34:
875:
123:
86:
133:
96:
156:
889:
112:
75:
650:
732:. Nevertheless, Outer Mongolia remained effectively outside Chinese control and, according to explanation by baron B.E. Nolde, the Director of Law Section of the Russian Foreign Ministry, had all necessary attributes of the state in the international law of that time.
1079:
1110:
1084:
1173:
987:
1047:
876:
Kuzmin, S.L. Сentenary of the
Kyakhta Agreement of 1915 between Russia, Mongolia and China. – Asia and Africa Today (Moscow), 2015, no 4, p. 60-63
961:
1163:
1094:
767:
636:
1198:
33:
441:
396:
1168:
930:
1158:
1129:
864:
1188:
708:; Mongolia could not conclude international treaties with foreign countries regarding political and territorial questions.
1153:
954:
735:
The treaty severely curtailed the independent status of
Mongolia declared in 1911, but eventually became moot after the
1193:
825:
788:
1115:
1027:
694:
629:
90:
1089:
823:
Zhu, Yuan Yi (2020). "Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and
International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands".
786:
Zhu, Yuan Yi (2020). "Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and
International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands".
570:
947:
678:
583:
859:
Batsaikhan, O. The Last King of
Mongolia, Bogdo Jebtsundamba Khutuktu. Ulaanbaatar: Admon, 2008, p.290-293 -
712:
165:
752:
740:
622:
593:
566:
536:
923:
1178:
603:
728:
Mongolians viewed the treaty as a disaster because it denied the recognition of a truly independent,
992:
690:
546:
511:
369:
99:
20:
904:
1148:
373:
1183:
1037:
916:
757:
556:
365:
246:
1032:
195:
175:
170:
1017:
1012:
216:
205:
190:
8:
982:
762:
491:
276:
185:
147:
116:
1007:
842:
805:
736:
662:
286:
266:
236:
226:
200:
180:
1022:
860:
846:
809:
834:
797:
670:
406:
351:
296:
1002:
997:
501:
306:
132:
95:
1042:
900:
701:
686:
256:
79:
62:
838:
801:
1142:
729:
481:
461:
451:
361:
341:
725:
powers. The
Chinese sought to minimize, if not to end, Mongolian autonomy.
721:
independence, and to deny the
Chinese anything more than vague, ineffectual
471:
416:
155:
127:
939:
704:'s autonomy (as part of Chinese territory); Mongolia recognized China's
705:
386:
136:
896:
888:
722:
717:
331:
58:
649:
1130:
Treaty of Good-Neighborliness and
Friendly Cooperation (2001)
1111:
Treaty of
Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance (1950)
48:
685:) was a tri-party treaty signed on 25 May 1915 among
1125:Russian Federation and People's Republic of China
1140:
16:1915 treaty between Russia, Mongolia, and China
1174:Treaties of the Republic of China (1912–1949)
955:
924:
768:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
711:The Mongolian representative, Prime Minister
630:
1104:Soviet Union and People's Republic of China
962:
948:
931:
917:
833:(2). Cambridge University Press: 293–320.
796:(2). Cambridge University Press: 293–320.
715:, was determined to stretch autonomy into
637:
623:
969:
1095:Treaty of Friendship and Alliance (1945)
648:
1141:
943:
1057:Russian Empire and Republic of China
883:
1080:Sino-Soviet Treaty of Peking (1924)
822:
785:
571:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
13:
1073:Soviet Union and Republic of China
826:Asian Journal of International Law
816:
789:Asian Journal of International Law
14:
1210:
779:
1164:Treaties of Mongolia (1911–1924)
887:
154:
131:
121:
110:
94:
84:
73:
32:
1199:China–Russian Empire relations
1169:Treaties of the Russian Empire
869:
853:
682:
1:
1159:Foreign relations of Mongolia
773:
903:. You can help Knowledge by
753:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
741:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
700:Russia and China recognized
19:For the earlier treaty, see
7:
1189:1910s in the Russian Empire
746:
10:
1215:
1154:Treaties concluded in 1915
1090:Non-Aggression Pact (1937)
1085:Khabarovsk Protocol (1929)
993:Kyakhta (1727, 1768, 1792)
882:
18:
1124:
1103:
1072:
1056:
975:
839:10.1017/S204425132000020X
802:10.1017/S204425132000020X
674:
666:
105:
68:
54:
43:
31:
1064:Treaty of Kyakhta (1915)
976:Russian and Qing empires
713:Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren
374:Second Turkic Khaganates
100:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
21:Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)
1116:Border Agreement (1991)
1028:Saint Petersburg (1881)
899:-related article is a
758:Occupation of Mongolia
654:
247:Munkhkhairkhan culture
1194:China–Russia treaties
1043:Boxer Protocol (1901)
970:Sino-Russian treaties
652:
594:Democratic Revolution
128:President Yuan Shikai
38:Signing of the Treaty
763:Simla Accord (1914)
730:all-Mongolian state
567:People's Revolution
537:National Revolution
492:Oirat Confederation
277:Deer stones culture
148:History of Mongolia
117:Emperor Nicholas II
28:
737:October Revolution
675:Кяхтинский договор
655:
557:Chinese occupation
287:Slab-grave culture
267:Ulaanzuukh culture
237:Chemurchek culture
227:Afanasievo culture
26:
1179:1910s in Mongolia
1136:
1135:
1018:Tarbagatai (1864)
912:
911:
865:978-99929-0-464-0
739:of 1917, and the
659:Treaty of Kyakhta
647:
646:
612:
611:
584:People's Republic
520:
519:
425:
424:
397:Tang protectorate
315:
314:
142:
141:
91:Republic of China
27:Treaty of Kyakhta
1206:
983:Nerchinsk (1689)
964:
957:
950:
941:
940:
933:
926:
919:
891:
884:
878:
873:
867:
857:
851:
850:
820:
814:
813:
783:
684:
676:
668:
653:Mongolia in 1915
639:
632:
625:
533:
532:
446:9th–12th century
438:
437:
407:Uyghur Khaganate
352:Rouran Khaganate
328:
327:
297:Chandman culture
223:
222:
158:
144:
143:
135:
126:
125:
124:
115:
114:
113:
98:
89:
88:
87:
78:
77:
76:
36:
29:
25:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1120:
1099:
1068:
1052:
1008:Tientsin (1858)
971:
968:
938:
937:
881:
874:
870:
858:
854:
821:
817:
784:
780:
776:
749:
643:
614:
613:
604:Modern Mongolia
577:
530:
522:
521:
502:Dzungar Khanate
442:Mongol khanates
435:
434:Medieval period
427:
426:
380:
325:
317:
316:
307:Pazyryk culture
220:
130:
122:
120:
119:
111:
109:
93:
85:
83:
82:
74:
72:
39:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1212:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1149:Mongolia stubs
1134:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1048:Qiqikar (1911)
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:Livadia (1879)
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
979:
977:
973:
972:
967:
966:
959:
952:
944:
936:
935:
928:
921:
913:
910:
909:
892:
880:
879:
868:
852:
815:
777:
775:
772:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
748:
745:
702:Outer Mongolia
645:
644:
642:
641:
634:
627:
619:
616:
615:
610:
609:
606:
600:
599:
596:
590:
589:
586:
580:
579:
574:
563:
562:
559:
553:
552:
549:
547:Bogd Khaganate
543:
542:
539:
531:
528:
527:
524:
523:
518:
517:
514:
508:
507:
504:
498:
497:
494:
488:
487:
484:
478:
477:
474:
468:
467:
464:
458:
457:
454:
448:
447:
444:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
422:
419:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
377:
358:
357:
354:
348:
347:
344:
338:
337:
334:
326:
324:Ancient period
323:
322:
319:
318:
313:
312:
309:
303:
302:
299:
293:
292:
289:
283:
282:
279:
273:
272:
269:
263:
262:
259:
257:Sagsai culture
253:
252:
249:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
229:
221:
215:
214:
211:
210:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
160:
159:
151:
150:
140:
139:
107:
103:
102:
80:Russian Empire
70:
66:
65:
63:Russian Empire
56:
52:
51:
45:
41:
40:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1211:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1184:1915 in China
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1038:Peking (1898)
1036:
1034:
1033:Moscow (1896)
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1013:Peking (1860)
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
980:
978:
974:
965:
960:
958:
953:
951:
946:
945:
942:
934:
929:
927:
922:
920:
915:
914:
908:
906:
902:
898:
893:
890:
886:
885:
877:
872:
866:
862:
856:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:
819:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:
782:
778:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
744:
742:
738:
733:
731:
726:
724:
720:
719:
714:
709:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
688:
680:
672:
667:Хиагтын гэрээ
664:
660:
651:
640:
635:
633:
628:
626:
621:
620:
618:
617:
607:
605:
602:
601:
597:
595:
592:
591:
587:
585:
582:
581:
575:
572:
568:
565:
564:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
535:
534:
529:Modern period
526:
525:
515:
513:
510:
509:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
493:
490:
489:
485:
483:
482:Northern Yuan
480:
479:
475:
473:
470:
469:
465:
463:
462:Mongol Empire
460:
459:
455:
453:
452:Khamag Mongol
450:
449:
445:
443:
440:
439:
431:
430:
420:
418:
415:
414:
410:
408:
405:
404:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
388:
385:
384:
378:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
359:
355:
353:
350:
349:
345:
343:
342:Xianbei state
340:
339:
335:
333:
330:
329:
321:
320:
310:
308:
305:
304:
300:
298:
295:
294:
290:
288:
285:
284:
280:
278:
275:
274:
270:
268:
265:
264:
260:
258:
255:
254:
250:
248:
245:
244:
240:
238:
235:
234:
230:
228:
225:
224:
218:
213:
212:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
163:
162:
161:
157:
153:
152:
149:
146:
145:
138:
134:
129:
118:
108:
104:
101:
97:
92:
81:
71:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
22:
1063:
1003:Aigun (1858)
998:Kulja (1851)
905:expanding it
894:
871:
855:
830:
824:
818:
793:
787:
781:
734:
727:
716:
710:
699:
658:
656:
608:1990–present
512:Qing dynasty
472:Yuan dynasty
417:Liao dynasty
336:209 BC–93 AD
271:1450–1150 BC
261:1500–1000 BC
251:1800–1600 BC
241:2750–1900 BC
231:3300–2500 BC
988:Bura (1727)
291:1100–300 BC
281:1400–700 BC
217:Prehistoric
1143:Categories
774:References
706:suzerainty
311:600–300 BC
301:700–300 BC
847:225302411
810:225302411
663:Mongolian
588:1924–1992
578:1921–1924
561:1919–1921
551:1911–1919
516:1691–1911
506:1634–1757
496:1399–1634
486:1368–1635
476:1271–1368
466:1206–1368
456:1130–1206
387:Xueyantuo
196:Geography
137:Bogd Khan
106:Ratifiers
897:Mongolia
747:See also
723:suzerain
718:de facto
691:Mongolia
421:907–1125
362:Göktürks
206:Religion
201:Language
191:Politics
181:Nobility
166:Timeline
55:Location
679:Chinese
671:Russian
411:744–840
401:647–682
391:628–646
381:682–744
379:555–630
370:Eastern
356:330–555
332:Xiongnu
186:Culture
69:Parties
59:Kyakhta
47:29 May
863:
845:
808:
693:, and
687:Russia
681::
372:, and
346:93–234
219:period
176:Rulers
171:States
44:Signed
895:This
843:S2CID
806:S2CID
695:China
683:中俄蒙協約
366:First
901:stub
861:ISBN
657:The
598:1990
576:1921
541:1911
49:1915
835:doi
798:doi
1145::
841:.
831:10
829:.
804:.
794:10
792:.
743:.
697:.
689:,
677:;
673::
669:;
665::
368:,
61:,
963:e
956:t
949:v
932:e
925:t
918:v
907:.
849:.
837::
812:.
800::
661:(
638:e
631:t
624:v
573:)
569:(
376:)
364:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
