680:
and the advance guard of Esen's army (Esen was not at the battle). The Ming army basically dissolved and was almost annihilated. The
Northern Yuan forces captured a huge quantity of arms and armour while killing most of the Ming troops. All the high-ranking Ming generals and court officials were killed. According to some accounts, Wang Zhen was killed by his own officers. The Emperor was captured, and on September 3 he was sent to Esen's main camp near Xuanfu.
607:
469:
25:
163:
549:, who dominated the Ming court, encouraged the 22-year-old Emperor Yingzong of Ming to lead his own armies into battle against Esen. The size of Esen's army is unknown. The Ming army was hastily assembled; its command was made up of 20 experienced generals and a large entourage of high-ranking civil officials, with Wang Zhen acting as field marshal.
679:
Esen sent an advance force to cut access to water from a river south of the Ming camp. By the morning of
September 1 they had surrounded the Ming army. Wang Zhen rejected any offers to negotiate and ordered the confused army to move toward the river. A battle ensued between the disorganized Ming army
592:
the civil officials and generals wanted to halt and send the emperor back to
Beijing, but their opinions were overruled by Wang Zhen. On August 16, the army came upon the corpse-strewn battlefield of Yanghe. When it reached Datong on August 18, reports from garrison commanders persuaded Wang Zhen
671:
on August 27. On August 30, the
Northern Yuan forces attacked the rearguard east of Xuanfu and wiped it out. Soon afterwards they also annihilated a powerful new rearguard of cavalry, led by the elderly General Zhu Yong, at Yaoerling. On August 31, the imperial army camped at the post station of
703:
The Ming never paid a ransom for the return of Zhu Qizhen, and Esen released him four years later after securing a weak trade deal. Zhu Qizhen was allowed to return to
Beijing after agreeing to give up his claim to the throne, and was kept under house arrest at the
667:
Fearing that the restless soldiers would cause damage to his estates in Yuzhou, Wang Zhen decided to strike northeast and return by the same exposed route as they had come. The army reached
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that a campaign into the steppe would be too dangerous. The "expedition" was declared to have reached a victorious conclusion and on August 20 the army set out back toward the Ming.
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Esen attempted to use the captured emperor to raise a ransom and negotiate a favourable treaty including trade benefits. However, his plan was foiled in the
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884:, edited by Edward L. Dreyer, Frank Algerton Kierman and John King Fairbank. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.
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Tumu. Wang Zhen refused his ministers' suggestion to have the emperor take refuge in the walled city of
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The Age of Wars of
Religion, 1000–1650, Volume 1: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization
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In July 1449, Esen Taishi launched a large-scale, three-pronged invasion of the Ming with khagan
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in 1455. Zhu Qizhen retook the throne in 1457, after deposing his brother in a military coup.
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708:. Esen faced growing criticism for his failure to exploit his victory over the Ming and was
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696:. The Ming leaders rejected Esen's offer, appointing Zhu Qizhen's brother as the
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281:
1612:
1607:
1483:
705:
673:
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186:
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The
Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2.
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due to the steadfast leadership of the Ming commander in the capital, General
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873:"Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty", edited by
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24:
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Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press. p. 228. ISBN 0-521-24333-5.
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850:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell publishers. p. 242.
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On August 3, Esen's army crushed a badly supplied Ming army at
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and then a return to
Beijing by a southerly route through
805:
The
Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties
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783:
560:. The same day the Emperor appointed his half-brother
880:
Frederick W. Mote. "The T'u-Mu Incident of 1449." In
16:
Conflict between the Northern Yuan and Ming dynasties
776:Rossabi, Morris (1998). "The Ming and Inner Asia".
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
588:. Initially the march was mired by heavy rain. At
572:. The objective was a short, sharp march west to
1650:
1509:Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties
904:
458:
635:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
497:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
911:
897:
348:500,000 (thought to be an inflated figure)
161:
655:Learn how and when to remove this message
517:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1709:Wars involving the Northern Yuan dynasty
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435:), was a frontier conflict between the
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1460:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
892:
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633:adding citations to reliable sources
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495:adding citations to reliable sources
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47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
210:Capture of Chinese Emperor Yingzong
13:
1664:Battles involving the Ming dynasty
866:
14:
1720:
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564:as regent. The next day he left
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1095:Japanese missions to Ming China
34:needs additional citations for
969:Campaign against the Uriankhai
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1029:Campaigns against the Mongols
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1567:Covered jar with carp design
1183:Transition from Ming to Qing
808:. Harvard University Press.
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596:
533:. He personally advanced on
447:ruler of the Northern Yuan,
7:
1562:Ming presentation porcelain
1161:Japanese invasions of Korea
846:Barfield, Thomas J (1992).
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369:Crisis of the Tumu Fortress
156:Crisis of the Tumu Fortress
10:
1725:
1659:Battles involving Mongolia
1424:Compilations and Documents
1055:Luchuan–Pingmian campaigns
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1557:Chinese lacquerware table
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1319:Embroidered Uniform Guard
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1080:Prince of Anhua rebellion
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732:Battle of the Kalka River
676:, just 45 km ahead.
541:province) in August. The
459:Beginning of the conflict
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1674:15th century in Mongolia
1620:Great Ming Treasure Note
1499:Ming Ancestors Mausoleum
1282:Administrative divisions
1085:Prince of Ning rebellion
453:Emperor Yingzong of Ming
278:Emperor Yingzong of Ming
1699:Military of Zhangjiakou
1439:The Hundred-word Eulogy
1105:Great Rites Controversy
959:Ming conquest of Yunnan
882:Chinese Ways in Warfare
802:Brook, Timothy (2013).
757:Greenwood Press (2006)
1704:History of Zhangjiakou
1477:Palaces and Mausoleums
1467:Ming Veritable Records
1115:Luso-Chinese agreement
580:, a campaign into the
455:on September 1, 1449.
250:Commanders and leaders
216:status quo ante bellum
1684:15th century in China
1572:Yongning Temple Stele
1309:Imperial Commissioner
1034:Reign of Ren and Xuan
994:Ming treasure voyages
984:Dao Ganmeng rebellion
848:The Perilous Frontier
387:), also known as the
353:Casualties and losses
1171:Sino-Dutch conflicts
1070:Rebellion of Cao Qin
999:Ming–Turpan conflict
949:Red Turban Rebellion
629:improve this section
491:improve this section
43:improve this article
1669:Great Wall of China
1518:Society and Culture
1453:Yongle Encyclopedia
1292:Imperial Clan Court
1235:Kingdom of Tungning
1188:Jurchen unification
1120:Jiajing wokou raids
1009:Battle of Palembang
974:Battle of Buir Lake
429:traditional Chinese
401:traditional Chinese
381:traditional Chinese
299:Zhu Yong (朱勇)
289:Zhu Mian (朱冕)
135: /
1367:Military conquests
1213:Peasant rebellions
1090:Capture of Malacca
1065:Defense of Beijing
979:Lin Kuan rebellion
727:Battle of Yehuling
722:Defense of Beijing
690:Defense of Beijing
556:, just inside the
421:simplified Chinese
413:Тумугийн тулалдаан
393:simplified Chinese
373:simplified Chinese
139:40.383°N 115.600°E
1689:Conflicts in 1449
1646:
1645:
1355:Gunpowder weapons
1314:Grand coordinator
1277:Grand Secretariat
1243:
1242:
1137:(1572–1683)
1046:(1435–1572)
1014:Battle of Kherlen
964:Ming–Mong Mao War
954:Wu Mian rebellion
940:(1368–1435)
763:978-0-313-33733-8
753:Nolan, Cathal J.
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1208:She-An Rebellion
1193:Seven Grievances
1166:Donglin movement
1151:Bozhou rebellion
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1432:History of Yuan
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1100:Ningbo incident
1075:Miao rebellions
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867:Further reading
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1230:Southern Ming
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645:December 2022
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614:This section
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537:(in northern
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507:December 2022
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476:This section
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437:Northern Yuan
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417:Jisi Incident
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58:"Tumu Crisis"
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32:This article
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1679:1449 in Asia
1635:
1629:Other topics
1540:Four Masters
1465:
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1444:
1437:
1430:
1270:House of Zhu
1223:Shanhai Pass
1203:Great Plague
1146:Jianzhou war
1059:
920:Ming dynasty
881:
847:
824:
804:
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710:assassinated
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627:Please help
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489:Please help
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244:Ming dynasty
229:Belligerents
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1582:Tai history
1265:Family tree
1176:Liaoluo Bay
1110:Renyin plot
1060:Tumu Crisis
839:Works cited
590:Juyong Pass
570:Juyong Pass
531:Toqtaq-Buqa
389:Tumu Crisis
264:Esen Taishi
259:Taisun Khan
191:North Zhili
142: /
99:August 2020
1653:Categories
1550:Zhe School
1504:Ming tombs
1388:Inner Asia
1360:Shenjiying
1350:Great Wall
1248:Government
738:References
558:Great Wall
415:), or the
268:Alag-Temur
213:Return to
195:Ming China
69:newspapers
1545:Wu School
1530:Musicians
1393:Manchuria
1381:Frontiers
875:Twitchett
684:Aftermath
616:does not
597:Wang Zhen
547:Wang Zhen
545:official
478:does not
409:Mongolian
310:Wang Zhen
1596:Currency
1535:Painting
1345:Military
1338:Military
716:See also
576:via the
562:Zhu Qiyu
340:Strength
323:Zhang Fu
182:Location
130:115°36′E
1603:Coinage
1577:Economy
1405:Vietnam
1297:Princes
1255:Emperor
1043:Middle
929:History
765:p. 151
694:Yu Qian
674:Huailai
637:removed
622:sources
566:Beijing
499:removed
484:sources
361:400,000
329:†
316:†
303:†
293:†
280: (
127:40°23′N
83:scholar
1525:Poetry
1415:Yunnan
937:Early
922:topics
854:
812:
761:
669:Xuanfu
586:Yuzhou
582:steppe
574:Datong
554:Yanghe
543:eunuch
539:Shanxi
535:Datong
431::
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345:20,000
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202:Result
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56:
1587:Islam
1410:Wokou
1398:Tibet
1329:Fotou
1198:Sarhū
1134:Late
445:Oirat
385:土木堡之變
377:土木堡之变
358:2,000
90:JSTOR
76:books
1324:Tusi
1260:List
852:ISBN
810:ISBN
759:ISBN
620:any
618:cite
568:for
482:any
480:cite
449:Esen
441:Ming
439:and
433:己巳之變
425:己巳之变
405:土木之變
397:土木之变
367:The
174:Date
62:news
631:by
493:by
283:POW
45:by
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