History of Modern Europe 8440:Peterson, Gary Dean (2014). 8344:Besala & Biedrzycka 2005 8332:Besala & Biedrzycka 2005 8317:Besala & Biedrzycka 2005 8305:Besala & Biedrzycka 2005 8293:Besala & Biedrzycka 2005 8012:. Polska: Mada. p. 57. 8009:Historia Polski do 2009 roku 7979:Butterwick, Richard (2021). 7832:. I.B. Tauris. p. 170. 7550:. Penguin Classics. p. 7513:. Fred B. Rothman & Co. 5943:Equestrian portrait of King 5752: 5592:Second Peace of Thorn (1466) 5067: 4796:Saints Peter and Paul Church 4375:Stanisław August Poniatowski 4288:designed by Dutch architect 4104:(patterned ceilings; Polish 3952:Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn 3760:Transakcja wojny chocimskiej 3716:Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł 3564:specialist and a founder of 3448:Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki 2673:Stanisław August Poniatowski 2662:(but with a condemnation of 2651:increased the rights of the 2560:, and the transformation of 2416:existed in the contemporary 2164:was the formal residence of 2074:Stanisław August Poniatowski 1997:War of the Polish Succession 1873:Frederick Augustus of Saxony 1605:Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21) 784:and also referred to as the 7: 19014:Political history of Poland 19004:Former monarchies of Europe 18892:Russian invasion of Ukraine 18503:Crisis of the Third Century 17643:Ukrainian People's Republic 16974:Central European Initiative 16785:Prehistory and protohistory 15532:Central Election Commission 12676:, Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm, 12597:Richard Butterwick (1998). 12260:Artūras Tereškinas (2005). 12137:University of Toronto Press 11499:Karpowicz, Mariusz (1994). 11385:. Polska: Wydawnictwo KUL. 11134:(in Polish). Polska: Arkady 10700:Stachowicz, Michał (1894). 10676:Polish Armies 1569–1696 (2) 10673:Richard Brzezinski (1988). 10132:) (1991). "Volumes 63–66". 10019:"Pierwsze polskie banknoty" 9935:(in Polish). Marcin Sobiech 9537:Andrej Kotljarchuk (2006). 9271:. Polska: PWN. p. 75. 8659:Dyer, Thomas Henry (1861). 7905:Manikowska, Halina (2005). 6398:Armorial of Polish nobility 6265: 5805:chain the highest, and the 5427:subunit of administration. 5372:Crown of the Polish Kingdom 5148:) and the northern part of 4780: 4049:Baroque in Poland–Lithuania 3496:(1512–1589), historian and 3332:Army of the Duchy of Warsaw 3111: 2123:by the Russian Empire, the 2121:partitioned in three stages 1439:ended in the annexation of 1419:. The wealthy port city of 1247:Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł 1231:Union of Kraków and Vilnius 205:"Rejoice, oh Mother Poland" 10: 19160: 19024:Lithuania–Poland relations 18999:Former countries in Europe 18948:Military history of Europe 18943:Maritime history of Europe 17665:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 16086:by the Soviet Union (1944) 16076:by the Soviet Union (1940) 13378: 13279:. Routledge. p. 284. 13177:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1039. 12877:Joanna B. Michlic (2006). 12725:city, which was sealed by 12570:Polish Academy of Sciences 12236:. Routledge. p. 127. 11844:Polish Sociological Review 11787:World History the Easy Way 11276:Muthesius, Stefan (1994). 11228:The Cut of Women's Clothes 11128:Szablowski, Jerzy (1975). 11103:Szablowski, Jerzy (1975). 11046:Mariusz Karpowicz (1991). 10802:Zwoliński, Stefan (1995). 10499:Billock, Jennifer (2019). 10259:(in Polish). Polska: WAB. 10130:Polish Academy of Sciences 9523:Ecclesiastical Unification 9352:Kitowicz, Jędrzej (2019). 8764:Władysław IV and His Times 8554:Shubin, Daniel H. (2009). 8403:Kizwalter, Tomasz (1987). 7510:Constitutions of the World 7341:Rieber, Alfred J. (2014). 7148:(in Lithuanian). p. 8 7059:, Hippocrene Books, 1987, 6981:A history of the great war 6751:. Routledge. p. 133. 6129:in 1777 to honor the king 5963:Tapestry with the arms of 5853:Grand Marshal of the Crown 5417:. Cities were governed by 5381:, colloquially "Lithuania" 5292: 5286: 5224: 5078:Constitution of 3 May 1791 4843:Cardinal Stanislaus Hosius 4784: 4567: 4403: 4046: 3706:members wrote memoirs and 3623:Marcin Odlanicki Poczobutt 3486:Komisja Edukacji Narodowej 3464:Constitution of 3 May 1791 3341: 3337: 3115: 2712: 2708: 2597:Constitution of 3 May 1791 2235:Rex regnat et non-gubernat 2149: 2138: 2042: 1986:Saxe-Polish forces at the 1823: 1805:Antemurale Christianitatis 1682: 1313: 1235:Union of Vilnius and Radom 1202: 1142:personal union with Poland 1075: 1071: 948:United States Constitution 886:, was an early example of 29: 19124:18th century in Lithuania 19119:17th century in Lithuania 19114:16th century in Lithuania 18918:Genetic history of Europe 18900: 18705: 18521: 18461: 18428: 18359: 18300: 18158: 18047: 18038: 17981: 17972: 17881: 17872: 17796: 17787: 17757: 17531: 17522: 17452: 17403: 17355: 17240: 17227: 17218: 17113: 17104: 16964: 16955: 16893: 16884: 16844: 16775: 16766: 16689: 16585: 16530: 16521: 16440: 16431: 16394: 16279: 16270: 16206: 16197: 16186: 16141:Reform Movement (Sąjūdis) 16133: 16061: 15994: 15931: 15922: 15835: 15758: 15720: 15711: 15644: 15635: 15507: 15498: 15444: 15435: 15348: 15173: 15082: 14796: 14559: 14493: 14305: 14296: 14192: 14174: 14106: 14021: 13979: 13911: 13825: 13769: 13736: 13538:Stone, Daniel Z. (2014). 13117:. Lonely Planet. p. 12540:Tomasz Kamusella (2008). 12477:, Greenwood Press, 2006, 12129:Magocsi, Paul R. (2010). 11438:Miłobędzki, Adam (1994). 11413:Kowalczyk, Jerzy (1973). 11251:Lubliner, Ludwig (1858). 10783:Brzezinski (1987), p. 10. 9743:, Regnery Gateway, 2001, 8760:Władysław IV i jego czasy 8721:Miłobędzki, Adam (1980). 8216:Bardach, Juliusz (1987). 8038:Historia Polski 1505–1764 7762:Jasienica, Paweł (1997). 7057:Poland a Historical Atlas 6978:Bertram Benedict (1919). 6891:Bardach, Juliusz (2003). 6850:Bertram Benedict (1919): 6663:The Anatomy of Melancholy 6212:, is a unique example of 5886:Johann Christoph Glaubitz 5235:, established in 1807 by 5220: 4958:being added at that time. 4845:, papal legate to Poland. 4315:suburban residence built 3973:Janusz Skumin Tyszkiewicz 3712:Memoirs of Polish History 3548:army in the war with the 3546:Dutch West Indies Company 3540:) (1592–1656), engineer, 3328:Napoleonic Polish Legions 2666:from the Catholic faith). 1635:was dominated by nobles ( 1549:was brutally suppressed. 1525:during the height of the 1499:Maximilian III of Austria 1038:Rzeczpospolita szlachecka 828:was established in 1573. 780:, formally known as the 671: 667: 657: 653: 648: 640: 632: 627: 623: 610: 597: 584: 571: 558: 554: 544: 531: 516: 503: 499: 487: 477:• 1569–1584 (first) 475: 471: 461: 457: 445: 435:• 1569–1576 (first) 433: 429: 419: 415: 401: 389:• 1569–1572 (first) 387: 383: 370: 356: 319: 286: 265: 238: 226: 188: 178:"For faith, law and king" 143: 89: 84: 41: 18097:hybrid variant (2020-22) 17886:Administrative divisions 17589:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 16969:Administrative divisions 16419:Special Operations Force 16284:Administrative divisions 15564:State Security Committee 15512:Administrative divisions 15383:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 13898:Self-proclaimed monarchy 13477:Norkus, Zenonas (2017). 13250:Gordon Campbell (2006). 13111:Sarah Johnstone (2008). 12770:. Vilnius. p. 500. 12701:Zinkevičius, Z. (1993). 12515:Karin Friedrich et al., 12108:. Fortuna. p. 134. 11978:Piekarski, Adam (1979). 11924:Paul R. Magocsi (2010). 10749:Brzezinski (1988), p. 6. 10421:Jarmo Kotilaine (2005). 10309:PPerry Anderson (1979). 9927:Sobiech, Marcin (2018). 9876:, Routledge (UK), 2001, 9066:Frost, Robert I (2000). 7477:15 December 2007 at the 7318:Indiana University Press 7312:Fiszman, Samuel (1988). 7077:Atlas Historyczny Polski 7047:17 February 2013 at the 7036:17 February 2013 at the 7007:Atlas Historyczny Polski 6831:Atlas Historyczny Polski 6747:Richters, Katja (2012). 6587:Republik beider Nationen 6453: 6040:Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski 5596:Commonwealth's formation 5379:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 5327:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 5283:Administrative divisions 4879:converted to Catholicism 4740:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 4470:Order of the White Eagle 4456:for men; moustache, red 3898:became a centrepiece of 3655:(1603–1675) scholar and 3438:Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski 3365:Multi-stage rocket from 2688:drafted the act for the 2407:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 2217:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1843:Order of the White Eagle 1655:Sigismund's eldest son, 1509:in 1588 at the hands of 1427:, and, with the help of 1401:as co-regent, who ruled 1302:and established a truly 1223:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1117:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 1105:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 808:almost 12 million. 805:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 714:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 489:• 1764–1795 (last) 447:• 1793–1795 (last) 403:• 1764–1795 (last) 19144:16th century in Ukraine 19109:16th century in Belarus 19104:18th century in Belarus 19099:17th century in Belarus 19054:History of Transnistria 18923:History of Christianity 17732:2014 pro-Russian unrest 17168:Regional GDP per capita 16156:Act of Re-Establishment 16014:Great Seimas of Vilnius 15689:International sanctions 15373:Principality of Polotsk 14166:Vatican City (Holy See) 13610:(in Polish and English) 13225:Daniel H. Cole (2002). 13017:Barile, Davide (2019). 12575:Acta Poloniae historica 12376:Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm 12189:24 January 2005 at the 12179:Encyclopædia Britannica 12172:1 November 2004 at the 12162:Encyclopædia Britannica 11090:10.1484/J.IKON.5.100699 10868:Linear induction drives 10473:kurkowski, Jan (2010). 10134:Acta Poloniae historica 9851:5 December 2008 at the 9766:Henry Eldridge Bourne, 9726:Google Print, pp. 42–43 9140:Encyclopædia Britannica 9012:Davies, Norman (1992). 8939:Borucki, Marek (1976). 8486:Jędruch, Jacek (1982). 8356:Szujski, Józef (1894). 8157:"The Elective Monarchy" 8006:Borucki, Marek (2009). 7907:Historia dla Maturzysty 7739:Oxford University Press 7608:Davies, Norman (1996). 7488:Economic History Review 7373:Encyclopædia Britannica 7291:. pp. xxiii–xxiv. 6710:Jagiellonian University 6695:Encyclopædia Britannica 6644:I Rzeczpospolita Polska 6573:Abiejų Tautų Respublika 5945:Sigismund III of Poland 5484:Greater Poland Province 5102:genuine spoken language 3857:Jagiellonian tapestries 3738:(1590–1646) (father of 3698:Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz 3607:Adam Adamandy Kochański 3482:Jesuit Academy of Wilno 3478:Jagiellonian University 3041:banknote issued in 1794 2690:Targowica Confederation 2633:branches of government; 2491:constitutional monarchy 2007:succeeding his father. 1826:Enlightenment in Poland 1689:Battle of Vienna (1683) 1163:was betrothed to young 1157:Sigismund of Luxembourg 1066:Abiejų Tautų Respublika 1054:Pierwsza Rzeczpospolita 953: 888:constitutional monarchy 266:Official languages 135: – 1668) 111: – 1668) 19139:18th century in Poland 19134:17th century in Poland 19129:16th century in Poland 18747:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 18337:Immigration to Ukraine 18011:Science and technology 17960:Ukraine–NATO relations 17435:Orders and decorations 16620:Ethnographic Lithuania 16103:Second Soviet republic 15768:Awards and decorations 14448:Islands of Refreshment 13878:Legitimacy (political) 13654:Northumbria University 13650:University of Aberdeen 13500:Rowell, S. C. (2014). 13445:Frost, Robert (2015). 12299:Royal Castle in Warsaw 12159:"Poland, history of", 12105:Ukraine and Ukrainians 12050:Serhii Plokhy (2006). 11951:Jeannie Labno (2011). 11597:Snopek, Jerzy (1999). 11468:Most Holandia – Polska 11052:. Arkady. p. 68. 11022:"Portraits collection" 10994:Jacek Jędruch (1982). 10555:Kwartalnik historyczny 10313:. Verso. p. 285. 10128:Institute of History ( 9994:Bastion u wrót Gdańska 9656:Rich noble, poor noble 9292:Norman Davies (2005). 9182:Rey Koslowski (2000). 8588:Cooper, J. P. (1979). 8250:Stone, Daniel (2001). 8191:Roşu, Felicia (2017). 7930:Bojtár, Endre (1999), 7494::1 (March), pp. 18–32. 7135:Gudavičius, Edvardas. 7053:Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski 6944:Piotr Wandycz (2001). 6921:, Krakow, 2012, p. 17. 6864:Howard, Peter (2016). 6595:Republik Polen–Litauen 6591:Republik beider Völker 6036:De republica emendanda 5745: 5701: 5688:Couronian colonization 5667: 5659: 5644: 5633: 5609: 5579: 5561: 5553: 5531: 5513: 5491: 5469: 5462:Lesser Poland Province 5362: 5128:Volhynian voivodeships 5081: 4921:St. George's Cathedral 4858: 4847: 4806: 4710: 4591: 4468:with blue sash of the 4347:, Raczyński Palace in 4293: 4244:Stanisław Koniecpolski 4242:built by Grand Hetman 4143: 4065: 3558:Kazimierz Siemienowicz 3434:political philosophers 3373: 3371:Kazimierz Siemienowicz 3357:Science and literature 3227:were the elite of the 3105: 2884:such as the cities of 2770: 2610:The new constitution: 2592: 2554:Zebrzydowski Rebellion 2514: 2291: 2283: 2219: 2192: 2173: 2162:Royal Castle in Warsaw 2086:Warsaw Corps of Cadets 2069: 2039:Partitions (1772–1795) 1846: 1839:Augustus II the Strong 1709: 1600: 1547:Zebrzydowski rebellion 1482: 1325: 1226: 1199:Union of Lublin (1569) 1108: 1058:Second Polish Republic 1053: 1045: 1037: 1022: 1014: 1002: 990: 979: 971: 963: 930:among its neighbours, 221: 197: 172:Pro Fide, Lege et Rege 170: 154: 65: 50: 18827:Industrial Revolution 17747:2022 Russian invasion 17715:Revolution of Dignity 16041:Polish–Lithuanian War 16036:Lithuanian–Soviet War 15378:Principality of Turov 14259:Saint Kitts and Nevis 13848:Criticism of monarchy 13838:Abolition of monarchy 13685:50.05389°N 19.93472°E 13628:17 April 2021 at the 12742:""Mes Wladislaus..." 12653:, M.E. Sharpe, 2003, 12082:Catholic Encyclopedia 11226:Waugh, Norah (1968). 10427:. Brill. p. 47. 10380:Manchester University 9820:Isabel de Madariaga, 9623:David Sneath (2007). 9153:Lindsey, J. O. (ed). 9091:Tucker, S.C. (2010). 8756:Czapliński, Władysław 7546:The Federalist Papers 7439:Martin Van Gelderen, 7167:Spečiūnas, Vytautas. 6131:Stanisław II Augustus 5921:Stanisław Poniatowski 5793:, was famous for its 5743: 5668:Kurlandia i Semigalia 5302: 5273:Republic of Lithuania 5200:the Armenian minority 5075: 5058:Peace of Jam Zapolski 4999:Greek Catholic Church 4869:than of religion and 4852: 4839: 4794: 4704: 4577: 4568:Further information: 4284: 4266:, built in the style 4234:like the present-day 4180:Kalwaria Zebrzydowska 4164:Corpus Christi Church 4156:Peter and Paul Church 4134: 4056: 4031:, Damian Stachowicz, 3530:Krzysztof Arciszewski 3364: 3344:Renaissance in Poland 3342:Further information: 3290:was reformed, as the 3108:) in Western Europe. 2768: 2713:Further information: 2588:Constitution of 3 May 2584: 2505: 2251:King Henry's Articles 2243:and an elected king ( 2198: 2179: 2159: 2052: 1983:Stanisław Leszczyński 1973:At the height of the 1837: 1696: 1595: 1477: 1323: 1258:Sigismund II Augustus 1212: 1098: 869:elected to the throne 857:Sigismund II Augustus 790:First Polish Republic 287:Common languages 220: 18:First Polish Republic 18882:European debt crisis 18877:European integration 18817:Age of Enlightenment 18657:Republic of Florence 18118:Freedom of the press 17855:World Heritage Sites 17850:Islands and sandbars 17623:Pereiaslav Agreement 17606:Zaporozhian Cossacks 17574:Principality of Kiev 17347:World Heritage Sites 16557:Ethnographic regions 16311:Constitutional Court 16113:Lithuanian partisans 16031:Wars of Independence 15823:World Heritage Sites 14091:United Arab Emirates 13662:University of Oxford 13652:, Katarzyna Kosior, 13605:24 June 2011 at the 13596:at Wikimedia Commons 13327:"Old City of Zamość" 12939:. Genealogical Pub. 12839:Google Print, p. 108 12663:Google Print, p. 177 12487:Google Print, p. 115 12454:Google Print, p. 295 12289:Aleksander Gieysztor 12029:, SUNY Press, 1983, 11572:www.lvivtoday.com.ua 11327:A history of Ukraine 10975:on September 2, 2009 10588:on February 28, 2003 10578:""Polonaise" carpet" 10505:Smithsonian Magazine 10345:Taylor & Francis 9870:Piotr Stefan Wandycz 9753:Google Print, p. 242 9520:Josef Macha (1974). 9405:5 April 2020 at the 8995:Dobrowolski (1962). 8881:Gintel, Jan (1971). 8823:, SUNY Press, 1998, 8623:Gillespie, Alexander 7741:. 2012. pp. 5, xvii. 6947:The price of freedom 6690:Partitions of Poland 6438:History of Lithuania 6340:Lithuania portal 6258:Stanisław Lubomirski 6061:Marie Louise Gonzaga 5965:Michał Kazimierz Pac 5826:Politics and economy 5799:Carpathian Mountains 5768:, published a Latin 5736:) from 1645 to 1666. 5411:being governed by a 5263:in the north to the 5112:Chancellery Slavonic 5044:religion. After the 4855:Warsaw Confederation 4853:Original act of the 4811:Warsaw Confederation 4787:Warsaw Confederation 4389:and the exterior of 4383:Polish Enlightenment 4343:, Potocki Palace in 4318:entre cour et jardin 4174:and UNESCO-enlisted 4148:Baroque architecture 4146:The introduction of 3965:Stanisław Lubomirski 3884:Palace of Versailles 3724:Jan Chryzostom Pasek 3718:(1595–1656) and the 3352:Polish Enlightenment 2900:and cotton from the 2623:separation of powers 2519:Jagiellonian dynasty 2426:Most Serene Republic 2072:In 1764, aristocrat 2054:Partitions of Poland 2045:Partitions of Poland 2033:Polish Enlightenment 1979:Warsaw Confederation 1865:James Louis Sobieski 1859:heavily invested in 1733:Treaty of Pereyaslav 1729:Khmelnytsky Uprising 1669:Marie Louise Gonzaga 1665:Treaty of Stuhmsdorf 1539:Polish–Swedish union 1533:in Sweden sparked a 1395:Jagiellonian dynasty 1338:Catherine de' Medici 861:Jagiellonian dynasty 849:Jogaila of Lithuania 19044:Former state unions 18847:Revolutions of 1848 18777:Early modern France 18558:Anglo-Saxon England 18463:Classical antiquity 17722:Russo-Ukrainian War 17087:Political prisoners 16125:Government-in-exile 16026:Act of Independence 15427:Republic of Belarus 15287:Trinidad and Tobago 15174:Commonwealth realms 15059:United Baltic Duchy 14202:Antigua and Barbuda 14194:Commonwealth realms 13888:Order of succession 13681: / 13357:www.jewish-guide.pl 12863:Google Print, p. 27 12727:Žygimantas Augustas 12690:Google Print, p. 41 12529:Google Print, p. 88 12416:Google Print, p. 30 12392:Google Print, p. 45 12364:Google Print p. 184 12340:Google Print, p. 48 12209:on 11 December 2008 12039:Google Print, p. 51 11815:Google print p. 377 10582:museu.gulbenkian.pt 10382:Press. p. 151. 10176:Maciej Kobyliński. 9886:Google Print p. 131 9834:Google Print p. 431 9810:Google Print, p. 33 9780:Google Print p. 161 9653:M. L. Bush (1988). 9070:. Harlow: Longman. 8913:Studia staropolskie 8833:Google Print, p. 13 8044:. pp. 92–109. 7828:Engel, Pál (2001). 7733:Richard Buterwick. 7234:Google Print p. 373 7031:1618 population map 6418:Armenians in Poland 6413:Lithuanian nobility 6256:was established by 6236:Jerzy Siemiginowski 6168:Pažaislis Monastery 5923:, Commander of the 5360:, Commonwealth fief 5046:Counter-Reformation 4899:social institutions 4775:Lithuanian language 4763:Counter-Reformation 4755:religious tolerance 4753:Despite guaranteed 4715:Second Northern War 4486:", named after the 4430:Elżbieta Sieniawska 4268:palazzo in fortezza 4210:and Vasa Chapel at 3977:Krzysztof Radziwiłł 3912:robe à la polonaise 3629:and mathematician ( 3502:Michael Sendivogius 3386:religious tolerance 3382:Counter-Reformation 3315:) and commanded by 3214:Polish Royal Guards 2678:Catherine the Great 2660:religious tolerance 2638:popular sovereignty 2605:hereditary monarchy 2446:religious tolerance 2265:religious tolerance 2213:Lithuanian nobility 2201:Lithuanian Tribunal 2127:, and the Austrian 2078:Catherine the Great 2012:Aleksander Brückner 1990:in 1702 and at the 1910:Warsaw Royal Castle 1863:, in opposition to 1857:Louis XIV of France 1578:Vasili IV of Russia 1535:war of independence 1527:Counter-Reformation 1503:military expedition 1495:Catherine Jagiellon 1366:and approbated the 1091:Prelude (1370–1569) 1025:) were used in the 913:religious tolerance 874:The Commonwealth's 549:Early modern period 540:Chamber of Deputies 494:Joachim Chreptowicz 199:Gaude Mater Polonia 18953:Crusading movement 18857:Russian Revolution 18692:Hundred Years' War 18588:Maritime republics 18491:Early Christianity 18481:Hellenistic period 18438:Paleolithic Europe 18082:Swine flu pandemic 18016:Telecommunications 17806:Biosphere reserves 17695:Chernobyl disaster 16477:Telecommunications 16146:Singing Revolution 15984:Lithuanian Crusade 15674:Telecommunications 15469:Biosphere Reserves 15415:Western Belorussia 13690:50.05389; 19.93472 13306:www.ianridpath.com 13063:, Palgrave, 1999, 13059:, Vytautas Zalys, 12849:Jan K. Ostrowski, 11359:www.staropolska.pl 11353:Michael J. Mikoś. 10938:on 26 January 2008 10932:www.warsawvoice.pl 10533:. Encyklopedia PWN 10253:Sowa, Jan (2015). 10023:Skarbnica Narodowa 9563:Joanna Olkiewicz, 9192:Cornell University 8985:, pp. 138–143 8819:Aleksander Gella, 8803:, pp. 353–356 8334:, pp. 118–119 8319:, pp. 116–117 8240:, pp. 216–217 8137:Dziennik Literacki 7764:Polska Jagiellonów 7695:the name given by 7583:Waves of Democracy 7169:"Jonas Albrechtas" 7110:, Palgrave, 2002, 6854:, inc. p. 21. 6808:. 7 September 2024 6806:www.britannica.com 6232:Allegory of Spring 6153:Tylman van Gameren 5929:Angelika Kauffmann 5746: 5680:St. Andrews Island 5660:Kuršas ir Žiemgala 5546:Duchy of Samogitia 5480:in the north-east; 5363: 5269:Republic of Poland 5237:Napoleon Bonaparte 5082: 4952:Kamieniec Podolski 4875:landed noble class 4859: 4807: 4711: 4592: 4387:Palace on the Isle 4294: 4290:Tylman van Gameren 4204:St. Casimir Chapel 4190:in Kraków and the 4144: 4066: 4037:Grzegorz Gorczycki 4025:Marcin Mielczewski 3900:Louis XV furniture 3892:lit à la polonaise 3880:Louis XV of France 3861:Wawel Royal Castle 3821:portrety trumienne 3669:John Amos Comenius 3637:Jan Krzysztof Kluk 3398:Orthodox Christian 3374: 3306:tax levied on the 3269:pospolite ruszenie 3243:and eight cavalry 3189:parliament or the 2835:Tadeusz Kościuszko 2771: 2599:, which historian 2593: 2562:szlachta democracy 2515: 2422:Republic of Venice 2325:Henrician Articles 2220: 2199:The Palace of the 2193: 2174: 2125:Kingdom of Prussia 2070: 2021:Heinrich von Brühl 1975:Great Northern War 1926:Collegium Nobilium 1847: 1777:Kingdom of Prussia 1765:Treaty of Bromberg 1721:Ukrainian Cossacks 1710: 1700:, victor over the 1601: 1570:Battle of Klushino 1537:, which ended the 1491:John III of Sweden 1483: 1479:Sigismund III Vasa 1423:(Danzig) staged a 1372:constitutional law 1368:Henrician Articles 1334:Henry II of France 1326: 1227: 1189:perpetuo applicare 1138:Kingdom of Hungary 1109: 944:3 May Constitution 909:Henrician Articles 863:and introduced an 851:, who was crowned 755:Kingdom of Prussia 588:3 May Constitution 222: 125:Royal coat of arms 18961: 18960: 18887:COVID-19 pandemic 18832:French Revolution 18807:Habsburg monarchy 18787:Cossack Hetmanate 18767:Portuguese Empire 18757:Absolute monarchy 18752:Thirty Years' War 18647:Holy Roman Empire 18572:Bulgarian Empire 18531:Early Middle Ages 18448:Bronze Age Europe 18422:History of Europe 18388: 18387: 18355: 18354: 18130:Human trafficking 18088:COVID-19 pandemic 18062:Gender inequality 18034: 18033: 17968: 17967: 17926:Political parties 17916:Foreign relations 17868: 17867: 17783: 17782: 17705:Orange Revolution 17690:Volhynia massacre 17481: 17480: 17448: 17447: 17370:Ethnic minorities 17214: 17213: 17100: 17099: 17053:Political parties 16999:Foreign relations 16951: 16950: 16880: 16879: 16836:Poland since 1989 16725: 16724: 16685: 16684: 16552:Ethnic minorities 16517: 16516: 16427: 16426: 16364:Political parties 16323:Foreign relations 16266: 16265: 16184: 16183: 16021:Amber Declaration 15878: 15877: 15831: 15830: 15707: 15706: 15631: 15630: 15601:Political parties 15539:Foreign relations 15494: 15493: 15304: 15303: 15300: 15299: 14989:Piedmont-Sardinia 14741:Sip Song Chau Tai 14551:Thirteen Colonies 14292: 14291: 13615:Knowledge passage 13592:Media related to 13572:978-0-8108-7536-4 13553:978-0-295-80362-3 13530:978-609-425-152-8 13511:978-1-107-65876-9 13492:978-1-138-28154-7 13456:978-0-19-820869-3 13399:978-83-01-07919-2 13211:978-88-70-88537-8 13128:978-1-74104-481-2 13057:Alfonsas Eidintas 13030:978-1-000-73113-2 12807:Daniel. Z Stone, 12551:978-0-230-55070-4 12500:Daniel. Z Stone, 12402:Glanville Price, 12146:978-1-4426-1021-7 12115:978-0-7316-7503-6 12003:portal.unesco.org 11964:978-0-7546-6825-1 11937:978-1-4426-1021-7 11731:978-83-11-11724-2 11706:978-83-87704-94-0 11679:, Janusz Tazbir, 11610:978-83-01-12917-0 11546:978-83-7306-068-5 11512:978-83-900152-8-6 11478:978-83-901494-2-4 11451:978-83-85739-14-2 11392:978-83-7363-029-1 11289:978-3-7845-7612-1 11166:978-83-87730-72-7 11049:Baroque in Poland 11007:978-08-19-12509-5 10815:978-83-86268-27-6 10686:978-0-85045-744-5 10354:978-0-415-36627-4 10266:978-83-280-2203-4 10082:978-83-7705-120-7 10004:978-83-10-08779-9 9696:978-0-521-54402-3 9636:978-0-231-14054-6 9604:Frost, Robert I. 9550:978-91-89-31563-1 9469:978-1-113-14791-2 9436:978-83-88865-08-4 9365:978-963-386-276-6 9338:978-0-415-35491-2 9311:978-0-231-12819-3 9278:978-83-01-14187-5 9246:978-83-11-11606-1 9205:978-0-8014-3714-4 9102:978-1-85109-667-1 9077:978-0-582-06429-4 9052:978-83-214-0861-3 9025:978-83-7006-384-9 8969:978-83-7220-560-5 8734:978-83-01-01363-9 8638:978-1-5099-1766-2 8628:The Causes of War 8601:978-0-521-29713-4 8567:978-0-87586-687-1 8533:978-1-5017-5740-2 8499:978-0-8191-2509-5 8453:978-1-4766-0411-4 8202:978-0-19-878937-6 8093:978-83-7188-973-8 8019:978-83-89624-59-8 7992:978-0-300-25220-0 7943:978-963-9116-42-9 7773:978-83-8123-881-6 7612:Europe: A History 7520:978-0-8377-0362-6 7505:Blaustein, Albert 6957:978-0-415-25491-5 6932:Europe: A History 6904:978-83-88296-02-4 6877:978-1-317-04323-2 6758:978-1-136-29636-9 6433:History of Poland 6374: 6373: 6329:Poland portal 6118:Taurus Poniatovii 5949:Peter Paul Rubens 5811:Białowieża Forest 5783:Gerardus Mercator 5764:, who studied in 5448:Treaty of Lubowla 5241:November Uprising 5015:Reformed churches 4995:Eastern Orthodoxy 4656:Kingdom of Poland 4391:St. Anne's Church 4292:and built in 1697 4208:Vilnius Cathedral 4070:Italian Mannerism 4033:Mikołaj Zieleński 4013:Bartłomiej Pękiel 3950:) and Lithuania ( 3876:Marie Leszczyńska 3754:. It was used by 3744:Khotyn expedition 3740:John III Sobieski 3661:Scottish nobility 3659:, descended from 3570:Johannes Hevelius 3456:Stanisław Staszic 3380:, and during the 3348:Baroque in Poland 3218:Lithuanian Guards 2927:plantation system 2896:, salt, tobacco, 2882:Holy Roman Empire 2783:leather tanneries 2566:magnate oligarchy 2498:Magnate oligarchy 2485:elective monarchy 2434:absolute monarchy 2414:political systems 2332:religious freedom 2190:Kingdom of Poland 2129:Habsburg monarchy 2035:began to sprout. 2001:Pacification Sejm 1992:Battle of Pułtusk 1988:Battle of Kliszów 1965:Bernardo Bellotto 1881:Pope Innocent XII 1810:Great Turkish War 1784:John III Sobieski 1757:George II Rákóczi 1698:John III Sobieski 1643:Thirty Years' War 1629:Gustavus Adolphus 1625:Treaty of Altmark 1545:. In Poland, the 1523:Roman Catholicism 1515:Polish Golden Age 1501:, who launched a 1437:Livonian campaign 1316:Polish Golden Age 1304:elective monarchy 1219:Kingdom of Poland 1195:on 4 March 1386. 1177:adopt Catholicism 1130:Casimir the Great 1113:Kingdom of Poland 1101:Kingdom of Poland 880:elective monarchy 865:elective monarchy 845:Jadwiga of Poland 826:religious freedom 801:Kingdom of Poland 775: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 719: 718: 482:Mikołaj Radziwiłł 440:Walenty Dembiński 365:elective monarchy 333:Eastern Orthodoxy 218: 16:(Redirected from 19151: 19049:Duchy of Livonia 19039:Former republics 19029:Christian states 18822:Great Divergence 18737:Age of Discovery 18682:Late Middle Ages 18652:High Middle Ages 18563:Byzantine Empire 18546:Christianization 18536:Migration Period 18471:Classical Greece 18443:Neolithic Europe 18415: 18408: 18401: 18392: 18391: 18368: 18310:Ukrainian people 18045: 18044: 17991: 17979: 17978: 17879: 17878: 17823:Populated places 17794: 17793: 17599:Kiev Voivodeship 17584:Galicia–Volhynia 17529: 17528: 17508: 17501: 17494: 17485: 17484: 17461: 17225: 17224: 17206: 17133:Economic history 17123:Balcerowicz Plan 17111: 17110: 16962: 16961: 16898:Cities and towns 16891: 16890: 16831:Communist Poland 16811: 16803: 16773: 16772: 16752: 16745: 16738: 16729: 16728: 16705: 16698: 16615:Cultural regions 16610:Cultural history 16528: 16527: 16438: 16437: 16379: 16277: 16276: 16204: 16203: 16192: 16053:1926 coup d'état 16009:National Revival 15974:Christianization 15944:Lithuania proper 15929: 15928: 15905: 15898: 15891: 15882: 15881: 15858: 15851: 15844: 15813:National symbols 15773:Belarusian names 15718: 15717: 15669: 15642: 15641: 15505: 15504: 15442: 15441: 15331: 15324: 15317: 15308: 15307: 15228:Irish Free State 14994:Poland–Lithuania 14303: 14302: 14254:Papua New Guinea 13984: 13983: 13723: 13716: 13709: 13700: 13699: 13696: 13695: 13693: 13692: 13691: 13686: 13682: 13679: 13678: 13677: 13674: 13634: 13619: 13611: 13591: 13576: 13557: 13534: 13515: 13496: 13473: 13460: 13441: 13422: 13403: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13363: 13345: 13339: 13338: 13336: 13334: 13323: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13312: 13297: 13291: 13290: 13272: 13266: 13265: 13247: 13241: 13240: 13222: 13216: 13215: 13195: 13189: 13188: 13170: 13164: 13163: 13139: 13133: 13132: 13108: 13102: 13101: 13099: 13097: 13086:"Zobaczyć Kresy" 13081: 13075: 13054: 13048: 13041: 13035: 13034: 13014: 13008: 13007: 12987: 12981: 12975: 12957: 12951: 12950: 12930: 12924: 12919: 12901: 12895: 12894: 12874: 12865: 12847: 12841: 12820: 12814: 12805: 12799: 12798: 12792: 12784: 12763: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12738: 12732: 12731: 12698: 12692: 12671: 12665: 12647: 12641: 12638: 12632: 12631: 12619: 12613: 12612: 12590: 12584: 12583: 12562: 12556: 12555: 12537: 12531: 12513: 12507: 12498: 12489: 12473:Kevin O'Connor, 12471: 12456: 12431: 12418: 12400: 12394: 12372: 12366: 12348: 12342: 12324: 12303: 12302: 12285: 12276: 12275: 12257: 12248: 12247: 12225: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12199: 12193: 12157: 12151: 12150: 12126: 12120: 12119: 12099: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12088: 12074: 12068: 12067: 12047: 12041: 12020: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12009: 11995: 11986: 11985: 11975: 11969: 11968: 11948: 11942: 11941: 11921: 11915: 11894: 11888: 11887:, pp. 29–38 11882: 11873: 11872:, pp. 25–83 11867: 11861: 11855: 11849: 11848: 11839: 11833: 11826: 11817: 11807: 11801: 11799:Google Print, 50 11783: 11777: 11771: 11762: 11756: 11750: 11745: 11736: 11735: 11717: 11711: 11710: 11690: 11684: 11674: 11668: 11662:Sarmatian Review 11658: 11652: 11647: 11628: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11617: 11594: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11578:on 25 April 2020 11564: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11530: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11496: 11490: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11462: 11456: 11455: 11435: 11429: 11428: 11426: 11424: 11410: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11376: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11365: 11350: 11341: 11340: 11322: 11316: 11315: 11307: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11296: 11273: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11262: 11248: 11242: 11241: 11223: 11217: 11216: 11214: 11212: 11199: 11193: 11192: 11184: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11159:. Polska: Bosz. 11150: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11125: 11119: 11118: 11116: 11114: 11100: 11094: 11093: 11073: 11064: 11063: 11043: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11026:muzeum.leszno.pl 11018: 11012: 11011: 10991: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10974: 10968:. Archived from 10966:www.moravian.org 10963: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10943: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10901: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10863: 10857: 10856: 10836: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10822: 10799: 10793: 10790: 10784: 10781: 10772: 10769: 10750: 10747: 10741: 10734: 10728: 10727:, pp. 23–25 10722: 10716: 10715: 10713: 10711: 10697: 10691: 10690: 10670: 10664: 10663: 10661: 10659: 10645: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10634: 10628: 10622:Tomaszewska, A. 10619: 10613: 10607: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10593: 10584:. Archived from 10574: 10568: 10567: 10565: 10563: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10540: 10538: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10512: 10496: 10490: 10489: 10487: 10485: 10470: 10464: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10454: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10418: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10401: 10390: 10384: 10383: 10372:Yves-Marie Bercé 10368: 10359: 10358: 10334: 10325: 10324: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10295: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10250: 10244: 10243: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10200: 10194: 10193: 10191: 10189: 10173: 10167: 10166: 10158: 10152: 10151: 10125: 10114: 10113: 10103: 10094: 10093: 10091: 10089: 10066: 10060: 10059: 10057: 10055: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10015: 10009: 10008: 9988: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9963: 9957: 9951: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9924: 9913: 9912: 9910: 9908: 9895: 9889: 9867: 9856: 9842: 9836: 9818: 9812: 9791: 9782: 9764: 9755: 9734: 9728: 9707: 9701: 9700: 9681:Frost, Robert I. 9677: 9671: 9670: 9650: 9641: 9640: 9620: 9611: 9609: 9601: 9595: 9574: 9568: 9561: 9555: 9554: 9534: 9528: 9527: 9517: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9483: 9474: 9473: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9445: 9443: 9420: 9414: 9409:, Jeremy Black, 9397: 9391: 9388: 9382: 9376: 9370: 9369: 9349: 9343: 9342: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9299: 9289: 9283: 9282: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9230: 9224: 9219: 9213: 9212: 9189: 9179: 9173: 9167: 9158: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9136: 9125: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9106: 9088: 9082: 9081: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9009: 9003: 9002: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8936: 8930: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8888: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8853: 8847: 8841: 8835: 8817: 8804: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8752: 8746: 8745: 8743: 8741: 8718: 8712: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8681: 8675: 8674: 8672: 8670: 8656: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8619: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8585: 8579: 8578: 8576: 8574: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8460: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8389: 8378: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8353: 8347: 8341: 8335: 8329: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8302: 8296: 8290: 8281: 8280: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8222: 8221: 8213: 8207: 8206: 8188: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8056: 8055: 8034:Gierowski, Józef 8030: 8024: 8023: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7976: 7970: 7965: 7959: 7958:, pp. 12–14 7953: 7947: 7946: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7790: 7789:, pp. 30–32 7784: 7778: 7777: 7759: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7731: 7725: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7693: 7687: 7686: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7643: 7632: 7631: 7615: 7605: 7594: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7549: 7533:Isaac Kramnick, 7531: 7525: 7524: 7501: 7495: 7467: 7458: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7412: 7406: 7405: 7382: 7376: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7309: 7303: 7302: 7280: 7271: 7270: 7247: 7241: 7238:Sarmatian Review 7224:, Rodopi, 2003, 7220:Halina Stephan, 7218: 7212: 7194: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7164: 7158: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7141: 7132: 7126: 7101: 7092: 7089: 7080: 7073: 7067: 7027: 7010: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6975: 6969: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6941: 6935: 6928: 6922: 6917:Zbigniew Pucek: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6861: 6855: 6848: 6842: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6798: 6792: 6785: 6779: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6744: 6735: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6725:on 12 March 2009 6721:. Archived from 6714:European studies 6707: 6698: 6687: 6667: 6654: 6648: 6635: 6629: 6544: 6538: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6403:List of szlachta 6366: 6359: 6352: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6295: 6270: 6269: 6254:Łańcut Synagogue 6250: 6225: 6210:Bernardo Morando 6206:Zamość City Hall 6202: 6183: 6164: 6141: 6127:Marcin Poczobutt 6113: 6092: 6072: 6051: 6032: 6012: 5996: 5980: 5967:, Jan Leyniers, 5960: 5940: 5917: 5897: 5867: 5856:Łukasz Opaliński 5849: 5834: 5647: 5640:Duchy of Livonia 5610:Pomorze Gdańskie 5580:Prusy Królewskie 5532:Didžioji Lietuva 5524:Lithuania Proper 5355: 5345:Duchy of Prussia 5342: 5336:Duchy of Livonia 5333: 5324: 5315: 5309:Truce of Deulino 5245:January Uprising 5146:Lithuania Proper 5110:– also known as 5062:Truce of Deulino 5019:Jewish diasporas 4947: 4913: 4696:Kiev Voivodeship 4664:Truce of Deulino 4462:coat, gold-silk 4450: 4422: 4256:Bernardo Morando 4240:Pidhirtsi Castle 4172:Lublin Cathedral 4074:Late Renaissance 4058:Krasiczyn Castle 4001:Asprilio Pacelli 3997:Annibale Stabile 3971:). Others, like 3817:coffin portraits 3791: 3782: 3613:(הבעל שם טוב in 3595:and diplomat in 3591:, cartographer, 3514:Ioannes Broscius 3458:(1755–1826) and 3450:(1530–1607) and 3321:wojsko kwarciane 3297:wojsko kwarciane 3226: 3151: 3130: 3074:Several ancient 3034: 3018: 2738: 2727: 2629:, executive and 2573:military might. 2457:political system 2438:decentralization 2379:(from the Latin 2351:), the right of 2305:(free election); 2117:May Constitution 2094:Virtuti Militari 1954: 1943: 1885:Habsburg Austria 1796:Battle of Vienna 1771:over Protestant 1706:Battle of Vienna 1562:Time of Troubles 1328:On 11 May 1573, 1136:, who ruled the 1046:I Rzeczpospolita 778:Poland–Lithuania 763: 762: 749: 748: 735: 734: 723: 722: 710: 709: 696: 695: 689: 688: 673: 672: 601:Second Partition 452:Antoni Sułkowski 411: 397: 310:§ Languages 258: 250: 231: 219: 202: 175: 157: 136: 134: 131: 121: 112: 110: 107: 97: 76: 68: 61: 53: 39: 38: 21: 19159: 19158: 19154: 19153: 19152: 19150: 19149: 19148: 18964: 18963: 18962: 18957: 18896: 18862:Interwar period 18837:Napoleonic Wars 18701: 18672:Mongol invasion 18625:Crown of Aragon 18517: 18457: 18453:Iron Age Europe 18424: 18419: 18389: 18384: 18371: 18364: 18351: 18296: 18211:Cultural icons 18154: 18030: 18001:Stock exchanges 17989: 17964: 17948:Law enforcement 17864: 17818:Nature reserves 17779: 17753: 17648:Ukrainian State 17579:Mongol invasion 17518: 17512: 17482: 17477: 17464: 17457: 17444: 17399: 17351: 17317:Public holidays 17236: 17210: 17204: 17198:Venture capital 17096: 17026:Law enforcement 16947: 16933:Protected areas 16876: 16840: 16809: 16801: 16762: 16756: 16726: 16721: 16708: 16701: 16694: 16681: 16650:Public holidays 16581: 16513: 16423: 16390: 16377: 16345:Law enforcement 16262: 16193: 16180: 16129: 16081:by Nazi Germany 16063: 16057: 15996: 15990: 15949:Lithuania Minor 15918: 15909: 15879: 15874: 15861: 15854: 15847: 15840: 15827: 15818:Public holidays 15754: 15703: 15667: 15627: 15574:Internal Troops 15559:Law enforcement 15490: 15464:Protected areas 15431: 15344: 15335: 15305: 15296: 15221:princely states 15169: 15105:Kingdom of Fiji 15078: 14824:Austria-Hungary 14792: 14555: 14489: 14288: 14274:Solomon Islands 14188: 14170: 14102: 14017: 13975: 13907: 13853:Democratization 13821: 13765: 13732: 13727: 13689: 13687: 13683: 13680: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13668: 13667: 13646:Robert I. Frost 13632: 13630:Wayback Machine 13617: 13609: 13607:Wayback Machine 13584: 13579: 13573: 13554: 13531: 13512: 13493: 13457: 13438: 13419: 13400: 13383: 13377: 13372: 13371: 13361: 13359: 13346: 13342: 13332: 13330: 13325: 13324: 13320: 13310: 13308: 13298: 13294: 13287: 13273: 13269: 13262: 13248: 13244: 13237: 13223: 13219: 13212: 13196: 13192: 13185: 13171: 13167: 13160: 13140: 13136: 13129: 13109: 13105: 13095: 13093: 13092:on 10 July 2015 13082: 13078: 13055: 13051: 13042: 13038: 13031: 13015: 13011: 13004: 12988: 12984: 12972: 12958: 12954: 12947: 12931: 12927: 12916: 12902: 12898: 12891: 12875: 12868: 12848: 12844: 12821: 12817: 12806: 12802: 12786: 12785: 12778: 12764: 12760: 12750: 12748: 12740: 12739: 12735: 12717: 12699: 12695: 12672: 12668: 12648: 12644: 12639: 12635: 12628:archives.gov.ua 12622:України, ЦДЕА. 12620: 12616: 12609: 12591: 12587: 12563: 12559: 12552: 12538: 12534: 12514: 12510: 12499: 12492: 12472: 12459: 12432: 12421: 12401: 12397: 12373: 12369: 12349: 12345: 12326:Anatol Lieven, 12325: 12306: 12286: 12279: 12272: 12258: 12251: 12244: 12226: 12222: 12212: 12210: 12201: 12200: 12196: 12191:Wayback Machine 12176:and "Ukraine", 12174:Wayback Machine 12158: 12154: 12147: 12139:. p. 190. 12127: 12123: 12116: 12100: 12096: 12086: 12084: 12076: 12075: 12071: 12064: 12048: 12044: 12021: 12017: 12007: 12005: 11997: 11996: 11989: 11976: 11972: 11965: 11949: 11945: 11938: 11922: 11918: 11895: 11891: 11883: 11876: 11868: 11864: 11856: 11852: 11841: 11840: 11836: 11827: 11820: 11809:R. B. Wernham, 11808: 11804: 11784: 11780: 11772: 11765: 11757: 11753: 11746: 11739: 11732: 11718: 11714: 11707: 11691: 11687: 11675: 11671: 11659: 11655: 11644: 11629: 11625: 11615: 11613: 11611: 11595: 11591: 11581: 11579: 11566: 11565: 11561: 11551: 11549: 11547: 11531: 11527: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11497: 11493: 11483: 11481: 11479: 11463: 11459: 11452: 11436: 11432: 11422: 11420: 11411: 11407: 11397: 11395: 11393: 11377: 11373: 11363: 11361: 11351: 11344: 11337: 11323: 11319: 11308: 11304: 11294: 11292: 11290: 11274: 11270: 11260: 11258: 11249: 11245: 11238: 11224: 11220: 11210: 11208: 11201: 11200: 11196: 11185: 11181: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11151: 11147: 11137: 11135: 11126: 11122: 11112: 11110: 11101: 11097: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11044: 11040: 11030: 11028: 11020: 11019: 11015: 11008: 10992: 10988: 10978: 10976: 10972: 10961: 10955: 10951: 10941: 10939: 10926: 10925: 10921: 10914: 10889: 10885: 10878: 10864: 10860: 10853: 10837: 10830: 10820: 10818: 10816: 10800: 10796: 10791: 10787: 10782: 10775: 10770: 10753: 10748: 10744: 10735: 10731: 10725:Stachowicz 1894 10723: 10719: 10709: 10707: 10698: 10694: 10687: 10671: 10667: 10657: 10655: 10646: 10642: 10632: 10630: 10626: 10620: 10616: 10610:Stachowicz 1894 10608: 10601: 10591: 10589: 10576: 10575: 10571: 10561: 10559: 10550: 10546: 10536: 10534: 10525: 10524: 10520: 10510: 10508: 10497: 10493: 10483: 10481: 10471: 10467: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10448:Allen, Robert. 10446: 10442: 10435: 10419: 10415: 10405: 10403: 10399: 10391: 10387: 10369: 10362: 10355: 10347:. p. 189. 10335: 10328: 10321: 10307: 10303: 10293: 10291: 10286: 10285: 10281: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10251: 10247: 10240: 10226: 10222: 10215: 10201: 10197: 10187: 10185: 10174: 10170: 10165:. pp. 6–7. 10159: 10155: 10148: 10126: 10117: 10104: 10097: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10067: 10063: 10053: 10051: 10042: 10038: 10028: 10026: 10017: 10016: 10012: 10005: 9989: 9985: 9975: 9973: 9965: 9964: 9960: 9954:Kucharczuk 2011 9952: 9948: 9938: 9936: 9925: 9916: 9906: 9904: 9897: 9896: 9892: 9868: 9859: 9853:Wayback Machine 9844:Carl L. Bucki, 9843: 9839: 9819: 9815: 9794:Wolfgang Menzel 9792: 9785: 9765: 9758: 9735: 9731: 9708: 9704: 9697: 9678: 9674: 9667: 9651: 9644: 9637: 9621: 9614: 9602: 9598: 9575: 9571: 9562: 9558: 9551: 9535: 9531: 9518: 9514: 9504: 9502: 9500: 9484: 9477: 9470: 9455: 9451: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9421: 9417: 9407:Wayback Machine 9398: 9394: 9389: 9385: 9379:Sužiedėlis 2011 9377: 9373: 9366: 9350: 9346: 9339: 9323: 9319: 9312: 9290: 9286: 9279: 9265: 9261: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9231: 9227: 9220: 9216: 9206: 9194:Press. p. 9180: 9176: 9168: 9161: 9152: 9148: 9126: 9122: 9114: 9110: 9103: 9089: 9085: 9078: 9064: 9060: 9053: 9037: 9033: 9026: 9010: 9006: 8993: 8989: 8981: 8977: 8970: 8956:Spórna (2003). 8954: 8950: 8937: 8933: 8925: 8921: 8908: 8904: 8896: 8892: 8879: 8875: 8868: 8854: 8850: 8842: 8838: 8818: 8807: 8801:Czapliński 1976 8799: 8795: 8789:Czapliński 1976 8787: 8783: 8777:Czapliński 1976 8775: 8771: 8753: 8749: 8739: 8737: 8735: 8719: 8715: 8707: 8703: 8696: 8682: 8678: 8668: 8666: 8657: 8653: 8643: 8641: 8639: 8620: 8616: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8594:. CUP Archive. 8586: 8582: 8572: 8570: 8568: 8552: 8548: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8518: 8514: 8504: 8502: 8500: 8484: 8480: 8472: 8468: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8438: 8434: 8426: 8422: 8412: 8410: 8401: 8397: 8387: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8365: 8363: 8354: 8350: 8342: 8338: 8330: 8323: 8315: 8311: 8303: 8299: 8291: 8284: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8248: 8244: 8236: 8225: 8214: 8210: 8203: 8189: 8180: 8170: 8168: 8167:on June 4, 2011 8155: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8132: 8128: 8120: 8113: 8105: 8101: 8094: 8078: 8074: 8068:Butterwick 2021 8066: 8059: 8052: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8004: 8000: 7993: 7977: 7973: 7968:Butterwick 2021 7966: 7962: 7956:Butterwick 2021 7954: 7950: 7944: 7928: 7924: 7917: 7903: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7851: 7847: 7840: 7826: 7822: 7814: 7810: 7802: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7774: 7760: 7756: 7749: 7745: 7732: 7728: 7723: 7719: 7711: 7707: 7694: 7690: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7655: 7653: 7645: 7644: 7635: 7628: 7606: 7597: 7576: 7572: 7562: 7532: 7528: 7521: 7502: 7498: 7479:Wayback Machine 7468: 7461: 7441:Quentin Skinner 7438: 7434: 7427: 7413: 7409: 7402: 7386:Francis Dvornik 7383: 7379: 7366: 7362: 7355: 7339: 7335: 7328: 7310: 7306: 7299: 7281: 7274: 7267: 7248: 7244: 7236:. Quoting from 7219: 7215: 7196:Norman Davies, 7195: 7188: 7178: 7176: 7175:(in Lithuanian) 7165: 7161: 7151: 7149: 7139: 7133: 7129: 7102: 7095: 7090: 7083: 7074: 7070: 7049:Wayback Machine 7038:Wayback Machine 7028: 7013: 7004: 7000: 6990: 6988: 6976: 6972: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6942: 6938: 6930:Norman Davies, 6929: 6925: 6916: 6912: 6905: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6862: 6858: 6849: 6845: 6828: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6786: 6782: 6778:, Gdansk, 2010. 6774:Janusz Sykała: 6773: 6769: 6759: 6745: 6738: 6728: 6726: 6717: 6708: 6701: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6670: 6655: 6651: 6636: 6632: 6545: 6541: 6477: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6408:Polish heraldry 6370: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6323: 6321: 6285: 6279: 6268: 6261: 6251: 6242: 6226: 6217: 6203: 6194: 6184: 6175: 6165: 6156: 6145:Branicki Palace 6142: 6133: 6114: 6105: 6093: 6084: 6081:Jan Kochanowski 6073: 6064: 6052: 6043: 6033: 6019: 6013: 6004: 5997: 5988: 5981: 5972: 5961: 5952: 5941: 5932: 5918: 5909: 5898: 5889: 5868: 5859: 5850: 5841: 5835: 5823: 5815:primeval forest 5755: 5678:in 1637 and on 5590:area since the 5361: 5353: 5351: 5340: 5338: 5331: 5329: 5322: 5320: 5313: 5303:Outline of the 5297: 5291: 5285: 5249:Józef Piłsudski 5243:(1830–31), the 5233:Duchy of Warsaw 5229: 5223: 5070: 5050:Catholic Church 4975:central Ukraine 4963: 4962: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4948: 4940: 4939: 4914: 4789: 4783: 4767:Polish language 4694:, and 3 in the 4572: 4566: 4476: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4472: 4454:Sarmatian style 4451: 4443: 4442: 4423: 4412: 4404:Main articles: 4402: 4357:Kozłówka Palace 4353:Nieborów Palace 4345:Radzyń Podlaski 4337:Branicki Palace 4286:Nieborów Palace 4212:Wawel Cathedral 4108:; from Italian 4051: 4045: 3908:polonaise dress 3808: 3807: 3806: 3805: 3800:(left) and the 3798:Polonaise dress 3794: 3793: 3792: 3784: 3783: 3772: 3694:Ignacy Krasicki 3680:Jan Kochanowski 3619:Hasidic Judaism 3552:for control of 3520:) (1585–1652), 3423:Polish Brethren 3359: 3354: 3340: 3288:obrona potoczna 3281:wojsko zaciężne 3265:obrona potoczna 3220: 3212:), whereas the 3204:in the form of 3162: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3152: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3131: 3120: 3114: 3046: 3045: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3026: 3019: 2955:The owner of a 2763: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2717: 2711: 2621:provided for a 2579: 2558:Polish magnates 2517:The end of the 2500: 2154: 2148: 2143: 2137: 2047: 2041: 2019:. He appointed 1971: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1957: 1956: 1955: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1930:Załuski Library 1920:and the former 1897:House of Wettin 1832: 1824:Main articles: 1822: 1794:. In 1683, the 1714:John II Casimir 1691: 1683:Main articles: 1681: 1543:Charles IX Vasa 1417:Duke of Ferrara 1413:Piotr Zborowski 1399:Stephen Báthory 1330:Henry de Valois 1318: 1312: 1300:Polish nobility 1289:Union of Lublin 1239:Union of Grodno 1215:Union of Lublin 1207: 1205:Union of Lublin 1201: 1193:Wawel Cathedral 1093: 1088: 1076:Main articles: 1074: 956: 841:Krewo Agreement 833:Union of Lublin 760: 746: 732: 707: 693: 660: 619:24 October 1795 616: 614:Third Partition 606:23 January 1793 603: 590: 577: 575:First Partition 564: 562:Union of Lublin 537: 522: 490: 478: 448: 436: 407: 404: 393: 390: 352: 315: 282: 261: 256: 248: 234: 210: 208: 184: 181: 163: 139: 138: 137: 132: 127: 122: 114: 113: 108: 103: 98: 80: 79: 70: 55: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 19157: 19147: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19091: 19086: 19081: 19076: 19071: 19066: 19061: 19056: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19036: 19031: 19026: 19021: 19016: 19011: 19006: 19001: 18996: 18991: 18986: 18981: 18976: 18959: 18958: 18956: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18904: 18902: 18898: 18897: 18895: 18894: 18889: 18884: 18879: 18874: 18869: 18864: 18859: 18854: 18849: 18844: 18839: 18834: 18829: 18824: 18819: 18814: 18812:Russian Empire 18809: 18804: 18802:British Empire 18799: 18797:Dutch Republic 18794: 18792:Swedish Empire 18789: 18784: 18779: 18774: 18772:Spanish Empire 18769: 18764: 18762:Ottoman Empire 18759: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18733: 18732: 18722: 18717: 18711: 18709: 18703: 18702: 18700: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18677:Serbian Empire 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18611: 18610: 18605: 18600: 18595: 18585: 18584: 18583: 18578: 18570: 18565: 18560: 18555: 18550: 18549: 18548: 18538: 18533: 18527: 18525: 18519: 18518: 18516: 18515: 18513:Late antiquity 18510: 18505: 18500: 18499: 18498: 18488: 18483: 18478: 18476:Roman Republic 18473: 18467: 18465: 18459: 18458: 18456: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18434: 18432: 18426: 18425: 18418: 18417: 18410: 18403: 18395: 18386: 18385: 18383: 18382: 18377: 18370: 18369: 18361: 18360: 18357: 18356: 18353: 18352: 18350: 18349: 18344: 18339: 18334: 18333: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18317: 18306: 18304: 18298: 18297: 18295: 18294: 18289: 18284: 18279: 18274: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18249: 18248: 18247: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18227: 18222: 18217: 18209: 18208: 18207: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18186: 18185: 18180: 18170: 18164: 18162: 18156: 18155: 18153: 18152: 18147: 18142: 18137: 18132: 18127: 18126: 18125: 18120: 18110: 18109: 18108: 18098: 18085: 18079: 18074: 18064: 18059: 18054: 18048: 18042: 18036: 18035: 18032: 18031: 18029: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17982: 17976: 17970: 17969: 17966: 17965: 17963: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17951: 17950: 17945: 17935: 17934: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17908: 17903: 17898: 17893: 17888: 17882: 17876: 17870: 17869: 17866: 17865: 17863: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17831: 17830: 17820: 17815: 17814: 17813: 17803: 17801:National parks 17797: 17791: 17785: 17784: 17781: 17780: 17778: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17761: 17759: 17755: 17754: 17752: 17751: 17750: 17749: 17744: 17739: 17734: 17729: 17719: 17718: 17717: 17707: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17661: 17660: 17658:Makhnovshchina 17655: 17650: 17645: 17635: 17630: 17628:Russian Empire 17625: 17620: 17619: 17618: 17613: 17603: 17602: 17601: 17591: 17586: 17581: 17576: 17571: 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17535: 17533: 17526: 17520: 17519: 17517: articles 17511: 17510: 17503: 17496: 17488: 17479: 17478: 17476: 17475: 17470: 17463: 17462: 17454: 17453: 17450: 17449: 17446: 17445: 17443: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17431: 17430: 17420: 17415: 17409: 17407: 17401: 17400: 17398: 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17372: 17367: 17361: 17359: 17353: 17352: 17350: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17304: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17273: 17272: 17262: 17257: 17252: 17246: 17244: 17238: 17237: 17235: 17234: 17228: 17222: 17216: 17215: 17212: 17211: 17209: 17208: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17173:Stock exchange 17170: 17165: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17130: 17125: 17120: 17114: 17108: 17102: 17101: 17098: 17097: 17095: 17094: 17092:Visegrád Group 17089: 17084: 17083: 17082: 17075:Prime Minister 17072: 17071: 17070: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17039: 17038: 17036:Prison Service 17033: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17012: 17011: 17001: 16996: 16991: 16986: 16981: 16979:Climate change 16976: 16971: 16965: 16959: 16953: 16952: 16949: 16948: 16946: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16928:Poland A and B 16925: 16923:National parks 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16894: 16888: 16882: 16881: 16878: 16877: 16875: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16848: 16846: 16842: 16841: 16839: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16821:Interwar years 16818: 16813: 16805: 16797: 16792: 16787: 16781: 16779: 16770: 16764: 16763: 16761: articles 16755: 16754: 16747: 16740: 16732: 16723: 16722: 16720: 16719: 16714: 16707: 16706: 16699: 16691: 16690: 16687: 16686: 16683: 16682: 16680: 16679: 16678: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16657: 16652: 16647: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16591: 16589: 16583: 16582: 16580: 16579: 16574: 16569: 16564: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16548: 16547: 16537: 16531: 16525: 16519: 16518: 16515: 16514: 16512: 16511: 16506: 16505: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16458: 16457: 16447: 16441: 16435: 16429: 16428: 16425: 16424: 16422: 16421: 16416: 16411: 16406: 16400: 16398: 16392: 16391: 16389: 16388: 16387: 16386: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16360: 16359: 16349: 16348: 16347: 16337: 16336: 16335: 16333:Prime Minister 16325: 16320: 16315: 16314: 16313: 16303: 16302: 16301: 16296: 16294:municipalities 16291: 16280: 16274: 16268: 16267: 16264: 16263: 16261: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16248:Regional parks 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16228:Extreme points 16225: 16220: 16219: 16218: 16207: 16201: 16195: 16194: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16166:January Events 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16137: 16135: 16131: 16130: 16128: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16116: 16115: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16089: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16067: 16065: 16059: 16058: 16056: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16044: 16043: 16038: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16017: 16016: 16006: 16000: 15998: 15992: 15991: 15989: 15988: 15987: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15966: 15961: 15951: 15946: 15941: 15935: 15933: 15926: 15920: 15919: 15908: 15907: 15900: 15893: 15885: 15876: 15875: 15873: 15872: 15867: 15860: 15859: 15852: 15845: 15837: 15836: 15833: 15832: 15829: 15828: 15826: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15764: 15762: 15756: 15755: 15753: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15721: 15715: 15709: 15708: 15705: 15704: 15702: 15701: 15696: 15694:Stock exchange 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15663: 15662: 15661: 15651: 15645: 15639: 15633: 15632: 15629: 15628: 15626: 15625: 15620: 15619: 15618: 15611:Prime Minister 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15587: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15566: 15556: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15535: 15534: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15508: 15502: 15496: 15495: 15492: 15491: 15489: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15477: 15476: 15474:National parks 15471: 15461: 15456: 15454:Extreme points 15451: 15445: 15439: 15433: 15432: 15430: 15429: 15424: 15423: 15422: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15401: 15400: 15393:Russian Empire 15390: 15385: 15380: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15354: 15352: 15346: 15345: 15334: 15333: 15326: 15319: 15311: 15302: 15301: 15298: 15297: 15295: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15225: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15183: 15177: 15175: 15171: 15170: 15168: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15086: 15084: 15080: 15079: 15077: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15026: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15006: 15001: 14996: 14991: 14986: 14981: 14979:Ottoman Empire 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14939:Kartli-Kakheti 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14800: 14798: 14794: 14793: 14791: 14790: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14651: 14646: 14641: 14636: 14631: 14621: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14563: 14561: 14557: 14556: 14554: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14503: 14497: 14495: 14491: 14490: 14488: 14487: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14348:Central Africa 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14309: 14307: 14300: 14294: 14293: 14290: 14289: 14287: 14286: 14284:United Kingdom 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14250: 14249: 14244: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14198: 14196: 14190: 14189: 14187: 14186: 14180: 14178: 14172: 14171: 14169: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14112: 14110: 14104: 14103: 14101: 14100: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14027: 14025: 14019: 14018: 14016: 14015: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13992: 13990: 13981: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13948: 13943: 13941:Prince regnant 13938: 13937: 13936: 13926: 13921: 13915: 13913: 13909: 13908: 13906: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13865: 13860: 13858:Decolonization 13855: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13835: 13829: 13827: 13823: 13822: 13820: 13819: 13814: 13812:Personal union 13809: 13804: 13799: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13782:Constitutional 13779: 13773: 13771: 13767: 13766: 13764: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13737: 13734: 13733: 13726: 13725: 13718: 13711: 13703: 13665: 13664: 13640:14 Oct. 2021, 13635: 13620: 13612: 13597: 13583: 13582:External links 13580: 13578: 13577: 13571: 13558: 13552: 13535: 13529: 13516: 13510: 13497: 13491: 13474: 13461: 13455: 13442: 13436: 13423: 13417: 13404: 13398: 13384: 13379:Main article: 13376: 13373: 13370: 13369: 13351:Polin Travel. 13340: 13318: 13292: 13285: 13267: 13260: 13242: 13235: 13217: 13210: 13190: 13183: 13165: 13158: 13134: 13127: 13103: 13076: 13049: 13036: 13029: 13009: 13002: 12982: 12970: 12952: 12945: 12925: 12914: 12896: 12889: 12866: 12842: 12823:Czesław Miłosz 12815: 12800: 12776: 12758: 12733: 12715: 12709:. p. 70. 12693: 12666: 12642: 12633: 12614: 12607: 12585: 12557: 12550: 12532: 12508: 12490: 12457: 12419: 12395: 12367: 12343: 12304: 12291:, ed. (1988). 12277: 12270: 12249: 12242: 12220: 12194: 12152: 12145: 12121: 12114: 12094: 12069: 12062: 12042: 12015: 11987: 11970: 11963: 11943: 11936: 11916: 11889: 11874: 11862: 11850: 11834: 11818: 11802: 11778: 11763: 11751: 11737: 11730: 11712: 11705: 11685: 11669: 11653: 11642: 11623: 11609: 11589: 11559: 11545: 11525: 11511: 11491: 11477: 11457: 11450: 11430: 11405: 11391: 11371: 11342: 11335: 11317: 11302: 11288: 11268: 11243: 11236: 11218: 11194: 11179: 11165: 11145: 11120: 11095: 11065: 11058: 11038: 11013: 11006: 10986: 10957:Paul Peucker. 10949: 10928:"Setting Sail" 10919: 10912: 10883: 10876: 10858: 10851: 10828: 10814: 10794: 10785: 10773: 10751: 10742: 10729: 10717: 10692: 10685: 10665: 10640: 10614: 10599: 10569: 10544: 10518: 10491: 10465: 10440: 10433: 10413: 10385: 10360: 10353: 10326: 10319: 10301: 10279: 10265: 10245: 10238: 10220: 10213: 10195: 10182:www.polinow.pl 10168: 10153: 10146: 10140:. p. 42. 10115: 10095: 10081: 10061: 10036: 10010: 10003: 9983: 9958: 9946: 9914: 9890: 9857: 9837: 9813: 9783: 9756: 9729: 9702: 9695: 9672: 9665: 9642: 9635: 9612: 9596: 9569: 9556: 9549: 9529: 9512: 9498: 9475: 9468: 9449: 9435: 9415: 9392: 9383: 9381:, p. xxv. 9371: 9364: 9344: 9337: 9317: 9310: 9284: 9277: 9259: 9245: 9236:Racławice 1794 9225: 9214: 9204: 9174: 9159: 9146: 9131:, ed. (1911). 9129:Chisholm, Hugh 9120: 9108: 9101: 9083: 9076: 9058: 9051: 9031: 9024: 9004: 8987: 8975: 8968: 8948: 8931: 8919: 8902: 8890: 8884:Wiek XVIII–XIX 8873: 8866: 8848: 8836: 8805: 8793: 8781: 8769: 8747: 8733: 8713: 8709:Gillespie 2017 8701: 8694: 8676: 8651: 8637: 8614: 8600: 8580: 8566: 8546: 8532: 8512: 8498: 8478: 8466: 8452: 8432: 8420: 8395: 8373: 8348: 8336: 8321: 8309: 8297: 8282: 8267: 8260: 8242: 8223: 8208: 8201: 8178: 8143: 8126: 8111: 8099: 8092: 8072: 8057: 8050: 8025: 8018: 7998: 7991: 7971: 7960: 7948: 7942: 7922: 7915: 7897: 7885: 7881:Jasienica 1997 7873: 7866: 7854:Halecki, Oscar 7845: 7838: 7820: 7808: 7791: 7787:Jasienica 1997 7779: 7772: 7754: 7743: 7726: 7717: 7705: 7688: 7663: 7633: 7626: 7595: 7570: 7560: 7540:Madison, James 7526: 7519: 7496: 7459: 7432: 7425: 7407: 7400: 7377: 7360: 7353: 7333: 7326: 7320:. p. 40. 7304: 7297: 7272: 7265: 7242: 7213: 7186: 7159: 7127: 7124:p. 3 – anarchy 7104:George Sanford 7093: 7081: 7068: 7051:(p. 141) from 7011: 6998: 6970: 6956: 6936: 6923: 6910: 6903: 6883: 6876: 6856: 6843: 6819: 6793: 6780: 6767: 6757: 6736: 6699: 6678: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6649: 6647: 6646: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6625:Рѣчъ Посполита 6618: 6615:Рэч Паспалітая 6608: 6598: 6580: 6566: 6556: 6539: 6537: 6536: 6527: 6517: 6508: 6498: 6488: 6471: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6297: 6296: 6288: 6287: 6284:History of the 6281: 6280: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6263: 6262: 6252: 6245: 6243: 6240:Wilanów Palace 6227: 6220: 6218: 6208:, designed by 6204: 6197: 6195: 6185: 6178: 6176: 6166: 6159: 6157: 6151:, designed by 6143: 6136: 6134: 6125:originated by 6115: 6108: 6106: 6101:Flora Sinensis 6094: 6087: 6085: 6075:Title page of 6074: 6067: 6065: 6053: 6046: 6044: 6034: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6014: 6007: 6005: 5998: 5991: 5989: 5982: 5975: 5973: 5962: 5955: 5953: 5942: 5935: 5933: 5919: 5912: 5910: 5899: 5892: 5890: 5884:, designed by 5869: 5862: 5860: 5851: 5844: 5842: 5836: 5829: 5827: 5822: 5819: 5803:Tatra Mountain 5754: 5751: 5738: 5737: 5691: 5670:), a northern 5649: 5637: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5569: 5543: 5538:part, capital 5521: 5503: 5481: 5442:(today mostly 5383: 5382: 5375: 5352: 5339: 5330: 5321: 5312: 5287:Main article: 5284: 5281: 5225:Main article: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5203: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5171: 5168:Greater Poland 5157: 5139: 5105: 5095: 5089: 5069: 5066: 5003:Union of Brest 5001:following the 4950:The church in 4949: 4942: 4941: 4918:Greek-Catholic 4915: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4785:Main article: 4782: 4779: 4680:Greater Poland 4660:Roman Catholic 4580:barber surgeon 4565: 4562: 4554:Golden Liberty 4529:pas kontuszowy 4452: 4445: 4444: 4424: 4417: 4416: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4401: 4395: 4323:Wilanów Palace 4305:Chinese Palace 4136:Wilanów Palace 4084:, colonnades, 4047:Main article: 4044: 4041: 4021:Adam Jarzębski 3894:) draped with 3872:à la polonaise 3796: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3777: 3776: 3775: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3756:Wacław Potocki 3736:Jakub Sobieski 3690:Wacław Potocki 3663:. In 1628 the 3550:Spanish Empire 3390:Roman Catholic 3358: 3355: 3339: 3336: 3300:, named after 3273:levée en masse 3261:Western Europe 3257:wojsko najemne 3206:Winged Hussars 3171:armia litewska 3153: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3134:Winged Hussars 3132: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3116:Main article: 3113: 3110: 3100:imported from 3094:Ottoman Empire 3076:trading routes 3036: 3029: 3028: 3020: 3013: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3009: 2902:Greater Poland 2842:Western Europe 2743: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2731: 2722: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2707: 2668: 2667: 2656: 2649: 2634: 2619: 2614:abolished the 2578: 2575: 2511:Royal Election 2499: 2496: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2430:centralization 2387: 2386: 2372: 2367:in provincial 2356: 2340: 2335:guaranteed by 2328: 2316:pacta conventa 2312: 2306: 2284:Aurea Libertas 2276:Golden Liberty 2256:pacta conventa 2253:as well as in 2182:Crown Tribunal 2152:Golden Liberty 2150:Main article: 2147: 2146:Golden Liberty 2144: 2136: 2133: 2113:Four-Year Sejm 2109:Russian Empire 2043:Main article: 2040: 2037: 2003:culminated in 1959: 1958: 1949: 1948: 1947: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1821: 1818: 1792:Ottoman Empire 1685:Swedish Deluge 1680: 1677: 1671:, daughter of 1566:winged hussars 1556:, and invaded 1487:Sigismund Vasa 1391:Anna Jagiellon 1383:Jakub Uchański 1363:Pacta conventa 1346:Golden Liberty 1314:Main article: 1311: 1308: 1284:in contumaciam 1203:Main article: 1200: 1197: 1181:Union of Krewo 1134:Louis of Anjou 1092: 1089: 1073: 1070: 993:Rzeczpospolita 991:Najjaśniejsza 955: 952: 884:Golden Liberty 847:to Grand Duke 837:personal union 822:state religion 773: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 757: 751: 750: 743: 741:Russian Empire 737: 736: 729: 720: 717: 716: 711: 703: 702: 697: 685: 684: 679: 669: 668: 665: 664: 661: 658: 655: 654: 651: 650: 646: 645: 642: 638: 637: 634: 630: 629: 625: 624: 621: 620: 617: 611: 608: 607: 604: 598: 595: 594: 591: 585: 582: 581: 578: 572: 569: 568: 565: 559: 556: 555: 552: 551: 546: 545:Historical era 542: 541: 538: 532: 529: 528: 523: 517: 514: 513: 505: 501: 500: 497: 496: 491: 488: 485: 484: 479: 476: 473: 472: 469: 468: 465: 459: 458: 455: 454: 449: 446: 443: 442: 437: 434: 431: 430: 427: 426: 423: 417: 416: 413: 412: 405: 402: 399: 398: 391: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 377: 368: 367: 363:parliamentary 358: 354: 353: 351: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 323: 321: 317: 316: 314: 313: 306: 301: 296: 290: 288: 284: 283: 281: 280: 275: 269: 267: 263: 262: 260: 259: 251: 242: 240: 236: 235: 232: 224: 223: 207: 206: 203: 193: 186: 185: 183: 182: 180: 179: 176: 166: 164: 162: 161: 158: 150: 147: 141: 140: 123: 116: 115: 99: 92: 91: 90: 87: 86: 82: 81: 78: 77: 62: 46: 45: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19156: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19087: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19077: 19075: 19072: 19070: 19067: 19065: 19062: 19060: 19057: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19007: 19005: 19002: 19000: 18997: 18995: 18992: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18982: 18980: 18977: 18975: 18972: 18971: 18969: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18908:Art of Europe 18906: 18905: 18903: 18899: 18893: 18890: 18888: 18885: 18883: 18880: 18878: 18875: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18865: 18863: 18860: 18858: 18855: 18853: 18850: 18848: 18845: 18843: 18840: 18838: 18835: 18833: 18830: 18828: 18825: 18823: 18820: 18818: 18815: 18813: 18810: 18808: 18805: 18803: 18800: 18798: 18795: 18793: 18790: 18788: 18785: 18783: 18780: 18778: 18775: 18773: 18770: 18768: 18765: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18731: 18728: 18727: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18712: 18710: 18708: 18707:Modern period 18704: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18642: 18638: 18634: 18630: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18609: 18606: 18604: 18601: 18599: 18596: 18594: 18591: 18590: 18589: 18586: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18573: 18571: 18569: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18547: 18544: 18543: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18532: 18529: 18528: 18526: 18524: 18520: 18514: 18511: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18497: 18494: 18493: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18472: 18469: 18468: 18466: 18464: 18460: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18435: 18433: 18431: 18427: 18423: 18416: 18411: 18409: 18404: 18402: 18397: 18396: 18393: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18372: 18367: 18363: 18362: 18358: 18348: 18345: 18343: 18340: 18338: 18335: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18316: 18313: 18312: 18311: 18308: 18307: 18305: 18303: 18299: 18293: 18290: 18288: 18285: 18283: 18280: 18278: 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17892: 17889: 17887: 17884: 17883: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17871: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17829: 17826: 17825: 17824: 17821: 17819: 17816: 17812: 17809: 17808: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17798: 17795: 17792: 17790: 17786: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17762: 17760: 17756: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17742:War in Donbas 17740: 17738: 17735: 17733: 17730: 17728: 17725: 17724: 17723: 17720: 17716: 17713: 17712: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17675:Ukrainian SSR 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17640: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17608: 17607: 17604: 17600: 17597: 17596: 17595: 17592: 17590: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17536: 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17129: 17126: 17124: 17121: 17119: 17116: 17115: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17103: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17081: 17078: 17077: 17076: 17073: 17069: 17066: 17065: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17028: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17010: 17007: 17006: 17005: 17002: 17000: 16997: 16995: 16992: 16990: 16987: 16985: 16982: 16980: 16977: 16975: 16972: 16970: 16967: 16966: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16954: 16944: 16941: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16895: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16883: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16865: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16849: 16847: 16843: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16827: 16824: 16822: 16819: 16817: 16814: 16812: 16806: 16804: 16800:Early Modern 16798: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16782: 16780: 16778: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16765: 16760: 16753: 16748: 16746: 16741: 16739: 16734: 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15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15509: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15497: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15466: 15465: 15462: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15446: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15434: 15428: 15425: 15421: 15418: 15417: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15399: 15398:Russification 15396: 15395: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15376: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15355: 15353: 15351: 15347: 15343: 15339: 15332: 15327: 15325: 15320: 15318: 15313: 15312: 15309: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15229: 15226: 15223: 15222: 15217: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15178: 15176: 15172: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15100:Easter Island 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15087: 15085: 15081: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15027: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15005: 15002: 15000: 14997: 14995: 14992: 14990: 14987: 14985: 14982: 14980: 14977: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14801: 14799: 14795: 14788: 14787: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14726: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14655: 14652: 14650: 14647: 14645: 14642: 14640: 14639:Jabal Shammar 14637: 14635: 14632: 14629: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14619: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14564: 14562: 14558: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14498: 14496: 14492: 14486: 14485: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14310: 14308: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14295: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14239: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14199: 14197: 14195: 14191: 14185: 14182: 14181: 14179: 14177: 14173: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14131:Liechtenstein 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14113: 14111: 14109: 14105: 14099: 14098: 14094: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14026: 14024: 14020: 14014: 14013: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13993: 13991: 13989: 13985: 13982: 13978: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13952: 13949: 13947: 13944: 13942: 13939: 13935: 13934:Queen regnant 13932: 13931: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13916: 13914: 13910: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13893:Republicanism 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13873:Head of state 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13861: 13859: 13856: 13854: 13851: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13834: 13831: 13830: 13828: 13824: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13807:Non-sovereign 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13774: 13772: 13768: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13738: 13735: 13731: 13724: 13719: 13717: 13712: 13710: 13705: 13704: 13701: 13697: 13694: 13663: 13659: 13658:Norman Davies 13655: 13651: 13647: 13643: 13639: 13636: 13631: 13627: 13624: 13621: 13616: 13613: 13608: 13604: 13601: 13598: 13595: 13590: 13586: 13585: 13574: 13568: 13564: 13559: 13555: 13549: 13545: 13541: 13536: 13532: 13526: 13522: 13517: 13513: 13507: 13503: 13498: 13494: 13488: 13484: 13480: 13475: 13471: 13467: 13462: 13458: 13452: 13448: 13443: 13439: 13437:0-85045-744-0 13433: 13429: 13424: 13420: 13418:0-85045-736-X 13414: 13410: 13405: 13401: 13395: 13391: 13386: 13385: 13382: 13358: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13328: 13322: 13307: 13303: 13300:Ian Ridpath. 13296: 13288: 13286:0-7007-1458-8 13282: 13278: 13271: 13263: 13261:0-19-518948-5 13257: 13253: 13246: 13238: 13236:0-521-00109-9 13232: 13228: 13221: 13213: 13207: 13203: 13202: 13194: 13186: 13184:1-57607-243-6 13180: 13176: 13169: 13161: 13159:0-89774-940-5 13155: 13151: 13147: 13146: 13138: 13130: 13124: 13120: 13116: 13115: 13107: 13091: 13087: 13080: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13053: 13046: 13040: 13032: 13026: 13022: 13021: 13013: 13005: 13003:0-7591-0973-7 12999: 12995: 12994: 12986: 12979: 12973: 12971:0-88397-131-3 12967: 12963: 12956: 12948: 12946:0-8063-1378-1 12942: 12938: 12937: 12929: 12923: 12917: 12915:83-7063-286-6 12911: 12907: 12900: 12892: 12890:0-8032-3240-3 12886: 12882: 12881: 12873: 12871: 12864: 12860: 12859:0-300-07918-4 12856: 12852: 12846: 12840: 12836: 12835:0-520-04477-0 12832: 12828: 12824: 12819: 12812: 12811: 12804: 12796: 12790: 12783: 12779: 12777:9955-445-26-2 12773: 12769: 12762: 12747: 12745: 12737: 12730: 12728: 12724: 12718: 12716:5-420-01085-2 12712: 12708: 12704: 12697: 12691: 12687: 12686:90-272-3057-9 12683: 12679: 12675: 12670: 12664: 12660: 12659:0-7656-0665-8 12656: 12652: 12646: 12637: 12629: 12625: 12618: 12610: 12608:0-19-820701-8 12604: 12600: 12595: 12589: 12582:. p. 79. 12581: 12578:(in French). 12577: 12576: 12571: 12567: 12561: 12553: 12547: 12543: 12536: 12530: 12526: 12525:0-521-58335-7 12522: 12518: 12512: 12505: 12504: 12497: 12495: 12488: 12484: 12483:0-313-33125-1 12480: 12476: 12470: 12468: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12455: 12451: 12450:0-521-36713-1 12447: 12443: 12439: 12435: 12434:Mikulas Teich 12430: 12428: 12426: 12424: 12417: 12413: 12412:0-631-22039-9 12409: 12405: 12399: 12393: 12389: 12388:90-272-3057-9 12385: 12381: 12377: 12371: 12365: 12361: 12360:0-19-925085-5 12357: 12353: 12347: 12341: 12337: 12336:0-300-06078-5 12333: 12329: 12323: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12301:. p. 45. 12300: 12296: 12295: 12290: 12284: 12282: 12273: 12271:9955-475-94-3 12267: 12263: 12256: 12254: 12245: 12243:0-415-29667-6 12239: 12235: 12230: 12224: 12208: 12204: 12198: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12181: 12180: 12175: 12171: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12156: 12148: 12142: 12138: 12134: 12133: 12125: 12117: 12111: 12107: 12106: 12098: 12083: 12079: 12073: 12065: 12063:0-521-86403-8 12059: 12055: 12054: 12046: 12040: 12036: 12035:0-87395-654-0 12032: 12028: 12024: 12019: 12004: 12000: 11994: 11992: 11983: 11982: 11974: 11966: 11960: 11956: 11955: 11947: 11939: 11933: 11929: 11928: 11920: 11914: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11897:Norman Davies 11893: 11886: 11881: 11879: 11871: 11866: 11860:, p. 201 11859: 11854: 11846: 11845: 11838: 11831: 11825: 11823: 11816: 11812: 11806: 11800: 11796: 11795:0-8120-9766-1 11792: 11788: 11782: 11776:, p. 237 11775: 11770: 11768: 11761:, p. 236 11760: 11755: 11749: 11744: 11742: 11733: 11727: 11723: 11716: 11708: 11702: 11698: 11697: 11689: 11682: 11678: 11673: 11667: 11663: 11657: 11650: 11645: 11643:83-231-0239-2 11639: 11635: 11627: 11612: 11606: 11602: 11601: 11593: 11577: 11573: 11569: 11563: 11548: 11542: 11538: 11537: 11529: 11514: 11508: 11504: 11503: 11495: 11480: 11474: 11470: 11469: 11461: 11453: 11447: 11443: 11442: 11434: 11418: 11417: 11409: 11394: 11388: 11384: 11383: 11375: 11360: 11356: 11349: 11347: 11338: 11336:0-8020-7820-6 11332: 11328: 11321: 11313: 11306: 11291: 11285: 11281: 11280: 11272: 11256: 11255: 11247: 11239: 11237:0-87830-026-0 11233: 11229: 11222: 11206: 11205: 11198: 11190: 11183: 11168: 11162: 11158: 11157: 11149: 11133: 11132: 11124: 11108: 11107: 11099: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11072: 11070: 11061: 11059:83-213-3412-1 11055: 11051: 11050: 11042: 11027: 11023: 11017: 11009: 11003: 10999: 10998: 10990: 10971: 10967: 10960: 10953: 10937: 10933: 10929: 10923: 10915: 10913:0-231-12819-3 10909: 10905: 10900: 10899: 10893: 10892:Norman Davies 10887: 10879: 10877:0-19-859381-3 10873: 10869: 10862: 10854: 10852:0-521-24093-X 10848: 10844: 10843: 10835: 10833: 10817: 10811: 10807: 10806: 10798: 10789: 10780: 10778: 10768: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10756: 10746: 10739: 10733: 10726: 10721: 10705: 10704: 10696: 10688: 10682: 10678: 10677: 10669: 10653: 10652: 10644: 10629:. Tomaszewska 10625: 10618: 10612:, p. 279 10611: 10606: 10604: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10573: 10557: 10556: 10548: 10532: 10528: 10522: 10507:. Smithsonian 10506: 10502: 10495: 10479: 10476: 10469: 10451: 10444: 10436: 10434:90-04-13896-X 10430: 10426: 10425: 10417: 10398: 10397: 10389: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10367: 10365: 10356: 10350: 10346: 10342: 10341: 10333: 10331: 10322: 10320:0-86091-710-X 10316: 10312: 10305: 10289: 10283: 10268: 10262: 10258: 10257: 10249: 10241: 10239:91-971048-8-4 10235: 10231: 10224: 10216: 10214:0-8022-2407-5 10210: 10206: 10199: 10183: 10179: 10172: 10164: 10157: 10149: 10147:0-88033-186-0 10143: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10124: 10122: 10120: 10111: 10110: 10102: 10100: 10084: 10078: 10074: 10073: 10065: 10049: 10048: 10040: 10024: 10020: 10014: 10006: 10000: 9996: 9995: 9987: 9972: 9968: 9962: 9955: 9950: 9934: 9930: 9923: 9921: 9919: 9902: 9901: 9900:Niepodległość 9894: 9887: 9883: 9882:0-415-25491-4 9879: 9875: 9871: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9854: 9850: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9831: 9830:1-84212-511-7 9827: 9823: 9817: 9811: 9807: 9806:1-4191-2171-5 9803: 9799: 9795: 9790: 9788: 9781: 9777: 9776:1-4179-3418-2 9773: 9769: 9763: 9761: 9754: 9750: 9749:0-89526-292-4 9746: 9742: 9738: 9733: 9727: 9723: 9722:1-4128-0490-6 9719: 9715: 9711: 9706: 9698: 9692: 9688: 9687: 9682: 9676: 9668: 9666:0-7190-2381-5 9662: 9658: 9657: 9649: 9647: 9638: 9632: 9628: 9627: 9619: 9617: 9607: 9600: 9594: 9590: 9589:0-521-56163-9 9586: 9582: 9578: 9577:Joseph Conrad 9573: 9566: 9560: 9552: 9546: 9542: 9541: 9533: 9525: 9524: 9516: 9501: 9499:0-313-31878-6 9495: 9491: 9490: 9482: 9480: 9471: 9465: 9461: 9453: 9438: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9419: 9412: 9411:History Today 9408: 9404: 9401: 9396: 9387: 9380: 9375: 9367: 9361: 9357: 9356: 9348: 9340: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9321: 9313: 9307: 9303: 9298: 9297: 9288: 9280: 9274: 9270: 9263: 9248: 9242: 9238: 9237: 9229: 9223: 9218: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9187: 9178: 9172:, p. 157 9171: 9170:Brückner 1931 9166: 9164: 9156: 9150: 9142: 9141: 9135: 9130: 9124: 9118:, p. 710 9117: 9112: 9104: 9098: 9094: 9087: 9079: 9073: 9069: 9062: 9054: 9048: 9044: 9043: 9035: 9027: 9021: 9017: 9016: 9008: 9000: 8999: 8991: 8984: 8979: 8971: 8965: 8961: 8960: 8952: 8944: 8943: 8935: 8929:, p. 172 8928: 8923: 8915: 8914: 8906: 8900:, p. 143 8899: 8894: 8886: 8885: 8877: 8869: 8867:0-495-09766-7 8863: 8859: 8852: 8845: 8840: 8834: 8830: 8829:0-88706-833-2 8826: 8822: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8810: 8802: 8797: 8791:, p. 202 8790: 8785: 8779:, p. 170 8778: 8773: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8736: 8730: 8726: 8725: 8717: 8711:, p. 141 8710: 8705: 8697: 8695:83-05-11452-X 8691: 8687: 8680: 8664: 8663: 8655: 8640: 8634: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8618: 8603: 8597: 8593: 8592: 8584: 8569: 8563: 8559: 8558: 8550: 8535: 8529: 8525: 8524: 8516: 8501: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8482: 8476:, p. 107 8475: 8474:Peterson 2014 8470: 8455: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8436: 8430:, p. 161 8429: 8424: 8408: 8407: 8399: 8384: 8377: 8361: 8360: 8352: 8346:, p. 121 8345: 8340: 8333: 8328: 8326: 8318: 8313: 8307:, p. 117 8306: 8301: 8295:, p. 116 8294: 8289: 8287: 8278: 8271: 8263: 8261:0-295-98093-1 8257: 8253: 8246: 8239: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8219: 8212: 8204: 8198: 8194: 8187: 8185: 8183: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8153: 8147: 8139: 8138: 8130: 8124:, p. 504 8123: 8118: 8116: 8108: 8103: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8076: 8069: 8064: 8062: 8053: 8051:83-01-03732-6 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8029: 8021: 8015: 8011: 8010: 8002: 7994: 7988: 7984: 7983: 7975: 7969: 7964: 7957: 7952: 7945: 7939: 7935: 7934: 7926: 7918: 7916:83-7195-853-6 7912: 7908: 7901: 7895:, p. 155 7894: 7889: 7882: 7877: 7869: 7867:0-88033-206-9 7863: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7841: 7839:1-86064-061-3 7835: 7831: 7824: 7817: 7812: 7805: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7788: 7783: 7775: 7769: 7765: 7758: 7752: 7747: 7740: 7736: 7730: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7702: 7698: 7697:Marcin Kromer 7692: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7672: 7667: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7629: 7627:0-19-820171-0 7623: 7619: 7614: 7613: 7604: 7602: 7600: 7592: 7591:0-8039-9019-7 7588: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7567: 7563: 7561:0-14-044495-5 7557: 7553: 7548: 7547: 7541: 7536: 7530: 7522: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7466: 7464: 7456: 7455:0-521-80756-5 7452: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7436: 7428: 7426:0-231-08853-1 7422: 7418: 7411: 7403: 7401:0-8135-0799-5 7397: 7393: 7392: 7387: 7381: 7374: 7370: 7364: 7356: 7354:9781107043091 7350: 7346: 7345: 7337: 7329: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7308: 7300: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7279: 7277: 7268: 7266:0-313-30932-9 7262: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7251:Gross, Feliks 7246: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7230:90-420-1016-9 7227: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7210:0-19-925340-4 7207: 7206:0-19-925339-0 7203: 7199: 7193: 7191: 7174: 7170: 7163: 7147: 7146: 7138: 7131: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7116:0-333-77475-2 7113: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7098: 7088: 7086: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7026: 7024: 7022: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7008: 7002: 6987: 6983: 6982: 6974: 6959: 6953: 6949: 6948: 6940: 6933: 6927: 6920: 6914: 6906: 6900: 6896: 6895: 6887: 6879: 6873: 6870:. Routledge. 6869: 6868: 6860: 6853: 6847: 6840: 6839:83-7000-016-9 6836: 6832: 6826: 6824: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6790: 6787:Georg Ziaja: 6784: 6777: 6771: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6750: 6743: 6741: 6724: 6720: 6715: 6711: 6706: 6704: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6684: 6679: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6658:Robert Burton 6653: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6605:Річ Посполита 6602: 6599: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6543: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6367: 6362: 6360: 6355: 6353: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6330: 6320: 6319: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6271: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6224: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6207: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6123:constellation 6120: 6119: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6097:Michał Boym's 6095:A plate from 6091: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5959: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5900:18th century 5896: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5872: 5866: 5861: 5857: 5854: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5821:Image gallery 5818: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5763: 5762:Martin Kromer 5760: 5750: 5742: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5686:in 1651 (see 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5572:Royal Prussia 5570: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5440:Upper Hungary 5437: 5436:East European 5433: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5359: 5350: 5346: 5337: 5328: 5319: 5310: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5280: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5228: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5164:Royal Prussia 5161: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5150:Ducal Prussia 5147: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4937: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4912: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4838: 4836: 4835:papal legates 4832: 4828: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4815:Norman Davies 4812: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4676:Lesser Poland 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4596:multicultural 4589: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4561: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4550:nationalistic 4547: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4506:; championed 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4449: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4432:portrayed in 4431: 4427: 4421: 4411: 4407: 4400:and Sarmatism 4399: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4371:Neoclassicism 4368: 4367: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4303: 4302:Queen Marie's 4299: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4250:, founded by 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4040: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4017:Jacek Różycki 4014: 4010: 4009:Diomedes Cato 4006: 4005:Marco Scacchi 4002: 3998: 3994: 3993:Luca Marenzio 3990: 3989:Sigismund III 3986: 3985:House of Vasa 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3948:Black Madonna 3945: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3859:exhibited at 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3829:Low Countries 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3803: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3770:Art and music 3767: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3639:(1739–1796), 3638: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3625:(1728–1810), 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3611:Baal Shem Tov 3608: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3587:(1612–1659), 3586: 3582: 3579: 3576:, founder of 3575: 3572:(1611–1687), 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3508:and chemist; 3507: 3504:(1566–1636), 3503: 3499: 3495: 3494:Martin Kromer 3491: 3488:, Polish for 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3469: 3468:Norman Davies 3465: 3461: 3460:Hugo Kołłątaj 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3444: 3440:(1503–1572) ( 3439: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3259:), common in 3258: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202:heavy cavalry 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3167:armia koronna 3156: 3150: 3139: 3138:heavy cavalry 3135: 3129: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3040: 3033: 3024: 3017: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2953: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2925:based on the 2924: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2870:Low Countries 2867: 2863: 2862:carminic acid 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2815: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2767: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749:Vistula River 2746: 2737: 2726: 2716: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2636:established " 2635: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2613: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2601:Norman Davies 2598: 2590: 2589: 2583: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2543:House of Vasa 2540: 2536: 2535:Stefan Batory 2532: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2492: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2469:confederation 2467: 2466: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2442:confederation 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2303:wolna elekcja 2300: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2292:Złota Wolność 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2260: 2258: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2099: 2098:Neoclassicism 2095: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1977:a coalition ( 1976: 1966: 1962: 1953: 1942: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753:Transylvanian 1750: 1745: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1702:Ottoman Turks 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1489:– the son of 1488: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1409:Ducal Prussia 1406: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1322: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1175:and vowed to 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1161:queen regnant 1159:. The future 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 994: 988: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 905: 900: 897: 893: 889: 885: 882:, called the 881: 877: 872: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 802: 798: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 758: 756: 753: 752: 744: 742: 739: 738: 730: 728: 725: 724: 721: 715: 712: 705: 704: 701: 698: 691: 690: 687: 686: 683: 680: 678: 675: 674: 670: 666: 662: 656: 652: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 626: 622: 618: 615: 609: 605: 602: 596: 592: 589: 583: 580:5 August 1772 579: 576: 570: 566: 563: 557: 553: 550: 547: 543: 539: 536: 530: 527: 524: 521: 515: 512: 511: 506: 502: 498: 495: 492: 486: 483: 480: 474: 470: 466: 464: 460: 456: 453: 450: 444: 441: 438: 432: 428: 424: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 400: 396: 392: 386: 382: 378: 376: 373: 369: 366: 362: 359: 355: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 338:Protestantism 336: 334: 331: 328: 325: 324: 322: 318: 311: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 289: 285: 279: 276: 274: 271: 270: 268: 264: 255: 252: 247: 244: 243: 241: 237: 230: 225: 204: 201: 200: 195: 194: 191: 187: 177: 174: 173: 168: 167: 165: 159: 156: 152: 151: 149: 148: 146: 142: 126: 120: 102: 96: 88: 83: 74: 67: 63: 59: 52: 48: 47: 40: 37: 33: 19: 18867:World War II 18781: 18720:Early modern 18697:Kalmar Union 18568:Papal States 18486:Roman Empire 18302:Demographics 18173:Architecture 18145:Prostitution 18113:Human rights 17986: 17891:Constitution 17765:Christianity 17700:Independence 17593: 17418:Coat of arms 17357:Demographics 17307:Polish names 17277:Folk beliefs 17250:Architecture 17188:Unemployment 17128:Central bank 17004:Human rights 16984:Constitution 16826:World War II 16670:coat of arms 16545:universities 16535:Demographics 16455:Central bank 16374: 16352:Human rights 16306:Constitution 16176:EU accession 15997:independence 15978: 15856:Bibliography 15725:Demographics 15659:Central bank 15549:Human rights 15522:Constitution 15387: 15277:South Africa 15272:Sierra Leone 15219: 15049:Two Sicilies 14993: 14984:Papal States 14784: 14723: 14616: 14482: 14242:Cook Islands 14095: 14081:Saudi Arabia 14010: 13666: 13642:Melvyn Bragg 13562: 13539: 13520: 13501: 13478: 13470:BUM Magazine 13469: 13446: 13427: 13408: 13389: 13375:Bibliography 13360:. 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Retrieved 8165:the original 8160: 8150: 8146: 8136: 8129: 8109:, p. 10 8102: 8082: 8075: 8070:, p. 21 8037: 8028: 8008: 8001: 7981: 7974: 7963: 7951: 7932: 7925: 7906: 7900: 7893:Halecki 1991 7888: 7883:, p. 63 7876: 7857: 7848: 7829: 7823: 7818:, p. 71 7816:Halecki 1991 7811: 7806:, p. 52 7804:Halecki 1991 7782: 7763: 7757: 7746: 7734: 7729: 7720: 7713: 7708: 7700: 7699:in his work 7691: 7677: 7670: 7666: 7654:. Retrieved 7650: 7611: 7582: 7578:John Markoff 7573: 7565: 7545: 7535:Introduction 7534: 7529: 7509: 7499: 7491: 7486: 7444: 7435: 7416: 7410: 7390: 7380: 7372: 7363: 7343: 7336: 7313: 7307: 7284: 7255: 7245: 7221: 7216: 7197: 7177:. Retrieved 7172: 7162: 7150:. Retrieved 7143: 7130: 7107: 7076: 7071: 7056: 7006: 7001: 6989:. Retrieved 6980: 6973: 6961:. Retrieved 6946: 6939: 6931: 6926: 6918: 6913: 6893: 6886: 6866: 6859: 6851: 6846: 6830: 6810:. Retrieved 6805: 6796: 6791:, p. 9. 6788: 6783: 6775: 6770: 6762: 6748: 6727:. Retrieved 6723:the original 6693: 6661: 6652: 6643: 6633: 6624: 6614: 6604: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6577:Žečpospolita 6576: 6572: 6562: 6552: 6542: 6533: 6523: 6514: 6504: 6494: 6484: 6474: 6462: 6231: 6116: 6099: 6076: 6054: 6035: 5925:Royal Guards 5837: 5780: 5774: 5759:cartographer 5756: 5747: 5733: 5725: 5717: 5684:Gambia River 5492:Wielkopolska 5456: 5429: 5422: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5387:voivodeships 5384: 5364: 5304: 5256: 5230: 5111: 5054: 5035: 5029: 5022: 4967:colonization 4964: 4887:Polonization 4862: 4860: 4840: 4823: 4808: 4804:Jesuit order 4759:Polonization 4752: 4736:Scandinavian 4724: 4712: 4653: 4593: 4590:and Armenian 4564:Demographics 4558: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4502:, peace and 4500:manor houses 4495: 4491: 4479: 4477: 4463: 4457: 4437: 4425: 4397: 4379:Ancient Rome 4364: 4330: 4316: 4295: 4267: 4252:Jan Zamoyski 4225: 4216: 4200:Royal Castle 4188:Saint Anne's 4145: 4109: 4105: 4067: 4043:Architecture 3969:Nowy Wiśnicz 3962: 3955: 3937: 3916: 3911: 3891: 3871: 3865: 3852: 3848: 3820: 3815:period were 3809: 3763: 3759: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3711: 3701: 3683: 3677: 3653:John Jonston 3649:entomologist 3630: 3600: 3599:'s service ( 3597:Ming Dynasty 3542:ethnographer 3533: 3513: 3498:cartographer 3489: 3472: 3452:Piotr Skarga 3441: 3431: 3427:Unitarianism 3378:philosophers 3375: 3366: 3325: 3320: 3301: 3295: 3287: 3285: 3280: 3271:(Polish for 3264: 3256: 3255:formations ( 3250: 3209: 3199: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3098:Isfahan rugs 3083: 3078:such as the 3073: 3050: 3047: 2954: 2938: 2920: 2913: 2906:luxury goods 2839: 2812: 2806: 2772: 2669: 2616:liberum veto 2609: 2594: 2587: 2577:Late reforms 2565: 2561: 2551: 2539:Transylvania 2526: 2524: 2516: 2506: 2450: 2411: 2388: 2382:confederatio 2380: 2376:konfederacja 2374: 2365:liberum veto 2360:liberum veto 2358: 2349:insurrection 2342: 2330: 2314: 2302: 2273: 2261: 2254: 2244: 2238: 2234: 2231:Jan Zamoyski 2223: 2221: 2209:appeal court 2166:Polish kings 2105:protectorate 2102: 2082: 2071: 2025:Czartoryskis 2009: 2005:Augustus III 1972: 1922:Saxon Palace 1914:Saxon Garden 1894: 1848: 1814:Danube River 1803: 1781: 1763:. Under the 1746: 1718: 1711: 1654: 1647: 1636: 1602: 1554:expansionism 1551: 1521:and imposed 1511:Jan Zamoyski 1484: 1447:(modern-day 1402: 1380: 1361: 1327: 1293: 1282: 1255: 1228: 1188: 1154: 1110: 1065: 1031: 1007: 984: 957: 928:partitioning 925: 921:Polonization 903: 892:General Sejm 873: 830: 789: 785: 781: 777: 776: 682:Succeeded by 681: 676: 659:• 1582 509: 409:Stanisław II 395:Sigismund II 189: 145:Motto: 144: 101:Royal banner 36: 18852:World War I 18842:Nationalism 18730:Reformation 18715:Renaissance 18687:Black Death 18620:Kievan Rus' 18523:Middle Ages 18315:Rus' people 18178:Kievan Rus' 17569:Kievan Rus' 17554:Early Slavs 17390:Health care 17342:Video games 17282:Folk dances 17118:Agriculture 17058:Politicians 16857:Demographic 16816:World War I 16810:(1795–1918) 16802:(1569–1795) 16790:Middle Ages 16572:Lithuanians 16462:e-Residency 16445:Agriculture 16409:Naval Force 16134:Restoration 16064:occupations 15995:Revival and 15954:Grand Duchy 15730:Belarusians 15649:Agriculture 15368:Kievan Rus' 15216:British Raj 15188:(Sri Lanka) 15074:Württemberg 14786:South Yemen 14674:Maguindanao 14567:Afghanistan 14328:Barotseland 14264:Saint Lucia 14237:New Zealand 14146:Netherlands 13919:Chhatrapati 13903:Sovereignty 13843:Aristocracy 13688: / 13633:(in Polish) 13618:(in Polish) 13362:2 September 12751:3 September 12705:. Vilnius: 12087:3 September 11616:13 February 11552:13 February 11518:13 February 11484:13 February 11423:13 February 11398:13 February 11295:13 February 11261:13 February 11211:13 February 11172:13 February 11138:13 February 11113:13 February 11084:: 233–242. 10821:13 February 10710:14 February 10658:16 February 10633:16 February 10562:16 February 10537:16 February 10511:16 February 10484:16 February 10402:. p. 7 10272:16 February 10188:28 December 10184:(in Polish) 10088:16 February 10054:16 February 10029:16 February 10025:(in Polish) 9971:Linguee.com 9939:16 February 9907:13 February 9505:3 September 9442:13 February 9222:Spórna 2003 9157:, Volume 7. 9116:Tucker 2010 8898:Gintel 1971 8669:20 February 8644:18 February 8539:18 February 8388:16 November 8107:Pernal 2010 7483:Evsey Domar 7179:18 November 7152:18 November 6812:8 September 6729:29 November 6712:Centre for 6214:Renaissance 5987:, 1739–1745 5971:, 1667–1669 5888:, 1753–1756 5874:iconostasis 5817:in Europe. 5772:, entitled 5708:kings were 5500:Warta River 5391:województwa 5277:World War I 5257:Międzymorze 5253:Intermarium 5227:Intermarium 5048:, when the 5032:Reformation 4932:archeparchy 4707:voivodeship 4686:area, 7 in 4222:monasteries 4202:in Warsaw, 4192:Fara Church 4126:Scandinavia 4086:bay windows 3888:Polish beds 3863:in Kraków. 3833:Netherlands 3825:Roman Egypt 3673:Protestants 3589:orientalist 3585:Michał Boym 3308:royal lands 3277:feudal levy 3221: [ 3090:Middle East 3065:trade fairs 3057:bourgeoisie 2993:river ports 2950:grain trade 2779:paper mills 2682:Jacobinical 2646:bourgeoisie 2627:legislative 2453:noble class 2418:city-states 1877:Lutheranism 1737:Khmelnytsky 1675:, in 1646. 1531:Protestants 1404:jure uxoris 1296:interregnum 1217:joined the 1120:neighbour, 1086:(1764–1795) 1082:(1648–1764) 853:jure uxoris 818:Catholicism 677:Preceded by 567:1 July 1569 535:Lower house 520:Upper house 504:Legislature 327:Catholicism 257:(1596–1795) 249:(1569–1596) 133: 1587 109: 1605 18968:Categories 18615:Viking Age 18430:Prehistory 18320:Ruthenians 18272:Literature 18245:Vyshyvanka 18140:Minorities 18057:Corruption 17990:(currency) 17911:Government 17906:Parliament 17845:Waterfalls 17710:Euromaidan 17559:East Slavs 17544:Sarmatians 17532:Chronology 17337:Traditions 17287:Literature 17205:(currency) 17048:Parliament 16989:Corruption 16625:Literature 16404:Land Force 16378:parliament 16328:Government 16299:elderships 16151:Baltic Way 16098:Resistance 15793:Literature 15783:Folk dance 15740:Healthcare 15668:(currency) 15596:Parliament 15544:Government 15517:Censorship 15363:Androphagi 15282:Tanganyika 15197:The Gambia 15125:Niuē-Fekai 15064:Yugoslavia 14964:Montenegro 14771:Upper Yafa 14766:Upper Asir 14403:Madagascar 14136:Luxembourg 13868:Government 13833:Abdication 13802:Hereditary 13730:Monarchies 13676:19°56′05″E 13673:50°03′14″N 13096:1 February 13069:0312224583 12674:Östen Dahl 12438:Roy Porter 12229:Protestant 12213:1 February 11913:0199253404 11909:0199253390 11600:Oświecenie 10294:1 February 9737:John Adams 8573:1 February 8505:1 February 8459:14 January 8040:. Warsaw: 7656:27 October 7651:sjp.pwn.pl 7327:0253346274 7298:0415285801 7065:0880293942 6674:References 6611:Belarusian 6569:Lithuanian 6530:Belarusian 6501:Lithuanian 6467:Hereditary 6079:(1580) by 6038:(1554) by 5807:Baltic Sea 5656:Lithuanian 5588:autonomous 5584:Baltic Sea 5550:Lithuanian 5536:Lithuanian 5528:Lithuanian 5470:Małopolska 5419:castellans 5293:See also: 5142:Lithuanian 5132:Belarusian 5030:Until the 4757:, gradual 4729:, a major 4643:, and the 4617:Hungarians 4605:Ruthenians 4488:Sarmatians 4264:Krzyżtopór 4260:ideal city 4114:terracotta 4110:cassettone 3927:Protestant 3902:in French 3896:baldachins 3845:tapestries 3802:Polish bed 3645:agronomist 3641:naturalist 3627:astronomer 3593:naturalist 3581:topography 3574:astronomer 3538:Portuguese 3526:astronomer 3510:Jan Brożek 3402:Protestant 3233:Great Sejm 3080:Amber Road 3061:industries 3025:coin, 1617 2961:Baltic Sea 2910:tapestries 2872:, such as 2795:brickyards 2791:glassworks 2658:preserved 2461:Nihil novi 2395:voivodship 2228:Chancellor 2139:See also: 2029:Radziwiłłs 1918:Saxon Axis 1890:his armies 1769:suzerainty 1633:parliament 1519:absolutism 1469:Baltic Sea 1376:Charles IX 1062:Lithuanian 968:Lithuanian 899:Parliament 871:for life. 839:since the 797:real union 794:federative 649:Population 593:3 May 1791 375:Grand Duke 357:Government 329:(official) 304:Lithuanian 19034:Diarchies 18662:Feudalism 18633:Catalonia 18168:Animation 18135:Languages 18084:(2009-10) 18052:Education 18026:Transport 17938:Judiciary 17931:Elections 17901:President 17840:Mountains 17789:Geography 17680:Holodomor 17616:Hetmanate 17539:Scythians 17395:Languages 17385:Education 17312:Name days 17183:Transport 17063:President 17016:Judiciary 16994:Elections 16918:Mountains 16886:Geography 16640:Mythology 16540:Education 16482:Transport 16414:Air Force 16369:President 16318:Elections 16199:Geography 16093:Holocaust 16004:Press ban 15959:1219–1295 15912:Lithuania 15788:Languages 15735:Education 15699:Transport 15606:President 15579:Militsiya 15527:Elections 15437:Geography 15252:Mauritius 15145:Rarotonga 15130:Nuku Hiva 15120:Mangareva 15095:Bora Bora 14974:Neuchâtel 14944:Lithuania 14849:Catalonia 14736:Sri Lanka 14689:Manchukuo 14664:Kurdistan 14618:Indonesia 14541:Talamanca 14501:Araucanía 14484:and other 14463:Wassoulou 14207:Australia 13883:Oligarchy 13483:Routledge 12789:cite book 12078:"Lemberg" 11355:"Baroque" 8740:8 January 8366:9 January 8036:(1986a). 7593:, p. 121. 7289:Routledge 7029:Based on 6991:13 August 6963:13 August 6660:, in his 6621:Ruthenian 6601:Ukrainian 6520:Ukrainian 6313:1764–1795 6308:1648–1764 6303:1569–1648 6238:, 1680s, 6149:Białystok 5931:in 1786. 5753:Geography 5614:Pomerania 5602:Pomerelia 5586:, was an 5566:Raseiniai 5554:Žemaitija 5409:starostwo 5404:starostwa 5347:, Polish 5136:Ukrainian 5120:Chernihiv 5108:Ruthenian 5068:Languages 4934:with the 4867:ethnicity 4731:Hanseatic 4633:Armenians 4621:Livonians 4584:goldsmith 4484:Sarmatism 4410:Sarmatism 4341:Białystok 4276:Krasiczyn 4176:sanctuary 4122:Hanseatic 4102:coffering 4094:sgraffito 4078:tenements 4062:mannerist 3931:Byzantine 3853:tapiseria 3813:Sarmatian 3657:physician 3562:artillery 3506:alchemist 3253:mercenary 3241:regiments 3237:divisions 3106:Polonaise 2997:granaries 2923:feudalism 2890:Nuremberg 2878:Amsterdam 2827:shillings 2787:ironworks 2653:peasantry 2475:oligarchy 2420:like the 1852:civil war 1788:Leopold I 1661:artillery 1657:Ladislaus 1582:Unity Day 1485:In 1587, 1461:Hanseatic 1385:declared 1332:, son of 1128:dynasty, 896:bicameral 824:, though 663:8,000,000 320:Religion 294:Ruthenian 85:1569–1795 18901:See also 18872:Cold War 18667:Crusades 18637:Valencia 18375:Category 18342:Censuses 18330:Refugees 18325:Diaspora 18262:Holidays 18257:Folklore 18150:Religion 18107:problems 18077:HIV/AIDS 18072:Abortion 17921:Military 17874:Politics 17860:Wildlife 17775:Military 17770:Economic 17758:By topic 17468:Category 17375:Refugees 17322:Religion 17043:Military 16957:Politics 16867:Military 16862:Economic 16852:Cultural 16845:By topic 16795:Monarchs 16777:Timeline 16712:Category 16595:Calendar 16577:Religion 16567:Language 16487:airports 16396:Military 16289:counties 16272:Politics 16062:WWII and 15916:articles 15865:Category 15750:Religion 15745:Language 15684:Industry 15591:Military 15500:Politics 15342:articles 15267:Rhodesia 15262:Pakistan 15181:Barbados 15150:Rimatara 15140:Rapa Iti 15069:Valencia 15044:Tavolara 15034:Scotland 14999:Portugal 14959:Moldavia 14844:Bulgaria 14839:Brittany 14814:Asturias 14694:Mongolia 14684:Maldives 14546:Trinidad 14536:Suriname 14494:Americas 14478:Zimbabwe 14473:Zanzibar 14458:Wituland 14433:Ngazidja 14428:Ndzuwani 14363:Ethiopia 14086:Thailand 14066:Malaysia 14046:Cambodia 13996:Eswatini 13792:Elective 13777:Absolute 13626:Archived 13603:Archived 13353:"Lancut" 13047:of 1997. 12506:, p. 46. 12187:Archived 12170:Archived 12008:2 August 11681:Polityka 11664:XVII:2, 10894:(2005). 10406:22 April 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17163:Poverty 17148:Exports 17106:Economy 16938:Regions 16908:Islands 16903:Forests 16768:History 16696:Outline 16660:Symbols 16605:Cuisine 16587:Culture 16523:Society 16509:Tourism 16502:seaport 16433:Economy 16384:Speaker 16238:Forests 16223:Climate 16216:capital 15969:Kingdom 15924:History 15842:Outline 15778:Cuisine 15760:Culture 15713:Society 15654:Banking 15637:Economy 15459:Geology 15350:History 15338:Belarus 15257:Nigeria 15232:Ireland 15160:Tahuata 15135:Raiatea 15115:Huahine 15090:Abemama 15083:Oceania 15054:Tuscany 15009:Romania 15004:Prussia 14969:Navarre 14949:Majorca 14929:Ireland 14924:Imereti 14919:Iceland 14914:Hungary 14909:Hanover 14904:Granada 14894:Germany 14889:Georgia 14884:Galicia 14874:Finland 14864:Corsica 14859:Cilicia 14829:Bavaria 14819:Austria 14804:Albania 14776:Vietnam 14719:Sarawak 14709:Qu'aiti 14644:Kathiri 14607:Dapitan 14582:Bukhara 14531:Miskito 14453:Tunisia 14443:Shilluk 14353:Dahomey 14343:Burundi 14333:Bagirmi 14313:Adamawa 14232:Jamaica 14227:Grenada 14212:Bahamas 14176:Oceania 14126:Denmark 14121:Belgium 14116:Andorra 14031:Bahrain 14006:Morocco 14001:Lesotho 13980:Current 13971:Pharaoh 13924:Emperor 13863:Dynasty 13817:Regency 13797:Federal 13787:Diarchy 13741:Monarch 13114:Ukraine 12922:Włoch". 12813:, p. 4. 12723:Vilnius 12594:Polish. 10979:May 18, 10592:May 18, 7703:, 1577. 6692:at the 6260:, 1733. 6229:Plafond 6191:Vilnius 6063:in 1661 5882:Vilnius 5876:in the 5795:steppes 5766:Bologna 5734:Ratibor 5722:Prudnik 5694:Silesia 5682:at the 5616:around 5540:Vilnius 5506:Mazovia 5502:system; 5432:Central 5407:, each 5395:Voivode 5265:Balkans 5261:Finland 5190:Italian 5184:Yiddish 5178:Aramaic 5037:Pic. 13 5024:Pic. 16 5007:Cossack 4971:western 4956:minaret 4891:culture 4831:Jesuits 4748:Litvaks 4744:Litvins 4709:in 1650 4688:Podolia 4672:Mazovia 4649:Olędrzy 4625:Romanis 4601:Germans 4524:sukmana 4519:kontusz 4459:kontusz 4434:Sarmata 4349:Rogalin 4332:Pic. 15 4313:Baroque 4232:palaces 4230:), and 4227:Pic. 14 4206:of 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