220:
127:
369:
364:
374:
24:
541:
727:, and left for six to fourteen weeks, by which time the blue-grey lead had corroded to white lead. The pots were then taken to a separating table where scraping and pounding removed the white lead from the buckles. The powder was then dried and packed for shipment or shipped as a paste. One benefit of the process was that it was not necessary to dry the paste of white lead, removing its water. All that needed was to mill the paste with
764:, which has much higher tinting strength than white lead. Critics argue that substitutes like zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are more reactive, become brittle, and can flake off. White lead is less used by today's painters, not because of its toxicity directly; but simply because its toxicity in other contexts has led to trade restrictions that make white lead difficult for artists to obtain in sufficient quantities.
746:
508:
698:
Lead is placed in earthen vessels over sharp vinegar, and after it has acquired some thickness of a sort of rust, which it commonly does in about ten days, they open the vessels and scrape it off, as it were, in a sort of foulness; they then place the lead over vinegar again, repeating over and over
84:
699:
again the same method of scraping it till it has wholly dissolved. What has been scraped off they then beat to powder and boil for a long time, and what at last subsides to the bottom of the vessel is ceruse.
768:, the English paint company, was restricted in 2014 from selling its flake white in tubes and now must sell exclusively in 150 ml (5.3 imp fl oz; 5.1 US fl oz) tins.
344:
1242:
1196:
Macchia, Andrea; Cesaro, Stella; Keheyan, Yeghis; Ruffolo, Silvestro; La Russa, Mauro (2015). "White zinc in
Linseed Oil Paintings: Chemical, Mechanical and Aesthetic Aspects".
614:, which confirms the formula. The structure is complicated, features two kinds of Pb(II) sites, those bonded to hydroxide and those bonded to carbonate and hydroxide.
873:
791:
white, Dutch white lead, flake white, Flemish white, Krems white, London white, Pigment White 1, Roman white, silver white, slate white and Vienna white.
521:
940:
1145:
1250:
259:
1371:
462:
1074:
1010:
Martinetto, Pauline; Anne, Michel; Dooryhée, Eric; Walter, Philippe; Tsoucaris, Georges (2002). "Synthetic hydrocerussite, 2PbCO
1873:
810:
1284:
902:
642:. Lead is often used with cobalt driers. Lead free substitutes have been developed to replace this use of lead in paint.
567:, containing both carbonate and hydroxide ions. White lead occurs naturally as a mineral, in which context it is known as
957:
516:
995:
842:
234:
1152:
based on Warren, Christian. "Toxic Purity: The progressive era origins of
America’s lead paint poisoning epidemic".
528:
914:
1181:
665:
What is commonly known today as the "Dutch method" for the preparation of white lead was described as early as
325:
454:
1364:
719:(which contains acetic acid). These were stacked up and covered with a mixture of decaying dung and spent
458:
412:
177:
122:
373:
1868:
1863:
198:
368:
800:
422:
363:
731:, and the white lead would take up the oil and reject the residual water, to give white lead in oil.
134:
893:
771:
In the eighteenth century, white lead paints were routinely used to repaint the hulls and floors of
215:
1142:
1462:
1357:
1095:
679:
His directions for the process were repeated throughout history by many authors of chemical and
1522:
888:
400:
1129:
611:
382:
356:
1642:
1486:
627:
186:
104:
1186:
The
Smithsonian's Museum Conservation Institute exposes long-term problems with zinc white
470:
60:
8:
1613:
466:
50:
219:
126:
1838:
1801:
1684:
1621:
1600:
1089:
765:
1263:
For reasons of toxicity these Lead White colours are only available in tins in the EU.
1054:
683:
literature. The uses of cerussa were described as an external medication and pigment.
1793:
1750:
1663:
1514:
1506:
1478:
1280:
1035:
991:
953:
906:
860:
838:
670:
591:
and the satiny smooth mixture it made with dryable oils. However, it tended to cause
1123:
1825:
1773:
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1571:
1538:
1450:
1430:
1406:
1205:
1069:
1027:
945:
898:
761:
631:
588:
564:
282:
404:
166:
1530:
1394:
1149:
805:
584:
438:
1671:
1595:
1583:
1498:
1380:
776:
712:
599:
592:
499:
430:
1031:
474:
426:
1857:
1692:
1676:
1650:
1608:
949:
623:
442:
243:
InChI=1S/2CH2O3.2H2O.3Pb/c2*2-1(3)4;;;;;/h2*(H2,2,3,4);2*1H2;;;/q;;;;3*+2/p-6
115:
450:
1817:
1730:
1343:
1039:
973:
M. Baudler (1963). "Neutral and Basic Lead
Carbonate". In G. Brauer (ed.).
910:
666:
754:
728:
708:
639:
545:
1329:
Gettens, R.J., Kühn, H. and Chase, W.T. "Lead White", in Roy, A., (Ed),
1414:
1209:
1166:
Laver, M. (1997). "Titanium
Dioxide Whites". In Fitzhugh, E. W. (ed.).
772:
740:
635:
580:
301:
135:
95:
23:
540:
396:
607:
576:
418:
498:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1833:
1809:
1725:
903:
10.1002/1097-0274(200009)38:3<244::AID-AJIM3>3.0.CO;2-F
788:
1300:
703:
Later descriptions of the Dutch process involved casting metallic
490:
83:
1349:
1020:
720:
716:
680:
572:
434:
153:
602:
and air. In the laboratory procedure treats lead acetate with
598:
Basic lead carbonate is produced by treating lead acetate with
446:
745:
73:
1223:
Raine, Craig (5 September 2020). "Epic of gossip (review of
1009:
775:
vessels, to waterproof the timbers and limit infestation by
203:
1195:
704:
603:
1305:
Conservation and Art
Materials Encyclopedia Online (CAMEO)
760:
White lead has been mostly supplanted in artistic use by
715:. This was done by placing them over pots with a little
645:
A second basic lead carbonate is known with the formula
990:, Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman Elsevier 2001
1333:, Vol 2, Oxford University Press, 1993, pp. 67–81
669:(ca. 300 BC), in his brief work on rocks or minerals,
782:
630:
and in machine shops. Lead soap was also used as an
1170:. Vol. 3. Oxford University Press. p. 309.
787:
Among the synonyms for white lead are Berlin white,
975:
388:
833:Wiberg, Egon; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001).
595:, and its use has been banned in most countries.
1855:
1174:
548:, with white lead second from left, bottom shelf
392:
165:
1225:The Lives of Lucian Freud : Fame 1968-2011
1059:. Reinhold Publishing Corporation. p. 677.
686:Clifford Dyer Holley quotes from Theophrastus'
617:
482:
59:
977:. Vol. 2pages=766. NY,NY: Academic Press.
941:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
832:
486:
1365:
1307:. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (Massachusetts)
1056:Lubricating Greases Their Manufacture And Use
1053:Klemgard, E.N. (1937). "Lead base greases".
874:"Lead Poisoning in a Historical Perspective"
579:. It was formerly used as an ingredient for
1372:
1358:
972:
610:. The compound has been characterized by
478:
218:
125:
103:
892:
753:, consisting of basic lead carbonate and
626:were used as additive for lubricants for
185:
1087:
1052:
938:Carr, Dodd S. (2005). "Lead Compounds".
871:
828:
826:
744:
539:
881:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
214:
1856:
1121:
931:
811:White Lead (Painting) Convention, 1921
116:
1353:
1274:
1222:
1165:
1005:
1003:
823:
606:. It occurs naturally as the mineral
246:Key: RYZCLUQMCYZBJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-H
1279:. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 56.
937:
1182:"Zinc White: Problems in Oil Paint"
544:Color pigments used on the warship
156:
13:
1379:
1323:
1000:
783:Other synonyms (as an art pigment)
707:as thin buckles and corroded with
14:
1885:
1337:
1128:. John Wiley & Sons. p.
872:Hernberg, Sven (September 2000).
555:is the basic lead carbonate 2PbCO
1243:"Choosing a white in oil colour"
1018:, by X-ray powder diffraction".
506:
372:
367:
362:
22:
1293:
1268:
1235:
1216:
1189:
1159:
1136:
1115:
1102:
1081:
638:or air drying paints made with
502:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1122:Holley, Clifford Dyer (1909).
1088:Stillman, John Maxson (1924).
1063:
1046:
981:
966:
865:
851:
622:White lead compounds known as
326:Occupational safety and health
1:
1874:Environmental impact of paint
816:
1091:The Story of Early Chemistry
1075:A Short History of Chemistry
618:Related white lead compounds
7:
794:
306:775.633 g/mol
10:
1890:
1125:The Lead and Zinc Pigments
801:List of inorganic pigments
738:
692:The Lead and Zinc Pigments
660:
1766:
1743:
1387:
1156:. Winter 1999, Vol. 73(4)
1032:10.1107/S0108270102006844
734:
496:
343:
323:
318:
275:
255:
230:
43:
35:
30:
21:
1198:Periodico di Mineralogia
1094:. D. Appleton. pp.
950:10.1002/14356007.a15_249
690:as follows, in his book
413:Precautionary statements
1275:Hough, Richard (1994).
1154:Business History Review
944:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
723:, which supplied the CO
757:
701:
667:Theophrastus of Eresos
583:and a cosmetic called
549:
748:
696:
634:for paints made with
612:X-ray crystallography
543:
1227:by William Feaver".
267:C(=O)().C(=O)().....
38:Basic lead carbonate
1247:Winsor & Newton
988:Inorganic Chemistry
835:Inorganic Chemistry
766:Winsor & Newton
711:in the presence of
18:
1869:Inorganic pigments
1864:Lead(II) compounds
1277:Captain James Cook
1210:10.2451/2015PM0027
1148:2008-04-03 at the
758:
677:History of Stones.
563:. It is a complex
550:
529:Infobox references
16:
1851:
1850:
1331:Artists' Pigments
1286:978-0-340-82556-3
1253:on 8 October 2014
1168:Artists' Pigments
1110:History of Stones
861:mineral hydration
688:History of Stones
587:, because of its
537:Chemical compound
535:
534:
383:Hazard statements
199:CompTox Dashboard
85:Interactive image
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632:oil drying agent
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585:Venetian ceruse
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739:Main article:
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651:)·3Pb(OH)
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593:lead poisoning
569:hydrocerussite
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36:Other names
1346:, Colourlex
1143:Lead411.org
755:linseed oil
729:linseed oil
709:acetic acid
329:(OHS/OSH):
311:Appearance
276:Properties
123:100.013.901
17:White lead
1858:Categories
1344:Lead white
1257:18 October
924:2015-04-12
817:References
773:Royal Navy
741:Lead white
681:alchemical
636:drying oil
581:lead paint
553:White lead
357:Pictograms
302:Molar mass
187:WDF96425HV
96:ChemSpider
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51:CAS Number
1744:Pb(II,IV)
889:CiteSeerX
672:On Stones
655:·PbO
624:lead soap
608:cerussite
577:cerussite
467:P308+P313
463:P304+P340
459:P304+P312
455:P301+P312
348:labelling
144:215-290-6
136:EC Number
61:1319-46-6
1834:plumbate
1726:plumbite
1146:Archived
1040:12050408
911:10940962
795:See also
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777:shipworm
628:bearings
319:Hazards
1643:Pb(SCN)
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