488:" strategy in dealings with their northern neighbors, maintaining trade relationships, functioning as a kind of state-subsidized monopoly, with multiple leaders who they could then turn against one another by inciting jealousy or suggesting intrigue. However, a unified Northern Yuan was less susceptible to such tactics. Many of the tribes brought under Oirat dominion had inhabited areas claimed by the Ming, and other tribes had been pushed south into Ming territory seeking to escape Oirat subjugation. The Chagatayid Hami oasis, furthermore, had paid tribute to the emperor before Esen convinced its ruler to pay tribute to the Oirats instead. Throughout the 1440s, Esen increased both the frequency of tribute missions to the Ming and the number of representatives sent on each mission. According to surviving Chinese accounts, the Oirats asked for more and more lucrative tribute and trade agreements.
560:
27:
635:(reigned 1449–57) to the throne. Esen sent the captured emperor back in 1450. Since the Mongol economy relied on their trade with the Ming dynasty, Esen was obligated to reopen negotiations, now under a much weaker position. While Ming-Mongol trade did not cease entirely during the Tumu Crisis, Esen had not only failed to win better terms than the prior arrangements, he was forced to accept less favorable terms in return for resumption of trade with the Ming. The Northern Yuan then entered a vassal relationship with the Ming for some time.
771:, into rebellion as he had expected to be awarded the title himself. Other Oirat leaders joined the rebellion against Esen, and he was defeated in battle and murdered in 1454, a year after his assumption of the title of khan. After his death, the Oirats no longer held sway over eastern Mongolia, which had come under their control through Esen and his father's influence. The eastern and western Mongols remained divided for the centuries to come. The 17th and 18th century
556:. The emperor and his hastily raised army chased the invaders west and met an ambush upon arriving at Datong. Mongol horsemen harried Zhu's retreat back towards the wall for four days while hampered by thunderstorms. The imperial army eventually reached the Tumu Fortress. However, rather than having secured a defensible position, Zhu's troops were trapped against the northern side of the fortress, and the Northern Yuan horsemen annihilated Zhu's army.
649:
423:
716:, openly led his own forces against Esen and Agbarjin in 1451, but they were outnumbered and the khan was eventually killed in 1452 while attempting to flee. Esen wasn't satisfied with this victory alone, and later murdered Agbarjin and his Borjigin heirs at a feast, with the intention of becoming khan himself. Tsetseg was pregnant at the time, and Esen promised to kill the baby if it was male, but
570:
Most of the remaining soldiers were slaughtered. Esen was still some distance away, near Xianfu. Six weeks later, when the captured emperor Zhu Qizhen was brought to his camp, Esen attempted to ransom the emperor back to the Ming. According to some accounts, it was at this point that Esen was granted
547:
The campaign was a massive victory for the
Northern Yuan, with the Mongols crushing Zhu Qizhen's forces. Even though Zhu's troops in the region are estimated to have numbered as many as 500,000, Zhu was still crushed by Esen Taishi's 20,000 cavalry. Datong lay next to the south side of the
607:
soon turned the situation around. Yu Qian ordered his forces to pretend that they had lost control of the city gate in order to lure Mongol horsemen into the city. Once a large portion of the Mongol force was inside, the gate was shut and the
Mongols were ambushed. Esen's sworn
582:(于謙), the defense minister of Ming, who was organizing the counterstrike, commented that the emperor's life is not as important as the fate of the country. He also believed that ransoming the emperor might boost the Northern Yuan's morale and reduce that of the Ming.
339:
taishi who had expanded Oirat territory substantially, with more Mongol tribes acknowledging his supremacy. As an Oirat, Esen himself was not descended from
Genghis Khan, which would hamper his claim to the title of great khan throughout his life.
752:), it was unlikely that he would have been considered eligible for election as Khan, and in any case, Esen ignored the usual selection process. Rather than the title of khan falling automatically to the eldest eligible male of the line, as in
743:
The Ming emperor was among the first to acknowledge the new title, but the reaction of Esen's fellow
Mongols, Oirat and otherwise, mostly ranged from disapproving to enraged. Though Esen's lineage was related to the royal line descended from
507:
merchants to accompany his missions to the Ming
Emperor. Beginning in 1439 Taisun Khan and Esen sent envoys to the Ming, often numbering more than 1,000. They asked for more and more gifts. In response to this inflation of numbers, the
491:
The Ming tried to stir rivalry between Taisun Khan, but Esen chose "rivals" below him in status to counter the divide and rule strategy. So the Ming resorted to another strategy: to buy off the
Northern Yuan with gifts.
701:
Taisun Khan and Esen Taishi quarreled over the heir to the throne. Esen wanted a son of his sister to be the successor of Taisun Khan, but Taisun nominated a son of his eastern Mongol
959:
The "Tarikhi-i-Rashidi" of Mirza
Muhammad Haidar, Dughlát, a history of the Moghuls of Central Asia, an English version edited with commentary, notes and map by N. Elias, p. 398
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blood in both cases. The third time, Uwais Khan granted Esen his sister
Makhtum Khanim, who bore his two sons. Esen converted to Islam in order to marry the Muslim princess.
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system, with members of the lineage voting to choose the title's successor from among themselves. This dissatisfaction soon escalated into open revolt against Esen.
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was killed in the attack. Having failed to take the city, Esen was forced to retreat under pressure from his own troops and by the arrival of Ming reinforcements.
520:
In retaliation for these trade sanctions, Esen Taishi led an invasion of the Ming Empire in 1449 that culminated in the capture of the Ming emperor during the
1018:
893:
712:, who was married to Esen's daughter Tsetseg, was promised the new title of khan and deserted to the Oirats. Taisun, supported by the Ming dynasty's
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1100:
332:
242:
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sent by Esen-tayisi with a document wherein he called himself Great Qayan T'ien-sheng of the. Great Yuan.s The document was dated the first.
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977:
Sechin
Jagchid, Van Jay Symons – Peace, war, and trade along the Great Wall: Nomadic-Chinese interaction through two millennia, p. 49
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In any case, the Ming refused to negotiate a ransom, perhaps in part because the emperor's brother (prince Zhu Qiyu, later the
370:(reigned 1433–52). Under Esen Taishi's leadership, the Mongols under Taisun Khan unified the North Yuan, including the
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724:. In 1453, eighteen months after his defeat of Taisun Khan, Esen himself took the title of “Tian-sheng Khagan of the
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70:
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Esen still considered the emperor more valuable alive than dead. Esen then laid siege to
Beijing, but it failed.
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Esen gave his son Amasanj the title of taishi, an action which led Alag, his powerful general and leader of the
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helped the infant prince escape when he was born. This prince would grow up to be Bayan-Mongke, the father of
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524:. The large-scale, three-pronged invasion began in July, with Taisun Khan leading the easternmost force to
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512:(1427–64) decreased trade with Esen and Taisun Khan, and closed border trade with the Northern Yuan.
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Esen means "good health" in Mongolian. Taishi is derived from the Chinese title 太師 (tàishī), meaning
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Robinson, "Politics, Force and Ethnicity in Ming China: Mongols and the Abortive Coup of 1461," 80.
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Esen and Taisun Khan turned to attack Manchuria and East Siberia, under Ming rule, around the
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After his father died in 1438, Esen inherited his position, taishi, for the reigning khan
8:
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728:” (大元天盛大可汗 Tengri Bogd Khan). At the same time, the Oirats launched an invasion against
552:. After the initial attack on Datong, Esen pretended to retreat back into the Mongolian
316:. Among Mongol tribes, this title was used for powerful nobles who were not part of the
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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 8, the Ming Dynasty, Part 2, 1368–1644
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Rene Grousset – The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia, p. 506
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Twitchett, Denis, Frederick W. Mote, & John K. Fairbank (eds.) (1998).
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386:. In the 1430s, Esen also took over control of the Mongol kingdom known as
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In Chinese, Esen is rendered as 也先 (Yěxiān) or less commonly as 額森 (Ésēn).
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447: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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between 12 September 1453 and 1454. He is best known for capturing the
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Jack Weatherford- The secret history of the Mongol Queens, p. 324
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359:(Ways Khan, 1418–1432). Esen released him out of respect for his
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rulers considered themselves to be descendants of Esen Taishi.
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Dharma Daishi, Great Teacher of Buddhism and the Martial Arts
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Jambhala: an imperial envoy to Tibet during the late Yuan
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deserts. After 1443–45 the Northern Yuan reached
829:"Notes on a Few Mongolian Rulers of the 15th Century"
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Mancini, Robert David (publication year unknown). "
748:(Genghis Khan) through his grandmother Samur Gunj (
351:. Esen three times defeated and twice captured the
16:
General of the 4 Oirat and Yuan, Khagan of Mongolia
536:, and Esen himself leading the troops that sacked
599:Esen offered the emperor his sister in marriage (
540:in August. Another column of the Mongols invaded
1671:
1006:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 233–239.
705:instead, leading to a war between the factions.
484:. The Ming dynasty had for some time pursued a "
304:reached the peak of their power under his rule.
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902:明年冬，也先自立為可汗，以其次子為太師，來朝，書稱大元田盛大可汗，末曰添元元年。田盛，猶言
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343:In his early campaigns he fought against the
300:and briefly reuniting the Mongol tribes. The
206:Tian-sheng Khagan of the Great Yuan (大元田盛大可汗)
1030:The Journal of the American Oriental Society
623:, but failed and were defeated by the Ming.
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1014:. Google Print. Retrieved 2 November 2005.
785:List of khans of the Northern Yuan dynasty
1621:Soloi Maqasamadi Sechen Khan (1577–1652)
689:Learn how and when to remove this message
463:Learn how and when to remove this message
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71:Learn how and when to remove this message
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833:Journal of the American Oriental Society
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34:This article includes a list of general
516:Capture of the Emperor Yingzong of Ming
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1024:van der Kuijp, Leonard W.J. (1993). "
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671:adding citations to reliable sources
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480:Esen entered into conflict with the
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107:Khagan of the Northern Yuan dynasty
13:
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40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1560:Boshugtu Khung Taiji (1608–1636)
1558:Namudai Sechen Khan (1586–1607)
1556:Sengge Düüreng Khan (1583–1585)
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1595:Chakhun Dorji Khan (1654–1698)
1591:Eriyekhei Mergen Khan (1589–?)
1574:Buyan Baatur Taiji (1573–1576)
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1607:Norbu Bisireltü Khan (d. 1661)
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1572:Noyandara Jinong (1543–1572)
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331:Esen was born to his father,
194:Tianyuan (添元): 1453–1454
1578:Erinchen Jinong (1624–1636)
1576:Boshugtu Jinong (1577–1624)
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631:The Ming court elevated the
495:Esen encouraged hundreds of
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1425:Tayisung Khan Toghtoa Bukha
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1365:Ukhaantu Khan Toghun-Temur
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898:《明史‧卷三百二十八‧列傳第二百十六‧外國九‧瓦剌》
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1695:15th-century Mongol khans
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1623:Baba Sechen Khan (1653–?)
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1644:Erinchin Lobsang Tayiji
1407:Bunyashiri (1403–1412)
1390:Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan
1375:Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür
1049:House of Choros (Чорос)
992:Grousset, René (1938).
827:Henry, Serruys (1956).
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298:Battle of Tumu Fortress
189:Era name and dates
55:more precise citations.
1568:Barsu-Bolod (d. 1521)
1476:Darayisung Gödeng Khan
1168:Political organization
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327:Youth and early career
116:12 September 1453–1454
1625:Sechen Khan (d. 1686)
1609:Chambun Khan (1670?–)
1442:(Ükegtü) (1454–1465)
1380:Jorightu Khan Yesüder
1081:Northern Yuan dynasty
1051:the 14th century-1755
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290:Northern Yuan dynasty
1402:Gulichi (1402–1408)
1230:Three Western Tumens
1214:Three Eastern Tumens
1108:Taishi of the Oirats
994:L'Empire des Steppes
667:improve this article
571:the title "Taishi."
441:improve this article
1685:Northern Yuan khans
1481:Tümen Jasaghtu Khan
550:Great Wall of China
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1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1415:Oyiradai Khan
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
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1360:
1357:
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1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1189:
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1180:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1172:List of Khans
1170:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1155:Northern Yuan
1149:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1130:
1129:
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1110:
1109:
1102:
1101:Toghon Tayisi
1096:
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1074:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1031:
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1016:
1013:
1012:0-521-24333-5
1009:
1005:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
989:
974:
965:
956:
947:
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935:
928:
923:
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865:
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823:
821:
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798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
776:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
754:primogeniture
751:
747:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:
704:
693:
690:
682:
679:November 2020
672:
668:
662:
661:
656:This section
654:
650:
645:
644:
636:
634:
624:
622:
621:Songhua River
618:
613:
611:
610:blood brother
606:
602:
597:
593:
583:
581:
577:
572:
565:
561:
557:
555:
551:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
513:
511:
506:
502:
498:
493:
489:
487:
483:
467:
464:
456:
453:November 2020
446:
442:
436:
435:
430:This section
428:
424:
419:
418:
410:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
338:
334:
324:
321:
319:
315:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
288:ruler of the
287:
283:
280:
272:
264:
263:Mongol script
256:
252:
244:
243:Toghon Taishi
241:
237:
234:
233:Northern Yuan
231:
229:
225:
222:
219:
217:
213:
204:
201:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
159:
155:
152:
147:
143:
139:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
99:
93:
84:
75:
72:
64:
61:November 2020
54:
50:
44:
43:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
1632:
1620:
1602:
1589:(1567–1588)
1585:
1567:
1554:(1521–1582)
1550:
1498:(1634–1635)
1493:(1604–1634)
1488:(1592–1604)
1483:(1557–1592)
1478:(1547–1557)
1473:(1516–1547)
1463:(1480–1516)
1459:
1452:(1475–1479)
1450:Manduul Khan
1447:(1465–1466)
1437:(1453–1454)
1434:
1427:(1433–1452)
1422:(1425–1438)
1417:(1415–1425)
1412:(1411–1415)
1397:(1399–1402)
1392:(1394–1399)
1387:(1391–1394)
1382:(1388–1391)
1377:(1378–1388)
1372:(1370–1378)
1367:(1368–1370)
1363:
1311:Khong Tayiji
1289:
1271:
1263:Dörbet Oirat
1249:
1229:
1213:
1212:
1106:
1078:
1056:
1047:
1044:Esen Taishi
1032:
1029:
1001:
996:(in French).
993:
973:
964:
955:
946:
941:, pp. 28–29.
934:
922:
913:
903:
901:
897:
877:
873:
870:Zhang Tingyu
864:
856:
839:(2): 82–90.
836:
832:
766:
742:
714:Three Guards
700:
685:
676:
665:Please help
660:verification
657:
630:
627:Negotiations
614:
598:
595:
573:
569:
546:
528:, the grand
519:
499:, Hami, and
494:
490:
482:Ming dynasty
479:
459:
450:
439:Please help
434:verification
431:
397:between the
365:
342:
330:
322:
311:
285:
250:
249:
95:
67:
58:
39:
18:
1680:1455 deaths
1646:(1652–1667)
1641:(1623–1652)
1491:Ligdan Khan
1435:Esen Taishi
1410:Delbeg Khan
1157:(1368–1635)
939:Croner 2010
906:也。報書稱曰瓦剌可汗。
878:甲午，也先自立為可汗。
795:Tumu Crisis
738:Transoxiana
730:Moghulistan
522:Tumu Crisis
403:Takla Makan
368:Taisun Khan
349:Moghulistan
200:Regnal name
121:Predecessor
96:Tian-sheng
53:introducing
1674:Categories
1552:Altan Khan
1461:Dayan Khan
1445:Molon Khan
1385:Engke Khan
1323:Councellor
1197:Four Oirat
1190:Six Tumen
1112:1438–1454
1085:1453–1454
1035:(4), 538–?
927:Sinor 1997
806:References
790:Four Oirat
726:Great Yuan
722:Dayan Khan
718:Samur Gunj
564:Zhu Qizhen
530:councillor
476:Background
361:Chinggisid
357:Uwais Khan
318:Chinggisid
302:Four Oirat
36:references
1543:Khotogoid
1496:Ejei Khan
1468:(deputy)
1420:Adai Khan
1277:Karakorum
1273:Yingchang
1226:Uriankhai
929:, p. 205.
811:Citations
617:Nen River
501:Samarkand
380:Manchuria
320:lineage.
255:Mongolian
131:Successor
1611:Zenggün
1430:Agbarjin
1073:Agbarjin
800:Kara Del
779:See also
758:kurultai
750:princess
734:Tashkent
707:Agbarjin
526:Liaodong
401:and the
388:Kara Del
372:Jurchens
286:de facto
284:and the
125:Agbarjin
1536:Jasagtu
1532:Tüsheet
1432:(1453)
1352:Unified
1319:Tarkhan
1255:Torghut
1218:Khalkha
1192:Mongols
1117:Amasanj
985:Sources
773:Zunghar
746:Temüjin
605:Yu Qian
586:Beijing
580:Yu Qian
554:steppes
542:Ganzhou
503:-based
390:in the
384:Siberia
271:Chinese
228:Dynasty
49:improve
1690:Oirats
1539:Sechen
1356:Chahar
1307:Jinong
1303:Taishi
1299:Khatun
1291:Khagan
1281:Hohhot
1251:Choros
1222:Chahar
1205:Titles
1055:
1010:
853:595075
851:
769:Baatud
736:, and
710:jinong
703:khatun
538:Datong
534:Xuanfu
505:Muslim
497:Mongol
376:Tuvans
355:ruler
353:Moghul
337:Choros
335:, the
333:Toghan
282:taishi
273::
239:Father
221:Choros
167:Spouse
98:Khagan
38:, but
1527:Ordos
1522:Tumed
1315:Noyan
1259:Khoid
1238:Tumed
1234:Ordos
1057:Died:
849:JSTOR
760:, an
601:Heqin
407:Korea
395:oasis
279:Oirat
216:House
179:Names
113:Reign
1327:Wang
1295:Khan
1059:1455
1008:ISBN
619:and
399:Gobi
392:Hami
382:and
374:and
308:Name
267:ᠡᠰᠡᠨ
259:Эсэн
251:Esen
184:Esen
160:1454
157:Died
148:1407
145:Born
89:ᠡᠰᠡᠨ
86:Esen
1033:113
1028:".
894:張廷玉
841:doi
669:by
443:by
378:in
347:of
1676::
1021:".
904:天聖
896:.
885:^
872:.
855:.
847:.
837:76
835:.
831:.
819:^
740:.
732:,
544:.
409:.
275:也先
269:;
265::
261:;
257::
1147:e
1140:t
1133:v
843::
692:)
686:(
681:)
677:(
663:.
466:)
460:(
455:)
451:(
437:.
253:(
74:)
68:(
63:)
59:(
45:.
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