898:
1167:
655:
246:
1632:
215:
1460:) in 1607 where they established the Kalmyk Khanate. By some accounts this move was precipitated by internal divisions or by the Khoshut tribe; other historians believe it more likely that the migrating clans were seeking pastureland for their herds, scarce in the central Asian highlands. Some of the Khoshut and Ölöt tribes joined the migration almost a century later. The Kalmyk migration had reached as far as the steppes of southeastern Europe by 1630. At the time, that area was inhabited by the
145:
1829:
1265:
308:
643:
272:
1300:
43:
290:
3255:
84:
1813:, near the border of Qing China and the Zunghar Khanate, for intelligence-gathering purposes against the Oirats. When Rabjur died, his eldest son, Denzen, succeeded him. He was afraid of the Zunghar and wanted the Qing government to allow them to move away from the border. They were settled in Dalan Uul–Altan. When Denzen died in 1740, his son Lubsan Darjaa succeeded him and became Beil.
948:, or 'thunder stone', to unleash a powerful storm on Genghis' army. The magical ploy backfired, however, when an unexpected wind blew the storm back towards him. During the early stages of Genghis' rise to power, the Oirats under Bäki fought against Genghis but were defeated. The Oirats would then fully submit to Mongol rule after their ally,
1496:. By the early 18th century, there were approximately 300,000–350,000 Kalmyks and 15,000,000 Russians. Russia gradually reduced the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate. Policies encouraged establishment of Russian and German settlements on pastures where the Kalmyks formerly roamed and fed their livestock. The
2957:
1789 Mongol Code (Ch. 蒙履 Menggu lüli, Mo. Mongγol čaγaǰin-u bičig), (Ch. 南省，給駐防爲, Mo. emün-e-tü muji-dur čölegüljü sergeyilen sakiγči quyaγ-ud-tur boγul bolγ-a). Mongol Code 蒙例 (Beijing: Lifan yuan, 1789; reprinted Taipei: Chengwen chubanshe, 1968), p. 124. Batsukhin
Bayarsaikhan, Mongol Code
1555:
and Pan-Mongolists attempted to migrate from
Kalmykia to Mongolia in the 1920s when a serious famine gripped Kalmykia. On January 22, 1922, Mongolia proposed to accept the immigration of the Kalmyks but the Russian government refused. Some 71–72,000 (around half of the population) Kalmyks died during
1547:
could not cross the river because the river did not freeze in the winter of 1771 and
Catherine the Great executed their influential nobles. After seven months of travel, only one third (66,073) of the original group reached Dzungaria (Balkhash Lake, western border of the Manchu Qing Empire). The Qing
619:-T Mongolic speakers. Although these two empires encompassed multilingual populations, the language of diplomacy, trade, and culture was an ÖLÜ (YELÜ) dialect of ancient Mongolic descent. When the Tobgach destroyed the Rouran Empire, the Mongolic-speaking Avar people escaped into the Caspian steppes.
1284:
army, and was defeated only in the following year and 80,000 people from his tribe were executed by Manchu army due to his "rebellion attempt". By that period, the Upper
Mongolian population reached 200,000 and were mainly under the rule of Khalkha Mongol princes who were in a marital alliance with
1564:
on March 22, 1930. The Oirat state had a small army and 200 Kalmyk soldiers defeated a force of 1,700 Soviet soldiers in Durvud province of
Kalmykia, but the Oirat state was destroyed by the Soviet Army later that year. The Mongolian government suggested to accept the Mongols of the Soviet Union,
1365:
In the 17th century, the
Dzungar pioneered the local manifestation of the ‘Military Revolution’ in central Eurasia after perfecting a process of manufacturing indigenously created gunpowder weapons. They also created a mixed agro-pastoral economy, as well as complementary mining and manufacturing
622:
This displacement triggered a series of events. Settling in the
Caucasus around 558, the Mongolic Avars intervened in Germanic tribal conflicts, forming alliances such as with the Lombards to overthrow the Gepidae, who were Byzantine allies. Between 550 and 575, they solidified their presence by
1276:
in the 1750s and proclaimed rule over the Oirats through a Manchu-Mongol alliance (a series of systematic arranged marriages between princes and princesses of Manchu with those of
Khalkha Mongols and Oirat Mongols, which was set up as a royal policy carried out over 300 years), as well as over
1768:
In 1697, Alasha
Mongols were administered in 'khoshuu' and 'sum' units. A khoshuu with eight sums was created, Batur Erkh Jonon Khoroli was appointed Beil (prince), and Alasha was thus a 'zasag-khoshuu'. Alasha was however like an 'aimag' and never administered under a 'chuulgan'.
1717:
where they would serve as slaves in Han Banner garrisons in
Guangzhou. Russian, Oirats and Muslims (Oros. Ulet. Hoise jergi weilengge niyalma) such as Yakov and Dmitri were exiled to the Han banner garrison in Guangzhou. In the 1780s after the Muslim rebellion in Gansu started by
1584:); a fifth of the population is thought to have perished during and immediately after the deportation. Around half (97–98,000) of the Kalmyk people deported to Siberia died before being allowed to return home in 1957. The government of the Soviet Union forbade teaching the
700:, meaning "The Allied Four". Perhaps inspired by the designation Dörben Öörd, other Mongols at times used the term "Döchin Mongols" for themselves ("Döchin" meaning forty), but there was rarely as great a degree of unity among larger numbers of tribes as among the Oirats.
3195:Генетическая структура европейских ойратских групп по локусам ABO, RH, HP, TF, GC, ACP1, PGM1, ESD, GLO1, SOD-A // Проблемы этнической истории и культуры тюрко-монгольских народов. Сборник научных трудов. Вып. I. Элиста: КИГИ РАН, 2009. с. 146-183. - in Russian
1726:(馬進祿) were exiled to the Han Banner garrison in Guangzhou to become slaves to Han Banner officers. The Qing code regulating Mongols in Mongolia sentenced Mongol criminals to exile and slavery under Han bannermen in Han Banner garrisons in China proper.
1548:
Empire resettled the Kalmyks in five different areas to prevent their revolt and several Kalmyk leaders were soon killed by the Manchus. Following the Russian revolution their settlement was accelerated, Buddhism stamped out and herds collectivised.
3206:
1103:
and the Borjigid power was weakened. The Borjigid Khans were displaced from power by the Oirats (with Ming help), ruling as puppet-khans until the alliance between the Ming and Oirats ended, and the Yongle Emperor launched a campaign against them.
1131:. The following year, Esen returned the emperor after an unsuccessful ransom attempt. After claiming the title of Khan (something which only blood descendants of Genghis Khan could do), Esen was killed; shortly afterwards, Oirat power declined.
1776:
from his youth, served as bodyguard of the Emperor, and a princess (of the Emperor) was given to him, thus making him a 'Khoshoi Tavnan', i.e. Emperor's groom. In 1793, Abuu became Jün Wang. There are several thousand Muslim Alasha Mongols.
1092:. Gradually, they spread eastwards, annexing territories then under the control of the Eastern Mongols. They hoped to reestablish a unified, nomadic rule under their banner of the Four Oirats (the Keraites, Naiman, Barghud, and old Oirats).
1527:
and Mongolian independence. As C. D. Barkman notes, "It is quite clear that the Torghuts had not intended to surrender to the Chinese, but had hoped to lead an independent existence in Dzungaria". Ubashi Khan sent his 30,000 cavalry to the
3261:Ли Чжиюань. О происхождении хойдского народа // Международная научная конференция «Сетевое востоковедение: образование, наука, культура», 7-10 декабря 2017 г.: материалы. Элиста: Изд-во Калм. ун-та, 2017. с. 436-445. (in Mongol)
1712:
In addition to exiling Han criminals to Xinjiang to be slaves of the Banner garrisons there, the Qing also practiced reverse exile, exiling Inner Asian (Mongol, Russian and Muslim criminals from Mongolia and Inner Asia) to
897:
2134:. (For Lattimore, Euleuths are "the great western group of tribes which marks in all probability a primitive racial cleavage" (p. 101 in the ca. 1929 edition). Lattimore further (p. 139 refers to Samuel Couling of
3191:
2333:
1491:
and a treaty to protect southern Russian borders was signed between the Kalmyk Khanate and Russia. Later they became nominal, then full subjects of the Russian Tsar. In 1724 the Kalmyks came under control of
2632:
1504:
Kalmyks to adopt Orthodoxy. In January 1771 the oppression of czarist administration forced a larger part of Kalmyks (33,000 households or approximately 170,000 individuals) to migrate to Dzungaria.
1600:
during his visit to Russia. Under the Law of the Russian Federation of April 26, 1991 "On Rehabilitation of Exiled Peoples" repressions against Kalmyks and other peoples were qualified as an act of
2193:
1604:, although many Russian historians treat this and similar deportations as an attempt to prevent local Russian populations and the Soviet army from lynching the entire ethnic group, many of whom
1166:
3250:
Were the historical Oirats “Western Mongols”? An examination of their uniqueness in relation to the Mongols // Études mongoles & sibériennes, centrasiatiques & tibétaines (47/2016)
3258:// Международная научная конференция «Сетевое востоковедение: образование, наука, культура», 7-10 декабря 2017 г.: материалы. Элиста: Изд-во Калм. ун-та, 2017. с. 286-289. (in russian)
3166:
Anthropological survey on the Mongolian Tuerhute tribe in He shuo county, Xinjiang Uigur autonomous region // Acta anthropologica sinica. Vol. XII, № 2. May 1993. p. 137-146.
3203:Антропологические характеристики калмыков по данным исследователей XVIII-XIX вв. // Вестник Прикаспия: археология, история, этнография. № 1. Элиста: Изд-во КГУ, 2008. с. 220-243.
3067:
879:, Oirat and Eastern Mongols had developed separate identities to the point where Oirats called themselves "Four Oirats" while they used the term "Mongols" for those under the
3321:
2577:
3179:
An Azian-specific 9-bp deletion in region V of mitochondrial DNA is found in Europe // Medizinische Genetic. 9 Tahrestagung der Gesellschaft für Humangenetik, 1997, p. 85.
1425:
In early medieval times, the Mongolic-speaking Elut people established here a powerful khanate of the Avar Elut in the sixth century. The first documented reference to
1366:
industries on their lands. Additionally, the Zunghar managed to enact an empire-wide system of laws and policies to boost the use of the Oirat language in the region.
4463:
2994:
V. Derenko, M; Malyarchuk, Boris; Woźniak, Marcin; Denisova, Galina; Dambueva, Irina; M. Dorzhu, C; Grzybowski, Tomasz; Zakharov-Gezekhus, Ilya (2007-03-01).
3220:(Khoyt S.K. Kereits in enthnogenesis of peoples of Eurasia: historiography of the problem. Elista: Kalmyk State University Press, 2008. – 82 p. (in Russian))
1280:
In 1723 Lobzang Danjin, another descendant of Güshi Khan, took control of Amdo and tried to assume rule over the Khoshut Khanate. He fought against a Manchu-
3172:О Происхождении этнонима торгут и народа, носившего это название // Монголо-бурятские этнонимы: cб. ст. — Улан-Удэ: БНЦ СО РАН, 1996. C. 31—50. - in Russian
1870:
Haplogroup C2*-Star Cluster which was thought to be carried by likely male-line descendants of Genghis Khan and Niruns (original Mongols and descendants of
925:'s rise to power. In “The Secret History”, the Oirats are counted among the "forest people", and are said to live under the rule of a shaman-chief known as
853:
tribes as comprising part of the Dörben Öörd; some tribes may have joined the original four only in later years. This name may however reflect the Kalmyks'
1798:
In 1698, Rabjur, with his mother, younger sister and 500 people, went to Tibet to pray. While they were returning via Beijing in 1704, the Qing ruler, the
104:
Geographic names in the article do not match existing Knowledge places-names; grammar in some places is bad enough to make the article's meaning unclear.
1663:
stationed there as garrison soldiers in the 18th century. The emperor had sent messages asking the Kalmyks to return, and erected a smaller copy of the
776:
A monument of Zaya Pandita was unveiled on the 400th anniversary of Zaya Pandita's birth, and on 350th anniversary of his creation of the Clear Script.
3175:
1701:, where there are plans to re-erect it. Some of the returnees did not come that far and still live, now as Muslims, at the southwestern end of Lake
1476:. Many other nomadic peoples in the Eurasian steppes subsequently became vassals of the Kalmyk Khanate, part of which is in the area of present-day
3299:
2026:
1719:
2800:
2784:
971:
gave those peoples to his son, Jochi, and had one of his daughters, Checheygen, marry chief Bäki (or his son). There were notable Oirats in the
4703:
2021:
1254:
2680:
2347:
1556:
the famine. The Kalmyks revolted against Russia in 1926, 1930 and 1942–1943. In March 1927, Soviets deported 20,000 Kalmyks to Siberia, and
3230:
2958:(Mongγol čaγaǰin – u bičig), Monumenta Mongolia IV (Ulaanbaatar: Centre for Mongol Studies, National University of Mongolia, 2004), p. 142.
1749:'s fourth son, Ayush, was opposed to the Khan's brother Baibagas. Ayush's eldest son is Batur Erkh Jonon Khoroli. After the battle between
3123:
Haines, Spencer (2017). "The 'Military Revolution' Arrives on the Central Eurasian Steppe: The Unique Case of the Zunghar (1676 - 1745)".
2552:
Haines, Spencer (2017). "The 'Military Revolution' Arrives on the Central Eurasian Steppe: The Unique Case of the Zunghar (1676 - 1745)".
2141:
686:
1099:
of China had helped the Oirats' rise over the Mongols during the Yongle Emperor's reign after 1410, when the Ming defeated the Qubilaid
2948:Šande 善德, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3238-046, QL 54.5.6 (May 30, 1789) and Šande, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0193-3248-028, QL 54.6.30 (August 20, 1789).
1723:
3242:Этническая история ойратских групп. Элиста, 2015. 199 с. (Khoyt S.K. Ethnic history of oyirad groups. Elista, 2015. 199 p. in russian)
3064:
1802:, let them stay there for some years and later organized a 'khoshuu' for them in a place called Sertei, and made Rabjur the governor.
1350:
occurred in the mid-17th century, and the Qing sought to protect its northern border by continuing the divide-and-rule policy their
4936:
4775:
3227:Калмыки в работах антропологов первой половины XX вв. // Вестник Прикаспия: археология, история, этнография. № 3, 2012. с. 215-245.
3105:
Haines, R Spencer (2015). "Myth, Misconception, and Motive for the Zunghar Intervention in Khalkha Mongolia in the 17th Century".
794:, and were at various times united under the same leader as a larger Mongol entity, whether that ruler was of Oirat descent or of
2570:
1536:
ordered the Russian army, Bashkirs and Kazakhs to exterminate all migrants and Catherine the Great abolished the Kalmyk Khanate.
2646:
769:, and is superficially taught in schools. In Mongolia it was likewise replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1941. Some Oirats in
654:
572:
was in the Onginsk "rune" inscriptions dated in the sixth century. Historically, the Oirats were composed of four major tribes:
2900:
2257:
3217:
2318:
2284:
1354:
predecessors had successfully instituted against the Mongols. The Manchu consolidated their rule over the Eastern Mongols of
3292:
4427:
2140:(1917), according to whom the spelling "Eleuth" was due to French missionaries, representing the sound of something like
1615:
there were 176,800 Kalmyks, of whom only 80,546 could speak the Kalmyk language, a serious decline from the level of the
991:
2715:
1608:. Today Kalmyks are trying to revive their language and religion, but the shift towards the Russian language continues.
1111:; he led the Oirats from 1438 to 1454, a time in which he unified Mongolia (both Inner and Outer) under his puppet-khan
4696:
2825:
3114:
Haines, R Spencer (2016). "The Physical Remains of the Zunghar Legacy in Central Eurasia: Some Notes from the Field".
1643:
form a minority, principally in the northern part of the region, numbering 194,500 in 2010, about 50,000 of which are
4898:
3232:
Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, Sanj Khoyt, Marcin Wozniak, Tomasz Grzybowski and Ilya Zakharov
2690:
2656:
2167:"The Yelu Language of War and Peace: A Revised Oirad Translation of the Altai Runic Inscriptions (6th–9th centuries)"
2115:
2100:
1529:
191:
126:
70:
5486:
4470:
4437:
3116:
Paper Presented at the Social and Environmental Changes on the Mongolian Plateau Workshop, Canberra, ACT, Australia
2763:
2276:
History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast: from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century
2090:
1422:
Kalmyks live on the Caspian steppe. Their settlement and relationship with the Caspian steppes has a long history.
791:
3183:
5481:
3285:
3234:
Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels // Journal of Human Genetics (2013), 1–8.
1690:
1816:
In 1753, they were settled on the banks of the Ejin River and the Ejin River Torghut 'khoshuu' was thus formed.
3308:
3147:
3088:
2876:
2744:
2533:
2410:
1307:
as in 1706 (Map Collection of the Library of Congress: "Carte de Tartarie" of Guillaume de L'Isle (1675–1726)).
907:
3187:
Genetic Structure of Mongolic-speaking Kalmyks // Human Biology, December 2001, v.73, no. 6, pp. 823–834.
4728:
4689:
2608:
1076:
from China, the Oirats reconvened as a loose alliance of the four major western Mongolian tribes (Mongolian:
917:
17:
4340:
1561:
1375:
wiped out by a combination of warfare and disease during the Manchu Qing conquest of Dzungaria in 1755–1757
1362:. Finally, the Eastern Mongols of Outer Mongolia sought the protection of the Manchu against the Dzungars.
1343:
833:) ethnic groups, they were dubbed Kalmyk or Kalmak, which means "remnant" or "to remain", by their western
2915:
623:
establishing the Khanate of the Mongolic Avars (6th to 8th century) in the Caspian and Hungarian steppes.
5446:
4780:
1569:
1095:
The only Borjigid ruling tribe was the Khoshuts; the others' rulers were not descendants of Genghis. The
2509:
959:, the Oirats turned themselves into a loyal and formidable faction of the Mongol war machine. In 1207,
5454:
Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.
2496:
2484:
2472:
911:'The History of The World Conqueror", dated 1290. Suppl. Pers. 205 - Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
4807:
2804:
2781:
1239:
157:
99:
2348:"The Paintings of al-Āthār al-Bāqiya of al-Bīrūnī: A Turning Point in Islamic Visual Representation"
1115:. In 1449, Esen Tayisi and Taisun Khan mobilised their cavalry along the Chinese border and invaded
5496:
4402:
3721:
2136:
2039:
1124:
3065:
Khoyt S.K. Last data by localisation and number of oyirad (oirat) (htm republication) - in Russian
2996:"Distribution of the male lineages of Genghis Khan's descendants in northern Eurasian populations"
5491:
4768:
4265:
3620:
2850:
1605:
1497:
987:
108:
56:
4521:
980:
4795:
4253:
3981:
3691:
3399:
3329:
1593:
1006:, where the Mongols were defeated. The majority of the Oirats, who were left behind, supported
934:
785:
30:
This article is about the Oirat ethnic group. For the obsolete term for the Turkic Altays, see
3271:
3238:
3210:Кереиты в этногенезе народов Евразии: историография проблемы. Элиста: Изд-во КГУ, 2008. – 82 с
2308:
2274:
2166:
1396:
Oirats who battled against the Qing were killed by Manchu soldiers and, after the fall of the
5450:
4748:
4743:
3993:
3370:
2194:"Ancient genomes reveal origin and rapid trans-Eurasian migration of 7th century Avar elites"
1840:
1616:
1612:
1175:
1100:
1003:
915:
One of the earliest mentions of the Oirat people, in a historical text, can be found in the
4817:
4648:
4638:
4612:
4597:
4432:
4407:
3705:
3107:
Paper Presented at the Third Open Conference on Mongolian Studies, Canberra, ACT, Australia
1620:
1619:, in which the number of speakers was 153,602 (with a total number of 173,996 people). The
1311:
The 17th century saw the rise of another Oirat empire in the east, known as the Khanate of
1203:
1507:
200,000 (170,000) Kalmyks began the migration from their pastures on the left bank of the
1143:
1134:
From the 14th until the middle of the 18th century, the Oirats were often at war with the
986:
In 1256, a group of the Oirats under Bukha-Temür (Mongolian: Буха-Төмөр, Бөхтөмөр) joined
8:
5065:
4720:
4374:
1750:
1533:
1316:
892:
773:
still use the Clear Script as their primary writing system, as well as Mongolian script.
366:
5198:
1934:
Haplogroup C2*-Star Cluster appeared in only 2% (3% of Dörbet and 2.7% of the Torghut).
1681:) to mark their arrival. A model copy of that "Little Potala" was made in China for the
1061:, resulting in the disintegration of Mongol Persia. Since the Oirats were near both the
963:, the eldest son of Genghis, subjugated the forest tribes, including the Oirats and the
4802:
4763:
4753:
4303:
4273:
4189:
3767:
3699:
3023:
2397:
1946:
Oirats are not Volga Kalmyks or Kalmyks, and the Kalmyks are a subgroup of the Oirats.
1877:
The Y-chromosome in 426 individuals mainly from three major tribes of the Kalmyks (the
806:
747:
663:
449:
436:
428:
1631:
1186:
around 1615, and it was not long before they participated in the conflict between the
5476:
5105:
4733:
4643:
4335:
4296:
4278:
3503:
3338:
3213:
3143:
3084:
3041:
3015:
2995:
2740:
2686:
2652:
2389:
2314:
2280:
2227:
2096:
1919:
1910:
1488:
742:
to preclude misreading and reflected some lexical and grammatical differences of the
345:
94:
3027:
2897:
1358:. They then persuaded the Eastern Mongols of Inner Mongolia to submit themselves as
5383:
5168:
5163:
5135:
4850:
4738:
4712:
4531:
4353:
4330:
4283:
4200:
4111:
3878:
3868:
3812:
3801:
3486:
3450:
3358:
3007:
2381:
2253:
2235:
2069:
1892:
1772:
In 1707, when Batur Erkh Jonon Khoroli died, his son Abuu succeeded him. He was in
1434:
1374:
1183:
1123:, along with the reinforcements sent to intercept his cavalry. In the process, the
1062:
1050:
1018:. Kublai defeated his younger brother, and they entered the service of the victor.
1015:
735:
608:
530:
503:
477:
404:
362:
350:
341:
2735:
5471:
5414:
5220:
5115:
4507:
4502:
4456:
4390:
4364:
4325:
4240:
4207:
4194:
3945:
3863:
3516:
3455:
3353:
3137:
3078:
3071:
2904:
2788:
2767:
2719:
2682:
Kalmykia in Russia's Past and Present National Policies and Administrative System
2612:
2581:
2537:
2261:
1971:
1951:
1585:
1524:
1397:
1336:
1332:
1304:
1294:
1258:
1223:
1155:
1135:
1085:
869:
762:
546:
454:
214:
5246:
4856:
1882:
1795:) descended from Rabjur, a grandson of Torghut Ayuka Khan from the Volga River.
826:
689:" in the 13th century. An opinion believes the name derives from Mongolian word
597:
162:
5399:
5251:
5158:
4989:
4812:
4785:
4653:
4602:
4497:
4412:
4395:
4221:
4166:
4025:
4020:
3963:
3903:
3848:
3666:
3660:
3650:
3561:
3540:
3389:
3384:
3139:
Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864
3077:
Dunnell, Ruth W.; Elliott, Mark C.; Foret, Philippe; Millward, James A (2004).
2304:
2127:
2054:
1806:
1799:
1660:
1596:
attempted to arrange migration of the deportees to Mongolia and he met them in
1413:
1370:
1250:
1219:
1038:
964:
834:
758:
743:
573:
337:
4179:
4060:
3011:
2385:
5465:
5394:
5388:
5328:
5305:
5241:
5183:
4954:
4944:
4913:
4903:
4835:
4827:
4790:
4758:
4607:
4492:
4148:
4134:
4100:
4072:
4054:
4008:
4002:
3940:
3928:
3818:
3591:
3584:
3578:
3555:
3438:
3419:
3408:
2829:
2712:
2393:
2231:
2049:
1925:
1904:
1664:
1540:
1218:
followed in the early 1640s, with Güshi Khan proclaimed Khan of Tibet by the
1161:
972:
647:
4633:
2239:
2144:. Into Chinese, the same name was transcribed as (Pinyin: Elute; Mongolian:
1746:
1257:), a grandson of Güshi Khan and the fourth Khan of Tibet, and conquered the
1195:
5362:
5356:
5295:
5193:
5050:
4974:
4587:
4512:
4369:
4345:
4309:
4288:
4214:
4184:
4174:
4141:
4126:
4066:
4040:
3955:
3776:
3741:
3729:
3629:
3605:
3598:
3549:
3529:
3511:
3473:
3080:
New Qing Imperial History: The Making of Inner Asian Empire at Qing Chengde
3057:
Kempf, Béla: 'Ethnonyms and etymology - The case of Oyrat and beyond'. In:
3019:
2064:
2006:
1714:
1678:
1281:
1096:
1073:
1066:
956:
922:
876:
731:
719:
713:
709:
31:
1765:
government, thus in 1686, the Emperor permitted them to reside in Alasha.
1456:, led their people (200,000–250,000 people, mainly Torghuts) west to the (
1285:
Manchu royal and noble families. Thus, Amdo fell under Manchu domination.
1264:
1021:
In 1295, more than 10,000 Oirats under Targhai Khurgen, son-in-law of the
1007:
144:
5367:
5290:
5045:
4893:
4567:
4536:
4155:
4094:
4082:
4077:
4047:
3918:
3783:
3735:
3655:
3645:
3640:
3522:
3461:
3444:
3432:
3425:
3414:
3364:
3277:
3042:"Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels"
2877:"Kalmyk: An ostracized language in Russia - Language webzine by Freelang"
2300:
2044:
1739:
1552:
1544:
1520:
1508:
1473:
1461:
1457:
1206:, the Khalkha prince who supported the Karma Kagyu school, and conquered
1191:
1128:
1112:
1108:
1069:, they had strong ties with them, and many Mongol khans had Oirat wives.
976:
941:
696:
The name Oirat may derive from a corruption of the group's original name
577:
166:
62:
2760:
1828:
1742:
or Alaša, Alshaa and Mongols who moved there are called Alasha Mongols.
790:
The Oirats share some history, geography, culture and language with the
667:
5419:
5372:
4863:
4617:
4556:
4526:
4357:
4088:
4033:
4014:
3969:
3888:
3873:
3790:
3756:
3749:
3673:
3378:
3347:
3177:
Ovtchinnikova O., Druzina E., Galushkin S., Spitsyn V., Ovtchinnikov I.
2401:
2369:
1758:
1706:
1686:
1644:
1623:
showed 156,386 Kalmyk-speakers with a total number of 173,821 Kalmyks.
1577:
1324:
1320:
1235:
1227:
1139:
1120:
1116:
968:
902:
795:
739:
734:
for use by Oirats. This system was developed on the basis of the older
642:
313:
220:
2212:
M.Sanjdorj, History of the Mongolian People's Republic, Volume I, 1966
5120:
5075:
5009:
4547:
3680:
3492:
3480:
2761:
XX зууны 20, 30-аад онд халимагуудын 98 хувь аймшигт өлсгөлөнд автсан
1860:
1810:
1702:
1581:
1445:
1441:) was in the Onginsk "rune" inscriptions dated in the sixth century.
1355:
1312:
1089:
1058:
2736:
Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making Of A Colonial Empire, 1500–1800
2530:
1543:. About 100,000–150,000 Kalmyks who settled on the west bank of the
1299:
5333:
5310:
5060:
5034:
5004:
4999:
4979:
4969:
4681:
4664:
4582:
3883:
3823:
3796:
2993:
2939:
Yongwei, MWLFZZ, FHA 03-0188-2740-032, QL 43.3.30 (April 26, 1778).
2059:
2016:
1943:
1871:
1791:
1786:
1656:
1640:
1601:
1589:
1512:
1501:
1477:
1417:
1393:
1273:
1246:
1171:
1022:
857:
846:
754:
631:
558:
554:
462:
277:
257:
2605:
5377:
5320:
5300:
5285:
5272:
5266:
5261:
5235:
5178:
5153:
5148:
5125:
5110:
5100:
5092:
5024:
5014:
4994:
4984:
4949:
4908:
4883:
4873:
4840:
4622:
4233:
3935:
3923:
3913:
3893:
3853:
3843:
3838:
3833:
2254:
The Mongolian and Oirat Translations of the Sutra of Golden Light
2011:
1996:
1991:
1981:
1966:
1886:
1878:
1773:
1754:
1694:
1673:
1668:
1652:
1648:
1597:
1557:
1516:
1484:
1449:
1409:
1359:
1328:
1211:
1199:
1054:
949:
850:
818:
802:
727:
627:
601:
593:
550:
542:
386:
382:
4919:
3246:
677:
616:
5424:
5404:
5278:
5230:
5225:
5173:
5019:
4964:
4959:
4878:
4845:
4592:
4227:
4120:
3858:
3828:
3806:
3711:
1976:
1961:
1956:
1698:
1682:
1573:
1532:
in 1768–1769 to gain weapons before the migration. The Empress
1493:
1469:
1465:
1453:
1389:
1084:). The alliance grew, taking power in the remote region of the
1046:
1034:
1030:
1011:
999:
995:
880:
842:
838:
766:
390:
295:
3256:Данные фольклора для изучения путей этногенеза ойратских групп
410:
5430:
5339:
5256:
5188:
5070:
5055:
5039:
4888:
4868:
4247:
3975:
3950:
3908:
3635:
3467:
2916:
Deportation of the Kalmyks (1943–1956): Stigmatized Ethnicity
2713:К вопросу о бегстве волжских калмыков в Джунгарию в 1771 году
2001:
1986:
1735:
1385:
1381:
1347:
1231:
1215:
1187:
1057:
and head of an Oirat ruling family, went on to murder Ilkhan
1042:
1026:
960:
861:
770:
765:. It can be seen in some public signs in the Kalmyk capital,
723:
693:
meaning "close (as in distance)," as in "close/nearer ones."
612:
518:
489:
370:
251:
521:
5143:
4926:
3076:
1762:
1753:
and Ochirtu Sechen Khan, Batur Erkh Jonon Khoroli moved to
1351:
1245:
Amdo, meanwhile, became home to the Khoshuts. In 1717, the
1207:
930:
1565:
including Kalmyks, but the Soviets rejected the proposal.
4448:
952:, Genghis' childhood friend and later rival, was killed.
515:
506:
480:
416:
3125:
Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies
2648:
China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia
2554:
Mongolica: An International Journal of Mongolian Studies
1002:, resettled them in Turkey. Then, they took part in the
1576:, accused of supporting invading Axis armies attacking
1568:
In 1943, the entire population of 120,000 Kalmyks were
1230:" itself was bestowed upon the third lama of the Gelug
1174:, one of the main Oirat tribes, and his wife (土爾扈特台吉).
2273:
Dani, Ahmad Hasan; Masson, Vadim Mikhaĭlovich (2003).
1194:
schools. At the request of the Gelug school, in 1637,
1053:, himself of Oirat origin. Ali Pasha, the governor of
634:
on the Caspian Sea in southeastern Europe are Oirats.
2497:
A Regional Handbook on Northwest China, Volume 1 1956
872:
region when the Turkic tribes migrated further west.
1119:, defeating and destroying the Ming defences at the
512:
492:
486:
419:
413:
3142:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press.
3131:. International Association of Mongolists: 170–185.
2679:Maksimov, Konstantin Nikolaevich (1 January 2008).
509:
483:
407:
2826:"Central and Inner Asia Studies (CIAS) - Overview"
1647:. They are primarily descendants of the surviving
1377:. The Zunghar population reached 600,000 in 1755.
1859:Further information on the Mongol folk song:
5463:
1107:The greatest ruler of the Oirat Confederacy was
5134:
2606:Government of the Republic of Kalmykia: Kalm.ru
1511:to Dzungaria, through the territories of their
1464:. But under pressure from Kalmyk warriors, the
1242:), and means, in Mongolian, "Ocean of Wisdom".
3223:hamagmongol.narod.ru/library/khoyt_2012_r.htm
3199:hamagmongol.narod.ru/library/khoyt_2008_r.htm
2409:The picture painted of the Mongol amir in the
2092:Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia
1268:The Zunghar Khanate at 1750 (light-blue color)
937:; the Oirats moved south in the 14th century.
757:until the mid-1920s when it was replaced by a
4697:
4464:
3293:
2756:
2754:
2752:
1369:Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the
685:("people"), and they were counted among the "
3164:Wang Jinglan, Shao Xingzhou, Cui Jing et al.
1138:, but reunited with them during the rule of
3185:Galushkin S.K., Spitsyn V.A., Crawford M.H.
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2313:. Cambridge University Press. p. 202.
2299:
1303:This map fragment shows territories of the
730:tribe, devised a new writing system called
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4704:
4690:
4471:
4457:
3307:
3300:
3286:
2928:Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang
2749:
2272:
2095:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 209.
837:neighbours. Various sources also list the
213:
2524:
2164:
192:Learn how and when to remove this message
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
3135:
2678:
2617:
1630:
1298:
1263:
1165:
988:Hulagu's expedition against the Abbasids
896:
653:
641:
3274:(archived 1 August 2015) (in Mongolian)
2206:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2088:
1865:
940:In one famous passage, the Oirat chief
14:
5464:
3122:
3113:
3104:
2969:An ethnohistorical dictionary of China
2644:
2551:
2215:
2089:Minahan, James B. (10 February 2014).
1757:with his 10,000 households. The fifth
1738:and west of the Irgay River is called
1288:
1149:
461:
4685:
4452:
3281:
3118:. The Australian National University.
3109:. The Australian National University.
2685:. Central European University Press.
2575:(doctoral thesis), Brisbane 2004, p37
2345:
738:, but had a more developed system of
448:
435:
4711:
2424:History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003
2367:
2181:
2151:
1823:
1560:. The Kalmyks founded the sovereign
753:The Clear Script remained in use in
541:), are the westernmost group of the
238:Regions with significant populations
138:
77:
36:
4428:Unrecognized ethnic groups in China
2851:"Regions and territories: Kalmykia"
2739:. Indiana University Press. p.142.
2221:
1626:
992:Mongol campaign against the Nizaris
24:
3051:
2418:
1874:) appears in only 1.6% of Oirats.
658:A fragment of a medieval Oirat map
564:The first documented reference to
25:
5508:
3265:
2645:Perdue, Peter C. (30 June 2009).
2407:Juvaini's depiction of Arghun Aqa
2310:Soviet and Post-Soviet Identities
1729:
1722:(張文慶) was defeated, Muslims like
1697:in 1893. It is now in storage in
1677:), (the country residence of the
1523:led the migration to restore the
703:
545:, whose ancestral home is in the
52:This article has multiple issues.
4433:Immigrant ethnic groups in China
1827:
1780:
1323:, and from present-day northern
1033:, as they were despised by both
886:
502:
476:
403:
306:
288:
270:
244:
143:
82:
41:
3034:
2987:
2974:
2961:
2951:
2942:
2933:
2920:
2909:
2891:
2869:
2843:
2818:
2793:
2775:
2727:
2706:
2672:
2638:
2599:
2586:
2564:
2545:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2473:eds. Wezler, Hammerschmidt 1992
2466:
2453:
2440:
2427:
2370:"Arghun Aqa: Mongol Bureaucrat"
2361:
2339:
2327:
2293:
2222:郭蕴华 (1984). "厄鲁特蒙古历史变迁中的一些问题".
1539:The Kazakhs attacked them near
60:or discuss these issues on the
4561:Tseren Donduk Khan (1723-1735)
2266:
2246:
2121:
2109:
2082:
1761:wanted land for them from the
1519:enemies. The last Kalmyk khan
1400:, became small ethnic groups.
921:, a 13th century chronicle of
13:
1:
4565:Donduk Dashi Khan (1741-1761)
4554:Puntsug (Monchak) (1661-1672)
2733:Michael Khodarkovsky (2002).
2076:
1272:The Qing Empire defeated the
1238:(not to be confused with the
1222:and the establishment of the
1041:. They were well-received by
918:Secret History of the Mongols
458:
4563:Donduk Ombo Khan (1735-1741)
2651:. Harvard University Press.
2531:БУЦАЖ ИРЭЭГҮЙ МОНГОЛ АЙМГУУД
2485:Anglo-Mongolian Society 1983
2355:Lebanese American University
2226:(in Chinese) (03): 125–130.
2132:The Desert Road to Turkestan
1916:C2 (not M407, not M48): 6.6
1785:Mongols who lived along the
1691:World's Columbian Exposition
1344:Transition from Ming to Qing
1331:. It was the last empire of
637:
27:Westernmost group of Mongols
7:
4552:Shukhur Daichin (1644-1661)
3136:Millward, James A. (1998).
3000:Russian Journal of Genetics
2435:The Mongols and the Mamluks
2224:Social Sciences in Xinjiang
2033:
1809:sent him and his people to
1315:, which stretched from the
1072:After the expulsion of the
813:), Choros or Ölöt ("өөлд",
607:The political elite of the
156:to comply with Knowledge's
102:. The specific problem is:
10:
5513:
4478:
3061:. 24: 2010-11, pp. 189-203
2459:James Waterson, John Man.
2446:James Waterson, John Man.
2165:Bougdaeva, Saglar (2024).
1858:
1819:
1407:
1403:
1292:
1277:Khoshut-controlled Tibet.
1240:Altan Khans of the Khalkha
1159:
1153:
998:Hulagu and his successor,
890:
860:rather than converting to
783:
779:
707:
29:
5443:
5349:
5319:
5211:
5091:
5084:
4935:
4826:
4719:
4486:
4423:
4383:
4318:
4264:
4165:
4110:
3992:
3766:
3720:
3690:
3619:
3571:
3539:
3502:
3398:
3337:
3328:
3315:
3059:Ural-Altaische Jahrbücher
3012:10.1134/S1022795407030179
2702:– via Google Books.
2668:– via Google Books.
2594:The Empire of the Steppes
2520:– via Google Books.
2386:10.1080/00210869908701965
1937:
1689:, and was erected at the
1249:invaded Tibet and killed
534:
445:
432:
381:
376:
361:
356:
335:
330:
322:
304:
286:
268:
242:
237:
232:
227:
212:
4403:Local ethnic nationalism
3322:recognized ethnic groups
2512:. Deccan. 1 January 1971
2137:The Encyclopaedia Sinica
2040:Demographics of Mongolia
1588:during the deportation.
1562:Republic of Oirat-Kalmyk
1182:The Oirats converted to
990:and participated in the
169:may contain suggestions.
154:may need to be rewritten
5487:Ethnic groups in Russia
2571:Michael Edmund Clarke,
2413:dates from this period.
2279:. UNESCO. p. 169.
2171:Central Asiatic Journal
2116:Robert de Vaugondy〈亞洲圖〉
2072:(Oirat Sultan of Egypt)
1500:, by contrast, pressed
1498:Russian Orthodox church
1452:, and Dalai Tayishi of
1444:In early modern times,
1319:to present-day eastern
1170:Tayiji (prince) of the
264:250,000 (2013 estimate)
5482:Ethnic groups in China
4572:Dodbi Khan (1771-1781)
4438:Historic ethnic groups
3309:Ethnic groups in China
3272:Oirat community portal
2611:June 13, 2013, at the
1636:
1594:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
1308:
1269:
1214:). The unification of
1202:in Koko Nor, defeated
1179:
912:
875:After the fall of the
786:Timeline of the Oirats
675:("forest, woods") and
662:The name derives from
659:
651:
2580:July 6, 2011, at the
2433:Reuven Amitai Press,
2368:Lane, George (1999).
2346:Jaber, Shady (2021).
2260:May 19, 2011, at the
1734:The region bordering
1634:
1302:
1267:
1176:Huang Qing Zhigong Tu
1169:
1004:Second Battle of Homs
900:
718:In the 17th century,
657:
645:
466:), formerly known as
377:Related ethnic groups
300:183,372 (2010 census)
282:205,000 (2010 census)
4649:Tenzin Wangchuk Khan
4613:Tsewang Dorji Namjal
4598:Galdan Boshugtu Khan
4574:As Saray Khan (1781)
4534:(d. 7 December 1296)
4524:(d. August 13, 1297)
2461:The Knights of Islam
2448:The Knights of Islam
2411:Tārīkh-i Jahān-Gushā
1866:Origins and genetics
1635:Oirat ceremonial hat
1380:Most of the Choros,
1204:Choghtu Khong Tayiji
1198:, the leader of the
908:Tārīkh-i Jahān-Gushā
219:The location of the
109:improve this article
98:to meet Knowledge's
2982:Reins of liberation
2967:James Stuart Olson
2633:ТИВ ДАМНАСАН НҮҮДЭЛ
2573:In the Eye of Power
1751:Galdan Boshigt Khan
1613:Russian 2010 Census
1534:Catherine the Great
1335:, and was ruled by
1317:Great Wall of China
1289:The Dzungar Khanate
1150:The Khoshut Khanate
893:Oirat Confederation
367:Mongolian shamanism
346:Mongolian languages
209:
5447:Donghu and Xianbei
4803:Mongolian nobility
4754:Slab Grave culture
3070:2010-07-05 at the
2926:James A. Millward
2903:2015-06-15 at the
2857:. 29 November 2011
2787:2014-01-18 at the
2782:Minorityrights.org
2766:2013-10-31 at the
2718:2012-07-25 at the
2536:2013-11-15 at the
1839:. You can help by
1655:who returned from
1637:
1621:Soviet 1989 Census
1371:Dzungar population
1309:
1270:
1180:
933:and the Mongolian
913:
864:; or the Kalmyks'
660:
652:
450:[ˈɞe̯ɾə̆t]
437:[ˈɞe̯ɾə̆t]
207:
5459:
5458:
5439:
5438:
5207:
5206:
4734:Mongolian Plateau
4679:
4678:
4674:
4673:
4644:Tenzin Dalai Khan
4446:
4445:
3615:
3614:
3218:978-5-91458-044-2
2510:"Islamic Culture"
2320:978-1-107-01117-5
2286:978-92-3-103876-1
1942:Sart Kalmyks and
1857:
1856:
1611:According to the
1606:supported Germany
1530:Russo-Turkish War
1487:became allies of
1448:, tayishi of the
1144:Tümen Zasagt Khan
1125:Zhengtong Emperor
1029:, then under the
935:Khövsgöl Province
463:[ˈøːɾə̆t]
396:
395:
202:
201:
194:
184:
183:
158:quality standards
137:
136:
129:
100:quality standards
91:This article may
75:
16:(Redirected from
5504:
5136:Southern Mongols
5132:
5131:
5089:
5088:
4739:Mongol heartland
4713:Mongolic peoples
4706:
4699:
4692:
4683:
4682:
4532:Al-Adil Kitbugha
4489:
4488:
4473:
4466:
4459:
4450:
4449:
4304:Tajiks (Pamiris)
3335:
3334:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3132:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3032:
3031:
2991:
2985:
2978:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2931:
2924:
2918:
2913:
2907:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2828:. Archived from
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2803:. Archived from
2801:"rohan.sdsu.edu"
2797:
2791:
2779:
2773:
2758:
2747:
2731:
2725:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2615:
2603:
2597:
2590:
2584:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2549:
2543:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2457:
2451:
2444:
2438:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2270:
2264:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2190:
2179:
2178:
2162:
2149:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2086:
2070:Al-Adil Kitbugha
1852:
1849:
1831:
1824:
1627:Xinjiang Mongols
1184:Tibetan Buddhism
1127:was captured at
1063:Chagatai Khanate
1051:Al-Adil Kitbugha
1016:Toluid Civil War
929:. They lived in
901:The Oirat ruler
761:, and later the
736:Mongolian script
536:
528:
527:
524:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
499:
498:
495:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
465:
460:
452:
447:
439:
434:
426:
425:
422:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
363:Tibetan Buddhism
312:
310:
309:
294:
292:
291:
276:
274:
273:
261:
250:
248:
247:
228:Total population
217:
210:
206:
197:
190:
179:
176:
170:
147:
139:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5505:
5503:
5502:
5501:
5497:Dzungar Khanate
5462:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5453:
5435:
5415:Sichuan Mongols
5345:
5315:
5221:Altai Uriankhai
5203:
5130:
5080:
4937:Medieval tribes
4931:
4822:
4808:Writing systems
4776:Medieval tribes
4715:
4710:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4659:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4628:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4542:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4508:Khoshut Khanate
4503:Dzungar Khanate
4482:
4477:
4447:
4442:
4419:
4391:Han nationalism
4379:
4326:African Chinese
4314:
4260:
4161:
4106:
3988:
3946:Sichuan Mongols
3762:
3716:
3686:
3611:
3567:
3535:
3498:
3394:
3324:
3311:
3306:
3268:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3072:Wayback Machine
3054:
3052:Further reading
3049:
3040:
3039:
3035:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2975:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2910:
2905:Wayback Machine
2898:ling.hawaii.edu
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2879:. 17 April 2013
2875:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2789:Wayback Machine
2780:
2776:
2768:Wayback Machine
2759:
2750:
2732:
2728:
2720:Wayback Machine
2711:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2618:
2613:Wayback Machine
2604:
2600:
2591:
2587:
2582:Wayback Machine
2569:
2565:
2550:
2546:
2538:Wayback Machine
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2483:
2479:
2471:
2467:
2458:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2374:Iranian Studies
2366:
2362:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2305:Kelly, Catriona
2298:
2294:
2287:
2271:
2267:
2262:Wayback Machine
2252:N. Yakhontova,
2251:
2247:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2163:
2152:
2126:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2036:
2031:
1952:Altai Uriankhai
1940:
1868:
1863:
1853:
1847:
1844:
1837:needs expansion
1822:
1783:
1732:
1705:in present-day
1679:Manchu Emperors
1639:The Mongols of
1629:
1586:Kalmyk language
1525:Dzungar Khanate
1420:
1408:Main articles:
1406:
1398:Dzungar Khanate
1305:Zunghar Khanate
1297:
1295:Dzungar Khanate
1291:
1259:Khoshut Khanate
1224:Khoshut Khanate
1164:
1158:
1156:Khoshut Khanate
1152:
1136:Eastern Mongols
1088:, northwest of
1086:Altai Mountains
955:Subject to the
895:
889:
801:Comprising the
792:Eastern Mongols
788:
782:
763:Cyrillic script
716:
708:Main articles:
706:
640:
505:
501:
479:
475:
406:
402:
348:
307:
305:
289:
287:
271:
269:
255:
254:
245:
243:
223:
205:
198:
187:
186:
185:
180:
174:
171:
161:
148:
133:
122:
116:
113:
106:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5510:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5492:Mongol peoples
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5457:
5456:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5381:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5270:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5217:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5159:Eastern Dorbet
5156:
5151:
5146:
5140:
5138:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4859:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4820:
4815:
4813:Soyombo symbol
4810:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4786:Nomadic empire
4783:
4778:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4769:Proto-Mongolic
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4672:
4671:
4662:
4660:
4654:Lha-bzang Khan
4631:
4629:
4603:Tsewang Rabtan
4580:
4578:
4545:
4543:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4498:Kalmyk Khanate
4495:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4476:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4453:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4413:Zhonghua minzu
4405:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4281:
4276:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4116:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4092:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4063:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4011:
4006:
3998:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3972:
3967:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3625:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3558:
3553:
3545:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3489:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3267:
3266:External links
3264:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3228:
3221:
3204:
3197:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3170:Санчиров В. П.
3167:
3161:
3148:
3133:
3120:
3111:
3102:
3089:
3074:
3062:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3033:
3006:(3): 334–337.
2986:
2973:
2960:
2950:
2941:
2932:
2919:
2908:
2890:
2868:
2842:
2817:
2792:
2774:
2748:
2726:
2705:
2691:
2671:
2657:
2637:
2616:
2598:
2592:René Grousset
2585:
2563:
2544:
2523:
2501:
2489:
2477:
2465:
2452:
2439:
2426:
2417:
2380:(4): 459–482.
2360:
2338:
2326:
2319:
2292:
2285:
2265:
2245:
2214:
2205:
2180:
2150:
2128:Owen Lattimore
2120:
2108:
2101:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1939:
1936:
1867:
1864:
1855:
1854:
1834:
1832:
1821:
1818:
1807:Kangxi Emperor
1800:Kangxi Emperor
1782:
1779:
1731:
1730:Alasha Mongols
1728:
1628:
1625:
1572:to Siberia by
1414:Kalmyk Khanate
1405:
1402:
1293:Main article:
1290:
1287:
1251:Lha-bzang Khan
1220:5th Dalai Lama
1154:Main article:
1151:
1148:
1035:Muslim Mongols
965:Yenisei Kyrgyz
891:Main article:
888:
885:
781:
778:
759:Latin alphabet
744:Oirat language
705:
704:Writing system
702:
639:
636:
394:
393:
387:Mongol peoples
379:
378:
374:
373:
359:
358:
354:
353:
333:
332:
328:
327:
324:
320:
319:
316:
302:
301:
298:
284:
283:
280:
266:
265:
262:
240:
239:
235:
234:
230:
229:
225:
224:
218:
203:
200:
199:
182:
181:
151:
149:
142:
135:
134:
117:September 2015
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5509:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5452:
5448:
5442:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5409:Yunnan Mongol
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5318:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5306:Upper Mongols
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5085:Ethnic groups
5083:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4945:Khamag Mongol
4943:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4829:
4828:Proto-Mongols
4825:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4791:Mongol Empire
4789:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4759:Ordos culture
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4669:
4666:
4661:
4658:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4608:Galdan Tseren
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4576:
4569:
4558:
4549:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4493:Mongol Empire
4491:
4490:
4485:
4481:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4462:
4460:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4266:Indo-European
4263:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4231:
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4224:
4223:
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4209:
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4150:
4146:
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4139:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4125:
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4123:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:
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4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
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4071:
4069:
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4059:
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4027:
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4022:
4019:
4018:
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4016:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3991:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3929:Upper Mongols
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3900:
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3808:
3805:
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3723:
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3713:
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3707:
3703:
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3698:
3697:
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3689:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3621:Austroasiatic
3618:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3564:
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3524:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
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3383:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3296:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3260:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3103:
3092:
3086:
3083:. Routledge.
3082:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3056:
3055:
3043:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2983:
2980:Xiaoyuan Liu
2977:
2970:
2964:
2954:
2945:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2878:
2872:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2832:on 2014-01-21
2831:
2827:
2821:
2807:on 2014-02-01
2806:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2762:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2694:
2692:9789639776173
2688:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2660:
2658:9780674042025
2654:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2462:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2334:Crossley 2006
2330:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2177:(1–2): 27–46.
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2102:9781610690188
2098:
2094:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2050:Kalmyk people
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2028:
2027:Volga Kalmyks
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:C-M407: 10.8
1896:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1862:
1851:
1842:
1838:
1835:This section
1833:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1805:In 1716, the
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1781:Ejine Mongols
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1720:Zhang Wenqing
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1659:, and of the
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1541:Balkhash Lake
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1346:dynasties in
1345:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:. The title "
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:(present-day
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1162:Upper Mongols
1157:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:family, fled
1024:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
994:in Iran. The
993:
989:
984:
982:
979:and his son,
978:
974:
973:Mongol Empire
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:
910:
909:
905:(damaged) in
904:
899:
894:
887:Early history
884:
883:in the east.
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
799:
797:
793:
787:
777:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
715:
711:
701:
699:
694:
692:
688:
687:forest people
684:
680:
679:
674:
670:
669:
665:
656:
649:
648:Mongol Empire
644:
635:
633:
629:
624:
620:
618:
615:empires were
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
526:
497:
473:
469:
464:
456:
451:
443:
438:
430:
424:
400:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
352:
347:
343:
339:
334:
329:
325:
321:
318:12,000 (2018)
317:
315:
303:
299:
297:
285:
281:
279:
267:
263:
259:
253:
241:
236:
231:
226:
222:
216:
211:
196:
193:
178:
168:
164:
159:
155:
152:This article
150:
146:
141:
140:
131:
128:
120:
110:
105:
101:
97:
96:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
18:Oirat Mongols
5451:Turco-Mongol
5408:
5212:
5029:
4796:Turco-Mongol
4781:Modern clans
4663:
4632:
4588:Erdeni Batur
4581:
4546:
4520:
4513:Qing dynasty
4479:
4352:
4346:Kaifeng Jews
4302:
4295:
4246:
4239:
4232:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4119:
4099:
4087:
4065:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4013:
4001:
3974:
3962:
3898:
3811:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3755:
3748:
3734:
3704:
3692:Austronesian
3679:
3672:
3665:
3628:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3560:
3548:
3528:
3521:
3491:
3479:
3472:
3460:
3443:
3431:
3424:
3407:
3400:Lolo-Burmese
3377:
3363:
3346:
3330:Sino-Tibetan
3317:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3224:
3207:
3200:
3192:
3184:
3176:
3169:
3163:
3153:. Retrieved
3138:
3128:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3079:
3058:
3036:
3003:
2999:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2963:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2927:
2922:
2911:
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2871:
2859:. Retrieved
2854:
2845:
2834:. Retrieved
2830:the original
2820:
2809:. Retrieved
2805:the original
2795:
2777:
2770:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2708:
2696:. Retrieved
2681:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2647:
2640:
2601:
2593:
2588:
2572:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2504:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2434:
2429:
2420:
2406:
2405:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2354:
2341:
2329:
2309:
2301:Bassin, Mark
2295:
2275:
2268:
2248:
2223:
2217:
2208:
2197:. Retrieved
2174:
2170:
2145:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2118:國立臺灣歷史博物館典藏網
2111:
2091:
2084:
2065:Altay people
2022:Altai Oirats
2007:Sart Kalmyks
1941:
1933:
1931:Others: 9.2
1930:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1876:
1869:
1845:
1841:adding to it
1836:
1815:
1804:
1797:
1790:
1784:
1771:
1767:
1744:
1733:
1715:China proper
1711:
1672:
1638:
1610:
1567:
1553:nationalists
1550:
1538:
1506:
1482:
1443:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1379:
1368:
1364:
1341:
1327:to southern
1310:
1282:Qing Dynasty
1279:
1271:
1255:Khoshut Khan
1244:
1181:
1133:
1106:
1097:Ming dynasty
1094:
1082:дөрвөн ойрaд
1081:
1077:
1074:Yuan dynasty
1071:
1067:Golden Horde
1020:
985:
954:
945:
939:
926:
923:Genghis Khan
916:
914:
906:
877:Yuan dynasty
874:
865:
854:
830:
822:
821:("торгууд",
814:
810:
809:: "хошууд",
800:
789:
775:
752:
732:Clear Script
726:monk of the
720:Zaya Pandita
717:
714:Clear Script
710:Zaya Pandita
697:
695:
690:
682:
676:
672:
666:
661:
625:
621:
606:
589:
585:
581:
569:
565:
563:
557:and western
538:
471:
467:
444:(Mongolian:
441:
398:
397:
326:5,000 (2020)
204:Ethnic group
188:
172:
163:You can help
153:
123:
114:
107:Please help
103:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
32:Altay people
5296:Sart Kalmyk
5046:Qara Khitai
4667:(1755–1757)
4656:(1697–1717)
4651:(1696–1697)
4646:(1668–1696)
4641:(1655–1668)
4636:(1642–1655)
4625:(1753-1755)
4620:(1750–1753)
4615:(1745–1750)
4610:(1727–1745)
4605:(1697–1727)
4600:(1671–1697)
4595:(1653–1671)
4590:(1634–1653)
4570:(1761-1771)
4568:Ubashi Khan
4559:(1672-1723)
4550:(1633-1644)
4537:Esen Taishi
4190:Fuyu Kyrgyz
3248:Joo-Yup Lee
2771:(Mongolian)
2635:(Mongolian)
2541:(Mongolian)
2357:: Figure 5.
2045:Four Oirats
1617:2002 Census
1545:Volga River
1509:Volga River
1474:Kuban River
1462:Nogai Horde
1458:Volga River
1234:lineage by
1192:Karma Kagyu
1113:Taisun Khan
1109:Esen Taishi
1101:Öljei Temür
1078:дөрвөн ойрд
977:Arghun Agha
942:Qutuqa Beki
829:("дөрвөд",
796:Chingissids
698:Dörben Öörd
626:The modern
576:(Choros or
256:(mainly in
111:if you can.
5466:Categories
5445:See also:
5420:Sogwo Arig
4639:Dayan Khan
4634:Güshi Khan
4618:Lama Dorji
4557:Ayuka Khan
4527:Arghun Aqa
4396:chauvinism
4375:Pakistanis
4358:Chaoxianzu
3970:Sogwo Arig
3889:Muumyangan
3874:Khishigten
3722:Hmong-Mien
3674:Vietnamese
3318:Underlined
3254:Хойт С.К.
3149:0804729336
3090:1134362226
2883:4 December
2861:4 December
2836:2017-09-07
2811:2014-01-20
2745:0253217709
2698:4 December
2664:4 December
2560:: 170–185.
2516:4 December
2240:Q114696375
2199:2024-03-28
2077:References
1901:N1c: 10.1
1787:Ejin River
1759:Dalai Lama
1747:Güshi Khan
1707:Kyrgyzstan
1687:Sven Hedin
1645:Dongxiangs
1578:Stalingrad
1551:Kalmykian
1339:noblemen.
1325:Kyrgyzstan
1321:Kazakhstan
1236:Altan Khan
1228:Dalai Lama
1196:Güshi Khan
1160:See also:
1140:Dayan Khan
1121:Great Wall
1117:Ming China
1090:Hami oasis
1037:and local
975:, such as
969:Great Khan
903:Arghun Aqa
784:See also:
740:diacritics
549:region of
385:and other
349:Regional:
314:Kyrgyzstan
221:Four Oirat
175:March 2024
57:improve it
5373:Dongxiang
5121:Khotogoid
5106:Dariganga
5076:Uriankhai
5051:Qara'unas
5010:Khongirad
4764:Languages
4585:(d. 1634)
4548:Kho Orluk
4539:(d. 1455)
4529:(d. 1278)
4274:Armenians
4195:Ili Turks
3791:Dongxiang
3487:Qixingmin
3371:subgroups
3359:Chuanqing
3320:: the 56
3240:Хойт С.К.
3225:Хойт С.К.
3208:Хойт С.К.
3201:Хойт С.К.
3193:Хойт С.К.
2723:(Russian)
2475:, p. 194.
2394:0021-0862
2232:1009-5330
1861:Bumburjan
1848:July 2023
1703:Issyk-kul
1685:explorer
1590:Mongolian
1582:Volgograd
1446:Kho Orlok
1356:Manchuria
1313:Dzungaria
1059:Arpa Keun
1008:Ariq Böke
866:remaining
855:remaining
807:Mongolian
748:Mongolian
638:Etymology
429:Mongolian
331:Languages
167:talk page
63:talk page
5477:Kalmykia
5334:Hamnigan
5311:Zakhchin
5199:Üzemchin
5169:Khorchin
5164:Kharchin
5061:Taichiud
5035:Olkhonud
4970:Borjigin
4818:Religion
4729:Timeline
4665:Amursana
4583:Kharkhul
4365:Macanese
4336:Japanese
4297:Russians
4279:Iranians
4175:Altaians
4112:Tungusic
3884:Khuuchid
3879:Khorchin
3869:Kharchin
3824:Abaganar
3797:Hamnigan
3768:Mongolic
3700:Filipino
3517:Gyalrong
3155:10 March
3096:10 March
3068:Archived
3028:24976689
3020:17486763
2971:, p. 242
2901:Archived
2855:BBC News
2785:Archived
2764:Archived
2716:Archived
2609:Archived
2578:Archived
2534:Archived
2499:, p. 53.
2336:, p. 64.
2307:(2012).
2258:Archived
2236:Wikidata
2060:Kalmykia
2034:See also
2017:Zakhchin
1944:Xinjiang
1872:Alan Gua
1792:Ruo Shui
1745:Törbaih
1724:Ma Jinlu
1657:Kalmykia
1653:Khoshuts
1649:Torghuts
1641:Xinjiang
1602:genocide
1570:deported
1502:Buddhist
1478:Kalmykia
1472:and the
1468:fled to
1450:Torghuts
1418:Kalmykia
1394:Zakhchin
1274:Dzungars
1247:Dzungars
1200:Khoshuts
1172:Torghuts
1065:and the
1023:Borjigin
1010:against
858:Buddhist
847:Keraites
755:Kalmykia
664:Mongolic
632:Kalmykia
559:Mongolia
555:Xinjiang
357:Religion
344:, other
336:Mainly:
278:Mongolia
258:Xinjiang
93:require
5400:Monguor
5384:Kangjia
5321:Buryats
5301:Torghut
5286:Myangad
5262:Khoshut
5252:Dzungar
5236:Chantuu
5126:Sartuul
5116:Khalkha
5111:Eljigin
5101:Darkhad
5093:Mongols
5015:Manghud
5000:Katagan
4985:Eljigin
4980:Dughlat
4909:Didouyu
4884:Tuyuhun
4874:Kumo Xi
4857:Yujiulü
4841:Xianbei
4721:History
4623:Dawachi
4384:Related
4354:Koreans
4331:Indians
4284:Nepalis
4254:Western
4234:Uyghurs
4135:Manchus
4026:Tai Nua
4021:Tai Lue
3994:Kra–Dai
3982:Eastern
3964:Monguor
3936:Onnigud
3924:Torghut
3914:Khoshut
3904:Dzungar
3894:Naimans
3864:Khalkha
3854:Jalaids
3844:Chahars
3839:Buryats
3834:Baarins
3813:Mongols
3802:Kangjia
3706:Gaoshan
3562:Tibetan
3541:Tibetic
3504:Qiangic
3451:Laomian
3390:Waxiang
3385:Longjia
3339:Sinitic
2984:, p. 36
2930:, p. 89
2596:, p.521
2487:, p. 1.
2463:, p.205
2450:, p.205
2402:4311297
2256:, 2006
2055:Dzungar
2012:Torghut
1997:Myangad
1992:Kalmyks
1982:Khoshut
1967:Chantuu
1895:: 38.7
1887:Khoshut
1879:Torghut
1820:Culture
1774:Beijing
1755:Tsaidam
1695:Chicago
1683:Swedish
1674:Chengde
1661:Chakhar
1598:Siberia
1592:leader
1558:Karelia
1513:Bashkir
1485:Kalmyks
1454:Dorbets
1437:: 厄魯特,
1435:Chinese
1410:Kalmyks
1404:Kalmyks
1360:vassals
1329:Siberia
1212:Qinghai
1178:, 1769.
1055:Baghdad
1031:Mamluks
1014:in the
950:Jamukha
944:used a
881:Khagans
868:in the
825:), and
823:Torguud
819:Torghut
803:Khoshut
780:History
728:Khoshut
650:c. 1207
628:Kalmyks
613:Tobgach
602:Khoshut
594:Torghut
574:Dzungar
551:Siberia
543:Mongols
531:Chinese
472:Eleuths
383:Kalmyks
351:Chinese
342:Russian
233:655,372
95:cleanup
5472:Oirats
5405:Khatso
5395:Moghol
5389:Mughal
5378:Hazara
5279:Buzava
5277:incl.
5273:Kalmyk
5267:Khoton
5247:Dörbet
5242:Choros
5226:Baatud
5213:Oirats
5179:Naiman
5174:Jaruud
5154:Chahar
5149:Baarin
5025:Naiman
5020:Merkit
5005:Kerait
4995:Jalair
4990:Gorlos
4975:Chonos
4960:Barlas
4950:Baarin
4918:incl.
4914:Khitan
4904:Shiwei
4879:Murong
4855:incl.
4851:Rouran
4846:Wuhuan
4836:Donghu
4749:Rulers
4744:States
4593:Sengge
4522:Nawrūz
4480:Oirats
4370:Nivkhs
4319:Others
4310:Wakhis
4241:Uzbeks
4228:Tuvans
4208:Kyrgyz
4201:Kazakh
4167:Turkic
4149:Oroqen
4121:Evenks
4101:Zhuang
4073:Qabiao
4055:Maonan
4009:Buyang
4003:Bouyei
3899:Oirats
3859:Jaruud
3849:Gorlos
3829:Aohans
3807:Khatso
3712:Utsuls
3667:Ta'ang
3592:Jingpo
3585:Derung
3572:Others
3556:Sherpa
3456:Laopin
3439:Kucong
3409:Achang
3354:Caijia
3216:
3146:
3087:
3026:
3018:
2743:
2689:
2655:
2437:, p.94
2400:
2392:
2317:
2283:
2238:
2230:
2099:
1977:Dorbet
1972:Choros
1962:Bayads
1957:Baatud
1938:Tribes
1928:: 4.9
1922:: 5.2
1913:: 6.8
1907:: 7.7
1883:Dörbet
1699:Sweden
1665:Potala
1574:Stalin
1521:Ubashi
1517:Kazakh
1494:Russia
1489:Russia
1470:Crimea
1466:Nogais
1416:, and
1392:, and
1390:Baatud
1337:Choros
1333:nomads
1047:Sultan
1012:Kublai
1000:Abagha
996:Ilkhan
981:Nowruz
967:; the
851:Naiman
849:, and
843:Buzava
839:Bargut
835:Turkic
831:Dörvöd
827:Dörbet
811:hošuud
767:Elista
681:< *
671:< *
609:Rouran
598:Dörbet
533::
455:Kalmyk
399:Oirats
391:Tuvans
311:
296:Russia
293:
275:
249:
208:Oirats
165:. The
5431:Yugur
5425:Tuvan
5363:Bonan
5357:Aimaq
5350:Other
5340:Soyot
5329:Barga
5257:Khoid
5231:Bayad
5189:Tumed
5184:Ordos
5071:Tumed
5066:Tatar
5056:Sunud
5040:Ongud
5030:Oirat
4965:Bayad
4955:Barga
4889:Tuoba
4869:Yuwen
4408:Minzu
4289:Daman
4248:Yugur
4222:Tatar
4215:Salar
4185:Dolan
4156:Sibes
4142:Nanai
4127:Solon
4067:Mulao
4041:Gelao
3976:Yugur
3951:Sunud
3941:Ordos
3909:Khoid
3819:Abaga
3777:Bonan
3742:Hmong
3730:Gejia
3661:Pakan
3641:Kunge
3636:Bolyu
3630:Blang
3606:Tujia
3599:Lhoba
3550:Monpa
3530:Qiang
3512:Baima
3474:Nakhi
3468:Mosuo
3024:S2CID
2398:JSTOR
2351:(PDF)
2002:Olots
1987:Khoid
1893:C-M48
1736:Gansu
1669:Jehol
1439:Èlǔtè
1431:Yelut
1386:Khoid
1348:China
1232:tulku
1216:Tibet
1188:Gelug
1043:Egypt
1039:Turks
1027:Syria
961:Jochi
870:Altay
862:Islam
771:China
746:from
724:Gelug
683:harad
590:Èlǔtè
586:Yelut
578:Olots
570:Yelut
547:Altai
539:Èlǔtè
468:Eluts
442:Oirds
440:) or
433:Ойрад
371:Islam
338:Oirat
323:Other
252:China
5368:Daur
5291:Olot
5194:Urad
5144:Asud
4927:Zubu
4920:Yelü
4899:Tufa
4894:Qifu
4864:Duan
4341:Jews
4180:Äynu
4095:Yang
4083:Shan
4061:Nùng
4034:Dong
3956:Urad
3919:Olot
3784:Daur
3736:Miao
3656:Mang
3646:Khmu
3579:Deng
3523:Pumi
3462:Lisu
3445:Lahu
3433:Jino
3426:Hani
3420:Bisu
3415:Akha
3214:ISBN
3157:2014
3144:ISBN
3098:2014
3085:ISBN
3016:PMID
2885:2016
2863:2016
2741:ISBN
2700:2016
2687:ISBN
2666:2016
2653:ISBN
2518:2016
2390:ISSN
2315:ISBN
2281:ISBN
2228:ISSN
2148:).))
2146:Olot
2142:Ölöt
2097:ISBN
1885:and
1811:Hami
1763:Qing
1740:Alxa
1651:and
1515:and
1483:The
1429:and
1427:Elut
1382:Olot
1373:was
1352:Ming
1342:The
1253:(or
1208:Amdo
1190:and
1142:and
1129:Tumu
957:Khan
946:yada
931:Tuva
927:bäki
815:Ööld
722:, a
712:and
691:oirt
646:The
617:YELÜ
611:and
600:and
582:Elut
568:and
566:Elut
470:and
459:Өөрд
446:Ойрд
4089:Sui
4078:Rau
4015:Dai
3757:Yao
3750:She
3651:Lai
3379:Hui
3365:Han
3348:Bai
3008:doi
2382:doi
1920:O1b
1889:):
1843:.
1693:in
1667:in
1045:’s
817:),
678:ard
673:hoi
630:of
592:),
535:厄魯特
500:or
5468::
5449:·
5427:**
5391:**
5380:**
5359:**
4048:Li
3681:Wa
3493:Yi
3481:Nu
3212:.
3129:51
3127:.
3022:.
3014:.
3004:43
3002:.
2998:.
2853:.
2751:^
2619:^
2558:51
2556:.
2404:.
2396:.
2388:.
2378:32
2376:.
2372:.
2353:.
2303:;
2234:.
2183:^
2175:66
2173:.
2169:.
2153:^
2130:,
1926:R1
1911:O2
1905:R2
1881:,
1709:.
1480:.
1412:,
1388:,
1384:,
1261:.
1146:.
1080:,
1049:,
983:.
845:,
841:,
798:.
750:.
668:oi
604:.
596:,
561:.
553:,
537:,
529:;
519:uː
490:uː
457::
453:;
431::
427:;
411:ɔɪ
389:,
369:,
365:,
340:,
66:.
5411:)
5407:(
5342:*
5336:*
5269:*
5238:*
5042:*
4705:e
4698:t
4691:v
4472:e
4465:t
4458:v
4360:)
4356:(
3301:e
3294:t
3287:v
3159:.
3100:.
3044:.
3030:.
3010::
2887:.
2865:.
2839:.
2814:.
2384::
2323:.
2289:.
2242:.
2202:.
2105:.
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1789:(
1671:(
1580:(
1433:(
805:(
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584:/
580:/
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522:θ
516:j
513:l
510:ˈ
507:ɪ
504:/
496:/
493:t
487:l
484:ˈ
481:ɪ
478:/
474:(
423:/
420:t
417:æ
414:r
408:ˈ
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