63:
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territory. {...} Long a province of China, Mongolia declared its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. After the
Ministry of the Interior's recent decision to exclude Mongolia from the official ROC map, on 3 Oct, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced that Taiwan recognizes Mongolia as an independent country – 81 years after Mongolia declared its independence.
816:
777:
886:
In
October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (...) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC
654:
In 2002, the ROC reaffirmed its recognition of
Mongolia as an independent country again, and the Mainland Affairs Council issued a statement saying that "Mongolia (formerly known as Outer Mongolia in Taiwan) has never been part of its
307:
refers to the front/south (and thus protected) side of a mountain. So the difference between South
Mongolia and the Mongolian state is conceived as the metaphor of the backward northern side and the south side of a mountain.
212:
because of continued Soviet support to the
Chinese communists. The People's Republic of China continued recognition of the Mongolian People's Republic since 1949, and has established full diplomatic relations with Mongolia.
225:, which corresponds to the region of Inner Mongolia in China. Inner Mongolia was given its name because it was more directly administered by the Qing court; Outer Mongolia (which is further from the capital
738:
936:
276:
Mongolia') is sometimes used in
Chinese and Mongolian languages to refer to North Mongolia when making a distinction with South Mongolia, so as to elide the history of
209:
561:) appears to have first appeared at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century. Initially, "Ar Mongol" referred to the Mongols west of the
179:, as an integral part of the state. This is referred to as "Mongolia Area" to distinguish it from Outer Mongolia. Most of Outer Mongolia, however, was under the
636:) began to be used in official documents. In Mongolian reports and documents of the 1900s and 1920s, "Ar Mongol" was used interchangeably with "Outer Mongolia".
2203:
2183:
722:
1929:
1275:
176:
2178:
1485:
1280:
1270:
1083:
928:
1437:
2198:
1431:
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refers to the back side of something, which has been extended to mean the northern side of any spatial entity, e.g. a mountain or a yurt. The word
208:
recognized
Mongolian independence in 1946 under Soviet pressure, though this recognition was later rescinded by the Kuomintang government in 1953,
1655:
1354:
957:
1359:
863:
359:. To avoid confusion between Mongolia and China's Inner Mongolia, Chinese sources generally refer to the former as the "State of Mongolia" (
2163:
1193:
2193:
1478:
1561:
1076:
682:
Huhbator
Borjigin. 2004. The history and political character of the name of 'Nei Menggu' (South Mongolia). Inner Asia 6: 61-80.
2188:
800:
761:
656:
2208:
1767:
62:
968:
95:
2107:
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2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
1471:
2173:
1628:
1069:
810:
771:
732:
172:
67:
2117:
2112:
2122:
195:
91:
24:
500:
360:
249:
127:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
580:
1527:
160:
Aimag), in the late Qing period, "Outer
Mongolia" was also used to refer to the combined Khalkha and
140:
While the administrative region of Outer
Mongolia during the Qing dynasty only consisted of the four
1124:
972:
902:[Reference materials about the territory of the Republic of China excluding Outer Mongolia]
1533:
1463:
1092:
907:
707:
590:
475:
277:
184:
55:
1716:
1517:
873:
1319:
355:
Today, "Outer Mongolia" is sometimes still informally used to refer to the independent state of
19:
This article is about a historical region of the Qing dynasty. For the present day country, see
199:
188:
1539:
490:
46:
Map of Asia in 1914. Mongolia's independence had not yet been widely recognized in the 1910s.
187:, which was largely unrecognized internationally. The Republic of China briefly established
899:
280:
and rather imply a geographic unity or distinction of regions inhabited by Mongols in the
8:
2168:
1788:
1757:
1690:
1155:
232:
There are three alternate terms, including Ar Mongol, Mobei Mongol, and Outer Mongolia.
1949:
1675:
1209:
1159:
845:
601:
541:
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520:
296:
1934:
1665:
1522:
1380:
1213:
806:
767:
728:
281:
1650:
1592:
1587:
1512:
1105:
619:
570:
415:
390:
320:
312:
99:
85:
1038:
Bawden, Charles (1997): Mongolian-English dictionary. London: Kegan Paul. Page 23.
118:
of China from 1691 to 1911. It corresponds to the modern-day independent state of
1939:
1919:
1726:
1645:
1640:
1411:
1385:
1344:
606:
566:
562:
495:
480:
175:, which had acquired the legal right to inherit all Qing territories through the
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153:
141:
134:
1265:
569:
north of the Gobi Desert. In the early 20th century, the name "Outer Mongolia" (
149:
1829:
1556:
1375:
1311:
1100:
467:
222:
35:
2157:
2138:
2016:
1944:
1731:
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411:
347:
Mongolia'), roughly referring to the region now known as South Mongolia.
111:
30:
1575:
1500:
1451:
1349:
1229:
1061:
868:
724:
Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World
439:
115:
929:"Taiwan Veto Likely; Taipei Regime May Again Bar Outer Mongolia From U.N."
23:. For the former communist state often referred to as Outer Mongolia, see
1301:
1296:
1203:
344:
273:
157:
145:
1188:
565:, but later the scope of reference changed and was used to refer to the
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1843:
1224:
1175:
485:
419:
1493:
2066:
2056:
1893:
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1878:
1819:
1614:
1609:
1425:
1334:
1219:
1198:
1180:
1134:
1114:
356:
292:
119:
42:
20:
1139:
2051:
1954:
1888:
1873:
1868:
1838:
1809:
1804:
1783:
1736:
1680:
1660:
1421:
1415:
1329:
1252:
1170:
226:
204:
50:
2041:
2036:
2031:
1959:
1924:
1863:
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1814:
1741:
1721:
1711:
1685:
1405:
1401:
1324:
1144:
1129:
1119:
627:
398:
377:); that is, the translation of the official name in Mongolian,
368:
328:
257:
161:
645:
Sometimes called "Outer Mongolia" informally in current China.
2061:
2021:
1907:
1695:
1441:
1256:
1165:
1051:. Ömnud monggol-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriya. Page 169, 580.
1339:
229:) had a greater degree of autonomy within the Qing empire.
123:
864:"Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year"
721:
Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006).
720:
1011:. Ömnud monggol-un arad-un keblel-ün qoriya. Page 170.
407:), which could refer to the entire Mongolian region.
194:
over most of the region from 1919 to 1921. After the
727:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245.
429:
177:
Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor
171:Much of the region was subsequently claimed by the
2155:
1494:Defunct Chinese provinces and provincial regions
295:synchronically, during that time period. In the
594:
584:
530:
384:
378:
696:(in Mongolian). Монголын түүхийн тайлбар толь.
2204:Territorial disputes of the Republic of China
2184:States and territories disestablished in 1922
1479:
1077:
1053:ömnud: agula dabagan-u engger tal-a-yin gajar
841:Outer Mongolia and its International Position
410:"Outer Mongolia" is also used sometimes used
221:The name "Outer Mongolia" is contrasted with
1091:
805:. City University of HK Press. p. 273.
766:. City University of HK Press. p. 190.
691:
678:
676:
546:
422:to refer to a place that is very far away.
338:
267:
2179:States and territories established in 1644
1486:
1472:
1084:
1070:
66:Location of Mongolia Area as part of the
1019:
1017:
673:
61:
49:
41:
29:
2199:17th-century establishments in Mongolia
837:
291:Ar Mongol can also be used to refer to
164:regions, as well as the directly-ruled
96:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2156:
1562:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs
1798:Special administrative municipalities
1467:
1065:
1026:Nationalism and Hybridity in Mongolia
1023:
1014:
792:
753:
714:
600:
540:
284:. There also exists an English term:
1028:. Clarendon Press. pp. 179–180.
759:
710:. Embassy of Mongolia in Washington.
969:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
950:
798:
110:was the name of a territory in the
13:
971:: 2–6. August 1984. Archived from
14:
2220:
939:from the original on 22 July 2018
872:. 11 October 2002. Archived from
819:from the original on 23 June 2021
780:from the original on 23 June 2021
741:from the original on 23 June 2021
2164:Historical geography of Mongolia
460:
446:
432:
76:
2194:1922 disestablishments in China
1041:
1032:
1001:
989:
921:
892:
856:
648:
350:
319:), there is also Monan Mongol (
126:. The historical region gained
1705:Special administrative regions
996:The Cambridge History of China
831:
700:
685:
639:
632:
513:
403:
389:, instead of just "Mongolia" (
379:
373:
364:
333:
262:
253:
1:
1832:administrative municipalities
666:
311:In contrast to Mobei Mongol (
210:which had retreated to Taiwan
2189:1644 establishments in China
1969:Greater administrative areas
1603:Special administrative areas
1550:Special administrative areas
965:International Boundary Study
235:
122:and the Russian republic of
7:
2209:Historical regions of China
844:. New York: Octagon Books.
595:
425:
385:
196:Mongolian People's Republic
133:from Qing China during the
25:Mongolian People's Republic
10:
2225:
2076:Administrative territories
1395:Mongols in other provinces
900:"有關外蒙古是否為中華民國領土問題說明新聞參考資料"
838:Friters, Gerard M (1974).
610:
18:
2131:
2075:
2009:
1968:
1915:
1906:
1828:
1797:
1776:
1750:
1704:
1636:
1627:
1602:
1583:
1574:
1549:
1508:
1499:
1394:
1368:
1310:
1289:
1246:
1099:
958:"China-Mongolia Boundary"
623:
585:
531:
501:Mongolia–Taiwan relations
394:
324:
316:
198:was founded in 1924, the
70:(claim only before 1946).
58:(North) Mongolia in 1915.
2174:Mongolia under Qing rule
1093:Mongolia under Qing rule
908:Mainland Affairs Council
602:[ɢaˈtaːtˈmɔɴɢɞɮ]
506:
476:Mongolia under Qing rule
216:
98: instead of text in
38:within the Qing dynasty.
1369:Other Mongolian regions
1047:cf. Norcin, C. (1999):
1007:cf. Norcin, C. (1999):
998:, volume 10, p 49.
967:(173). The Geographer,
906:(in Chinese (Taiwan)).
1290:Western Hetao Mongolia
1024:Bulag, Uradyn (1998).
760:Zhai, Zhiyong (2017).
519:The term "Ar Mongol" (
200:Nationalist government
84:This article contains
71:
59:
47:
39:
1302:Ejine Torghuud Banner
708:"History of Mongolia"
556:back side of Mongolia
491:Outer Northwest China
65:
53:
45:
33:
1350:Altai Nuur Uriankhai
1320:Dörbet (Choros clan)
1266:Tüshiyetu Khan Aimag
1049:Monggol kelen-ü toli
1009:Monggol kelen-ü toli
799:Gao, Quanxi (2016).
692:Ц.Цэрэндорж (2016).
1557:Central Secretariat
876:on 10 February 2009
659:claimed territory."
542:[arˈmɔɴɢɞɮ]
34:Outer Mongolia and
1276:Zasagtu Khan Aimag
1234:Khalkha Right Wing
933:The New York Times
343:'South of the
297:Mongolian language
272:'North-of-the-
72:
60:
48:
40:
2151:
2150:
2147:
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1902:
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1623:
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1570:
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1461:
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1402:Guihua Town Tümed
1297:Alxa Ööled Banner
1185:Khalkha Left Wing
1125:Dörbet (Borjigid)
935:, 22 April 1961,
537:IPA transcription
341:
286:Northern Mongolia
282:Mongolian Plateau
270:
173:Republic of China
135:Xinhai Revolution
92:rendering support
68:Republic of China
56:Treaty of Kyakhta
16:Historical region
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1629:ROC (1912–1949)
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1438:Damxung Mongols
1412:Qinghai Mongols
1390:
1386:Tannu Uriankhai
1364:
1345:Altai Uriankhai
1306:
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567:Khalkha Mongols
563:Greater Khingan
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496:Outer Manchuria
481:Tannu Uriankhai
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428:
353:
238:
219:
183:control of the
166:Tannu Uriankhai
154:Sain Noyon Khan
105:
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90:Without proper
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11:
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2062:Hankou → Wuhan
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2024:
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2013:
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2010:Municipalities
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2006:
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1101:Inner Mongolia
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616:Tulergi Monggo
511:
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468:History portal
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108:Outer Mongolia
94:, you may see
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2032:Dalian → Lüda
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978:on 2006-09-16
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596:Gadaad Mongol
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586:Гадаад Монгол
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1777:Provincal fu
1762:
1576:Ming dynasty
1501:Yuan dynasty
1452:Heilongjiang
1422:Old Torghuud
1355:New Torghuud
1312:Khovd region
1247:
1104:(Southern 6
1052:
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980:. Retrieved
973:the original
964:
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878:. Retrieved
874:the original
869:Taipei Times
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440:China portal
412:colloquially
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351:Modern usage
334:Mònán Měnggǔ
332:
310:
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263:Mòběi Měnggǔ
261:
246:Mobei Mongol
245:
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189:
185:Bogd Khanate
180:
170:
150:Tüsheet Khan
139:
131:independence
128:
116:Qing dynasty
107:
106:
83:
2132:Territories
1360:New Khoshut
1214:Left Banner
1160:Left Banner
694:"Ар Монгол"
299:, the word
158:Zasagt Khan
156:Aimag, and
146:Setsen Khan
2169:Inner Asia
2158:Categories
1930:Mudanjiang
1789:Shuntianfu
1434:(Xinjiang)
1220:Sizi Tribe
982:2008-06-16
943:5 February
745:5 December
667:References
633:Wài Měnggǔ
386:Mongol Uls
380:Монгол Улс
374:Měnggǔ Guó
54:After the
2088:Chuandong
2047:Guangzhou
2027:Changchun
1950:Songjiang
1854:Guangzhou
1844:Chongqing
1784:Nanjingfu
1717:Dongsheng
1712:Chuanbian
1676:Songjiang
1540:Zhengdong
1381:Dariganga
1225:Muminggan
1176:Ar Horqin
802:政治憲法與未來憲制
532:Ар Монгол
521:Mongolian
486:Dzungaria
420:hyperbole
278:Qing rule
242:Ar mongol
240:The term
236:Ar Mongol
202:of China
2093:Chuannan
2083:Chuanbei
2057:Shenyang
1991:Zhongnan
1935:Pingyuan
1920:Liaodong
1884:Shenyang
1879:Shanghai
1763:Mongolia
1758:Jingzhao
1666:Nenjiang
1615:Nanzhili
1610:Beizhili
1528:Liaoyang
1523:Jiangzhe
1426:Xinjiang
1335:Zakhchin
1199:Khuuchid
1189:Üzemchin
1181:Hexigten
1154:Bairin (
1135:Kharchin
1115:Khorchin
937:archived
817:Archived
778:Archived
739:Archived
581:Cyrillic
575:ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ
426:See also
357:Mongolia
293:Mongolia
190:de facto
181:de facto
144:aimags (
129:de facto
120:Mongolia
21:Mongolia
2098:Chuanxi
2052:Nanjing
1986:Huadong
1981:Dongbei
1955:Suiyuan
1889:Tianjin
1874:Qingdao
1869:Nanjing
1839:Beiping
1737:Suiyuan
1691:Xing'an
1681:Suiyuan
1661:Liaobei
1651:Hejiang
1593:Jiaozhi
1588:Huguang
1534:Lingbei
1513:Huguang
1416:Qinghai
1376:Chakhar
1330:Myangad
1253:Khalkha
1208:Sonid (
1194:Abganar
1171:Ongniud
1106:leagues
823:21 July
784:21 July
620:Chinese
611:ᡨᡠᠯᡝᡵᡤᡳ
550:
414:in the
391:Chinese
361:Chinese
321:Chinese
313:Chinese
250:Chinese
227:Beijing
205:de jure
152:Aimag,
148:Aimag,
142:Khalkha
2139:Chamdo
2118:Wannan
2113:Wanbei
2042:Harbin
2037:Fushun
2017:Anshan
1976:Huabei
1960:Xikang
1925:Liaoxi
1864:Harbin
1859:Hankou
1849:Dalian
1820:Songhu
1815:Hankou
1805:Jingdu
1742:Weihai
1722:Hainan
1686:Xikang
1641:Andong
1406:Shanxi
1325:Khoton
1257:aimags
1150:Naiman
1130:Gorlos
1120:Jalaid
913:22 May
880:28 May
850:211232
848:
809:
770:
763:憲法何以中國
731:
630::
628:pinyin
622::
607:Manchu
577:ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
527:ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ
404:Měnggǔ
401::
399:pinyin
393::
371::
369:pinyin
363::
345:Desert
331::
329:pinyin
323::
315::
274:Desert
260::
258:pinyin
252::
112:Manchu
2108:Sunan
2103:Subei
2067:Xi'an
2022:Benxi
2001:Xinan
1996:Xibei
1940:Qahar
1894:Xi'an
1810:Jingu
1768:Tibet
1751:Areas
1727:Qahar
1696:Zhili
1646:Qahar
1442:Tibet
1238:Ordos
1210:Right
1166:Jarud
1156:Right
1145:Aohan
1140:Tümed
976:(PDF)
961:(PDF)
904:(PDF)
846:JSTOR
613:ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ
591:Latin
507:Notes
418:as a
217:Names
162:Oirat
114:-led
2123:Lüda
1945:Rehe
1830:Yuan
1732:Rehe
1671:Rehe
1656:Hexi
1340:Olot
1230:Urad
1212:and
1204:Abag
1158:and
945:2008
915:2012
882:2009
825:2021
807:ISBN
786:2021
768:ISBN
747:2020
729:ISBN
547:lit.
340:lit.
325:漠南蒙古
317:漠北蒙古
305:öbür
269:lit.
254:漠北蒙古
192:rule
124:Tuva
1908:PRC
624:外蒙古
525:ᠠᠷᠤ
365:蒙古国
244:or
2160::
1255:4
1016:^
963:.
931:,
884:.
866:.
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675:^
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618:;
609::
605:;
599:,
593::
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583::
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545:,
539::
535:,
529:,
523::
397:;
395:蒙古
367:;
337:;
327:;
301:ar
288:.
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1595:*
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248:(
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88:.
27:.
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