European single market

6637:(CMU) setting out a list of key measures to achieve a true single market for capital in Europe, which deepens the existing Banking Union, because this revolves around disintermediated, market-based forms of financing, which should represent an alternative to the traditionally predominant (in Europe) bank-based financing channel. The EU's political and economic context call for strong and competitive capital markets to finance the EU economy. The CMU project is a political signal to strengthen the single market as a project of all 28 Member States, instead of just the Eurozone countries, and sent a strong signal to the UK to remain an active part of the EU, before Brexit. 8098: 8261: 1101: 6918: 3479: 2591: 546: 3549: 4757: 4166: 3639: 2952: 4709: 4118: 3590: 2667: 3120: 2244: 740: 156: 3159: 2296: 792: 208: 1149: 4925: 4334: 3807: 2835: 2604: 3328: 2478: 974: 390: 3924: 3453: 520: 8046: 1137: 4901: 4310: 3783: 2811: 4889: 4298: 3771: 2799: 4853: 4262: 3735: 2913: 2763: 3302: 2452: 948: 364: 1113: 4985: 4721: 4394: 4130: 3867: 3602: 2940: 2871: 4973: 4949: 4382: 4358: 3855: 3831: 2859: 2847: 3289: 2439: 935: 351: 6075: 7330: 4793: 4202: 3675: 2715: 4841: 4733: 4250: 4142: 3723: 3614: 2976: 2679: 1597: 1173: 1125: 4961: 4781: 4769: 4697: 4370: 4190: 4178: 4106: 3843: 3663: 3651: 3578: 3393: 3133: 3000: 2964: 2703: 2655: 2543: 2257: 1089: 1039: 753: 455: 169: 7712: 3380: 3354: 2530: 2504: 1026: 1000: 442: 416: 55: 3198: 2335: 831: 247: 4877: 4745: 4286: 4154: 3911: 3759: 3627: 3536: 3440: 3250: 3146: 2787: 2691: 2400: 2387: 2270: 1195: 1161: 896: 883: 766: 507: 312: 299: 182: 4829: 4238: 3711: 3367: 3185: 3172: 3107: 2751: 2517: 2322: 2309: 2231: 1217: 1013: 818: 805: 727: 429: 234: 221: 143: 5234: 3523: 3276: 2426: 2283: 922: 779: 338: 195: 3937: 3466: 3237: 2374: 870: 533: 286: 4913: 4817: 4322: 4226: 3795: 3699: 2823: 2739: 702: 3315: 2465: 961: 377: 5009: 4418: 3891: 3012: 2624: 4937: 4346: 3819: 3224: 2988: 2361: 857: 273: 4805: 4214: 3687: 2727: 3083: 3419: 2569: 1065: 481: 4865: 4274: 3747: 3341: 2775: 2491: 987: 403: 3211: 2348: 844: 260: 4997: 4406: 3879: 2883: 3263: 2413: 909: 325: 3406: 2556: 1052: 468: 10964:(2003) 701, there is a tension 'between the image of the Community worker as a mobile unit of production, contributing to the creation of a single market and to the economic prosperity of Europe' and the 'image of the worker as a human being, exercising a personal right to live in another state and to take up employment there without discrimination, to improve the standard of living of his or her family'. 3972: 5597:

free movement of goods. A resolution was adopted by the Council and member state government representatives on the same day, under which the member states agreed to take action where necessary to protect the free movement of goods and other freedoms, and to issue public information where there were disruptions, including their efforts to address obstacles to free movement of goods.

8699: 9971:) Annex I, including (i) investment in companies, (ii) real estate, (iii) securities, (iv) collective investment funds, (v) money market securities, (vi) bonds, (vii) service credit, (viii) loans, (ix) sureties and guarantees (x) insurance rights, (xi) inheritance and personal loans, (xii) physical financial assets (xiii) other capital movements. 10436:(1984) Case 107/83, holding a Paris avocat requirement to have one office in Paris, though "indistinctly" applicable to everyone, was an unjustified restriction because the aim of keeping advisers in touch with clients and courts could be achieved by 'modern methods of transport and telecommunications' and without living in the locality. 7036:

Italy while it still operated and was incorporated in Hungary. Thus, the court draws a distinction between the right of establishment for foreign companies (where restrictions must be justified), and the right of the state to determine conditions for companies incorporated in its territory, although it is not entirely clear why.

5411:

market as a seamless, single market is an ongoing process, with the integration of the service industry still containing gaps. According to a 2019 estimate, because of the single market the GDP of member countries is on average 9 percent higher than it would be if tariff and non-tariff restrictions were in place.

8042:

to enter, depart and return, without undue restrictions, (2) to reside, without becoming an unreasonable burden on social assistance, (3) to vote in local and European elections, and (4) the right to equal treatment with nationals of the host state, but for social assistance only after 3 months of residence.

8041:

article 20, citizenship of the EU derives from nationality of a member state. Article 21 confers general rights to free movement in the EU and to reside freely within limits set by legislation. This applies for citizens and their immediate family members. This triggers four main groups of rights: (1)

7231:

held that health care was a "service" even though the government (rather than the service recipient) paid for the service. National authorities could be justified in refusing to reimburse patients for medical services abroad if the health care received at home was without undue delay, and it followed

6246:

under age 12, and misleading commercials for skin care products. While the bans have remained (justifiable under article 36 or as a mandatory requirement) the Court emphasised that complete marketing bans could be disproportionate if advertising were "the only effective form of promotion enabling to

6227:

held, as "in law and in fact" it was an equally applicable "selling arrangement" (not something that alters a product's content) it was outside the scope of article 34, and so did not need to be justified. Selling arrangements can be held to have an unequal effect "in fact" particularly where traders

9205:

3. The Union shall establish an internal market. It shall work for the sustainable development of Europe based on balanced economic growth and price stability, a highly competitive social market economy, aiming at full employment and social progress, and a high level of protection and improvement of

8578:

has the power by a simple majority to continue or terminate the protocol arrangements. In the event that consent to continue is not given, the arrangements would cease to apply after two years. The Joint Committee would make alternative proposals to the UK and EU to avoid a hard border on the island

7028:

the Court of Justice held that a German court could not deny a Dutch building company the right to enforce a contract in Germany on the basis that it was not validly incorporated in Germany. Although restrictions on freedom of establishment could be justified by creditor protection, labour rights to

5726:

The Court has consistently held that the purpose of Article 90 EC , as a whole, is to ensure the free movement of goods between the member states under normal conditions of competition, by eliminating all forms of protection which might result from the application of discriminatory internal taxation

8245:

legislation and guidance based on "a set of basic standards for the award of public contracts which are derived directly from the rules and principles of the EC Treaty", relating to the four freedoms, require equal treatment, non-discrimination, mutual recognition, proportionality and transparency

7807:

the Court of Justice rejected Mr Weigel's claim that a re-registration charge upon bringing his car to Austria violated his right to free movement. Although the tax was "likely to have a negative bearing on the decision of migrant workers to exercise their right to freedom of movement", because the

7760:

when his contract finished, regardless of whether Dunkerque could afford to pay Liège the habitual transfer fees. The Court of Justice held "the transfer rules constitute an obstacle to free movement" and were unlawful unless they could be justified in the public interest, but this was unlikely. In

6185:

held that an Italian law prohibiting motorcycles or mopeds from pulling trailers infringed article 34. Again, the law applied neutrally to everyone, but disproportionately affected importers, because Italian companies did not make trailers. This was not a product requirement, but the Court reasoned

8085:

article 21. Second, article 6 allows every citizen to stay three months in another member state, whether economically active or not. Article 7 allows stays over three months with evidence of "sufficient resources... not to become a burden on the social assistance system". Articles 16 and 17 give a

8036:

stated that 'Citizenship is destined to be the fundamental status of nationals of the Member States', political debate remains on who should have access to public services and welfare systems funded by taxation. In 2008, just 8 million people from 500 million EU citizens (1.7 per cent) had in

7368:

Broadly defined, this freedom enables citizens of one Member State to travel to another, to reside and to work there (permanently or temporarily). The idea behind EU legislation in this field is that citizens from other member states should be treated equally to domestic citizens and should not be

7212:

states that the treaty provisions relating to the freedom to provide services do not apply in situations where the service, service provider and other relevant facts are confined within a single member state. An early Council Directive from 26 July 1971 included works contracts within the scope of

6008:, and even Belgian tomato imports. France was liable for these hindrances to trade because the authorities "manifestly and persistently abstained" from preventing the sabotage. Generally speaking, if a member state has laws or practices that directly discriminate against imports (or exports under 5596:

among the Member States, was aimed at preventing obstacles to the free movement of goods attributable to "action or inaction" by a Member State. The regulation empowered the Commission to request intervention by a Member State when the actions of private individuals were creating an "obstacle" to

8177:

to a Romanian mother who had lived in Germany for 3 years, but had never worked. Because she lived in Germany for over 3 months, but under 5 years, she had to show evidence of "sufficient resources", since the Court reasoned the right to equal treatment in article 24 within that time depended on

7789:

article 45, reasoned that people from other countries would have little chance of acquiring the certificate, and because it was "impossible to submit proof of the required linguistic knowledge by any other means", the measure was disproportionate. Second, article 7(2) requires equal treatment in

7035:

the Court of Justice affirmed again that because corporations are created by law, they are in principle subject to any rules for formation that a state of incorporation wishes to impose. This meant that the Hungarian authorities could prevent a company from shifting its central administration to

6476:

held that for investments in companies, the capital rules, rather than freedom of establishment rules, were engaged if an investment did not enable a "definite influence" through shareholder voting or other rights by the investor. That case held a Dutch Wealth Tax Act 1964 unjustifiably exempted

5615:

of the European Union removes customs barriers between member states and operates a common customs policy towards third countries, with the aim "to ensure normal conditions of competition and to remove all restrictions of a fiscal nature capable of hindering the free movement of goods within the

5410:

to move to the area where they are most valued, thus improving the efficiency of the allocation of resources. It is also intended to drive economic integration whereby the once separate economies of the member states become integrated within a single EU-wide economy. The creation of the internal

6174:

held that a low content of vegetable fat did not justify a "chocolate substitute" label. This was derogatory in the consumers' eyes. A "neutral and objective statement" was enough to protect consumers. If member states place considerable obstacles on the use of a product, this can also infringe

6028:

ase from 1981 outlined a disagreement between the science community and the Dutch government whether niacin in cheese posed a public risk. As public risk falls under article 36, meaning that a quantitative restriction can be imposed, it justified the import restriction against the Eyssen cheese

5479:

jurisprudence, under which member states were obliged to recognise goods which had been legally produced in another member state, unless the member state could justify the restriction by reference to a mandatory requirement. Harmonisation would only be used to overcome barriers created by trade

7364:

can move freely between member states for whatever reason (or without any reason) and may reside in any member state they choose if they are not an undue burden on the social welfare system or public safety in their chosen member state. This required reduction of administrative formalities and

7226:

Mrs Geraets-Smits claimed she should be reimbursed by Dutch social insurance for the costs of receiving treatment in Germany. The Dutch health authorities regarded the treatment as unnecessary, so she argued this restricted the freedom (of the German health clinic) to provide services. Several

7009:

held that Denmark's minimum capital law infringed Centros Ltd's freedom of establishment and could not be justified, because a company in the UK could admittedly provide services in Denmark without being established there, and there were less restrictive means of achieving the aim of creditor

6880:

and was censured by the Milan Bar Council for not having registered, should claim for breach of establishment freedom, rather than service freedom. However, the requirements to be registered in Milan before being able to practice would be allowed if they were non-discriminatory, "justified by

6253:

the Court suggested that a total ban for advertising alcohol on the radio, TV and in magazines could fall within article 34 where advertising was the only way for sellers to overcome consumers' "traditional social practices and to local habits and customs" to buy their products, but again the

5461:

The new approach, pioneered at the Delors Commission, combined positive and negative integration, relying upon minimum rather than exhaustive harmonisation. Negative integration consists of prohibitions imposed on member states banning discriminatory behaviour and other restrictive practices.

6530:

that enabled disproportionate voting rights, by creating a "deterrent effect on portfolio investments" and reducing "the attractiveness of an investment". This suggested the Court's preference that a government, if it sought public ownership or control, should nationalise in full the desired

5678:

ny pecuniary charge, however small and whatever its designation and mode of application, which is imposed unilaterally on domestic or foreign goods by reason of the fact that they cross a frontier, and which is not a customs duty in the strict sense, constitutes a charge having an equivalent

7821:

the Court of Justice held that a Dutch woman living in the Netherlands, but working between 3 and 14 hours a week in Germany, did not have a right to receive German child benefits, even though the wife of a man who worked full-time in Germany but was resident in Austria could. The general

6881:

imperative requirements in the general interest" and proportionately applied. All people or entities that engage in economic activity, particularly the self-employed, or "undertakings" such as companies or firms, have a right to set up an enterprise without unjustified restrictions. The

6550:

providing the transactions are carried out in euro. Credit/debit card charging and ATM withdrawals within the Eurozone are also charged as domestic; however, paper-based payment orders, like cheques, have not been standardised so these are still domestic-based. The ECB has also set up a

7304:

firm that had sold internet gambling services, was justified to prevent fraud and gambling where people's views were highly divergent. The ban was proportionate as this was an appropriate and necessary way to tackle the serious problems of fraud that arise over the internet. In the

5572:

The range of "goods" (or "products") covered by the term "free movement of goods" "is as wide as the range of goods in existence". Goods are only covered if they have economic value, i.e. they can be valued in money and are capable of forming the subject of commercial transactions.

7829:

For workers not citizens of the union but employed in one member state with a work permit, there is not the same freedom of movement within the Union. They need to apply for a new work permit if wanting to work in a different state. A facilitation mechanism for this process is the

10554:

and W Cary, 'Federalism and Corporate Law: Reflections on Delaware' (1974) 83(4) Yale Law Journal 663. See further S Deakin, 'Two Types of Regulatory Competition: Competitive Federalism versus Reflexive Harmonisation. A Law and Economics Perspective on Centros' (1999) 2 CYELS

6020:, animals or plants", "national treasures" of "artistic, historic or archaeological value" and "industrial and commercial property". In addition, although not clearly listed, environmental protection can justify restrictions on trade as an over-riding requirement derived from 8620:

Single Market Information Tool (a proposed regulation under which the commission could require EU businesses to provide information in relation to the internal market and related areas where there is a suspicion that businesses are blocking the operation of the single market

11681:"Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council setting out the conditions and procedure by which the Commission may request undertakings and associations of undertakings to provide information in relation to the internal market and related areas" 7741:

articles 1 to 7 set out the main provisions on equal treatment of workers. First, articles 1 to 4 generally require that workers can take up employment, conclude contracts, and not suffer discrimination compared to nationals of the member state. In a famous case, the

11649:"Regulation (EU) 2018/1724 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 2 October 2018 establishing a single digital gateway to provide access to information, to procedures and to assistance and problem-solving services and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012" 7681:, a "worker" is anybody who is economically active, which includes everyone in an employment relationship, "under the direction of another person" for "remuneration". A job, however, need not be paid in money for someone to be protected as a worker. For example, in 7695:

held that Mr Steymann was entitled to stay, so long as there was at least an "indirect quid pro quo" for the work he did. Having "worker" status means protection against all forms of discrimination by governments, and employers, in access to employment, tax, and

7278:

customers. The Court of Justice held the Dutch prohibition pursued a legitimate aim to prevent "undesirable developments in securities trading" including protecting the consumer from aggressive sales tactics, thus maintaining confidence in the Dutch markets. In

5537:

came into force in 2009, however, some areas pertaining to parts of the four freedoms (especially in the field of services) had not yet been completely opened. Those, along with further work on the economic and monetary union, would see the EU move further to a

8516:

were given access to the "four freedoms" of the EU single market: free movement of goods, services, capital, and people. Movement of people however, is in form of visa free regime for short stay travel, while movement of workers remains within the remit of the

5453:

to take the initiative to attempt to relaunch the common market. Cockfield wrote and published a White Paper in 1985 identifying 300 measures to be addressed in order to complete a single market. The White Paper was well received and led to the adoption of the

5650:

produce and non-EUCU (third-country) produce. Under Article 29 of the TFEU, customs duty applicable to third country products are levied at the point of entry into EUCU, and once within the EU external border goods may circulate freely between member states.

7808:

charge applied equally to Austrians, in absence of EU legislation on the matter it had to be regarded as justified. Third, people must receive equal treatment regarding "social advantages", although the Court has approved residential qualifying periods. In

7341:

announced a plan to reverse the fragmentation of internet shopping and other online services by establishing a Single Digital Market that would cover digital services and goods from e-commerce to parcel delivery rates, uniform telecoms and copyright rules.

2044: 6258:, the EU harmonised restrictions on restrictions on marketing and advertising, to forbid conduct that distorts average consumer behaviour, is misleading or aggressive, and sets out a list of examples that count as unfair. Increasingly, states have to give 6058:

is one of the "fundamental pillars of a democratic society", against which the free movement of goods had to be balanced, and was probably subordinate. If a member state does appeal to the article 36 justification, the measures it takes have to be applied

10676:

Council Directive 71/304/EEC of 26 July 1971 concerning the abolition of restrictions on the freedom to provide services in respect of public works contracts and on the award of public works contracts to contractors acting through agencies or

11272: 7814:

the Court of Justice held that a Dutch national was not entitled to continue receiving incapacity benefits when he moved to Belgium, because the benefit was "closely linked to the socio-economic situation" of the Netherlands. Conversely, in

8167:, Austria was not entitled to restrict its university places to Austrian students to avoid "structural, staffing and financial problems" if (mainly German) foreign students applied, unless it proved there was an actual problem. However, in 11270:, holding that four asylum seekers from outside the EU, although they did not lawfully enter Ireland (because their asylum claims were ultimately rejected) were entitled to remain because they had lawfully married EU citizens. See also, 5589:(or fishing permits) are not goods, but a provision of service. The ruling further explains that, both capital and service can be valued in money and are capable of forming the subject of commercial transactions, but they are not goods. 7205:

held that the freedom to provide services applied, it was directly effective, and the rule was probably unjustified: having an address in the member state would be enough to pursue the legitimate aim of good administration of justice.

10693: 8403:

Only the EU member states are fully part of the European single market, while several other countries and territories have been granted various degrees of participation. The single market has been extended, with exceptions, to

6130:

article 36, because stronger beverages were available and adequate labelling would be enough for consumers to understand what they bought. This rule primarily applies to requirements about a product's content or packaging. In

7232:"international medical science" on which treatments counted as normal and necessary. The Court requires that the individual circumstances of a patient justify waiting lists, and this is also true in the context of the UK's 6126:, which Rewe-Zentrale AG wished to import from France, only had 15 to 20 per cent alcohol. The Court of Justice rejected the German government's arguments that the measure proportionately protected public health under 7800:

art 45 to deny tax benefits (e.g. for married couples, and social insurance expense deductions) to a man who worked in Germany, but was resident in Belgium when other German residents got the benefits. By contrast in

8053:(1961–1989) symbolised a bordered globe, where citizens of East Germany had no right to leave, and few could enter. The EU has progressively dismantled barriers to free movement, consistent with economic development. 7289:

council. It bought fake laser gun services from a UK firm called Pulsar Ltd, but residents had protested against "playing at killing" entertainment. The Court of Justice held that the German constitutional value of

6899:

article 49 says states are exempt from infringing others' freedom of establishment when they exercise "official authority", but this did an advocate's work (as opposed to a court's) was not official. By contrast in

6468: 6331: 8642:

The New Hanseatic League is a political grouping of economically like-minded northern European states, established in February 2018, that is pushing for a more developed European single market, particularly in the

6871:

held that to be "established" means to participate in economic life "on a stable and continuous basis", while providing "services" meant pursuing activity more "on a temporary basis". This meant that a lawyer from

7834:

which gives easier rules should a non-EU worker already in one EU state need to be sent to another, for the same employer, because of a service contract that the employer made with a customer in that other state.

6481:

article 65(1) does not prevent taxes that distinguish taxpayers based on their residence or the location of an investment (as taxes commonly focus on a person's actual source of profit) or any measures to prevent

5986:

imports to have a certificate of origin was unlikely to be lawful. It discriminated against parallel importers like Mr Dassonville, who could not get certificates from authorities in France, where they bought the

10408: 5679:

effect... even if it is not imposed for the benefit of the state, is not discriminatory or protective in effect and if the product on which the charge is imposed is not in competition with any domestic product.

8806: 9560:

Rasmussen, Scott (2011). "English Legal Terminology: Legal Concepts in Language, 3rd ed. By Helen Gubby. The Hague:Eleven International Publishing, 2011. Pp. 272. ISBN 978-90-8974-547-7. €35.00; US$ 52.50".

6646: 5977:

held that this rule meant all "trading rules" that are "enacted by Member States" which could hinder trade "directly or indirectly, actually or potentially" would be caught by article 34. This meant that a

5710:

No Member State shall impose, directly or indirectly, on the products of other member states any internal taxation of any kind in excess of that imposed directly or indirectly on similar domestic products.

5686:

There are three exceptions to the prohibition on charges imposed when goods cross a border, listed in Case 18/87 Commission v Germany. A charge is not a customs duty or charge having equivalent effect if:

10338: 9908:

were probably outside the scope of article 34 (but not clearly reasoned). The "rules reflect certain political and economic choices" that "accord with national or regional socio-cultural characteristics."

11690: 11658: 11208: 8143: 5423:(EEC) upon its establishment in 1957 was the development of a common market offering free movement of goods, service, people and capital. Free movement of goods was established in principle through the 9919: 9745: 5533:, aiming at full employment and social progress, and a high level of protection and improvement of the quality of the environment, with also promoting scientific and technological advance. Even as the 12082: 11159: 11142: 10382: 7558: 7193: 6863: 7420: 6096:

Often rules apply to all goods neutrally, but may have a greater practical effect on imports than domestic products. For such "indirect" discriminatory (or "indistinctly applicable") measures the

10667:

ECJ First Chamber, Omalet NV v. Rijksdienst voor Sociale Zekerheid, Case C-245/09, 22 December 2010, see also case C-108/98 RI.SAN (1999) ECR I-5219 and Case C-97/98 Jagerskiold (1999) ECR I-7319

8081:

countries (of which Ireland is not included) have abolished the need to show travel documents, and police searches at borders, altogether. These reflect the general principle of free movement in

4656: 5458:, a treaty which reformed the decision-making mechanisms of the EEC and set a deadline of 31 December 1992 for the completion of a single market. In the end, it was launched on 1 January 1993. 1461: 1229: 7669:", so that people had rights to empower them to become economically and socially active, rather than economic activity being a precondition for rights. This means the basic "worker" rights in 5462:

Positive integration consists of approximating laws and standards. Especially important (and controversial) in this respect is the adoption of harmonising legislation under Article 114 of the

8224:) have abolished physical barriers across the single market by eliminating border controls. In 2015, limited controls were temporarily re-imposed at some internal borders in response to the 7296: 11937: 10707: 5959:

and the principle of non-discrimination. The EU manages imports from non-member states, duties between member states are prohibited, and imports circulate freely. In addition under the

7103: 5658:, customs border controls between member states have been largely abandoned. Physical inspections on imports and exports have been replaced mainly by audit controls and risk analysis. 5355:

are required to agree to association agreements with the EU during the negotiation, which must be implemented prior to accession. In addition, through three individual agreements on a

10464: 11545:, Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community, EUR-Lex, 12 November 2019. 7254:

reasoned that narcotic drugs were controlled in all member states, and so this differed from other cases where prostitution or other quasi-legal activity was subject to restriction.

9964: 8109:

and other assistance in EU member states. To ensure people contribute fairly to the communities they live in, there can be qualifying periods of residence and work up to five years.

6460: 6321: 1706: 8113:

Fourth, and more debated, article 24 requires that the longer an EU citizen stays in a host state, the more rights they have to access public and welfare services, on the basis of

7785:, Italy, was not allowed to require Mr Angonese to have a bilingual certificate that could only be obtained in Bolzano. The Court of Justice, giving "horizontal" direct effect to 6153:

if it was not cube shaped was disproportionate: it would "considerably exceed the requirements of the object in view" and labelling would protect consumers "just as effectively".

8839: 6262:

to each other's standards of regulation, while the EU has attempted to harmonise minimum ideals of best practice. The attempt to raise standards is hoped to avoid a regulatory "

5683:

A charge is a customs duty if it is proportionate to the value of the goods; if it is proportionate to the quantity, it is a charge having equivalent effect to a customs duty.

7653:

Since its foundation, the Treaties sought to enable people to pursue their life goals in any country through free movement. Reflecting the economic nature of the project, the

5434:

However, the EEC struggled to enforce a single market due to the absence of strong decision-making structures. Because of protectionist attitudes, it was difficult to replace

1652: 1609: 1601: 10062: 11154: 9233:, page 9, © European Union, 2010. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. Published 7 July 2010, accessed 3 January 2021 7708:. In practice, free movement has become politically contentious as nationalist political parties appear to have utilised concerns about immigrants taking jobs and benefits. 12546: 8871: 7029:

participate in work, or the public interest in collecting taxes, denial of capacity went too far: it was an "outright negation" of the right of establishment. However, in

6885:

has held that both a member state government and a private party can hinder freedom of establishment, so article 49 has both "vertical" and "horizontal" direct effect. In

5714:

Furthermore, no Member State shall impose on the products of other member states any internal taxation of such a nature as to afford indirect protection to other products.

5121: 11538: 11381:

Commission Interpretative Communication on the Community law applicable to contract awards not or not fully subject to the provisions of the Public Procurement Directives

9244:

Case C-97/98 Peter Jägerskiöld and Torolf Gustafsson on the interpretation of the rules of the EC Treaty on the free movement of goods and the freedom to provide services

6910:

of the Court of Justice held the commission had not proven that this had any object or effect of limiting practitioners from entering the market. Therefore, there was no

9257:

Resolution of the Council and of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States, Meeting Within the Council of 7 December 1998 on the free movement of goods

7365:

greater recognition of professional qualifications of other states. Fostering the free movement of people has been a major goal of European integration since the 1950s.

7355: 6906:

the Court of Justice held that a requirement for lawyers in Italy to comply with maximum tariffs unless there was an agreement with a client was not a restriction. The

5991:. This "wide test", to determine what could potentially be an unlawful restriction on trade, applies equally to actions by quasi-government bodies, such as the former " 12536: 10018: 8617:

a single digital gateway based on an upgraded Your Europe portal, offering enhanced access to information, assistance services and online procedures throughout the EU

9900: 8795: 6504:

violated article 63, in that §2(1) restricted any party having voting rights exceeding 20% of the company, and §4(3) allowed a minority of 20% of shares held by the

1737: 1105: 7826:

article 45(3) are "public policy, public security or public health", and there is also a general exception in article 45(4) for "employment in the public service".

12077: 5727:

against products from other member states, and to guarantee absolute neutrality of internal taxation as regards competition between domestic and imported products.

5271: 1692: 8161:

economics student to have lived in the UK for three years before receiving a student loan, but not that he had to have additional "settled status". Similarly, in

6633:

Within the building on the Investment Plan for Europe, for a closer integration of capital markets, in 2015, the Commission adopted the Action Plan on Building a

6435:

article 63, "all restrictions on the movement of capital between the Member States and between Member States and third countries shall be prohibited". This means

12396: 11981: 8137: 7775:

design college could be justified as part of the public policy of promoting the Irish language, but only if the measure was not disproportionate. By contrast in

6477:

Dutch investments, but not Mr Baars' investments in an Irish company, from the tax: the wealth tax, or exemptions, had to be applied equally. On the other hand,

5691:

it relates to a general system of internal dues applied systematically and in accordance with the same criteria to domestic products and imported products alike,

5631:

and Turkey, under separately negotiated arrangements. The United Kingdom agreed on a trade deal with the European Union on 24 December 2020, which was signed by

8898: 6993:

rules. UK law only required £1 of capital to start a company, while Denmark's legislature took the view companies should only be started up if they had 200,000

5348:, known collectively as the "four freedoms". This is achieved through common rules and standards that all participating states are legally committed to follow. 11262: 9995: 7950: 6345: 1697: 11260:

art 2(2) defines 'family member' as a spouse, long term partner, descendant under 21 or depednant elderly relative that is accompanying the citizen. See also

7257:

If an activity does fall within article 56, a restriction can be justified under article 52 or over-riding requirements developed by the Court of Justice. In

6975:

without first settling its tax bills in the UK. The UK did not need to justify its action, as rules on company seats were not yet harmonised. By contrast, in

10591: 10540: 9876: 9731: 8432:

the common agricultural policy and the common fisheries policy (although the EEA agreement contains provisions on trade in agricultural and fishery produce);

8147:

a French student, who had lived in Belgium for three years, was entitled to receive the "minimex" income support for his fourth year of study. Similarly, in

8066: 7351: 5345: 3960: 1419: 10763: 8544: 7220:

falls outside the scope of article 56, because usually the state funds it, though higher education does not. Health care generally counts as a service. In

6546:

are considered as domestic payments and bear the corresponding domestic transfer costs. This includes all member States of the EU, even those outside the

11248:

COM(2008) 85. The "First Annual Report on Migration and Integration" COM(2004) 508, found by 2004, 18.5m third country nationals were resident in the EU.

10342:(1996) C-107/94, ECR I-3089, holding a director and sole shareholder of a company was not regarded as a "worker" with "a relationship of subordination". 6508:

government to block any decisions. Although this was not an impediment to the actual purchase of shares, or receipt of dividends by any shareholder, the

4484: 1808: 9283: 10687: 10595:(2011) C-371/10 (an exit tax for a Dutch company required justification, not justified here because it could be collected at the time of transfer) and 8560: 7022:

attracts most companies and is often argued to have the worst standards of accountability of boards, and low corporate taxes as a result. Similarly in

6949: 1906: 1153: 6118:

found that a German law requiring all spirits and liqueurs (not just imported ones) to have a minimum alcohol content of 25 per cent was contrary to

2638: 1954: 7259: 7115: 6110: 6512:'s Grand Chamber agreed that it was disproportionate for the government's stated aim of protecting workers or minority shareholders. Similarly, in 6295: 1846: 1768: 1662: 11722: 8559:

remains aligned to the European single market in a limited way to maintain an open border on the island of Ireland. This includes legislation on

7803: 7536: 6935:

or any other, to do business EU-wide, but must comply with proportionate requirements in the public interest, such as the basic labour right to a

12515: 11555: 6727: 6664: 6186:

that the prohibition would deter people from buying it: it would have "a considerable influence on the behaviour of consumers" that "affects the

5960: 5463: 5115: 2083: 1588: 11680: 10597: 8802: 8613:

On 2 May 2017, the European Commission announced a package of measures intended to enhance the functioning of the single market within the EU:

7864: 7091: 5757: 7372:

The main provision on the freedom of movement of persons is Article 45 of the TFEU, which prohibits restrictions on the basis of nationality.

6700: 1455: 1141: 11040: 10886: 8959: 8934: 8242: 8237: 7962: 7777: 7717: 7504: 6755: 6133: 6012:

article 35) then it must be justified under article 36, which outlines all of the justifiable instances. The justifications include public

5504: 5499:

as the next stage of integration. Work on freedom for services took longer, and was the last freedom to be implemented, mainly through the

5264: 1901: 1549: 11928: 10514: 7024: 6769: 11974: 10844: 8471:

states have a "comprehensive framework in place to move closer to the EU and to prepare for future participation in the Single Market".

8255: 7924: 7191:

article 56 applies to people who provide services "for remuneration", especially in commercial or professional activity. For example, in

7065: 7031: 6795: 5904: 5111: 4008: 1753: 1687: 1677: 1207: 1185: 1079: 8717: 8486:

since 1995, which enables it to participate in the free movement of goods (but not of agriculture or services, nor people) with the EU.

8028:

Beyond the right of free movement to work, the EU has increasingly sought to guarantee rights of citizens, and rights simply by being a

7201:

case, and was told he could not continue because Dutch law said only people established in the Netherlands could give legal advice. The

12092: 11438: 8141:, a French man who lived in Belgium for two years was entitled to the "minimex" allowance from the state for a minimum living wage. In 7729:" to free movement, so a bank could not refuse employment to a worker who lacked a language certificate that could only be obtained in 7474: 6977: 6927: 6741: 5929: 5133: 1816: 1177: 1129: 1093: 8831: 8607: 8563:

for veterinary controls, rules on agricultural production/marketing, VAT and excise in respect of goods, and state aid rules. It also

6108:, protecting the environment, press diversity, fairness in commerce, and more: the categories are not closed. In the most famous case 6032:

More generally, it has been increasingly acknowledged that fundamental human rights should take priority over all trade rules. So, in

10654: 5522:

implements the abolition of border controls between most member states, common rules on visas, and police and judicial co-operation.

4028: 2182: 1856: 1796: 1534: 1359: 1221: 1199: 1165: 11234: 9880:(2009) C-142/05, on prohibiting jet skis, but justified if proportionate towards the aim of safeguarding health and the environment. 2169: 11518: 8457: 8456:

Switzerland, a member of EFTA but not of the EEA, participates in the single market with a number of exceptions, as defined by the

8425: 7683: 7665:". However, from the 1970s, this focus shifted towards developing a more "social" Europe. Free movement was increasingly based on " 7457: 5329: 5096: 4605: 4023: 7213:

services, and provided for the abolition of restrictions on the freedom to provide services in respect of public works contracts.

7141: 10622:

policies, have brought about other corporate law changes in Europe that were neither intended by the Court nor by policy-makers".

10075:"Regulation (EC) No 2560/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 2001 on cross-border payments in euro" 9717: 8483: 5646:

Article 30 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union ("TFEU") prohibits border levies between member states on both

5376: 5257: 5066: 4761: 4649: 683: 11355: 11333: 11267: 11116: 11028: 10992: 10743: 10730: 10048: 10036: 10000: 9981: 9871: 9849: 9700: 9683: 9679: 9660: 9647: 9609: 9230: 8892:"Decision No 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council of 22 December 1995 on implementing the final phase of the Customs Union" 8863: 7792: 7543: 7526: 7521: 7442: 7227:

governments submitted that hospital services should not be regarded as economic, and should not fall within article 56. But the

5820: 12097: 12057: 11967: 11535: 10126: 8501: 8363: 8154: 8077:

denied its citizens the freedom to leave. Article 5 gives every citizen a right of entry, subject to national border controls.

8033: 7810: 7553: 7251: 7238: 7202: 7165: 7006: 6868: 6783: 6519: 6473: 6235: 6198: 6150: 6097: 6050:, en route to Italy. Although many companies, including Mr Schmidberger's German undertaking, were prevented from trading, the 6039: 5356: 5031: 5021: 2152: 2088: 1941: 1921: 1911: 1834: 1716: 1635: 17: 10979: 10578: 10565: 10509: 10496: 10211: 6149:

shaped packages infringed article 34, and was not justified by the pursuit of consumer protection. The argument that Belgians

6100:

has developed more justifications: either those in article 36, or additional "mandatory" or "overriding" requirements such as

5244: 12128: 12087: 11808: 11789: 11766: 10921: 9950: 8468: 8330: 7744: 7489: 7222: 7129: 6583: 6414: 6255: 6170:

alone, but British, Danish and Irish manufacturers used other vegetable fats. They claimed the law infringed article 34. The

5832: 5156: 4549: 4524: 2140: 7687:, a German man claimed the right to residence in the Netherlands, while he volunteered plumbing and household duties in the 6228:

from another member state are seeking to break into the market, but there are restrictions on advertising and marketing. In

12541: 12457: 11586: 8149: 7976: 6288: 5694:

if it constitutes payment for a service in fact rendered to the economic operator of a sum in proportion to the service, or

5632: 5161: 5106: 5081: 5061: 5056: 5026: 4929: 4512: 4266: 3993: 3986: 1744: 1573: 1566: 1524: 1317: 1117: 10007:

was unjustified discrimination. It was disproportionate in preserving, as Belgium argued, fiscal coherence or supervision.

9182: 12118: 11057: 9704: 8490: 8388: 8273: 7738: 7579: 7429: 7153: 6427:

required that restrictions on free capital flows only be removed to the extent necessary for the common market. From the

6423:

was traditionally seen as the fourth freedom, after goods, workers and persons, services and establishment. The original

6230: 5880: 5101: 5091: 5086: 5076: 5041: 5036: 4539: 2617: 2192: 2127: 11648: 9256: 9243: 9071: 7464: 12582: 12321: 10757: 10658:(1980) Case 52/79, art 56 does not apply to 'wholly internal situations' where an activity are all in one member state. 9968: 9953: 8547:

left the European Union at the end of January 2020 and left the single market in December 2020. Under the terms of the

8518: 7857: 7582: 7401: 7324: 6249: 6067:

to achieve the aim, (2) be necessary, so that a less restrictive measure could not achieve the same result, and (3) be

5892: 5750: 5301: 5220: 5151: 5071: 5046: 4681: 4676: 3965: 1364: 1254: 715: 64: 11393: 11367: 12019: 11914: 10281:

Ringe, Wolf-Georg (9 March 2015). "Capital Markets Union for Europe - A Political Message to the UK". Rochester, NY.

9604: 9018: 8891: 8023: 7666: 7361: 6693: 6538:

Capital within the EU may be transferred in any amount from one country to another (except that Greece currently has

5964: 5446: 5352: 5198: 5051: 4556: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 2162: 2147: 1851: 1791: 1778: 1647: 1502: 1487: 1244: 10096: 6122:

article 34, because it had a greater negative effect on imports. German liqueurs were over 25 per cent alcohol, but

5697:

subject to certain conditions, if it attaches to inspections carried out to fulfil obligations imposed by Union law.

12502: 12452: 12192: 11536:

Protocol relating to the Sovereign Base Areas of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Cyprus

11434: 8867: 7817: 7763: 7704:

article 20(1)), has rights to seek work, vote in local and European elections, but more restricted rights to claim

7568: 6587: 5529:

was to establish an internal market, which would balance economic growth and price stability, a highly competitive

4671: 4018: 3548: 3507: 3024: 2930: 2215: 2187: 2157: 2064: 1949: 1758: 1672: 1657: 35: 7479: 6590:

to co-ordinate common monetary policy, and third by locking exchange rates and introducing a single currency, the

6542:

restricting outflows, and Cyprus imposed capital controls between 2013 and April 2015). All intra-EU transfers in

12626: 10864: 10484: 10469: 10074: 8302: 8062: 7648: 7637: 7609: 7447: 7058: 6281: 5592:

Council Regulation (EC) 2679/98 of 7 December 1998, on the functioning of the internal market in relation to the

4905: 4561: 4479: 4170: 496: 102: 11883:

Danusso; Denton (1990). "Does the European Court of Justice Look for a Protectionist Motive under Article 95?".

11380: 9441: 9415: 9394: 9373: 9352: 9331: 9307: 9268: 9119: 12561: 12146: 10481: 8644: 8058: 7890: 7494: 6660: 6166:

could not be labelled as "chocolate". It had to be "chocolate substitute". All Italian chocolate was made from

5969: 5784: 4893: 2202: 2098: 1863: 1801: 1373: 1268: 692: 12447: 10077:. EUR-lex – European Communities, Publications office, Official Journal L 344, 28 December 2001 P. 0013 – 0016 7246:

consumption, including the prohibitions by some municipalities on tourists (but not Dutch nationals) going to

12631: 12281: 12156: 11990: 9211: 7900: 7850: 7604: 7281: 5743: 4989: 4977: 4953: 4725: 4457: 4447: 4003: 2023: 1581: 1234: 12556: 12462: 12411: 12034: 11229:(1950) 28-9, positing that 'citizenship' passed from civil rights, political rights, to social rights, and 9042: 8225: 6964: 6686: 6254:

national courts would decide whether it was justified under article 36 to protect public health. Under the

5647: 5606: 5474: 5435: 5424: 4965: 4857: 4845: 4821: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4737: 4713: 4701: 4588: 4507: 4502: 4338: 2010: 1239: 9231:

Free movement of goods: Guide to the application of Treaty provisions governing the free movement of goods

12636: 12432: 11129: 11094: 11045: 10535: 10529: 9547: 9530: 9525: 8552: 8534: 8333:

with the EU allowing for participation in selected sectors of the Single Market: EU accession candidates

8320: 7294:, which underpinned the ban, did count as a justified restriction on the freedom to provide services. In 6807: 6496: 6357: 6046:

did not infringe article 34 by failing to ban a protest that blocked heavy traffic passing over the A13,

5918: 5496: 5420: 5380: 5203: 5013: 4941: 4881: 4833: 4809: 4749: 4593: 4464: 3497: 3049: 3029: 1423: 9622: 5666:

Article 30 of the TFEU prohibits not only customs duties but also charges having equivalent effect. The

12351: 12113: 11781: 11320: 11298: 11213: 11073: 11010: 10997: 10023: 9836: 9824: 9811: 9786: 9542: 9486: 7511: 7051: 6837: 6539: 6402: 6000: 5796: 5001: 4917: 4869: 4534: 4469: 2197: 1916: 1888: 1881: 11500: 11474: 11060: 10194:"The legal and regulatory aspects of the free movement of capital - towards the Capital Markets Union" 8915: 7432: 11912:

Gormley, Laurence W (2008). "Silver Threads among the Gold: 50 years of the free movement of goods".

8661: 8575: 8548: 8158: 7722: 7692: 6907: 6902: 6456: 6444: 6410: 6205:

article 34, if they applied equally to all sellers, and affected them in the same manner in fact. In

6177: 6158: 5856: 5844: 5667: 5582: 4474: 1841: 1785: 1497: 1347: 11854:

Hedemann-Robinson (1995). "Indirect Discrimination: Article 95(1) EC Back to Front and Inside Out".

11613:"Commission takes new steps to enhance compliance and practical functioning of the EU Single Market" 10323: 9284:"Brexit: Boris Johnson signs Brexit trade deal after MPs give overwhelming backing for EU agreement" 8864:

The EU-Ukraine Association Agreement and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area What's it all about?

8444:

the field of justice and home affairs (although each EFTA country is part of the Schengen area); and

12587: 12442: 12072: 12067: 11023: 10974: 10004: 8169: 8087: 8000: 7880: 7236:. Aside from public services, another sensitive field of services are those classified as illegal. 6627: 5500: 3998: 1994: 1989: 1519: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 11713: 12488: 12123: 11758: 10178: 8311: Part of a former EU state that remains partially aligned to the EU Single Market on goods: 8131:

held that a Spanish woman who had lived in (Germany) for 25 years and had a baby was entitled to

8123: 7912: 7691:

community, which provided for everyone's material needs irrespective of their contributions. The

7592: 7233: 6892: 6487: 6243: 5395: 4544: 4314: 3502: 1630: 1625: 10890: 8938: 6891:

the Court of Justice held that a refusal to admit a lawyer to the Belgian bar because he lacked

5387:

on rules for goods with the European single market, to maintain an open border on the island of

12551: 12004: 11273:

R (Secretary of State for the Home Department) v Immigration Appeal Tribunal and Surinder Singh

11177: 9550:. See further K Muylle, 'Angry farmers and passive policemen' (1998) 23 European Law Review 467 8678: 8522: 8417: 8350: 8277: 8264: 7394: 7011: 6825: 6220: 6080: 6055: 6034: 5808: 5593: 5441:

In the 1980s, when the economy of the EEC began to lag behind the rest of the developed world,

5321: 5215: 4583: 4519: 4302: 3563: 2623: 1544: 1441: 1281: 1100: 623: 73: 10302: 8769: 7333:

Diagram of the EU digital single market and the facilitation of public services across borders

12605: 12341: 12177: 12062: 11190:

See NN Shuibhne, 'The Resilience of EU Market Citizenship' (2010) 47 CMLR 1597 and HP Ipsen,

10544: 10310: 10122: 9759: 8725: 8674: 8627:

Action Plan (aiming to reinforce and improve the functioning of the existing SOLVIT network).

8587: 7938: 7700:

rights. By contrast a citizen, who is "any person having the nationality of a Member State" (

7318: 6634: 6615: 6514: 6369: 6060: 5530: 5488:. Thus, harmonisation was largely used to ensure basic health and safety standards were met. 5407: 5238: 4600: 4566: 4398: 4386: 4362: 4134: 3044: 1934: 1721: 1701: 1539: 12483: 11430: 10169: 6953:

that member states could restrict a company moving its seat of business, without infringing

12416: 12336: 8637: 8366:

agreement with the EU allowing for participation in selected sectors of the Single Market:

8163: 7988: 7662: 6650: 6579: 6428: 5484:

mandatory requirements test, and to ensure essential standards where there was a risk of a

5192: 4632: 4612: 4442: 4374: 4254: 4230: 4206: 4194: 4182: 4146: 4122: 4110: 3074: 3059: 3054: 2036: 1528: 655: 642: 8: 12376: 12371: 12361: 12266: 12151: 11626: 11617: 11612: 11565: 11560: 11418: 11286: 8773: 8670: 8591: 8097: 8091: 7217: 6654: 6501: 6420: 6101: 5655: 5455: 5341: 5337: 5145: 4852: 4622: 4617: 4422: 4350: 4290: 4261: 4242: 4218: 4158: 3955: 3739: 3734: 3541: 3069: 3064: 2912: 2767: 2762: 2405: 1731: 1667: 1512: 1335: 1323: 1275: 901: 11414: 10822: 10097:"Cross border payments in the EU, Euro Information, The Official Treasury Euro Resource" 9143: 8747: 8037:

fact exercised rights of free movement, the vast majority of them workers. According to

7300:

the Court of Justice also held that the state monopoly on gambling, and a penalty for a

6459:, are not affected so long as they do not discriminate by nationality. According to the 12520: 12437: 12366: 12316: 12306: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12271: 12261: 12256: 12138: 11900: 11871: 10547: 10290: 9586: 8656: 7768: 7654: 7338: 7309:

a group of justifications were codified in article 16 that the case law has developed.

7306: 7015: 6552: 6439:

of various kinds are prohibited, including limits on buying currency, limits on buying

6263: 6259: 6207: 6201:

developed a presumption that "selling arrangements" would be presumed to not fall into

5868: 5519: 5485: 5403: 5399: 5210: 5141: 4627: 4435: 4410: 4326: 4278: 3082: 2132: 1435: 1287: 9206:

the quality of the environment. It shall promote scientific and technological advance.

7753: 7010:

protection. This approach was criticised as potentially opening the EU to unjustified

6917: 3492: 12386: 12356: 12331: 12311: 12301: 12276: 11904: 11875: 11804: 11785: 11762: 10917: 10298: 10294: 10263: 10003:, holding that a law forbidding Belgian residents getting securities of loans on the 9590: 9578: 9014: 8538: 8505: 8367: 8260: 7831: 7619: 7387: 6887: 6575: 6452: 5492: 5450: 5442: 5360: 3971: 1944: 1329: 1112: 12182: 10865:"Free movement of persons | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament" 10130: 12600: 12478: 12381: 12346: 12326: 12225: 11954: 11892: 11863: 10282: 10253: 10245: 9570: 9097: 8985: 8564: 8556: 8383: Non-EU states which have a bilateral Customs Union arrangement with the EU: 8312: 7749: 7267: 7002: 6571: 6527: 6436: 6190:". It would require justification under article 36, or as a mandatory requirement. 6105: 6092:. The Court of Justice recognised fundamental rights take priority over free trade. 6089: 6047: 5511: 5384: 5333: 2980: 1480: 1353: 8990: 8973: 7673:

article 45 function as a specific expression of the general rights of citizens in

5619:

Aspects of the EU Customs area extend to a number of non-EU-member states, namely

1772: 12009: 11542: 11442: 10618:(2015) 815, "it seems that the CJEU's rulings, lacking any deep understanding of 10236:

Busch, Danny (1 September 2017). "A Capital Markets Union for a Divided Europe".

9006: 8875: 8342: 8246:

to be maintained when purchasing goods and services for EU public sector bodies.

8114: 8106: 7705: 7697: 7243: 7198: 6990: 6982: 6678: 6623: 6619: 6607: 6567: 6563: 6406: 6212: 6123: 5586: 5578: 4571: 4013: 2917: 1748: 1148: 12230: 11959: 11233:, 'The European Union belongs to its citizens: Three immodest proposals' (1997) 8135:, without the need for a residence permit, because Germans did not need one. In 6562:

The final stage of completely free movement of capital was thought to require a

5371:

have also been granted limited access to the single market in selected sectors.

2992: 12577: 11590: 9905: 8316: 6932: 6440: 6424: 6068: 5952: 5305: 5169: 4756: 4576: 4165: 3643: 3638: 3164: 2951: 2609: 2301: 1959: 1553: 1491: 1341: 1305: 1299: 797: 213: 92: 10601:(2012) C-378/10 (Hungary did not need to allow an Italian company to register) 9574: 8285: Non-EU states that participate in the EU Single Market with exceptions: 6647:

Freedom of Establishment and Freedom to Provide Services in the European Union

12620: 12240: 12205: 12200: 12172: 11828:

Easson (1980). "The Spirits, Wine and Beer Judgments: A Legal Mickey Finn?".

10267: 9582: 9321:

Neither the purpose of the charge, nor its name in domestic law, is relevant.

8598:, are integral parts of the EU Customs Union, allowing goods to move freely. 8568: 8409: 8290: 8213: 8193: 8187: 8174: 8132: 8102: 8090:

article 10(3) requires the right to vote in the local constituencies for the

8078: 7757: 7726: 7291: 7271: 6968: 6936: 6622:. This has been criticised for apparently being superior to the objective of 6491: 6448: 6273: 6194: 6187: 6163: 6085: 5998:

It also means states can be responsible for private actors. For instance, in

5988: 5983: 5956: 5635: 5612: 5534: 5526: 5515: 5379:. The United Kingdom left the European single market on 31 December 2020. An 5313: 5297: 4663: 3929: 3458: 3097: 3016: 2944: 1762: 1311: 525: 122: 31: 11691:

Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs

11659:

Directorate-General for Internal Market, Industry, Entrepreneurship and SMEs

8173:, the Court of Justice held that the German government was entitled to deny 7043: 6586:

an objective, first by completing the internal market, second by creating a

5514:

abolished physical barriers across the internal market by incorporating the

12235: 12215: 12210: 12024: 10849: 10619: 10398:

art 54 treats natural and legal persons in the same way under this chapter.

8070: 8029: 7379: 7275: 6994: 6606:) and 5 member states have delayed their accession, particularly since the 6505: 6167: 6005: 5491:

By 1992 about 90% of the issues had been resolved and in the same year the

4451: 3004: 2968: 2956: 2103:

Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations

1293: 10409:

ITWF and Finnish Seamen's Union v Viking Line ABP and OÜ Viking Line Eesti

8069:. This has historical importance for central and eastern Europe, when the 8045: 7194:

Van Binsbergen v Bestuur van de Bedrijfvereniging voor de Metaalnijverheid

6004:

French farmer vigilantes were continually sabotaging shipments of Spanish

12014: 11896: 11867: 10286: 10249: 10100: 8666: 8421: 8298: 8221: 8117:. This reflects general principles of equal treatment and citizenship in 8074: 8050: 7842: 7274:

and another banking firm) attempted to challenge a Dutch law prohibiting

7264: 7247: 7209: 6972: 6819: 6667:

or TFEU also protects the "freedom of establishment" in article 49, and "

6483: 5735: 5574: 5325: 4924: 4333: 3811: 3806: 3484: 3333: 2839: 2834: 2596: 2483: 979: 551: 395: 8428:. The exceptions, where these EFTA states are not bound by EU law, are: 5375:

has access to the free movement of some goods via its membership in the

12052: 12029: 11456: 11230: 10551: 10258: 10173: 10165: 8396: 8338: 8061:

says every citizen has the right to depart a member state with a valid

6959: 6266:", while allowing consumers access to goods from around the continent. 6219:

under wholesale price, was unlawful. The aim of the law was to prevent

6216: 6071:

in balancing the interests of free trade with interests in article 36.

5628: 5383:

was reached between the UK Government and European Commission to align

4900: 4309: 3787: 3782: 3307: 2815: 2810: 2457: 1964: 1136: 953: 369: 8086:

right to permanent residence after 5 years without conditions. Third,

7329: 6864:

Gebhard v Consiglio dell’Ordine degli Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano

6463:, Annex I, 13 categories of capital which must move free are covered. 6074: 27:

Single market of the European Union and participating non-EU countries

12510: 9687: 8974:"The economic benefits of the EU Single Market in goods and services" 7711: 7301: 6998: 6873: 6142: 5992: 5661: 5428: 4888: 4297: 3775: 3770: 3294: 2898: 2803: 2798: 2444: 1640: 940: 356: 11394:"Introduction – Fact sheets on the European Union – At your service" 11209:

Grzelczyk v Centre Public d’Aide Sociale d’Ottignes-Louvain-la-Neuve

8144:

Grzelczyk v Centre Public d’Aide Sociale d’Ottignes-Louvain-la-Neuve

11622: 11257: 10845:"EU unveils plans to set up digital single market for online firms" 7019: 6914:

infringement freedom of establishment that needed to be justified.

6599: 6547: 6523: 6064: 6013: 4984: 4972: 4948: 4720: 4393: 4381: 4357: 4129: 3871: 3866: 3859: 3854: 3835: 3830: 3606: 3601: 3398: 3385: 3359: 3138: 2939: 2875: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2846: 2645: 2548: 2535: 2509: 2262: 1249: 1044: 1031: 1005: 758: 670: 460: 447: 421: 174: 72: Non-EU states which participate in the single market via the 54: 10465:

Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd

9904:(1989) C-145/88, holding the UK Sunday trading laws in the former 8231: 5581:

and water are noted as examples of "goods". Fish are goods, but a

11685: 11653: 11556:"Priority Policy Area: A fully-integrated internal energy market" 10957: 10936: 10611: 10352: 9453: 8513: 8509: 8405: 8392: 8375: 8371: 8334: 8286: 8209: 8201: 7782: 7730: 7688: 7658: 7297:

Liga Portuguesa de Futebol v Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa

6986: 6603: 6574:

and fluctuations of currency exchange. Following a Report of the

6526:

infringed free movement of capital by retaining golden shares in

6063:. This means the rule must be pursue a legitimate aim and (1) be 6043: 5979: 5620: 5388: 5368: 5364: 5309: 4960: 4840: 4816: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4732: 4708: 4696: 4369: 4249: 4225: 4201: 4189: 4177: 4141: 4117: 4105: 3916: 3847: 3842: 3727: 3722: 3703: 3698: 3679: 3674: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3650: 3618: 3613: 3594: 3589: 3582: 3577: 3445: 3372: 3255: 3229: 3203: 3190: 3177: 3151: 3125: 3112: 2999: 2975: 2963: 2743: 2738: 2719: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2683: 2678: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2654: 2522: 2392: 2366: 2340: 2327: 2314: 2275: 2249: 2236: 2045:

Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings

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Since 2015, the European Commission has been aiming to build a

8595: 8479: 8413: 8384: 8354: 8346: 8294: 8217: 8197: 8012: 7772: 7633: 7177: 6850: 6556: 6486:. Apart from tax cases, largely following from the opinions of 6391: 6239: 6017: 5941: 5624: 5372: 5317: 5126: 5008: 4936: 4876: 4828: 4804: 4744: 4417: 4345: 4285: 4237: 4213: 4153: 3942: 3895: 3890: 3823: 3818: 3763: 3758: 3715: 3710: 3691: 3686: 3631: 3626: 3528: 3471: 3424: 3346: 3281: 3242: 3216: 3011: 2987: 2791: 2786: 2755: 2750: 2731: 2726: 2695: 2690: 2574: 2496: 2431: 2379: 2353: 2288: 1216: 1194: 1160: 1070: 992: 927: 875: 849: 784: 538: 486: 408: 343: 291: 265: 200: 30:"Internal market" redirects here. For the general concept, see 11714:"The EU's new Hanseatic League picks its next Brussels battle" 10193: 6193:

In contrast to product requirements or other laws that hinder

10432: 7197:

a Dutch lawyer moved to Belgium while advising a client in a

6877: 6443:

or financial assets, or government approval requirements for

6162:

Italian law required that cocoa products that included other

5332:). The single market seeks to guarantee the free movement of 4996: 4912: 4864: 4405: 4321: 4273: 3883: 3878: 3799: 3794: 3751: 3746: 3411: 3320: 3268: 2887: 2882: 2827: 2822: 2779: 2774: 2561: 2470: 2418: 1057: 966: 914: 473: 382: 330: 6211:

two importers claimed that their prosecution under a French

5122:

Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union

12220: 11587:"EU to support common defense market, boost joint spending" 10631: 10395: 10059: 9798: 9499: 9473: 8205: 8118: 8082: 8038: 7823: 7797: 7786: 7701: 7674: 7670: 7417: 7356:

Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely

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with mutually recognized standards and common regulations.

1912:

Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council

666: 11415:

EU and Serbia: enhanced cooperation rules enter into force

10212:"Mid-term review of the capital markets union action plan" 7767:

the Court of Justice accepted that a requirement to speak

5963:

article 34, 'Quantitative restrictions on imports and all

10694:

Schwarz and Gootjes-Schwarz v Finanzamt Bergisch Gladbach

8128: 7678: 7228: 6944: 6922: 6882: 6509: 6224: 6182: 6171: 6138: 6115: 6051: 5974: 5470: 5174: 8740: 6016:, policy or security, "protection of health and life of 10878: 9515:(1st edn 2006) 662, "This is a ridiculously wide test." 8521:. The DCFTA is an "example of the integration of a Non- 6659:

As well as creating rights for "workers" who generally

11263:

Metock v Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform

8926: 11457:"Which countries does the UK do the most trade with?" 11421:

Press Release Databease. Published on 31 August 2013.

9166: 9144:"Introduction – EU fact sheets – European Parliament" 7352:

Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union

9183:"Justice policies at a glance – European Commission" 8545:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

9009:

European Union: Creating The European Single Market

8710: 8138:

Trojani v Centre public d’aide sociale de Bruxelles

7621:

Vander Elst v Office des Migrations Internationales

11712: 9776:(4th edn 2013) 172–173, listing the present state. 9157: 6950:R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v HM Treasury 6708: 5662:Charges having equivalent effect to customs duties 11989: 11853: 11431:EU-Ukraine Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area 10121: 5308:(EU). With certain exceptions, it also comprises 79: 12618: 11798: 11755:The Substantive Law of the EU: The Four Freedoms 10945:The Substantive Law of the EU: The Four Freedoms 10361:The Substantive Law of the EU: The Four Freedoms 9774:The Substantive Law of the EU: The Four Freedoms 9462:The Substantive Law of the EU: The Four Freedoms 9437:Case 323/87 Commission v Italy (Taxation of rum) 8495: 7752:claimed that he should be able to transfer from 7018:in standards, like in the US where the state of 6469:Baars v Inspecteur der Belastingen Particulieren 6333:Baars v Inspecteur der Belastingen Particulieren 6084:, protests blocked trucks for goods through the 1907:Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament 11841:Easson (1984). "Cheaper wine or Dearer Beer?". 11799:Vaughan, David; Robertson, Aidan, eds. (2003). 11383:, published 1 August 2006, accessed 1 June 2021 10884: 10518:(2002) C-208/00, on Dutch minimum capital laws. 10153:Report on Economic and Monetary Union in the EC 9255:Official Journal of the European Communities, " 8932: 8249: 8232:Public sector procurement of goods and services 6989:could not be required to comply with Denmark's 6729:R (Daily Mail and General Trust plc) v Treasury 6665:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 6490:, a series of cases held that government owned 5967:shall be prohibited between Member States'. In 5961:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 5464:Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2084:European Institute of Innovation and Technology 1186:Countries with suspended accession negotiations 10527:The classic arguments are found in WZ Ripley, 8803:Department for Business, Innovation and Skills 8567:on the flow of goods to Northern Ireland from 7796:the Court of Justice held that it contravened 7260:Alpine Investments BV v Minister van Financiën 7117:Alpine Investments BV v Minister van Financiën 7093:Services in the Internal Market Directive 2006 6447:. By contrast, taxation of capital, including 6303: 6111:Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopol für Branntwein 5600: 5550:The "Four Freedoms" of the single market are: 11975: 11882: 11803:. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. 11194:(1972) on the concept of a 'market citizen' ( 10168:, 'Too important for bankers' (11 June 2003) 8886: 8884: 8832:"Association agreement - European Commission" 7858: 7822:justifications for limiting free movement in 7804:Weigel v Finanzlandesdirektion für Vorarlberg 7538:Weigel v Finanzlandesdirektion für Vorarlberg 7395: 7073: 7059: 6694: 6289: 5751: 5670:defined "charge having equivalent effect" in 5265: 579:4,986,038 km (1,925,120 sq mi) 11041:Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA 8700:"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" 8504:(DCFTA), the three post-Soviet countries of 8238:Government procurement in the European Union 8157:held that it was lawful to require a French 7838: 7778:Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA 7506:Angonese v Cassa di Risparmio di Bolzano SpA 7409: 6757:Centros Ltd v Erhvervs- og Selskabsstyrelsen 6134:Walter Rau Lebensmittelwerke v De Smedt PVBA 5505:Directive on services in the internal market 12078:Economic and Financial Affairs Commissioner 11930:Further steps to complete the Single Market 11926: 10967: 8256:Potential enlargement of the European Union 8196:, 25 of the 27 EU member states (excluding 7926:Baumbast and R v SS for the Home Department 7375: 6614:articles 119 and 127, the objective of the 6594:. Today, 20 member states have adopted the 5906:Deutscher Apothekerverband v 0800 DocMorris 4009:Political groups of the European Parliament 2080:Decentralised independent bodies of the EU 11982: 11968: 11448: 9563:International Journal of Legal Information 9246:, 21 October 1999, accessed 3 January 2021 9242:European Court of Justice, Sixth Chamber, 8971: 8881: 7872: 7865: 7851: 7402: 7388: 7285:a "laserdrome" business was banned by the 7250:, fell outside article 56 altogether. The 7066: 7052: 6978:Centros Ltd v Erhversus-og Selkabssyrelsen 6743:Gebhard v Avvocati e Procuratori di Milano 6701: 6687: 6296: 6282: 5995:" company that had government appointees. 5931:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 2005 5765: 5758: 5744: 5272: 5258: 76:or are in bilateral agreements with the EU 53: 11454: 11164:The Substantive Law of the European Union 10887:"Living and working in the Single Market" 10515:Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH 10257: 10216:European Commission - European Commission 10099:. United Kingdom Treasury. Archived from 9920:Vereinigte Familiapresse v Heinrich Bauer 9746:Vereinigte Familiapresse v Heinrich Bauer 9559: 9004: 8989: 8121:articles 18 and 20. In a simple case, in 7657:originally focused upon free movement of 7242:held that the Netherlands' regulation of 7025:Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH 6771:Überseering BV v Nordic Construction GmbH 5560:Freedom to establish and provide services 2183:Publications Office of the European Union 11775: 10916:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 10339:Asscher v Staatssecretaris van Financiën 9225: 9223: 8859: 8857: 8796:"Competence Review: The Internal Market" 8582: 8259: 8096: 8044: 7964:Grzelczyk v Centre Public d’Aide Sociale 7710: 7684:Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie 7459:Steymann v Staatssecretaris van Justitie 7328: 7312: 7187:The "freedom to provide services" under 6916: 6073: 5732:Quantitative and equivalent restrictions 5579:coins which are no longer in circulation 4606:European System of Financial Supervision 1902:Internal Audit Service of the Commission 12083:Taxation and Customs Union Commissioner 11911: 11752: 11424: 10842: 10191: 8793: 8631: 8601: 8469:Stabilisation and Association Agreement 8441:the common foreign and security policy; 8331:Stabilisation and Association Agreement 6141:found that a Belgian law requiring all 5112:United Kingdom–European Union relations 3037:Non Euro countries relationship to Euro 14: 12619: 12098:European Economic and Social Committee 11936:. Library of the European Parliament. 11840: 11827: 11778:European Union Law: Text and Materials 11467: 11246:5th Report on Citizenship of the Union 10026:on golden shares in KPN NV and TPG NV. 9623:"EUR-Lex - 61980CJ0053 - EN - EUR-Lex" 9040: 8812:from the original on 22 September 2013 8502:Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area 8447:the economic and monetary union (EMU). 8364:Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area 7811:Hendrix v Employee Insurance Institute 7554:Hendrix v Employee Insurance Institute 7475:Trojani v Centre public d’aide sociale 7239:Josemans v Burgemeester van Maastricht 7166:Josemans v Burgemeester van Maastricht 6784:Kamer van Koophandel v Inspire Art Ltd 5518:within the competences of the EU. The 5357:Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area 5134:United States–European Union relations 2153:European Economic and Social Committee 11963: 11725:from the original on 11 December 2022 10905: 10280: 10235: 9951:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 9460:(6th edn 2015) chs 18–19. C Barnard, 9220: 9138: 9136: 8854: 8574:Under the terms of the Protocol, the 8426:bilateral and multilateral agreements 8349:; EU accession potential candidates: 7846: 7745:Belgian Football Association v Bosman 7490:Belgian Football Association v Bosman 7383: 7223:Geraets-Smits v Stichting Ziekenfonds 7142:Omega GmbH v Oberbürgermeisterin Bonn 7130:Geraets-Smits v Stichting Ziekenfonds 7047: 6981:the Court of Justice found that a UK 6682: 6598:, one is in the process of adopting ( 6531:proportion of a company in line with 6415:Economic and Monetary Union of the EU 6277: 6256:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive 5833:Rau Lebensmittelwerke v De Smedt PVBA 5739: 5157:European Union and the United Nations 4689:Foreign relations of EU member states 12547:Third-country economic relationships 11885:Legal Issues of Economic Integration 10993:Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Württemberg 10911: 9259:", L337/10, accessed 1 January 2024. 8561:sanitary and phytosanitary standards 8458:Switzerland–European Union relations 8150:R (Bidar) v London Borough of Ealing 7977:R (Bidar) v London Borough of Ealing 7793:Finanzamt Köln Altstadt v Schumacker 7677:articles 18 to 21. According to the 7522:Finanzamt Köln Altstadt v Schumacker 7443:Lawrie-Blum v Land Baden-Württemberg 6618:and other central banks ought to be 6215:, which prevented them from selling 6188:access of that product to the market 5821:Rewe-Zentral AG v BMV für Branntwein 5469:The commission also relied upon the 5162:European Union Association Agreement 5097:Switzerland–European Union relations 3994:Elections to the European Parliament 11058:Free Movement of Workers Regulation 10889:. Europa web portal. Archived from 8937:. Europa web portal. Archived from 8904:from the original on 19 March 2013. 8528: 8484:European Union–Turkey Customs Union 7739:Free Movement of Workers Regulation 7580:Free Movement of Citizens Directive 7430:Free Movement of Workers Regulation 7216:The Court of Justice has held that 7154:Laval un Partneri Ltd v Svenska BAF 7039: 6231:Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini 5881:Konsumentombudsmannen v De Agostini 5394:The market is intended to increase 5377:European Union–Turkey Customs Union 5067:Kazakhstan–European Union relations 2618:Nuclear power in the European Union 2193:European Personnel Selection Office 2128:European Data Protection Supervisor 2089:European Public Prosecutor's Office 24: 12583:European Trade Union Confederation 11943:from the original on 2 March 2017. 11776:Chalmers, D.; et al. (2010). 11757:(3rd ed.). Oxford, New York: 10941:EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials 10758:Watts v Bedford Primary Care Trust 10357:EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials 9458:EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials 9133: 8463: 8178:lawful residence under article 7. 8101:All EU citizens have the right to 7360:The free movement of people means 7325:European Union roaming regulations 6602:), one has determined to opt-out ( 6500:the Commission claimed the German 6250:Konsumentombudsmannen v Gourmet AB 5951:Free movement of goods within the 5893:Konsumentombudsmannen v Gourmet AB 5706:Article 110 of the TFEU provides: 5419:One of the core objectives of the 5221:Convention on the Future of Europe 5152:Microstates and the European Union 5032:Australia–European Union relations 5022:Argentina–European Union relations 3970: 3966:Microstates and the European Union 3547: 3515:Non-Schengen area EU member states 3081: 2622: 1255:Withdrawal from the European Union 25: 12648: 12020:2008 European Union stimulus plan 11948: 11915:Fordham International Law Journal 10943:(6th edn 2015) ch 21. C Barnard, 10708:Wirth v Landeshauptstadt Hannover 10691:(1988) Case 263/86, but contrast 10616:EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials 10359:(6th edn 2015) ch 22. C Barnard, 9605:PreussenElektra AG v Schleswag AG 8842:from the original on 11 June 2024 8724:. 30 October 2014. Archived from 8024:Citizenship of the European Union 7032:Cartesio Oktató és Szolgáltató bt 6971:by shifting its residence to the 6931:held that people can establish a 6796:Cartesio Oktató és Szolgáltató bt 6029:company by the Dutch government. 5965:measures having equivalent effect 5641: 5353:potential EU accession candidates 5199:European Coal and Steel Community 2163:European Union Military Committee 2148:European Committee of the Regions 2051:Decentralised agencies of the EU 1779:Member of the European Parliament 1450:Abandoned treaties and agreements 11705: 11673: 11641: 11605: 11579: 11548: 11529: 11511: 11493: 11435:European External Action Service 11408: 11386: 11373: 11360: 11348: 11339: 11326: 11313: 11304: 11291: 11279: 11251: 11239: 11219: 11201: 11184: 11169: 11147: 11135: 11122: 11109: 11100: 11087: 11078: 11066: 11051: 11033: 11016: 11003: 10985: 10950: 10947:(4th edn 2013) chs 8–9 and 12–13 10930: 10857: 10836: 10815: 10806: 10797: 10788: 10779: 10770: 10749: 10736: 10723: 10714: 10700: 10680: 10670: 10661: 10646: 10637: 10625: 10604: 10583: 10571: 10558: 9041:Barnes, John (20 January 2007). 8868:European External Action Service 8610:. and for the defence industry. 8181: 7818:Geven v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen 7764:Groener v Minister for Education 7569:Geven v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen 6674: 6588:European System of Central Banks 6175:article 34. So, in a 2009 case, 5545: 5480:restrictions which survived the 5232: 5107:Ukraine–European Union relations 5082:Moldova–European Union relations 5062:Iceland–European Union relations 5057:Georgia–European Union relations 5027:Armenia–European Union relations 5007: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4923: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4767: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4695: 4416: 4404: 4392: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4344: 4332: 4320: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4188: 4176: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4104: 3935: 3922: 3909: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3805: 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3745: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3576: 3534: 3521: 3508:Visa policy of the Schengen Area 3477: 3464: 3451: 3438: 3417: 3404: 3391: 3378: 3365: 3352: 3339: 3326: 3313: 3300: 3287: 3274: 3261: 3248: 3235: 3222: 3209: 3196: 3183: 3170: 3157: 3144: 3131: 3118: 3105: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2911: 2881: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2737: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2689: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2602: 2589: 2567: 2554: 2541: 2528: 2515: 2502: 2489: 2476: 2463: 2450: 2437: 2424: 2411: 2398: 2385: 2372: 2359: 2346: 2333: 2320: 2307: 2294: 2281: 2268: 2255: 2242: 2229: 2188:European External Action Service 2158:Political and Security Committee 2065:European Supervisory Authorities 1595: 1442:European Economic Area Agreement 1215: 1193: 1171: 1159: 1147: 1135: 1123: 1111: 1099: 1087: 1063: 1050: 1037: 1024: 1011: 998: 985: 972: 959: 946: 933: 920: 907: 894: 881: 868: 855: 842: 829: 816: 803: 790: 777: 764: 751: 738: 725: 700: 544: 531: 518: 505: 479: 466: 453: 440: 427: 414: 401: 388: 375: 362: 349: 336: 323: 310: 297: 284: 271: 258: 245: 232: 219: 206: 193: 180: 167: 154: 141: 36:Internal market (disambiguation) 11955:European Union: internal market 11455:Edgington, Tom (2 March 2020). 11192:Europäisches Gemeinschaftsrecht 10533:(Little, Brown & Co 1927), 10521: 10502: 10489: 10474: 10457: 10448: 10439: 10424: 10415: 10401: 10389: 10375: 10366: 10363:(4th edn 2013) chs 10–11 and 13 10345: 10330: 10274: 10238:Journal of Financial Regulation 10229: 10204: 10185: 10158: 10145: 10115: 10089: 10067: 10053: 10041: 10029: 10010: 9987: 9974: 9965:Capital Movement Directive 1988 9958: 9944: 9935: 9926: 9911: 9892: 9883: 9864: 9855: 9842: 9829: 9817: 9804: 9791: 9779: 9766: 9752: 9738: 9724: 9710: 9693: 9666: 9653: 9640: 9615: 9597: 9553: 9535: 9518: 9505: 9492: 9479: 9467: 9447: 9429: 9408: 9387: 9366: 9345: 9324: 9315: 9301: 9276: 9262: 9249: 9236: 9229:Publications Office of the EU, 9196: 9175: 9112: 9090: 9064: 9034: 8998: 8965: 8953: 8491:European Union–Turkey relations 7649:Freedom of movement for workers 7104:Säger v Dennemeyer & Co Ltd 7001:if the company failed and went 6559:, for large euro transactions. 6461:Capital Movement Directive 1988 6322:Capital Movement Directive 1988 5102:Turkey–European Union relations 5092:Russia–European Union relations 5087:Norway–European Union relations 5077:Mexico–European Union relations 5042:Canada–European Union relations 5037:Brazil–European Union relations 4562:Passports of the European Union 3552:Schengen Area from January 2023 103:Languages of the European Union 12562:Transatlantic Economic Council 11368:Legal rules and implementation 10482:Employee Involvement Directive 9074:Completing The Internal Market 8908: 8824: 8787: 8762: 8692: 8451: 8059:Citizens Rights Directive 2004 7891:Citizens Rights Directive 2004 6709:Freedom of establishment cases 5970:Procureur du Roi v Dassonville 5785:Procureur du Roi v Dassonville 5320:(through the Agreement on the 5072:Japan–European Union relations 5047:China–European Union relations 2203:European Administrative School 2099:European Data Protection Board 1984:European Investment Bank Group 693:Politics of the European Union 13: 1: 11991:Economy of the European Union 11741: 11310:(2004) C-456/02, ECR I-07573 11084:(1989) Case 379/87, ECR 3967 8991:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2019.06.004 8500:Through the agreement of the 8496:Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine 8416:through the agreement on the 7901:Metock v Minister for Justice 7748:, a Belgian footballer named 7605:Metock v Minister for Justice 7282:Omega Spielhallen GmbH v Bonn 6876:, who had set up chambers in 5052:European Union–NATO relations 4098:Elections in EU member states 4029:Referendums related to the EU 2024:European University Institute 2018:European University Institute 1245:Germany–Netherlands relations 12035:European Employment Strategy 11927:Szczepanski, Marcin (2013). 11227:Citizenship and Social Class 10785:(1995) C-384/93, ECR I-1141 10720:(2001) C-157/99, ECR I-5473 9941:(2001) C-405/98, ECR I-1795 9100:. BBC News. 16 November 2010 8960:Completing the Single Market 8748:"The European Single Market" 8525:into the EU Single Market". 8274:European Union member states 8250:Integration of non-EU states 6997:(around €27,000) to protect 6943:In regard to companies, the 5648:European Union Customs Union 5607:European Union Customs Union 5501:Posting of Workers Directive 4589:European Banking Supervision 2627:Euratom since 1 January 2021 2074:Executive agencies of the EU 2011:European Stability Mechanism 2005:European Stability Mechanism 80:integration of non-EU states 7: 11753:Barnard, Catherine (2010). 11519:"Northern Ireland Protocol" 11155:Hartmann v Freistaat Bayern 10843:Traynor, Ian (6 May 2015). 10803:(2009) C‑42/07, ECR I-7633 10794:(2004) C-36/02, ECR I-9609 10536:Louis K. Liggett Co. v. Lee 10530:Main Street and Wall Street 10412:(2007) C-438/05, I-10779, 10372:(1995) C-55/94, ECR I-4165 9932:(1997) C-34/95, ECR I-3843 9861:(2009) C-110/05, ECR I-519 8935:"A Single Market for goods" 8794:Barnard, Catherine (2013). 8650: 8594:, located on the island of 8553:Brexit withdrawal agreement 8535:Brexit and the Irish border 8362: Non-EU states with a 8329: Non-EU states with a 8321:Brexit and the Irish border 6957:article 49. This meant the 6669:freedom to provide services 6640: 6584:economic and monetary union 6223:, not to hinder trade. The 6151:would believe it was butter 5701: 5654:Under the operation of the 5601:Customs duties and taxation 5585:ruling in 1999 stated that 5497:Economic and Monetary Union 5421:European Economic Community 5204:European Economic Community 4594:Single Resolution Mechanism 3961:EEA National Identity cards 3498:Schengen Information System 3030:Enlargement of the eurozone 2639:Economic and Monetary Union 2095:Corporate bodies of the EU 1713:Council preparatory bodies 1462:UK membership renegotiation 591:(1,669,808 sq mi) 10: 12653: 11782:Cambridge University Press 11780:(2nd ed.). New York: 11235:22 European Law Review 150 11162:. Discussed in C Barnard, 10914:Creating European Citizens 10421:(1974) Case 2/74, ECR 631 10198:Journal of Legal Theory HU 9005:Cockfield, Arthur (1994). 8978:Journal of Policy Modeling 8718:"General policy framework" 8635: 8532: 8488: 8253: 8235: 8185: 8094:wherever a citizen lives. 8021: 7646: 7349: 7322: 7316: 6838:Demir and Baykara v Turkey 6644: 6403:Payment Services Directive 6400: 6304:Freedom of capital sources 6269: 6247:penetrate" the market. In 5604: 5503:(adopted in 1996) and the 5414: 2177:Inter-institutional bodies 1922:Public Prosecutor's Office 1889:European Court of Auditors 1882:European Court of Auditors 1835:Court of Justice of the EU 29: 12596: 12570: 12529: 12501: 12471: 12458:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 12425: 12404: 12395: 12249: 12191: 12165: 12137: 12106: 12043: 11997: 11801:Law of the European Union 10776:(2010) C‑137/09, I-13019 9874:, ECR I-519, . See also 9575:10.1017/s0731126500006314 9098:"EU glossary: Jargon S–Z" 8662:Community preference (EU) 8576:Northern Ireland Assembly 8549:Northern Ireland Protocol 8474: 8009: 7997: 7985: 7973: 7959: 7947: 7935: 7921: 7909: 7897: 7888: 7878: 7839:Free movement of citizens 7630: 7616: 7601: 7589: 7577: 7565: 7550: 7533: 7518: 7501: 7486: 7471: 7454: 7439: 7427: 7415: 7345: 7174: 7162: 7150: 7138: 7126: 7112: 7100: 7089: 7079: 7074:Freedom of services cases 6846: 6834: 6816: 6804: 6792: 6780: 6766: 6752: 6738: 6724: 6714: 6457:financial transaction tax 6411:Single Euro Payments Area 6388: 6378: 6366: 6354: 6342: 6328: 6319: 6309: 5938: 5927: 5915: 5901: 5889: 5877: 5865: 5853: 5841: 5829: 5817: 5805: 5793: 5781: 5771: 5668:European Court of Justice 5583:European Court of Justice 5525:The official goal of the 5471:European Court of Justice 5300:comprising mainly the 27 5239:European Union portal 1842:European Court of Justice 1269:Treaties and Declarations 1235:Belgium–Germany relations 662: 649: 636: 622: 610: 600: 595: 583: 573: 568: 560: 128: 118: 108: 98: 88: 52: 45: 12588:Euro Banking Association 12537:Largest trading partners 11523:Institute For Government 11024:Dano v Jobcenter Leipzig 10975:Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) 10512:, ECR I-1459. See also 10192:Vértesy, László (2019). 10019:Commission v Netherlands 9901:Torfaen BC v B&Q plc 8972:in ’t Veld, Jan (2019). 8874:13 December 2016 at the 8685: 8608:single market for energy 8565:introduces some controls 8482:has participated in the 8438:the common trade policy; 8170:Dano v Jobcenter Leipzig 8057:First, article 4 of the 8001:Dano v Jobcenter Leipzig 7410:Free movement of workers 7376:Free movement of workers 6628:Treaty on European Union 5567: 5557:Free movement of capital 5290:European internal market 2122:Other independent bodies 1567:Legislative institutions 1540:College of Commissioners 1520:Von der Leyen Commission 1240:France–Germany relations 682:This article is part of 11759:Oxford University Press 11541:11 October 2021 at the 11441:1 December 2017 at the 11370:. Retrieved 16 May 2017 10823:"Digital Single Market" 10179:The Price of Inequality 8124:Sala v Freistaat Bayern 7913:Sala v Freistaat Bayern 7593:Gravier v City of Liege 7369:discriminated against. 7234:National Health Service 6488:Advocate General Maduro 6244:advertising to children 5722:, the ECJ stated that: 5563:Free movement of labour 5495:set about to create an 3503:Visa Information System 2931:Other currencies in use 1722:Council Working Parties 99:Official languages 12627:European Single Market 12552:European Economic Area 12005:European Single Market 11178:Van Duyn v Home Office 10318:Cite journal requires 9511:See D Chalmers et al, 9464:(4th edn 2013) chs 2–6 9217: 9013:. Wiley Chancery Law. 8418:European Economic Area 8400: 8389:an accession candidate 8351:Bosnia and Herzegovina 8278:European Single Market 8265:European Single Market 8110: 8067:national identity card 8054: 7873:Citizen rights sources 7734: 7334: 7012:regulatory competition 6940: 6826:ITWF v Viking Line ABP 6221:cut throat competition 6093: 6081:Schmidberger v Austria 6056:freedom of association 6035:Schmidberger v Austria 6026:Eyssen v Netherlands c 5809:Schmidberger v Austria 5766:Free movement of goods 5729: 5716: 5681: 5594:free movement of goods 5554:Free movement of goods 5322:European Economic Area 5294:European common market 5286:European single market 5216:Western European Union 4584:European banking union 4520:European Single Market 4089:2024 (latest election) 3976: 3975:European Economic Area 3564:European Economic Area 3553: 3087: 2628: 2054:Single market agencies 1475:Executive institutions 1415:Treaties of succession 1106:Bosnia and Herzegovina 47:European single market 34:. For other uses, see 18:European Single Market 12606:European Union Portal 12542:Free trade agreements 12178:London Stock Exchange 11396:. European Parliament 11379:European Commission, 11366:European Commission, 11181:Case 41/74, ECR 1337 10912:Maas, Willem (2007). 10885:European Commission. 10123:European Central Bank 9760:Dansk Supermarked A/S 9703:, ECR I-5659, . See 9442:1989 ECR 2275 9203: 9202:The provision reads: 9172:Directive 2006/123/EC 8962:, European Commission 8933:European Commission. 8636:Further information: 8588:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 8583:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 8533:Further information: 8263: 8100: 8048: 7939:Chen v Home Secretary 7714: 7332: 7319:Digital Single Market 7313:Digital Single Market 7263:a business that sold 6991:minimum share capital 6920: 6661:lack bargaining power 6635:Capital Markets Union 6616:European Central Bank 6515:Commission v Portugal 6370:Commission v Portugal 6077: 5724: 5708: 5676: 5638:on 30 December 2020. 5531:social market economy 5408:factors of production 5406:, allowing goods and 5400:labour specialisation 5359:(DCFTA) with the EU, 4601:Capital Markets Union 4513:Free Trade Agreements 3974: 3551: 3085: 2626: 1935:European Central Bank 1896:Other auditory bodies 1876:Auditory institutions 1829:Judicial institutions 1574:Legislative procedure 1456:European Constitution 1380:Treaties of accession 12632:Economic integration 12129:Regional development 11897:10.54648/LEIE1990002 11868:10.54648/EURO1995048 11166:(2013) ch 9, 293–294 10761:(2006) C-372/04 and 10287:10.2139/ssrn.2575654 9996:Commission v Belgium 9526:Commission v Ireland 8638:New Hanseatic League 8632:New Hanseatic League 8602:Further developments 8592:Sovereign Base Areas 8164:Commission v Austria 7989:Commission v Austria 7951:Ruiz Zambrano v ONEM 7663:factor of production 6808:Commission v Germany 6651:European company law 6580:Treaty of Maastricht 6497:Commission v Germany 6429:Treaty of Maastricht 6358:Commission v Germany 6346:Commission v Belgium 5919:Commission v Germany 5720:taxation of rum case 5540:European Home Market 5288:, also known as the 5193:European Communities 4633:Enhanced cooperation 4004:European foundations 3621:(provisional member) 2170:EU/ESA Space Council 2037:Unified Patent Court 2031:Unified Patent Court 1817:National parliaments 1707:Directorates-general 602:• 2021 estimate 11856:European Public Law 11843:European Law Review 11830:European Law Review 11627:European Commission 11566:European Commission 11525:. 19 December 2019. 11479:European Commission 11419:European Commission 11287:Communist Manifesto 10592:National Grid Indus 10182:(2011) ch 9 and 349 10151:See Delors Report, 10024:AG Maduro's Opinion 9877:Mickelsson and Roos 9732:Mickelsson and Roos 9707:articles 10 and 11. 9543:Commission v France 8774:European Commission 8750:. Europa web portal 8092:European Parliament 8032:. But although the 7790:respect of tax. In 7218:secondary education 6893:Belgian nationality 6663:in the market, the 6655:European labour law 6502:Volkswagen Act 1960 6102:consumer protection 6001:Commission v France 5797:Commission v France 5656:Single European Act 5507:(adopted in 2006). 5456:Single European Act 5436:intangible barriers 4672:Ext. Action Service 4657:High Representative 4623:European Federation 4497:Policies and issues 3956:EEA Joint Committee 3086:Eurozone since 2015 2108:Joint undertakings 1732:European Parliament 1513:European Commission 1336:Treaty of Amsterdam 1324:Single European Act 1276:Schuman Declaration 1230:Special territories 1208:Applicant countries 1080:Candidate countries 12637:European Union law 12521:Knowledge triangle 12472:of the Netherlands 12114:Agricultural (CAP) 11593:. 30 November 2016 11501:"Brexit Agreement" 11481:. 24 December 2020 10962:European Union Law 10764:Commission v Spain 10250:10.1093/jfr/fjx002 10133:on 23 October 2007 10103:on 1 December 2008 9721:(1981) Case 155/80 9513:European Union Law 9310:Commission v Italy 9214:Article 3, point 3 9163:Directive 96/71/EC 8916:"Brexit Agreement" 8728:on 5 December 2014 8671:free movement zone 8657:European Union law 8435:the customs union; 8401: 8243:Public procurement 8111: 8055: 7735: 7655:European Community 7596:(1985) Case 293/83 7339:Juncker Commission 7335: 7307:Services Directive 7016:race to the bottom 6941: 6903:Commission v Italy 6570:, eliminating the 6494:were unlawful. In 6445:foreign investment 6264:race to the bottom 6260:mutual recognition 6208:Keck and Mithouard 6178:Commission v Italy 6159:Commission v Italy 6094: 5922:(1987) Case 178/84 5869:Keck and Mithouard 5857:Commission v Italy 5845:Commission v Italy 5836:(1983) Case 261/81 5824:(1979) Case 120/78 5672:Commission v Italy 5520:Schengen Agreement 5486:race to the bottom 5404:economies of scale 5211:European Community 5142:Common Travel Area 4628:Multi-speed Europe 4485:Fundamental Rights 4036:European elections 3977: 3554: 3088: 2629: 2133:European Ombudsman 1610:July–December 2024 1436:Schengen Agreement 1348:Berlin Declaration 1318:Solemn Declaration 1288:Europe Declaration 632:2020 estimate 12614: 12613: 12497: 12496: 12463:Wallis and Futuna 11815:(looseleaf since) 11810:978-1-904501-11-4 11791:978-0-521-12151-4 11768:978-0-19-929839-6 11621:(Press release). 10923:978-0-7425-5485-6 10643:(1974) Case 33/74 10454:(2011) C-565/08, 10022:(2006) C‑282/04, 9763:(1981) Case 58/80 9627:eur-lex.europa.eu 8770:"Internal Market" 8539:Windsor Framework 8424:through sectoral 8019: 8018: 7832:Van Der Elst visa 7725:gave "horizontal 7644: 7643: 7184: 7183: 6895:was unjustified. 6888:Reyners v Belgium 6858: 6857: 6811:(2007) C-112/2005 6733:(1988) Case 81/87 6671:" in article 56. 6576:Delors Commission 6572:transaction costs 6453:capital gains tax 6419:Free movement of 6398: 6397: 6383:arts 119, 282-284 5955:is achieved by a 5948: 5947: 5493:Maastricht Treaty 5451:Delors Commission 5443:Margaret Thatcher 5429:six member states 5427:between its then- 5330:sectoral treaties 5282: 5281: 4650:Foreign relations 2583:Associated states 2198:Anti-Fraud Office 1917:Anti-Fraud Office 1852:Advocates General 1698:Secretary-General 1582:Council of the EU 1550:Secretary-General 1330:Maastricht Treaty 677: 676: 651:• Per capita 589:4,324,782 km 16:(Redirected from 12644: 12601:Economics Portal 12448:Saint Barthélemy 12433:French Polynesia 12402: 12401: 12226:Hungarian forint 11984: 11977: 11970: 11961: 11960: 11944: 11942: 11935: 11923: 11908: 11879: 11850: 11837: 11817: 11795: 11772: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11730: 11721:. October 2018. 11716: 11709: 11703: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11677: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11666: 11661:. 2 October 2018 11645: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11609: 11603: 11602: 11600: 11598: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11552: 11546: 11533: 11527: 11526: 11515: 11509: 11508: 11497: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11471: 11465: 11464: 11452: 11446: 11428: 11422: 11412: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11401: 11390: 11384: 11377: 11371: 11364: 11358: 11352: 11346: 11343: 11337: 11330: 11324: 11317: 11311: 11308: 11302: 11295: 11289: 11283: 11277: 11255: 11249: 11243: 11237: 11225:See T Marshall, 11223: 11217: 11205: 11199: 11188: 11182: 11173: 11167: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11133: 11126: 11120: 11113: 11107: 11104: 11098: 11097:, ECR I-4139, - 11091: 11085: 11082: 11076: 11070: 11064: 11055: 11049: 11037: 11031: 11020: 11014: 11007: 11001: 10989: 10983: 10971: 10965: 10960:and G de Burca, 10954: 10948: 10939:and G de Búrca, 10934: 10928: 10927: 10909: 10903: 10902: 10900: 10898: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10861: 10855: 10854: 10840: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10819: 10813: 10810: 10804: 10801: 10795: 10792: 10786: 10783: 10777: 10774: 10768: 10753: 10747: 10740: 10734: 10727: 10721: 10718: 10712: 10704: 10698: 10688:Belgium v Humbel 10684: 10678: 10674: 10668: 10665: 10659: 10650: 10644: 10641: 10635: 10629: 10623: 10614:and G de Burca, 10608: 10602: 10587: 10581: 10575: 10569: 10562: 10556: 10550: (1933) per 10525: 10519: 10506: 10500: 10493: 10487: 10478: 10472: 10461: 10455: 10452: 10446: 10443: 10437: 10428: 10422: 10419: 10413: 10405: 10399: 10393: 10387: 10386:(1995) C-55/94, 10379: 10373: 10370: 10364: 10355:and G de Búrca, 10349: 10343: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10321: 10316: 10314: 10306: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10261: 10233: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10208: 10202: 10201: 10189: 10183: 10162: 10156: 10149: 10143: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10129:. Archived from 10119: 10113: 10112: 10110: 10108: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10082: 10071: 10065: 10057: 10051: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10027: 10014: 10008: 9991: 9985: 9978: 9972: 9962: 9956: 9948: 9942: 9939: 9933: 9930: 9924: 9915: 9909: 9896: 9890: 9887: 9881: 9868: 9862: 9859: 9853: 9846: 9840: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9815: 9808: 9802: 9795: 9789: 9783: 9777: 9770: 9764: 9756: 9750: 9742: 9736: 9728: 9722: 9714: 9708: 9697: 9691: 9670: 9664: 9657: 9651: 9644: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9633: 9619: 9613: 9612:, ECR I-2099, - 9601: 9595: 9594: 9557: 9551: 9539: 9533: 9522: 9516: 9509: 9503: 9496: 9490: 9483: 9477: 9471: 9465: 9456:and G de Búrca, 9451: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9412: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9391: 9385: 9384: 9382: 9380: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9349: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9328: 9322: 9319: 9313: 9305: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9280: 9274: 9266: 9260: 9253: 9247: 9240: 9234: 9227: 9218: 9215: 9212:Treaty of Lisbon 9200: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9179: 9173: 9170: 9164: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9140: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9105: 9094: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9078:. European Union 9068: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9038: 9032: 9031: 9029: 9027: 9002: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8912: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8896: 8888: 8879: 8861: 8852: 8851: 8849: 8847: 8828: 8822: 8821: 8819: 8817: 8811: 8800: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8744: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8714: 8708: 8707: 8696: 8557:Northern Ireland 8529:Northern Ireland 8519:EU Member States 8382: 8361: 8328: 8313:Northern Ireland 8310: 8284: 8271: 8155:Court of Justice 8129:Court of Justice 8034:Court of Justice 7965: 7927: 7867: 7860: 7853: 7844: 7843: 7750:Jean-Marc Bosman 7723:Court of Justice 7693:Court of Justice 7679:Court of Justice 7622: 7539: 7507: 7460: 7404: 7397: 7390: 7381: 7380: 7337:In May 2015 the 7252:Court of Justice 7229:Court of Justice 7203:Court of Justice 7118: 7094: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7045: 7044: 7040:Types of service 7007:Court of Justice 6945:Court of Justice 6923:Court of Justice 6883:Court of Justice 6869:Court of Justice 6772: 6758: 6744: 6730: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6680: 6679: 6540:capital controls 6528:Portugal Telecom 6520:Court of Justice 6510:Court of Justice 6474:Court of Justice 6437:capital controls 6334: 6298: 6291: 6284: 6275: 6274: 6236:Court of Justice 6225:Court of Justice 6199:Court of Justice 6183:Court of Justice 6172:Court of Justice 6156:In a 2003 case, 6139:Court of Justice 6116:Court of Justice 6106:labour standards 6098:Court of Justice 6090:Brenner Autobahn 6052:Court of Justice 6048:Brenner Autobahn 6040:Court of Justice 6024:article 11. The 5975:Court of Justice 5932: 5907: 5788:(1974) Case 8/74 5760: 5753: 5746: 5737: 5736: 5616:Common Market". 5512:Amsterdam Treaty 5385:Northern Ireland 5274: 5267: 5260: 5237: 5236: 5235: 5012: 5011: 5000: 4999: 4988: 4987: 4976: 4975: 4964: 4963: 4952: 4951: 4940: 4939: 4928: 4927: 4916: 4915: 4904: 4903: 4892: 4891: 4880: 4879: 4868: 4867: 4856: 4855: 4844: 4843: 4832: 4831: 4820: 4819: 4808: 4807: 4796: 4795: 4784: 4783: 4772: 4771: 4760: 4759: 4748: 4747: 4736: 4735: 4724: 4723: 4712: 4711: 4700: 4699: 4618:Supranationalism 4525:Area of FS&J 4421: 4420: 4409: 4408: 4397: 4396: 4385: 4384: 4373: 4372: 4361: 4360: 4349: 4348: 4337: 4336: 4325: 4324: 4313: 4312: 4301: 4300: 4289: 4288: 4277: 4276: 4265: 4264: 4253: 4252: 4241: 4240: 4229: 4228: 4217: 4216: 4205: 4204: 4193: 4192: 4181: 4180: 4169: 4168: 4157: 4156: 4145: 4144: 4133: 4132: 4121: 4120: 4109: 4108: 3999:European parties 3940: 3939: 3938: 3927: 3926: 3925: 3914: 3913: 3912: 3894: 3893: 3882: 3881: 3870: 3869: 3858: 3857: 3846: 3845: 3834: 3833: 3822: 3821: 3810: 3809: 3798: 3797: 3786: 3785: 3774: 3773: 3762: 3761: 3750: 3749: 3738: 3737: 3726: 3725: 3714: 3713: 3702: 3701: 3690: 3689: 3678: 3677: 3666: 3665: 3654: 3653: 3642: 3641: 3630: 3629: 3617: 3616: 3605: 3604: 3593: 3592: 3581: 3580: 3539: 3538: 3537: 3526: 3525: 3524: 3482: 3481: 3480: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3456: 3455: 3454: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3422: 3421: 3420: 3409: 3408: 3407: 3396: 3395: 3394: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3318: 3317: 3316: 3305: 3304: 3303: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3240: 3239: 3238: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3214: 3213: 3212: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3175: 3174: 3173: 3162: 3161: 3160: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3015: 3014: 3003: 3002: 2991: 2990: 2981:Hungarian forint 2979: 2978: 2967: 2966: 2955: 2954: 2943: 2942: 2916: 2915: 2886: 2885: 2874: 2873: 2862: 2861: 2850: 2849: 2838: 2837: 2826: 2825: 2814: 2813: 2802: 2801: 2790: 2789: 2778: 2777: 2766: 2765: 2754: 2753: 2742: 2741: 2730: 2729: 2718: 2717: 2706: 2705: 2694: 2693: 2682: 2681: 2670: 2669: 2658: 2657: 2646:Eurozone members 2607: 2606: 2605: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2507: 2506: 2505: 2494: 2493: 2492: 2481: 2480: 2479: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2442: 2441: 2440: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2390: 2389: 2388: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2364: 2363: 2362: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2077:Euratom agencies 1702:Thérèse Blanchet 1600: 1599: 1503:List of meetings 1481:European Council 1354:Treaty of Lisbon 1220: 1219: 1198: 1197: 1176: 1175: 1164: 1163: 1152: 1151: 1140: 1139: 1128: 1127: 1116: 1115: 1104: 1103: 1092: 1091: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1016: 1015: 1014: 1003: 1002: 1001: 990: 989: 988: 977: 976: 975: 964: 963: 962: 951: 950: 949: 938: 937: 936: 925: 924: 923: 912: 911: 910: 899: 898: 897: 886: 885: 884: 873: 872: 871: 860: 859: 858: 847: 846: 845: 834: 833: 832: 821: 820: 819: 808: 807: 806: 795: 794: 793: 782: 781: 780: 769: 768: 767: 756: 755: 754: 743: 742: 741: 730: 729: 728: 704: 679: 678: 629: 549: 548: 547: 536: 535: 534: 523: 522: 521: 510: 509: 508: 484: 483: 482: 471: 470: 469: 458: 457: 456: 445: 444: 443: 432: 431: 430: 419: 418: 417: 406: 405: 404: 393: 392: 391: 380: 379: 378: 367: 366: 365: 354: 353: 352: 341: 340: 339: 328: 327: 326: 315: 314: 313: 302: 301: 300: 289: 288: 287: 276: 275: 274: 263: 262: 261: 250: 249: 248: 237: 236: 235: 224: 223: 222: 211: 210: 209: 198: 197: 196: 185: 184: 183: 172: 171: 170: 159: 158: 157: 146: 145: 144: 71: 65:EU member states 62: 57: 43: 42: 21: 12652: 12651: 12647: 12646: 12645: 12643: 12642: 12641: 12617: 12616: 12615: 12610: 12592: 12566: 12525: 12493: 12467: 12421: 12391: 12250:State economies 12245: 12187: 12161: 12133: 12102: 12073:Investment Fund 12068:Investment Bank 12045: 12039: 12010:Lisbon Strategy 11993: 11988: 11951: 11940: 11933: 11811: 11792: 11769: 11744: 11739: 11738: 11728: 11726: 11719:Financial Times 11711: 11710: 11706: 11696: 11694: 11679: 11678: 11674: 11664: 11662: 11647: 11646: 11642: 11632: 11630: 11611: 11610: 11606: 11596: 11594: 11585: 11584: 11580: 11570: 11568: 11554: 11553: 11549: 11543:Wayback Machine 11534: 11530: 11517: 11516: 11512: 11499: 11498: 11494: 11484: 11482: 11473: 11472: 11468: 11453: 11449: 11443:Wayback Machine 11429: 11425: 11413: 11409: 11399: 11397: 11392: 11391: 11387: 11378: 11374: 11365: 11361: 11353: 11349: 11345:(2005) C-147/03 11344: 11340: 11331: 11327: 11318: 11314: 11309: 11305: 11296: 11292: 11284: 11280: 11256: 11252: 11244: 11240: 11224: 11220: 11206: 11202: 11189: 11185: 11174: 11170: 11152: 11148: 11140: 11136: 11127: 11123: 11114: 11110: 11106:(1995) C-279/93 11105: 11101: 11092: 11088: 11083: 11079: 11071: 11067: 11056: 11052: 11038: 11034: 11021: 11017: 11008: 11004: 10990: 10986: 10972: 10968: 10955: 10951: 10935: 10931: 10924: 10910: 10906: 10896: 10894: 10893:on 13 June 2007 10883: 10879: 10869: 10867: 10863: 10862: 10858: 10841: 10837: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10820: 10816: 10811: 10807: 10802: 10798: 10793: 10789: 10784: 10780: 10775: 10771: 10767:(2010) C-211/08 10754: 10750: 10741: 10737: 10728: 10724: 10719: 10715: 10711:(1993) C-109/92 10705: 10701: 10685: 10681: 10675: 10671: 10666: 10662: 10651: 10647: 10642: 10638: 10630: 10626: 10609: 10605: 10588: 10584: 10576: 10572: 10563: 10559: 10526: 10522: 10507: 10503: 10494: 10490: 10479: 10475: 10462: 10458: 10453: 10449: 10445:(2011) C-565/08 10444: 10440: 10429: 10425: 10420: 10416: 10406: 10402: 10394: 10390: 10380: 10376: 10371: 10367: 10350: 10346: 10335: 10331: 10319: 10317: 10308: 10307: 10279: 10275: 10234: 10230: 10220: 10218: 10210: 10209: 10205: 10190: 10186: 10163: 10159: 10150: 10146: 10136: 10134: 10120: 10116: 10106: 10104: 10095: 10094: 10090: 10080: 10078: 10073: 10072: 10068: 10058: 10054: 10046: 10042: 10034: 10030: 10015: 10011: 9992: 9988: 9979: 9975: 9963: 9959: 9949: 9945: 9940: 9936: 9931: 9927: 9923:(1997) C-368/95 9916: 9912: 9897: 9893: 9889:(1993) C-267/91 9888: 9884: 9869: 9865: 9860: 9856: 9847: 9843: 9834: 9830: 9822: 9818: 9809: 9805: 9796: 9792: 9784: 9780: 9772:See C Barnard, 9771: 9767: 9757: 9753: 9749:(1997) C-368/95 9743: 9739: 9735:(2009) C-142/05 9729: 9725: 9715: 9711: 9698: 9694: 9682:, ECR I‑9171, 9671: 9667: 9658: 9654: 9645: 9641: 9631: 9629: 9621: 9620: 9616: 9602: 9598: 9558: 9554: 9540: 9536: 9523: 9519: 9510: 9506: 9497: 9493: 9484: 9480: 9472: 9468: 9452: 9448: 9435: 9434: 9430: 9420: 9418: 9414: 9413: 9409: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9378: 9376: 9372: 9371: 9367: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9350: 9346: 9336: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9325: 9320: 9316: 9306: 9302: 9292: 9290: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9267: 9263: 9254: 9250: 9241: 9237: 9228: 9221: 9216: 9210: 9201: 9197: 9187: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9176: 9171: 9167: 9162: 9158: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9141: 9134: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9113: 9103: 9101: 9096: 9095: 9091: 9081: 9079: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9055: 9053: 9051:The Independent 9039: 9035: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9003: 8999: 8970: 8966: 8958: 8954: 8944: 8942: 8941:on 21 June 2007 8931: 8927: 8914: 8913: 8909: 8901: 8894: 8890: 8889: 8882: 8876:Wayback Machine 8862: 8855: 8845: 8843: 8830: 8829: 8825: 8815: 8813: 8809: 8798: 8792: 8788: 8778: 8776: 8768: 8767: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8746: 8745: 8741: 8731: 8729: 8716: 8715: 8711: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8688: 8653: 8645:services sector 8640: 8634: 8604: 8585: 8541: 8531: 8498: 8493: 8477: 8466: 8464:Western Balkans 8454: 8399: 8380: 8378: 8359: 8357: 8343:North Macedonia 8326: 8324: 8308: 8306: 8282: 8280: 8269: 8258: 8252: 8240: 8234: 8204:) and the four 8190: 8184: 8115:equal treatment 8107:social security 8026: 8020: 8015: 8005: 8004:(2014) C‑333/13 7993: 7992:(2005) C-147/03 7981: 7980:(2005) C-209/03 7969: 7968:(2001) C-184/99 7963: 7955: 7943: 7942:(2004) C-200/02 7931: 7930:(2002) C-413/99 7925: 7917: 7905: 7904:(2008) C-127/08 7893: 7884: 7874: 7871: 7841: 7754:R.F.C. de Liège 7706:social security 7698:social security 7651: 7645: 7640: 7626: 7620: 7612: 7597: 7585: 7573: 7572:(2007) C-213/05 7561: 7546: 7537: 7529: 7514: 7505: 7497: 7482: 7467: 7458: 7450: 7435: 7423: 7411: 7408: 7378: 7358: 7348: 7327: 7321: 7315: 7199:social security 7185: 7180: 7170: 7169:(2010) C‑137/09 7158: 7157:(2007) C-319/05 7146: 7134: 7133:(2001) C-157/99 7122: 7121:(1995) C-384/93 7116: 7108: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7075: 7072: 7042: 6983:limited company 6859: 6854: 6842: 6830: 6829:(2007) C-438/05 6812: 6800: 6799:(2008) C-210/06 6788: 6787:(2003) C-167/01 6776: 6775:(2002) C-208/00 6770: 6762: 6761:(1999) C-212/97 6756: 6748: 6742: 6734: 6728: 6720: 6710: 6707: 6677: 6657: 6643: 6624:full employment 6620:price stability 6610:. According to 6608:Eurozone crisis 6568:monetary policy 6564:single currency 6553:clearing system 6417: 6407:Capital control 6399: 6394: 6384: 6374: 6373:(2010) C-171/08 6362: 6361:(2007) C-112/05 6350: 6349:(2000) C-478/98 6338: 6337:(2000) C-251/98 6332: 6324: 6315: 6305: 6302: 6272: 6213:competition law 6124:Cassis de Dijon 6061:proportionately 5949: 5944: 5934: 5930: 5923: 5911: 5910:(2003) C-322/01 5905: 5897: 5896:(2001) C-405/98 5885: 5873: 5872:(1993) C-267/91 5861: 5860:(2009) C-110/05 5849: 5837: 5825: 5813: 5812:(2003) C-112/00 5801: 5800:(1997) C-265/95 5789: 5777: 5767: 5764: 5734: 5704: 5664: 5644: 5609: 5603: 5570: 5548: 5476:Cassis de Dijon 5417: 5278: 5249: 5245:Other countries 5233: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5188: 5180: 5179: 5166: 5138: 5018: 5006: 4994: 4982: 4970: 4958: 4946: 4934: 4922: 4910: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4850: 4838: 4826: 4814: 4802: 4790: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4730: 4718: 4706: 4694: 4691: 4686: 4668: 4660: 4652: 4642: 4641: 4572:Pro-Europeanism 4498: 4490: 4489: 4438: 4428: 4427: 4415: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4355: 4343: 4331: 4319: 4307: 4295: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4038: 4033: 4014:Spitzenkandidat 3989: 3979: 3978: 3952: 3947: 3936: 3934: 3923: 3921: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3828: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3611: 3599: 3587: 3575: 3572: 3566: 3556: 3555: 3535: 3533: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3512: 3493:Prüm Convention 3489: 3478: 3476: 3465: 3463: 3452: 3450: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3418: 3416: 3405: 3403: 3392: 3390: 3379: 3377: 3366: 3364: 3353: 3351: 3340: 3338: 3327: 3325: 3314: 3312: 3301: 3299: 3288: 3286: 3275: 3273: 3262: 3260: 3249: 3247: 3236: 3234: 3223: 3221: 3210: 3208: 3197: 3195: 3184: 3182: 3171: 3169: 3158: 3156: 3145: 3143: 3132: 3130: 3119: 3117: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3039: 3034: 3021: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2973: 2961: 2949: 2937: 2934: 2927: 2925: 2918:Paschal Donohoe 2910: 2902: 2895: 2893: 2880: 2868: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2760: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2652: 2649: 2641: 2631: 2630: 2614: 2603: 2601: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2580: 2579: 2568: 2566: 2555: 2553: 2542: 2540: 2529: 2527: 2516: 2514: 2503: 2501: 2490: 2488: 2477: 2475: 2464: 2462: 2451: 2449: 2438: 2436: 2425: 2423: 2412: 2410: 2399: 2397: 2386: 2384: 2373: 2371: 2360: 2358: 2347: 2345: 2334: 2332: 2321: 2319: 2308: 2306: 2295: 2293: 2282: 2280: 2269: 2267: 2256: 2254: 2243: 2241: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2222:Euratom members 2218: 2208: 2207: 2179: 2174: 2144: 2141:Advisory bodies 2137: 2124: 2119: 2048: 2041: 2033: 2028: 2020: 2015: 2007: 2002: 1995:Investment Fund 1990:Investment Bank 1986: 1980: 1972: 1971: 1937: 1927: 1926: 1898: 1893: 1885: 1877: 1869: 1868: 1838: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1813: 1797:Vice Presidents 1741: 1735: 1728: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1620: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1606: 1594: 1592: 1585: 1578: 1569: 1559: 1558: 1535:Vice Presidents 1516: 1509: 1484: 1476: 1468: 1467: 1452: 1447: 1432: 1427: 1426: 1417: 1412: 1411: 1382: 1377: 1376: 1371: 1282:Treaty of Paris 1271: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1226: 1214: 1211: 1204: 1192: 1189: 1182: 1170: 1158: 1154:North Macedonia 1146: 1134: 1122: 1110: 1098: 1086: 1083: 1076: 1075: 1064: 1062: 1051: 1049: 1038: 1036: 1025: 1023: 1012: 1010: 999: 997: 986: 984: 973: 971: 960: 958: 947: 945: 934: 932: 921: 919: 908: 906: 895: 893: 882: 880: 869: 867: 856: 854: 843: 841: 830: 828: 817: 815: 804: 802: 791: 789: 778: 776: 765: 763: 752: 750: 739: 737: 726: 724: 719: 695: 652: 639: 627: 615: 613: 603: 590: 586: 576: 556: 545: 543: 532: 530: 519: 517: 506: 504: 501: 500: 491: 480: 478: 467: 465: 454: 452: 441: 439: 428: 426: 415: 413: 402: 400: 389: 387: 376: 374: 363: 361: 350: 348: 337: 335: 324: 322: 311: 309: 298: 296: 285: 283: 272: 270: 259: 257: 246: 244: 233: 231: 220: 218: 207: 205: 194: 192: 181: 179: 168: 166: 155: 153: 142: 140: 137: 136: 84: 83: 77: 69: 67: 60: 48: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12650: 12640: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12608: 12603: 12597: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12578:BUSINESSEUROPE 12574: 12572: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12533: 12531: 12527: 12526: 12524: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12507: 12505: 12499: 12498: 12495: 12494: 12492: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12475: 12473: 12469: 12468: 12466: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12429: 12427: 12423: 12422: 12420: 12419: 12414: 12408: 12406: 12399: 12393: 12392: 12390: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12282:Czech Republic 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12253: 12251: 12247: 12246: 12244: 12243: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12197: 12195: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12185: 12183:Deutsche Börse 12180: 12175: 12169: 12167: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12143: 12141: 12135: 12134: 12132: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12110: 12108: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12049: 12047: 12041: 12040: 12038: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12001: 11999: 11995: 11994: 11987: 11986: 11979: 11972: 11964: 11958: 11957: 11950: 11949:External links 11947: 11946: 11945: 11924: 11909: 11880: 11851: 11838: 11824: 11823: 11819: 11818: 11809: 11796: 11790: 11773: 11767: 11749: 11748: 11743: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11704: 11672: 11640: 11604: 11591:Deutsche Welle 11578: 11547: 11528: 11510: 11492: 11466: 11447: 11423: 11407: 11385: 11372: 11359: 11347: 11338: 11325: 11312: 11303: 11290: 11278: 11250: 11238: 11218: 11200: 11183: 11168: 11146: 11134: 11121: 11108: 11099: 11086: 11077: 11065: 11050: 11032: 11015: 11002: 10984: 10966: 10949: 10929: 10922: 10904: 10877: 10856: 10835: 10814: 10805: 10796: 10787: 10778: 10769: 10748: 10735: 10722: 10713: 10699: 10697:(2007) C-76/05 10679: 10669: 10660: 10645: 10636: 10634:arts 56 and 57 10624: 10603: 10582: 10570: 10557: 10520: 10501: 10488: 10473: 10456: 10447: 10438: 10423: 10414: 10400: 10388: 10374: 10365: 10344: 10329: 10320:|journal= 10273: 10244:(2): 262–279. 10228: 10203: 10184: 10157: 10144: 10114: 10088: 10066: 10052: 10040: 10028: 10009: 9986: 9973: 9957: 9943: 9934: 9925: 9910: 9906:Shops Act 1950 9891: 9882: 9863: 9854: 9841: 9828: 9816: 9803: 9790: 9778: 9765: 9751: 9737: 9723: 9709: 9692: 9665: 9652: 9639: 9614: 9596: 9569:(3): 394–395. 9552: 9534: 9517: 9504: 9491: 9478: 9466: 9446: 9428: 9407: 9386: 9365: 9344: 9323: 9314: 9300: 9275: 9261: 9248: 9235: 9219: 9208: 9195: 9174: 9165: 9156: 9132: 9111: 9089: 9063: 9045:Lord Cockfield 9033: 9019: 8997: 8984:(5): 803–818. 8964: 8952: 8925: 8907: 8880: 8853: 8823: 8786: 8761: 8739: 8709: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8664: 8659: 8652: 8649: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8622: 8618: 8603: 8600: 8590:, the British 8584: 8581: 8530: 8527: 8497: 8494: 8476: 8473: 8465: 8462: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8442: 8439: 8436: 8433: 8379: 8358: 8325: 8317:United Kingdom 8307: 8281: 8268: 8251: 8248: 8236:Main article: 8233: 8230: 8226:migrant crisis 8186:Main article: 8183: 8180: 8017: 8016: 8010: 8007: 8006: 7998: 7995: 7994: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954:(2011) C-34/09 7948: 7945: 7944: 7936: 7933: 7932: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7916:(1998) C-85/96 7910: 7907: 7906: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7870: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7847: 7840: 7837: 7771:to teach in a 7647:Main article: 7642: 7641: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7625:(1994) C-43/93 7617: 7614: 7613: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7590: 7587: 7586: 7578: 7575: 7574: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7534: 7531: 7530: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7502: 7499: 7498: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7472: 7469: 7468: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7428: 7425: 7424: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7384: 7377: 7374: 7347: 7344: 7317:Main article: 7314: 7311: 7182: 7181: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7163: 7160: 7159: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7145:(2004) C-36/02 7139: 7136: 7135: 7127: 7124: 7123: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7107:(1991) C-76/90 7101: 7098: 7097: 7090: 7087: 7086: 7080: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7070: 7063: 7056: 7048: 7041: 7038: 6965:parent company 6856: 6855: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6793: 6790: 6789: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6767: 6764: 6763: 6753: 6750: 6749: 6747:(1995) C-55/94 6739: 6736: 6735: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6705: 6698: 6691: 6683: 6676: 6673: 6642: 6639: 6441:company shares 6425:Treaty of Rome 6396: 6395: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6278: 6271: 6268: 6164:vegetable fats 6054:reasoned that 5982:law requiring 5953:European Union 5946: 5945: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5884:(1997) C-34/95 5878: 5875: 5874: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5848:(2003) C-14/00 5842: 5839: 5838: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5755: 5748: 5740: 5733: 5730: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5663: 5660: 5643: 5642:Customs duties 5640: 5633:Prime Minister 5605:Main article: 5602: 5599: 5587:fishing rights 5569: 5566: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5547: 5544: 5447:Lord Cockfield 5416: 5413: 5306:European Union 5280: 5279: 5277: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5247: 5241: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5189: 5187:Defunct bodies 5186: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5017: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4956: 4944: 4932: 4920: 4908: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4824: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4764: 4762:Czech Republic 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4682:Defence Policy 4679: 4677:Foreign Policy 4674: 4667: 4666: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4636: 4635: 4625: 4620: 4610: 4609: 4608: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4577:Euroscepticism 4574: 4569: 4564: 4554: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4505: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4480:Recommendation 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4439: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4377: 4365: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4305: 4293: 4281: 4269: 4257: 4245: 4233: 4221: 4209: 4197: 4185: 4173: 4171:Czech Republic 4161: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4113: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4019:Constituencies 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3990: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3948: 3946: 3945: 3932: 3919: 3903:Non-EU members 3901: 3899: 3898: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3838: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3766: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3644:Czech Republic 3634: 3622: 3609: 3597: 3585: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3558: 3557: 3546: 3545: 3531: 3513: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3488: 3487: 3474: 3461: 3448: 3432:Non-EU members 3430: 3428: 3427: 3414: 3401: 3388: 3375: 3362: 3349: 3336: 3323: 3310: 3297: 3284: 3271: 3258: 3245: 3232: 3219: 3206: 3193: 3180: 3167: 3165:Czech Republic 3154: 3141: 3128: 3115: 3101: 3096: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3078: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2983: 2971: 2959: 2947: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2920: 2896: 2891: 2890: 2878: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2782: 2770: 2758: 2746: 2734: 2722: 2710: 2698: 2686: 2674: 2662: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2632: 2621: 2620: 2613: 2612: 2610:United Kingdom 2599: 2581: 2578: 2577: 2564: 2551: 2538: 2525: 2512: 2499: 2486: 2473: 2460: 2447: 2434: 2421: 2408: 2395: 2382: 2369: 2356: 2343: 2330: 2317: 2304: 2302:Czech Republic 2291: 2278: 2265: 2252: 2239: 2225: 2220: 2219: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2166: 2165: 2155: 2150: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2120: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2114:of the Euratom 2112: 2106: 2105: 2104: 2101: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2071: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2042: 2040: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2013: 2003: 2001: 2000: 1997: 1992: 1982: 1981: 1978: 1977: 1974: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1960:Euro banknotes 1957: 1952: 1938: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1894: 1892: 1891: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1799: 1789: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1766: 1754:Largest groups 1751: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1704: 1690: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1633: 1628: 1622: 1621: 1618:Configurations 1616: 1607: 1593: 1586: 1579: 1577: 1576: 1570: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1522: 1510: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1459: 1448: 1446: 1445: 1439: 1430:Other treaties 1428: 1418: 1413: 1383: 1378: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1351: 1345: 1342:Treaty of Nice 1339: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1306:Euratom Treaty 1303: 1300:Treaty of Rome 1297: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1225: 1224: 1205: 1203: 1202: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1168: 1156: 1144: 1132: 1120: 1108: 1096: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1060: 1047: 1034: 1021: 1008: 995: 982: 969: 956: 943: 930: 917: 904: 891: 878: 865: 852: 839: 826: 813: 800: 798:Czech Republic 787: 774: 761: 748: 735: 721: 720: 714: 713: 710: 709: 706: 705: 697: 696: 691: 688: 687: 675: 674: 664: 660: 659: 653: 650: 647: 646: 640: 637: 634: 633: 630: 620: 619: 616: 612:• EU 2021 611: 608: 607: 604: 601: 598: 597: 593: 592: 587: 584: 581: 580: 577: 574: 571: 570: 566: 565: 564:1 January 1993 562: 558: 557: 555: 554: 541: 528: 515: 494: 493: 492: 490: 489: 476: 463: 450: 437: 424: 411: 398: 385: 372: 359: 346: 333: 320: 307: 294: 281: 268: 255: 242: 229: 216: 203: 190: 177: 164: 151: 134: 133: 132: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 112: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 93:European Union 90: 86: 85: 68: 59: 58: 50: 49: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12649: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12624: 12622: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12598: 12595: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12569: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12557:Customs Union 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12532: 12530:International 12528: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12508: 12506: 12504: 12500: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12476: 12474: 12470: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12443:New Caledonia 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12424: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12412:Faroe Islands 12410: 12409: 12407: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12394: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12254: 12252: 12248: 12242: 12241:Swedish krona 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12206:Croatian kuna 12204: 12202: 12201:Bulgarian lev 12199: 12198: 12196: 12194: 12190: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12173:NYSE Euronext 12171: 12170: 12168: 12164: 12158: 12155: 12153: 12150: 12148: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12140: 12136: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12111: 12109: 12105: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12046:& Offices 12042: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11996: 11992: 11985: 11980: 11978: 11973: 11971: 11966: 11965: 11962: 11956: 11953: 11952: 11939: 11932: 11931: 11925: 11921: 11917: 11916: 11910: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11826: 11825: 11821: 11820: 11816: 11812: 11806: 11802: 11797: 11793: 11787: 11783: 11779: 11774: 11770: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11751: 11750: 11746: 11745: 11724: 11720: 11715: 11708: 11692: 11688: 11687: 11682: 11676: 11660: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11644: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11619: 11614: 11608: 11592: 11588: 11582: 11567: 11563: 11562: 11557: 11551: 11544: 11540: 11537: 11532: 11524: 11520: 11514: 11506: 11505:EU Commission 11502: 11496: 11480: 11476: 11470: 11462: 11458: 11451: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11427: 11420: 11416: 11411: 11395: 11389: 11382: 11376: 11369: 11363: 11357: 11351: 11342: 11336:, ECR I-2119 11335: 11329: 11323:, ECR I-6193 11322: 11316: 11307: 11301:, ECR I-2691 11300: 11294: 11288: 11285:See also the 11282: 11275: 11274: 11269: 11265: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11247: 11242: 11236: 11232: 11228: 11222: 11216:, ECR I-6193 11215: 11211: 11210: 11204: 11197: 11193: 11187: 11180: 11179: 11172: 11165: 11161: 11157: 11156: 11150: 11144: 11138: 11131: 11125: 11118: 11112: 11103: 11096: 11090: 11081: 11075: 11069: 11062: 11059: 11054: 11048:, ECR I-4139 11047: 11043: 11042: 11036: 11030: 11026: 11025: 11019: 11012: 11006: 10999: 10995: 10994: 10988: 10981: 10977: 10976: 10970: 10963: 10959: 10953: 10946: 10942: 10938: 10933: 10925: 10919: 10915: 10908: 10892: 10888: 10881: 10866: 10860: 10852: 10851: 10846: 10839: 10824: 10818: 10809: 10800: 10791: 10782: 10773: 10766: 10765: 10760: 10759: 10752: 10745: 10739: 10732: 10726: 10717: 10710: 10709: 10703: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10689: 10683: 10673: 10664: 10657: 10656: 10649: 10640: 10633: 10628: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10607: 10600: 10599: 10594: 10593: 10586: 10580: 10574: 10567: 10561: 10553: 10549: 10546: 10542: 10538: 10537: 10532: 10531: 10524: 10517: 10516: 10511: 10505: 10498: 10492: 10486: 10483: 10477: 10471: 10467: 10466: 10460: 10451: 10442: 10435: 10434: 10427: 10418: 10411: 10410: 10404: 10397: 10392: 10385: 10384: 10378: 10369: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10348: 10341: 10340: 10333: 10325: 10312: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10277: 10269: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10232: 10217: 10213: 10207: 10200:(4): 110–128. 10199: 10195: 10188: 10181: 10180: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10161: 10154: 10148: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10118: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10076: 10070: 10064: 10061: 10056: 10050: 10044: 10038: 10032: 10025: 10021: 10020: 10013: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9977: 9970: 9966: 9961: 9955: 9952: 9947: 9938: 9929: 9922: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9903: 9902: 9895: 9886: 9879: 9878: 9873: 9867: 9858: 9851: 9845: 9838: 9832: 9826: 9820: 9813: 9807: 9800: 9797:At the time, 9794: 9788: 9782: 9775: 9769: 9762: 9761: 9755: 9748: 9747: 9741: 9734: 9733: 9727: 9720: 9719: 9713: 9706: 9702: 9696: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9677: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9656: 9650:, ECR I-5659 9649: 9643: 9628: 9624: 9618: 9611: 9607: 9606: 9600: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9556: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9538: 9532: 9528: 9527: 9521: 9514: 9508: 9501: 9495: 9488: 9482: 9475: 9470: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9450: 9443: 9438: 9432: 9417: 9416:"? – EUR-Lex" 9411: 9396: 9395:"? – EUR-Lex" 9390: 9375: 9374:"? – EUR-Lex" 9369: 9354: 9353:"? – EUR-Lex" 9348: 9333: 9332:"? – EUR-Lex" 9327: 9318: 9312: 9311: 9304: 9289: 9285: 9279: 9273: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9252: 9245: 9239: 9232: 9226: 9224: 9213: 9207: 9199: 9184: 9178: 9169: 9160: 9145: 9139: 9137: 9121: 9120:"? – EUR-Lex" 9115: 9099: 9093: 9077: 9075: 9067: 9052: 9048: 9046: 9037: 9022: 9020:9780471952077 9016: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9001: 8992: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8968: 8961: 8956: 8940: 8936: 8929: 8921: 8920:EU Commission 8917: 8911: 8900: 8893: 8887: 8885: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8858: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8827: 8808: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8749: 8743: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8705: 8701: 8695: 8691: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8639: 8626: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8580: 8577: 8572: 8570: 8569:Great Britain 8566: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8550: 8546: 8540: 8536: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8492: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8472: 8470: 8461: 8459: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8420:(EEA) and to 8419: 8415: 8411: 8410:Liechtenstein 8407: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8386: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8322: 8318: 8314: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8291:Liechtenstein 8288: 8279: 8275: 8266: 8262: 8257: 8247: 8244: 8239: 8229: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8214:Liechtenstein 8211: 8207: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8194:Schengen Area 8189: 8188:Schengen Area 8182:Schengen Area 8179: 8176: 8175:child support 8172: 8171: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8133:child support 8130: 8126: 8125: 8120: 8116: 8108: 8105:, education, 8104: 8103:child support 8099: 8095: 8093: 8089: 8084: 8080: 8079:Schengen Area 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8052: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8035: 8031: 8025: 8014: 8008: 8003: 8002: 7996: 7991: 7990: 7984: 7979: 7978: 7972: 7967: 7966: 7958: 7953: 7952: 7946: 7941: 7940: 7934: 7929: 7928: 7920: 7915: 7914: 7908: 7903: 7902: 7896: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7868: 7863: 7861: 7856: 7854: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7836: 7833: 7827: 7825: 7820: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7806: 7805: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7759: 7758:USL Dunkerque 7755: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7740: 7732: 7728: 7727:direct effect 7724: 7720: 7719: 7713: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7639: 7638:free movement 7635: 7629: 7624: 7623: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7606: 7600: 7595: 7594: 7588: 7584: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7570: 7564: 7560: 7556: 7555: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7476: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7461: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7444: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7426: 7422: 7419: 7414: 7405: 7400: 7398: 7393: 7391: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7363: 7357: 7353: 7343: 7340: 7331: 7326: 7320: 7310: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7292:human dignity 7288: 7284: 7283: 7277: 7273: 7272:Merrill Lynch 7269: 7266: 7262: 7261: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7211: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7179: 7173: 7168: 7167: 7161: 7156: 7155: 7149: 7144: 7143: 7137: 7132: 7131: 7125: 7120: 7119: 7111: 7106: 7105: 7099: 7095: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7069: 7064: 7062: 7057: 7055: 7050: 7049: 7046: 7037: 7034: 7033: 7027: 7026: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7008: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6985:operating in 6984: 6980: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6961: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6938: 6937:voice at work 6934: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6913: 6909: 6908:Grand Chamber 6905: 6904: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6875: 6870: 6866: 6865: 6853: 6852: 6845: 6840: 6839: 6833: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6821: 6815: 6810: 6809: 6803: 6798: 6797: 6791: 6786: 6785: 6779: 6774: 6773: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6751: 6746: 6745: 6737: 6732: 6731: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6704: 6699: 6697: 6692: 6690: 6685: 6684: 6681: 6675:Establishment 6672: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6638: 6636: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6578:in 1988, the 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6536: 6535:article 345. 6534: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6492:golden shares 6489: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6464: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6449:corporate tax 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6393: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6371: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6353: 6348: 6347: 6341: 6336: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6299: 6294: 6292: 6287: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6276: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6251: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6195:market access 6191: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6135: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6086:Austrian Alps 6083: 6082: 6076: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 6002: 5996: 5994: 5990: 5985: 5984:Scotch whisky 5981: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5957:customs union 5954: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5900: 5895: 5894: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5876: 5871: 5870: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5840: 5835: 5834: 5828: 5823: 5822: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5804: 5799: 5798: 5792: 5787: 5786: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5749: 5747: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5728: 5723: 5721: 5715: 5712: 5707: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5652: 5649: 5639: 5637: 5636:Boris Johnson 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5617: 5614: 5613:customs union 5608: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5562: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5546:Four Freedoms 5543: 5541: 5536: 5535:Lisbon Treaty 5532: 5528: 5527:Lisbon Treaty 5523: 5521: 5517: 5516:Schengen Area 5513: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5478: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5465: 5459: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5439: 5437: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5425:customs union 5422: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5314:Liechtenstein 5311: 5307: 5303: 5302:member states 5299: 5298:single market 5295: 5291: 5287: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5263: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5190: 5184: 5183: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4665: 4664:Josep Borrell 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4615: 4614: 4611: 4607: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4508:Customs Union 4506: 4504: 4501: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4459: 4456: 4453: 4452:ECJ Case 6/64 4449: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4024:Apportionment 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3982: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3944: 3933: 3931: 3930:Liechtenstein 3920: 3918: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3565: 3560: 3559: 3550: 3543: 3532: 3530: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3475: 3473: 3462: 3460: 3459:Liechtenstein 3449: 3447: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3426: 3415: 3413: 3402: 3400: 3389: 3387: 3376: 3374: 3363: 3361: 3350: 3348: 3337: 3335: 3324: 3322: 3311: 3309: 3298: 3296: 3285: 3283: 3272: 3270: 3259: 3257: 3246: 3244: 3233: 3231: 3220: 3218: 3207: 3205: 3194: 3192: 3181: 3179: 3168: 3166: 3155: 3153: 3142: 3140: 3129: 3127: 3116: 3114: 3103: 3102: 3099: 3098:Schengen Area 3094: 3093: 3084: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3038: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3017:Swedish krona 3013: 3008: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2945:Bulgarian lev 2941: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2901: 2900: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2647: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2611: 2600: 2598: 2587: 2586: 2584: 2576: 2565: 2563: 2552: 2550: 2539: 2537: 2526: 2524: 2513: 2511: 2500: 2498: 2487: 2485: 2474: 2472: 2461: 2459: 2448: 2446: 2435: 2433: 2422: 2420: 2409: 2407: 2396: 2394: 2383: 2381: 2370: 2368: 2357: 2355: 2344: 2342: 2331: 2329: 2318: 2316: 2305: 2303: 2292: 2290: 2279: 2277: 2266: 2264: 2253: 2251: 2240: 2238: 2227: 2226: 2223: 2217: 2212: 2211: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2171: 2168: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2143: 2142: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2060:AFSC agencies 2059: 2057:CFSP agencies 2056: 2053: 2052: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2006: 1999:EIB Institute 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1976: 1975: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1897: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1884: 1883: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1864:General Court 1862: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1837: 1836: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1818: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773:Iratxe García 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763:Manfred Weber 1760: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1734: 1733: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1664: 1661: 1659: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1591: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1545:Civil Service 1543: 1541: 1538: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1529:Von der Leyen 1526: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1504: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1483: 1482: 1472: 1471: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1443: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1375: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312:Merger Treaty 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1265: 1264: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1212: 1210: 1209: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1190: 1188: 1187: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1081: 1072: 1061: 1059: 1048: 1046: 1035: 1033: 1022: 1020: 1009: 1007: 996: 994: 983: 981: 970: 968: 957: 955: 944: 942: 931: 929: 918: 916: 905: 903: 892: 890: 879: 877: 866: 864: 853: 851: 840: 838: 827: 825: 814: 812: 801: 799: 788: 786: 775: 773: 762: 760: 749: 747: 736: 734: 723: 722: 717: 716:Member states 712: 711: 708: 707: 703: 699: 698: 694: 690: 689: 685: 681: 680: 672: 668: 665: 661: 657: 654: 648: 645:16.3 trillion 644: 641: 635: 631: 625: 621: 617: 609: 605: 599: 594: 588: 582: 578: 572: 567: 563: 561:Establishment 559: 553: 542: 540: 529: 527: 526:Liechtenstein 516: 514: 503: 502: 498: 488: 477: 475: 464: 462: 451: 449: 438: 436: 425: 423: 412: 410: 399: 397: 386: 384: 373: 371: 360: 358: 347: 345: 334: 332: 321: 319: 308: 306: 295: 293: 282: 280: 269: 267: 256: 254: 243: 241: 230: 228: 217: 215: 204: 202: 191: 189: 178: 176: 165: 163: 152: 150: 139: 138: 131: 129:Member states 127: 124: 123:Single market 121: 117: 113: 111: 107: 104: 101: 97: 94: 91: 87: 81: 75: 66: 56: 51: 44: 41: 37: 33: 32:single market 19: 12571:Associations 12489:Sint Maarten 12453:Saint Martin 12397:Dependencies 12236:Romanian leu 12231:Polish złoty 12216:Danish krone 12211:Czech koruna 12063:Central Bank 12044:Institutions 12025:Sapir Report 11929: 11919: 11913: 11888: 11884: 11859: 11855: 11846: 11842: 11833: 11829: 11814: 11800: 11777: 11754: 11727:. Retrieved 11718: 11707: 11695:. Retrieved 11693:. 2 May 2017 11684: 11675: 11663:. Retrieved 11652: 11643: 11631:. Retrieved 11629:. 2 May 2017 11616: 11607: 11595:. Retrieved 11581: 11569:. Retrieved 11559: 11550: 11531: 11522: 11513: 11504: 11495: 11483:. Retrieved 11478: 11469: 11460: 11450: 11426: 11410: 11398:. Retrieved 11388: 11375: 11362: 11350: 11341: 11328: 11315: 11306: 11293: 11281: 11271: 11261: 11253: 11245: 11241: 11226: 11221: 11207: 11203: 11195: 11191: 11186: 11176: 11171: 11163: 11153: 11149: 11137: 11124: 11111: 11102: 11089: 11080: 11068: 11053: 11039: 11035: 11022: 11018: 11005: 10991: 10987: 10973: 10969: 10961: 10952: 10944: 10940: 10932: 10913: 10907: 10895:. Retrieved 10891:the original 10880: 10868:. Retrieved 10859: 10850:The Guardian 10848: 10838: 10826:. 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Retrieved 9626: 9617: 9603: 9599: 9566: 9562: 9555: 9541: 9537: 9524: 9520: 9512: 9507: 9494: 9481: 9469: 9461: 9457: 9449: 9436: 9431: 9419:. Retrieved 9410: 9398:. Retrieved 9389: 9377:. Retrieved 9368: 9356:. Retrieved 9347: 9335:. Retrieved 9326: 9317: 9309: 9303: 9291:. Retrieved 9287: 9278: 9270: 9264: 9251: 9238: 9204: 9198: 9186:. Retrieved 9177: 9168: 9159: 9147:. Retrieved 9123:. Retrieved 9114: 9102:. Retrieved 9092: 9080:. Retrieved 9073: 9066: 9054:. Retrieved 9050: 9044: 9036: 9024:. Retrieved 9010: 9007: 9000: 8981: 8977: 8967: 8955: 8943:. Retrieved 8939:the original 8928: 8919: 8910: 8844:. Retrieved 8836:ec.europa.eu 8835: 8826: 8814:. Retrieved 8789: 8777:. Retrieved 8764: 8752:. Retrieved 8742: 8730:. Retrieved 8726:the original 8722:ec.europa.eu 8721: 8712: 8703: 8694: 8669:, a similar 8641: 8612: 8605: 8586: 8579:of Ireland. 8573: 8542: 8499: 8478: 8467: 8455: 8402: 8267:integration: 8241: 8191: 8168: 8162: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8122: 8112: 8071:Soviet Union 8056: 8027: 7999: 7987: 7975: 7961: 7949: 7937: 7923: 7911: 7899: 7828: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7791: 7776: 7762: 7743: 7736: 7716: 7682: 7652: 7618: 7603: 7591: 7567: 7552: 7535: 7520: 7503: 7488: 7473: 7456: 7441: 7371: 7367: 7359: 7336: 7295: 7280: 7276:cold calling 7258: 7256: 7248:coffee shops 7237: 7221: 7215: 7208: 7192: 7186: 7164: 7152: 7140: 7128: 7114: 7102: 7030: 7023: 6995:Danish krone 6976: 6963:newspaper's 6958: 6948: 6942: 6926: 6911: 6901: 6886: 6862: 6860: 6849: 6836: 6824: 6818: 6806: 6794: 6782: 6768: 6754: 6740: 6726: 6668: 6658: 6632: 6561: 6537: 6513: 6506:Lower Saxony 6495: 6467: 6465: 6418: 6368: 6356: 6344: 6330: 6248: 6229: 6206: 6192: 6176: 6168:cocoa butter 6157: 6155: 6132: 6109: 6104:, improving 6095: 6079: 6033: 6031: 6025: 6006:strawberries 5999: 5997: 5968: 5950: 5917: 5903: 5891: 5879: 5867: 5855: 5843: 5831: 5819: 5807: 5795: 5783: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5685: 5682: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5653: 5645: 5618: 5610: 5591: 5575:Works of art 5571: 5549: 5539: 5524: 5510:In 1997 the 5509: 5490: 5481: 5475: 5468: 5460: 5440: 5433: 5418: 5393: 5350: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5283: 5195:(1958–1993) 4688: 4655: 4535:Agricultural 4458:Subsidiarity 4097: 4035: 3949: 3902: 3569: 3514: 3431: 3036: 3005:Romanian leu 2993:Polish złoty 2969:Danish krone 2957:Czech koruna 2929: 2924: 2905: 2897: 2892: 2644: 2582: 2221: 2176: 2139: 2121: 2043: 2030: 2017: 2004: 1983: 1979:Other bodies 1895: 1880: 1833: 1815: 1730: 1617: 1602: 1587: 1580: 1511: 1479: 1449: 1429: 1414: 1379: 1294:Spaak Report 1206: 1184: 1078: 638:• Total 575:• Total 135:27 EU states 40: 12352:Netherlands 12147:Competition 12015:Europe 2020 11862:: 439–468. 11485:30 December 11196:Marktbürger 11013:, ECR 6159 11011:Case 196/87 11000:, ECR 2121 10812:2006/123/EC 10499:, ECR 5483 10259:2066/178372 10221:23 December 10107:26 December 10081:26 December 9837:Case 261/81 9825:Case 261/81 9812:Case 170/78 9787:Case 170/78 9531:Case 249/81 9502:article 30. 9498:Previously 9271:Fink-Frucht 9269:Case 27/67 8704:www.imf.org 8667:Union State 8452:Switzerland 8422:Switzerland 8299:Switzerland 8222:Switzerland 8192:Within the 8075:Berlin Wall 8051:Berlin Wall 8030:human being 7667:citizenship 7465:Case 196/87 7362:EU citizens 7265:commodities 6973:Netherlands 6928:Centros Ltd 6912:prima facie 6820:The Rosella 6630:article 3. 6484:tax evasion 5396:competition 5326:Switzerland 4930:Netherlands 4613:Integration 4557:Citizenship 4339:Netherlands 3812:Netherlands 3570:EEA members 3485:Switzerland 3334:Netherlands 2840:Netherlands 2597:Switzerland 2484:Netherlands 1788:(2019–2024) 1786:9th session 1693:Secretariat 1464:(2015–2016) 980:Netherlands 618:441,350,000 606:448,350,000 552:Switzerland 495:4 (non-EU) 396:Netherlands 12621:Categories 12405:of Denmark 12342:Luxembourg 12193:Currencies 12053:Euro Group 12030:Aho report 11891:: 67–120. 11742:References 11729:11 October 11276:3 CMLR 358 11231:JHH Weiler 10998:Case 66/85 10980:Case 43/75 10552:Brandeis J 10497:Case 81/87 10485:2001/86/EC 10174:J Stiglitz 10166:J Stiglitz 10137:25 October 9969:88/361/EEC 9954:2005/29/EC 9801:article 30 9489:, ECR 837 9476:arts 28–30 9308:Case 7/68 9082:28 January 8732:1 December 8679:Belarusian 8523:EEA-Member 8489:See also: 8397:San Marino 8339:Montenegro 8319:(see also 8301:(see also 8254:See also: 8022:See also: 7883:arts 18-21 7781:a bank in 7583:2004/38/EC 7448:Case 66/85 7421:arts 45-48 7350:See also: 7323:See also: 7084:arts 56-62 6967:could not 6960:Daily Mail 6933:UK company 6719:arts 49-55 6645:See also: 6522:held that 6401:See also: 6314:arts 63-65 6217:Picon beer 6069:reasonable 6042:held that 5776:arts 28-36 5629:San Marino 4906:Luxembourg 4465:Regulation 4315:Luxembourg 3788:Luxembourg 3308:Luxembourg 2816:Luxembourg 2458:Luxembourg 2069:SRM bodies 1965:Euro coins 1809:Conference 1589:Presidency 1365:Article 50 1142:Montenegro 954:Luxembourg 596:Population 370:Luxembourg 110:Demonym(s) 12511:EU patent 12426:of France 12417:Greenland 12337:Lithuania 12124:Fisheries 11905:156285940 11876:143943870 11633:27 August 11571:27 August 10677:branches. 10430:See also 10295:154764220 10268:2053-4833 9898:See also 9688:AG Maduro 9591:159432182 9583:0731-1265 9487:Case 8/74 9293:31 August 8276:form the 8208:members ( 7302:Gibraltar 7003:insolvent 6999:creditors 6969:avoid tax 6874:Stuttgart 6841:ECHR 1345 6431:, now in 6238:reviewed 6145:to be in 6143:margarine 5993:Buy Irish 5381:agreement 5328:(through 5296:, is the 4894:Lithuania 4545:Fisheries 4531:Policies 4470:Directive 4303:Lithuania 3987:Elections 3776:Lithuania 3544:(Opt-out) 3295:Lithuania 2906:President 2899:Eurogroup 2804:Lithuania 2445:Lithuania 2111:of the EU 1942:President 1745:President 1641:Eurogroup 1554:Juhansone 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