29:
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145:. While the desire for a white complexion represented social ideas about race superiority, skin tone also enforced gender as in ancient times, women were paler than men, due to having less haemoglobin. A sign of belonging to the upper class was white, unblemished skin free from sun-exposure, as it was the life of wealthy women that involved staying indoors. Traces of the skin-lightening face powder made from white lead have been uncovered from the graves of wealthy ancient Greek women. The city of
88:
3727:
47:, face powder has had different social uses across cultures and in modern times, it is typically used to set makeup, brighten the skin and contour the face. Face powders generally come in two main types. One of which is loose powder, which is used to assist with oily skin in absorbing excess moisture and mattifying the face to reduce shininess. The other is pressed powder which conceals blemishes and maximises coverage.
489:. It is compressed to provide a travel-friendly product for on-the-go touch-ups. Pressed powders give coverage to the face, concealing blemishes and discolouration, therefore can be used as a light coverage foundation. The particles in pressed powder are larger than those in loose powder and can give off a thick, clotted appearance when overused. Pressed powder can also be used for setting makeup.
417:, face powder became a staple cosmetic product for not only concealing blemishes but setting makeup in place. The Australian Government's National Industrial Chemicals Notification and Assessment Scheme was established in 1990 to ensure that industrial chemicals used in face powders and other cosmetics are safe for citizens to use.
385:
heavily used product by women and remained in production during wartime as cosmetics were considered essential products for women's self-expression and autonomy. The interwar period in
Germany in 1935 also saw that cosmetics were on demand, accounting for 48% of magazine advertising with face powder being a staple item.
153:, from which the Greeks extracted vast amounts of silver and obtained a great deal of their wealth through trade. White lead was found in the mines as a by-product of the silver, from which ancient Greeks produced face powder. The use of face powder also appears in the work of ancient Greek writers. Writer and historian
468:
or coloured and is generally packaged in a jar. It has a fine consistency with small particles and is used to give light coverage to the skin for a smooth, silky texture. Coloured loose powders work to minimise redness by colour-correcting. Loose powder is also used to set make-up, meaning it locks
446:
involves patting translucent face powder under the eyes, the 'T' zone, beneath the cheek bones, along the jawline and on the sides of the nose, allowing it to sit for a few minutes while the foundation is absorbed by the skin's body heat, then brushing it off. This technique creates a pore-less and
379:
In the 1930s, face powder remained a staple cosmetic product and its increased demand raised health concerns about lead based powders that were still in use. As a result, the Food, Drugs and
Cosmetics Act was passed in 1938 to regulate the ingredients used in cosmetics and ensure they were safe for
433:
led to evolving beauty trends that saw cosmetic products sold to men including facial scrubs, face powders and eye shadow. The use of face makeup has expanded to include males who desire an enhanced look, using face powder to achieve a chiselled complexion. As cosmetics in contemporary society are
384:
rationing in the 1940s, cosmetics were not as widely available, yet a powdered, beautified face remained the desired beauty trend. In 1942, the
American War Production Board sought to conserve materials by placing restrictions on the production of certain cosmetics. Face powder was found to be a
322:
practice to that of the social-class as the powdered face look became associated with prostitutes and movie stars. Due to growing popularity, the end of the decade saw a rise of cosmetic brands with over 1300 brands of face powder, which eventuated in a 52-million-dollar industry. Early makeup
28:
412:
that saw a widespread inclusion of diversity with new cosmetic brands offering face powder with darker shades. By 1977, cosmetics for black women became a $ 1.5 billion industry, with darker shades of powders, foundation and lipsticks available in stores around the US. By the
336:
in 1898, called the High-Brown Face Powder. Overton made multiple darker tones of face powder with product names including "nut-brown", "olive-tone", "brunette" and "soft-pink", and by 1920, his sales earned him a Dun and
Bradstreet Credit rating of one million dollars. Other
314:, makeup for women was used to enhance natural beauty and many young women applied light face powder on a daily basis. Influenced by traditional beauty standards, women preferred pale, whitened and powdered skin throughout the early 1900s. However, in the 1920s,
171:
compares lower class and upper-class women, declaring that poor women "are not plastered over with white lead". While it was known the white lead was poisonous, the ancient Greeks were not deterred from applying the face powder to fulfil their beauty standards.
2602:
Völz, Hans G.; Kischkewitz, Jürgen; Woditsch, Peter; Westerhaus, Axel; Griebler, Wolf-Dieter; De
Liedekerke, Marcel; Buxbaum, Gunter; Printzen, Helmut; Mansmann, Manfred (15 December 2006), "Pigments, Inorganic", in Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA (ed.),
200:
mention a mistress named "Chione" in their works, which literally translates to "snowy" or "cold", referring to the desired fair complexion of ancient Roman women. Skin whitening as well as sun-blocking were practiced by applying face powder in the form of
574:
Toxic and harmful chemicals are rare in face powders today. Modern powders contain ingredients that can conceal blemishes and smoothen out the skin due to their absorbency. The most common ingredients used to make face powder include the following.
265:
was known to use face powder to conceal her smallpox scars. The leading cause of her death was blood poisoning, primarily due to her cosmetic practices of using makeup containing toxic materials, including the lead-based face powder. During the
434:
diverse in shade range options, modern face powder enhances natural skin tones and most brands cater for all skin types. 21st century cosmetic trends are heavily influenced by beauty icons and the face powder application technique known as
455:
Modern face powders are currently available in different types to serve multiple functions. The six main types of face powder include loose powder, pressed powder, mineral powder, translucent powder, HD powder and finishing powder.
556:
to prevent camera flashback, which is the white patches of powdered areas that are highlighted by a camera flash. Available in both pressed and loose forms, HD powder can reduce skin shininess, soften out the skin and mattify it.
116:
beauty standard with a distinctive make-up style, inspiring the ancient
Egyptians to paint their eyes with green and blue powders. Face powder was also considered to have medicinal purposes to protect people from illness.
565:
Finishing powder is mainly used to minimise fine lines and pores. It can even out the skin texture and blur out imperfections, used as a final product to complete makeup. It is available in both pressed and loose forms.
331:
produced skin care products and powders that attracted an international market. Cosmetics for women of colour during this time were also in production, with the first face powder for
African-American women created by
296:
works comment on femininity and the culture of cosmetic use at the time, specifically with his references to silver, indicative of the desired glistening complexion achieved with the use of pearl face powder.
95:
Archaeological remains and chemical analyses indicate the use of face powder dating back from between 2000 and 1200 BC, and include lead fibres, a common cosmetic ingredient used in ancient Egypt.
360:
despite the controversy caused as skin bleaching for fairer skin was a popular beauty trend at the time. Hungarian-American businessman Morton
Neumann established his own cosmetic company in 1926,
282:
reinforced the idealised image of beauty and influenced the use of face powder. The social uses of face powder to maintain whitened, unblemished skin is visible in
Renaissance art pieces including
1948:
104:
as well as stone containers holding face powder were discovered in graves as this promised the ancient
Egyptians eternal beauty in the afterlife. Men and women used an early form of
2693:
Seeger, Margarete; Otto, Walter; Flick, Wilhelm; Bickelhaupt, Friedrich; Akkerman, Otto S. (15 October 2011), "Magnesium Compounds", in Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA (ed.),
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261:
was characterised by having clear, bright skin that signalled fertility and good health. Lead based powders were continually used throughout the 16th century by the noble class as
184:
and beauty standards, expressing signs of social and health status. The pale complexion was desired by Roman women and is frequently expressed in the poetry of ancient Roman poet
2204:
2120:
525:, providing health benefits to the skin including anti-inflammatory qualities. Mineral powders also limit the clogging of pores and are usually fragrance and preservative free.
408:, the leading cosmetic brand at the time, introduced the Crème Puff, the first ever multipurpose face powder that offered an all-in-one base, setting and finishing powder. The
878:
Walter, P.; Martinetto, P.; Tsoucaris, G.; Brniaux, R.; Lefebvre, M. A.; Richard, G.; Talabot, J.; Dooryhee, E. (February 1999). "Making make-up in Ancient Egypt".
396:
Following the Second World War, rationing in America had ceased and the cosmetic industry flourished. With the popularity of female Hollywood stars including
2353:
A consumer's dictionary of cosmetic ingredients : complete information about the harmful and desirable ingredients found in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals
205:, which was a mix of white lead shavings and vinegar. Roman women wished to conceal blemishes and freckles, as well as smoothing the skin using this powder.
241:
used pearl powder to maintain radiant skin. Lead was also a common ingredient used for face powder and remained popular for its skin-whitening properties.
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Ancient Egyptian beauty trends travelled across the Mediterranean and influenced cosmetic practices in Greece. Using similar ingredients,
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powder is available in both pressed and loose forms. Its use is to mattify the skin to reduce oiliness and shine. It can be used for the
221:
from 770 to 476 BC. An early form of face powder was prepared by grinding fine rice which was applied to the face. In addition,
58:, a whitened face with a smooth complexion signalled a woman of high status. The prevalence of this trend was carried throughout the
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in 1760, fewer women used face powder due to how it aggravated the skin and revealed facial scarring. Works of art from the
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2664:. Howie, R. A. (Robert Andrew), Zussman, J. (2nd ed.). Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical.
2081:
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Bradley, Patrick J.; Xenophon; Pomeroy, Sarah B. (1999). "Xenophon: Oeconomicus: A Social and Historical Commentary".
270:, noticeable make-up became less popular as women desired to look naturally beautiful and hence, powders derived from
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1155:"The Byzantine Empress Zoe Porphyrogenita and the quest for eternal youth: Empress Zoe's quest for eternal youth"
1746:"Meet Annie Turnbo Malone, the hair care entrepreneur Trump shouted out in his Black History Month proclamation"
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The chemistry of silica : solubility, polymerization, colloid and surface properties, and biochemistry
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who sold face powder in darker shades which developed into a multi-million dollar business. Businesswoman
2008:
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Panas, Marios; Poulakou-Rebelakou, Effie; Kalfakis, Nicoalos; Vassilopoulos, Dimitrios (September 2012).
1034:
Jones, John Ellis (October 1982). "The Laurion Silver Mines: A Review of Recent Researches and Results".
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Rituals of death and dying in modern and ancient Greece : writing history from a female perspective
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Ancient Chinese women desired whitened skin for beauty as their use of face powder dates back to the
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1379:. Kania, Katrin,, Chadwick, Elizabeth, 1957–. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing Limited.
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African American women's use of cosmetics products in relation to their attitudes and self-identity
218:
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applied to the face to serve different functions, typically to beautify the face. Originating from
2237:(2012 ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Cengage Learning, Milady Publishing Company. pp. 760–761.
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application technique, by brightening up certain areas of the face, offering a long-lasting wear.
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Linear polydimethylsiloxanes : (viscosity 10-10,000 centistokes) : CAS No. 63148-62-9
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from archaeological remains suggest the storage and use of face powder. Ancient Roman poets
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For appearance' sake : the historical encyclopedia of good looks, beauty, and grooming
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404:, American television culture influenced the 1950s beauty trend of clear, beautified skin.
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8:
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Making war, making women : femininity and duty on the American home front, 1941–1945
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Pageants, parlors, and pretty women : race and beauty in the twentieth-century South
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became the main inspiration for beauty in America and powdering the face shifted from an
293:
275:
2082:"Straight Guys Do Wear Make-Up: Contemporary Masculinities and Investment in Appearance"
1340:
Schafer, Edward H. (1956). "The Early History of Lead Pigments and Cosmetics in China".
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that improved facial appearance and was also used as a medicine to treat eye diseases,
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Blanco, José F.; Doering, Mary D.; Hunt-Hurst, Patricia; Lee, Heather Vaughan (2016).
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writes of women who "rubbed in white lead to the face to appear whiter". In his book
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Gough, Brendan; Hall, Matthew; Seymour-Smith, Sarah (2014), Roberts, Steven (ed.),
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was also used to whiten the skin, as well as powdered ash and saffron on the eyes.
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underneath to smoothen out the complexion and limit cracks and lines in the skin.
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The use of face powder has contributed to beauty standards throughout history. In
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OLSON, KELLY (2009). "Cosmetics in Roman Antiquity: Substance, Remedy, Poison".
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2913:
1484:
Haughton, Neil (13 December 2004). "Perceptions of beauty in Renaissance art".
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The Middle Ages unlocked : a guide to life in Medieval England, 1050–1300
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Quartz, Silicic oxide, crystalline silica, pure silica, silicea, silica sand
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Compacts and cosmetics : beauty from Victorian times to the present day
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creaseless look that is a desired make-up beauty standard in modern times.
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The ancient Roman use of face powder was centred around the Roman ideal of
108:
powdered blush for their cheeks which was made from red ochre. Greek queen
1834:
66:
During this time, women used harmful ingredients as face powder including
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Courtesans at Table : Gender and Greek Literary Culture in Athenaeus
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Zinc white, calamine, philosopher's wool, Chinese white, flowers of zinc
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entrepreneurs also marketed cosmetics despite discrimination during the
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Pale compact face powder with a powder puff applicator from the 1930s
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An advertisement for Max Factor's 'Creme Puff' face powder from 1954
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1570:"What the ideal face of makeup looked like over the last 100 years"
1409:"Little-Known or Unknown Facts Regarding Queen Elizabeth I's Death"
1005:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 502.
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59:
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1280:"How cosmetics were created in ancient China – Chinadaily.com.cn"
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Pressed powder is available in different shades and is sold in a
197:
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972:"Arsenic Pills and Lead Foundation: The History of Toxic Makeup"
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were used to maintain ivory coloured skin. With the outbreak of
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2697:, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. a15_595.pub2,
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2607:, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. a20_243.pub2,
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High definition powder is mainly used for people featuring in
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A stone cosmetics jar retrieved from ancient Egyptian remains
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818:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. p. 66.
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2089:
Debating Modern Masculinities: Change, Continuity, Crisis?
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Oyster, Carol K.; Stange, Mary Zeiss; Sloan, Jane (2011).
1983:"Where Did Face Powder Come From? | Makeup.com by L'Oréal"
1949:"The Beautiful Billion-Dollar Business of Black Cosmetics"
1598:
849:"Where Did Face Powder Come From? | Makeup.com by L'Oréal"
505:
Mineral powder comes in a loose powder form consisting of
253:
Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I with whitened, powdered skin
71:
1863:
Fetishism and Curiosity : Cinema and the Mind's Eye
1601:
Clothing and fashion: American fashion from head to toe
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2026:
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dela Cruz, T.V.; Vicente, G.C.; Basbas, L.D. (2007).
2035:
The multimedia encyclopedia of women in today's world
1698:"Before Fenty: Over 100 Years of Black Makeup Brands"
1249:. Los Angeles, CA: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 46.
816:
Painted faces : a colourful history of cosmetics
2270:. Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store. p. 137.
2329:
Research and Advances in Pharmacy and Life Sciences
2147:"What Is "Baking" and Do You Need It in Your Life?"
1796:. Athens: University of Georgia Press. p. 46.
1723:"Everett Overto, Head of Oldest Cosmetic Co., Dies"
1534:
680:Titanium oxide, titania, rutile, anatase, brookite
2568:
2178:. Bloomington, Indiana: AuthorHouse. p. 23.
2032:
1865:(2nd ed.). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
3756:
2205:"Everything you need to know about face powders"
2121:"Everything you need to know about face powders"
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1776:. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University. p. 10.
1733:: 19. 11 February 1960 – via Google Books.
1537:Cosmetics in Shakespearean and Renaissance drama
2545:
1645:
1119:
2695:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2605:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2454:
2355:(6th ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press.
257:At a time of prevalent disease, beauty in the
2737:
2173:
364:, and marketed darker-toned face powders for
2662:An introduction to the rock-forming minerals
780:Kirk-Othmer Chemical Technology of Cosmetics
777:
2488:Brown, William Henry; Poon, Thomas (2005).
2325:"Modern Age Cosmetics: An Extensive Review"
2091:, Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 106–124,
32:Loose face powder in three different shades
2744:
2730:
2388:
2176:Facial Accents: The Awakening of a New You
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1311:. Phoenix, Ariz.: Oryx Press. p. 75.
1244:
137:for the face as well as brightening their
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1539:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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2660:Deer, W. A. (William Alexander) (1992).
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1980:
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1247:Illustrated encyclopedia of ancient Rome
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491:
387:
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27:
2389:Blumenthal, Deborah (28 October 1984).
2268:Learning and Living in the 21st Century
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1439:Classic beauty: the history of make-up
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2636:"Titanium Statistics and Information"
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2037:. Thousand Oaks, Calif. p. 346.
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690:Silicate, oxygen, alumina octahedra
18:Cosmetic product applied to the face
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509:and minerals. It contains a mix of
368:which retailed for 60 cents each.
13:
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2192:
1744:Nittle, Nadra (15 February 2019).
1686:
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438:has been popularised by socialite
14:
3796:
2490:Introduction to organic chemistry
2335:: 47–92 – via MAT Journals.
1696:Nittle, Nadra (23 January 2018).
866:
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641:PDMS, dimethylpolysiloxane, E900
500:
480:
300:
3726:
3725:
2296:"What's Up With Mineral Makeup?"
1981:Kilkeary, A. M. (27 June 2018).
1498:10.1111/j.1473-2130.2004.00142.x
1172:10.1111/j.1473-2165.2012.00629.x
970:Little, B. (22 September 2016).
654:Zircon, zirconium orthosilicate
77:
2686:
2653:
2628:
2595:
2571:Handbook of inorganic chemicals
2562:
2539:
2514:
2481:
2448:
2431:"Face Powders | Cosmetics Info"
2259:
2138:
2112:
2073:
2000:
1974:
1887:
1818:
1763:
1737:
1715:
1639:
1561:
1528:
1486:Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology
1477:
1401:
1368:
1333:
1271:
1159:Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology
1146:
1113:
459:
420:
305:
2233:Frangie, Catherine M. (2012).
1070:
1027:
994:
840:
569:
450:
356:for African American women in
244:
1:
2751:
2703:10.1002/14356007.a15_595.pub2
2613:10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2
2391:"Beauty; a Dusting of Powder"
2119:Young, S (22 February 2017).
1603:. Santa Barbara, California.
759:
703:Magnesium and carbonate salt
2526:Minerals Education Coalition
2145:Shapouri, B (10 July 2015).
2009:"The chemistry of cosmetics"
1535:Karim-Cooper, Farah (2006).
1437:Hernandez, Gabriela (2011).
938:. Abrams Image. p. 43.
543:
425:The changing conceptions of
7:
2970:Hair coloring and bleaching
2235:Milady standard cosmetology
1825:Ramsbrock, Annelie (2015).
1792:McEuen, Melissa A. (2011).
1650:. Chapel Hill. p. 77.
1568:Krause, A (26 April 2019).
1441:. Atglen, PA. p. 146.
712:
10:
3801:
2569:Patnaik, Pradyot. (2003).
20:
3721:
3206:
3195:
3144:
3103:
3067:
2957:
2906:
2870:
2759:
2573:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
2323:Mohiuddin, A. K. (2019).
2174:Trotter-James, B (2008).
1898:. Barnsley. p. 157.
1894:Marsh, Madeleine (2014).
1048:10.1017/s0017383500027522
496:Loose mineral face powder
120:
2546:Stringer, D. A. (1994).
2007:mischa (27 April 2015).
1646:Roberts, Blain. (2014).
1120:McClure, Laura. (2014).
976:National Geographic News
219:Spring and Autumn period
212:
82:
21:Not to be confused with
3444:Laura Mercier Cosmetics
3226:Anastasia Beverly Hills
3152:Cosmetic electrotherapy
2777:Botulinum toxin (Botox)
2455:Iler, Ralph K. (1979).
2097:10.1057/9781137394842_7
1413:Royal Museums Greenwich
1354:10.1163/156853256x00135
612:Polymeric carbohydrate
225:were crushed to create
188:. Small glass jars and
175:
112:heavily influenced the
3409:Jeffree Star Cosmetics
3336:Daigaku Honyaku Center
2492:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
1245:Corbishley, M (2003).
1124:. Taylor and Francis.
1001:Håland, E. J. (2014).
699:Magnesium Carbohydrate
497:
393:
376:
254:
92:
33:
3351:Elizabeth Arden, Inc.
3256:Bath & Body Works
3201:Major cosmetic brands
3162:Cosmetics advertising
1835:10.1057/9781137523150
1827:The Science of Beauty
1770:Davis, L. C. (2013).
1284:www.chinadaily.com.cn
1278:刘瑜芬 (21 April 2018).
934:Eldridge, L. (2015).
778:Kirk-Othmer. (2012).
495:
391:
374:
354:retailed face powders
323:developers including
252:
163:, Ancient Greek poet
90:
31:
3770:History of cosmetics
3539:Neal's Yard Remedies
3177:History of cosmetics
3157:Cosmetic ingredients
814:Stewart, S. (2016).
550:high-definition film
464:Loose powder can be
3316:ColourPop Cosmetics
2919:Circle contact lens
2459:. New York: Wiley.
1307:Sherrow, V (2001).
1209:The Classical World
1079:The Classical World
982:on 29 February 2020
892:1999Natur.397..483W
677:Rutile and anatase
579:
440:Kim Kardashian West
362:Valmor Products Co.
347:Annie Turnbo Malone
100:jars used to store
3167:Cosmetic packaging
2924:Eyelash extensions
2395:The New York Times
2351:Winter, R (2010).
2211:. 22 February 2017
1861:Mulvey, L (2013).
1375:Polack, G (2015).
782:. Hoboken: Wiley.
647:Zirconium silicate
638:Polymer, silicone
578:
529:Translucent powder
498:
487:compound container
394:
377:
351:Madam C. J. Walker
285:The Birth of Venus
255:
237:. Chinese empress
93:
34:
3780:Cosmetic industry
3752:
3751:
3717:
3716:
3694:Victoria's Secret
3404:Helena Rubinstein
3286:Bumble and bumble
3182:Cosmetic industry
2712:978-3-527-30673-2
2622:978-3-527-30673-2
2435:cosmeticsinfo.org
2362:978-0-307-49459-7
2294:Ricapito, Maria.
2277:978-971-23-4791-7
2244:978-1-4390-5930-2
2106:978-1-137-39484-2
2044:978-1-4129-9596-2
1905:978-1-4738-2294-8
1872:978-1-137-45113-2
1844:978-1-349-50428-2
1803:978-0-8203-3758-6
1657:978-1-4696-1557-8
1610:978-1-61069-309-7
1546:978-0-7486-2712-7
1448:978-0-7643-3690-4
1386:978-1-4456-4583-4
1131:978-1-317-79415-8
1012:978-1-4438-6859-4
945:978-1-4197-1796-3
886:(6719): 483–484.
825:978-1-4456-5399-0
789:978-1-118-51898-4
710:
709:
625:Silicate mineral
519:titanium dioxides
329:Helena Rubinstein
290:Sandro Botticelli
263:Queen Elizabeth I
3792:
3729:
3728:
3514:Morphe Cosmetics
3479:Make Up For Ever
3296:Carol's Daughter
3197:
3196:
3075:Artificial nails
3032:Styling products
2837:Permanent makeup
2767:Anti-aging cream
2746:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2427:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2386:
2375:
2374:
2348:
2337:
2336:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2201:
2190:
2189:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2086:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2056:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1941:
1932:
1931:
1925:
1917:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1789:
1778:
1777:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1693:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1669:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1242:
1233:
1232:
1204:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1031:
1025:
1024:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
978:. Archived from
967:
958:
957:
931:
920:
919:
875:
864:
863:
861:
859:
844:
838:
837:
811:
802:
801:
775:
749:Borak (cosmetic)
673:Titanium dioxide
580:
577:
561:Finishing powder
339:African-American
114:ancient Egyptian
41:cosmetic product
3800:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3755:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3713:
3654:Tarte Cosmetics
3534:Nature Republic
3429:Kylie Cosmetics
3414:Kao Corporation
3202:
3191:
3140:
3136:Sunless tanning
3126:Plastic surgery
3099:
3063:
2953:
2902:
2866:
2862:Venetian ceruse
2827:Moist towelette
2755:
2750:
2720:
2719:
2713:
2691:
2687:
2672:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2600:
2596:
2581:
2567:
2563:
2544:
2540:
2530:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2500:
2486:
2482:
2467:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2417:
2407:
2405:
2387:
2378:
2363:
2349:
2340:
2321:
2314:
2304:
2302:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2264:
2260:
2245:
2231:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2209:The Independent
2203:
2202:
2193:
2186:
2172:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2125:The Independent
2117:
2113:
2107:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2058:
2057:
2045:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2015:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1953:Washington Post
1947:(9 July 1977).
1942:
1935:
1919:
1918:
1906:
1892:
1888:
1873:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1823:
1819:
1804:
1790:
1781:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1742:
1738:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1704:
1694:
1687:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1644:
1640:
1624:
1623:
1611:
1597:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1566:
1562:
1547:
1533:
1529:
1482:
1478:
1462:
1461:
1449:
1435:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1387:
1373:
1369:
1338:
1334:
1319:
1305:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1276:
1272:
1257:
1243:
1236:
1205:
1196:
1151:
1147:
1132:
1118:
1114:
1091:10.2307/4352336
1075:
1071:
1036:Greece and Rome
1032:
1028:
1013:
999:
995:
985:
983:
968:
961:
946:
932:
923:
876:
867:
857:
855:
847:Kilkeary, A.M.
845:
841:
826:
812:
805:
790:
776:
767:
762:
715:
572:
563:
546:
531:
503:
483:
462:
453:
423:
334:Anthony Overton
325:Elizabeth Arden
308:
303:
247:
215:
178:
169:Stephanopolides
149:was nearby the
123:
85:
80:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3798:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3604:Richard Hudnut
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3529:Natural Wonder
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:Love Cosmetics
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3187:Male cosmetics
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3131:Skin whitening
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Blepharoplasty
2910:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2748:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2685:
2670:
2652:
2627:
2621:
2594:
2579:
2561:
2538:
2513:
2498:
2480:
2465:
2447:
2415:
2376:
2361:
2338:
2312:
2283:
2276:
2258:
2243:
2222:
2191:
2184:
2163:
2137:
2111:
2105:
2072:
2043:
2025:
1999:
1973:
1933:
1904:
1886:
1871:
1850:
1843:
1817:
1802:
1779:
1762:
1736:
1714:
1685:
1656:
1638:
1609:
1586:
1560:
1545:
1527:
1492:(4): 229–233.
1476:
1447:
1426:
1415:. 1 March 2018
1400:
1385:
1367:
1348:(1): 413–438.
1332:
1317:
1296:
1270:
1255:
1234:
1215:(3): 291–310.
1194:
1165:(3): 245–248.
1145:
1130:
1112:
1069:
1042:(2): 169–183.
1026:
1011:
993:
959:
944:
921:
865:
839:
824:
803:
788:
764:
763:
761:
758:
757:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
714:
711:
708:
707:
704:
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695:
694:
691:
688:
682:
681:
678:
675:
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642:
639:
636:
630:
629:
626:
623:
617:
616:
613:
610:
604:
603:
600:
597:
591:
590:
587:
584:
571:
568:
562:
559:
545:
542:
530:
527:
502:
501:Mineral powder
499:
482:
481:Pressed powder
479:
461:
458:
452:
449:
422:
419:
402:Audrey Hepburn
398:Marilyn Monroe
307:
304:
302:
301:Recent history
299:
246:
243:
214:
211:
177:
174:
133:as a powdered
127:ancient Greeks
122:
119:
84:
81:
79:
76:
52:ancient Europe
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3797:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
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3760:
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3737:
3735:
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3724:
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3720:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3664:The Face Shop
3662:
3660:
3659:The Body Shop
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3634:Sinful Colors
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
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3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:NYX Cosmetics
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3474:MAC Cosmetics
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
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3427:
3425:
3422:
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3407:
3405:
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3397:
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3309:
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42:
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3584:Paula Begoun
3509:Molton Brown
3499:Merle Norman
3419:Kevyn Aucoin
3381:Fenty Beauty
3356:Estée Lauder
3221:Amorepacific
2846:
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2640:www.usgs.gov
2639:
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980:the original
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852:
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589:Other names
573:
564:
547:
532:
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484:
463:
460:Loose powder
454:
424:
421:21st century
395:
380:use. Due to
378:
345:, including
343:Jim Crow era
309:
306:20th century
283:
256:
235:tuberculosis
227:pearl powder
216:
202:
179:
168:
167:in his play
159:
124:
94:
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36:
35:
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3709:Yves Rocher
3684:Urban Decay
3679:Uoma Beauty
3669:Ulta Beauty
3564:O Boticário
3449:Lise Watier
3366:Etude House
3291:Burt's Bees
3276:Bobbi Brown
3271:Bite Beauty
3172:Cosmetology
3090:Nail polish
2965:Conditioner
2929:Eyelid glue
2832:Moisturizer
2822:Highlighter
634:Dimethicone
583:Ingredient
570:Ingredients
534:Translucent
466:translucent
451:Modern uses
429:during the
427:masculinity
366:black women
320:upper-class
310:During the
280:Renaissance
272:zinc oxides
259:Middle Ages
245:Renaissance
70:, lead and
37:Face powder
23:Body powder
3759:Categories
3730:Categories
3629:SimplySiti
3624:Shu Uemura
3544:Neutrogena
3494:Maybelline
3489:Max Factor
3459:L'Occitane
3399:Hard Candy
3281:Bonne Bell
3111:Cold cream
2939:Eye shadow
2817:Foundation
2792:Cotton pad
2550:. ECETOC.
1987:makeup.com
1342:T'oung Pao
1085:(5): 477.
853:makeup.com
834:1021835636
760:References
719:Foundation
706:Magnesite
693:Kaolinite
660:Zinc oxide
586:Component
471:foundation
406:Max Factor
358:drugstores
182:femininity
143:white lead
139:complexion
3775:Skin care
3765:Cosmetics
3734:Companies
3674:Ultima II
3644:Skin Food
3594:Red Earth
3321:CoverGirl
3010:threading
2934:Eye liner
2787:Concealer
2753:Cosmetics
2403:0362-4331
2371:427404453
2253:756742067
2061:cite book
2053:698749519
1961:0190-8286
1922:cite book
1914:894638928
1881:927490893
1812:740435950
1674:cite book
1666:873805982
1627:cite book
1619:904505699
1555:173357186
1506:1473-2130
1465:cite book
1457:730404983
1395:918398645
1362:0082-5433
1221:0009-8418
1140:871224539
1099:0009-8418
1064:162576196
1056:0017-3835
1021:892799127
954:943052433
908:0028-0836
798:823726450
744:Concealer
739:Sunscreen
544:HD powder
475:concealer
316:Hollywood
239:Wu Zetian
110:Cleopatra
3704:Younique
3689:Vaseline
3619:Shiseido
3574:Oriflame
3484:Mary Kay
3394:Guerlain
3341:Dermacol
3326:Creme 21
3306:Clinique
3266:Biotherm
3241:Artistry
3236:Aqua Net
3231:Anna Sui
3095:Pedicure
3085:Manicure
3000:plucking
2985:electric
2980:chemical
2878:Lipstick
2802:DD cream
2797:Cleanser
2782:CC cream
2772:BB cream
2680:24108276
2589:50252041
2556:31528853
2508:57452895
2215:19 April
1522:16948165
1514:17166111
1327:44461780
1265:54950064
1229:40599851
1189:25156633
1181:22938012
713:See also
664:Zincite
538:'baking'
507:vitamins
436:‘baking’
276:smallpox
155:Xenophon
131:cinnabar
102:eyeliner
68:bleaches
60:Crusades
3785:Powders
3744:History
3614:Sephora
3579:Origins
3454:L'Oréal
3439:Laneige
3434:Lancôme
3424:Kiehl's
3389:Garnier
3371:Fabergé
3346:Douglas
3301:Clarins
3261:Benefit
3145:Related
3121:Peeling
3080:Buffing
3027:Sindoor
3022:Shampoo
3005:shaving
2975:Removal
2949:Mascara
2475:4492856
2151:Glamour
2013:Curious
1574:Insider
1107:4352336
916:4422845
888:Bibcode
754:Thanaka
734:Compact
651:Zircon
615:Amylum
469:in the
203:cerussa
198:Martial
194:Juvenal
190:brushes
165:Eubulus
3739:People
3609:Rimmel
3599:Revlon
3589:Pond's
3549:Nexxus
3524:Natura
3504:Missha
3376:Farmec
3116:Lotion
3047:pomade
3042:mousse
3015:waxing
2847:Powder
2842:Primer
2807:Facial
2709:
2678:
2668:
2645:26 May
2619:
2587:
2577:
2554:
2531:26 May
2522:"Talc"
2506:
2496:
2473:
2463:
2440:26 May
2408:26 May
2401:
2369:
2359:
2305:26 May
2274:
2251:
2241:
2182:
2156:28 May
2130:25 May
2103:
2051:
2041:
2018:25 May
1992:28 May
1966:25 May
1959:
1912:
1902:
1879:
1869:
1841:
1810:
1800:
1755:27 May
1707:27 May
1702:Racked
1664:
1654:
1617:
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1579:25 May
1553:
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1512:
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1419:22 May
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1289:22 May
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1009:
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952:
942:
914:
906:
880:Nature
858:22 May
832:
822:
796:
786:
729:Baking
686:Kaolin
608:Starch
595:Silica
444:Baking
223:pearls
147:Athens
121:Greece
3699:Wella
3649:Stila
3639:SK-II
3554:Nivea
3385:Fresh
3331:Cutex
3246:Aveda
3216:Almay
3211:Ahava
3068:Nails
3052:spray
2990:laser
2898:Stain
2893:Liner
2888:Gloss
2857:Toner
2852:Rouge
2300:WebMD
2085:(PDF)
1518:S2CID
1225:JSTOR
1185:S2CID
1103:JSTOR
1060:S2CID
912:S2CID
724:Rouge
554:video
431:2000s
415:1990s
410:1970s
213:China
207:Chalk
141:with
135:rouge
129:used
106:rouge
83:Egypt
39:is a
3519:NARS
3469:Lush
3311:Coty
3251:Avon
3104:Body
2958:Hair
2944:Kohl
2907:Eyes
2883:Balm
2871:Lips
2760:Face
2707:ISBN
2676:OCLC
2666:ISBN
2647:2020
2617:ISBN
2585:OCLC
2575:ISBN
2552:OCLC
2533:2020
2504:OCLC
2494:ISBN
2471:OCLC
2461:ISBN
2442:2020
2410:2020
2399:ISSN
2367:OCLC
2357:ISBN
2307:2020
2272:ISBN
2249:OCLC
2239:ISBN
2217:2020
2180:ISBN
2158:2020
2132:2020
2101:ISBN
2067:link
2049:OCLC
2039:ISBN
2020:2020
1994:2020
1968:2020
1957:ISSN
1928:link
1910:OCLC
1900:ISBN
1877:OCLC
1867:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1808:OCLC
1798:ISBN
1757:2020
1709:2020
1680:link
1662:OCLC
1652:ISBN
1633:link
1615:OCLC
1605:ISBN
1581:2020
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1541:ISBN
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1502:ISSN
1471:link
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1443:ISBN
1421:2020
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1323:OCLC
1313:ISBN
1291:2020
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1251:ISBN
1217:ISSN
1177:PMID
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1126:ISBN
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1052:ISSN
1017:OCLC
1007:ISBN
988:2020
950:OCLC
940:ISBN
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860:2020
830:OCLC
820:ISBN
794:OCLC
784:ISBN
621:Talc
552:and
523:talc
517:and
515:zinc
511:iron
473:and
400:and
327:and
233:and
231:acne
196:and
186:Ovid
176:Rome
98:Kohl
62:and
56:Asia
54:and
3569:OPI
3361:elf
3057:wax
3037:gel
2995:IPL
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1831:doi
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1727:Jet
1494:doi
1350:doi
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