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taxes among the khoshuuns. The meeting occurred on July 10 and the
Mongolians discussed independence. The assembly became deadlocked, some arguing for complete, others for partial, resistance. Eighteen nobles decided to take matters into their hands. Meeting secretly in the hills outside of Urga, they decided that Mongolia must declare its independence. They then persuaded the Khutuktu to send a delegation of three prominent representatives—a secular noble, an ecclesiastic, and a lay official —to Russia for assistance. The particular composition of the delegation—a noble, a cleric, and a commoner—may have been intended to invest the mission with a sense of national consensus.
1186:
510:. However, rumors about a reincarnation of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu appeared in northern Mongolia in that same year. No traditional determination of the supposed incarnation was conducted. Another rumor appeared in 1925. In November 1926 the 3rd Great Khural of Mongolian People's Republic approved a special resolution that searches for reincarnations of the Bogd Gegen should not be allowed. A final prohibition was approved by the 7th Congress of the
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persuaded the
Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence. The Khutukhtu consented. To avoid suspicion, he used as a pretext the occasion of a religious festival, at which time the assembled leaders would discuss the need to reapportion
451:
On
December 1, the Provisional Government of Khalkha issued a general proclamation announcing the establishment of a theocracy under the Jebtsundamba Khutuktu. On December 29, the Khutuktu was formally installed as the Bogd Khan of the new Mongolian state.
455:
The Bogd Gegen lost his power when
Chinese governance was restored in 1919. The Tusiyetu Khan Aimak's Prince Darchin Ch'in Wang was a supporter of Chinese rule while his younger brother Tsewang was a supporter of
460:. When Baron Ungern's forces failed to seize Urga in his 1920 invasion, the Bogd was placed under house arrest; then he became a puppet of Ungern shortly before he took Urga in 1921. After the
506:
After his death, the
Mongolian Revolutionary government, led by followers of the Soviet Communists, declared that no more reincarnations were to be found and established the
440:, from where he does not return alive. Ossendowski's claims for his acquaintance with the Bogd Gegen were not confirmed by comparative analysis of his book and manuscripts.
1466:
1456:
1451:
425:
and other non-scientific literature (e.g. James Palmer). However, analysis of documents stored in
Mongolian and Russian archives does not confirm these statements.
436:
recorded that he knew "every thought, every movement of the
Princes and Khans, the slightest conspiracy against him, and the offender is usually kindly invited to
856:
Kuzmin, S.L., Rejt, L.J. Notes by F.A. Ossendowski as a source on the history of
Mongolia. – Oriens (Moscow, Russian Acad. Sci. Publ.), 2008, no. 5, pp. 97–110.
728:
Soninbayar, Sh. and
Punsaldulam, B. (composers) 2009. Mongolyn Tusgaar Togtnol Oyuun Sanaany Ikh Unirdagch VIII Bogd Jevzundamba Khutagt. Ulaanbaatar, p. 12.
1161:
503:") take Outer Mongolia under its administration by the Bogda Khan and Bodo in 1922 after pro-Soviet Mongolian Communists seized control of Outer Mongolia.
564:
and White Palace were the four main residences in Urga, the capital. The Green Palace has been preserved and is a tourist attraction in
Ulaanbaatar.
1416:
1008:
Purevjav, S. and Dashjamts, D. BNMAU-d Sum, Khiid, Lam Naryn Asuudlyg Shiidverlesen Ni. Ulaanbaatar: Ulsyn Khevleliin Khereg Erkhlekh Khoroo Publ.
405:
As a result, from his young years the 8th Bogd Gegen was the subject of intrigues of Qing officials in Urga. Later he became the subject of
521:
Nevertheless, the next reincarnation of Bogd Gegen was found in Tibet as a boy born in 1932 in Lhasa. This was not announced until the
1567:
1154:
468:, the Bogd Khan was allowed to stay on the throne in a limited monarchy until his death in 1924, a year after that of his wife.
1035:
954:
924:
894:
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As a monk, the Bogd had limited access to physical means of imposing power, though some enemies were executed for
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The future Bogd Khan was born in 1869 in the area of Lhasa, in a family of a Tibetan official. He was born as
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The government took control of the Bogd Khan's seal after his death according to the 26 November 1924
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911:
Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to al Qaeda
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834:. Aziya i Afrika Segodnya (Moscow, Russian Acad. Sci. Publ.), 2009, no. 1, pp. 59–64.
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701:[ˈpɔqə̆tˈt͡ɕiw̹t͡soɴtəmpəaɢˌw̹aːɴɮow̹səɴˈt͡ɕʰœɛ̯t͡ɕiɲʲæmtəɴt͡səɴw̹əɴt͡ɕʰuk]
668:
581:
316:
121:
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The Modern History of Mongolia, 1968, Praeger publishers, New York, pp. 261–263
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378:'s court. The boy was officially recognized as the new incarnation of the
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By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongolian nobles including Prince
594:
542:
414:
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20:
1436:
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A. P. Samest Blaustein; Jay Adrian Sigler; Benjamin R. Beede (1977).
500:
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410:
413:, which attacked him by alleging that he was a prolific poisoner, a
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The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State
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Tornovsky, M.G. "Events in Mongolia-Khalkha in 1920–1921". In:
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The History of Baron Ungern. An Experience of Reconstruction
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Legendarnyi Baron: Neizvestnye Stranitsy Grazhdanskoi Voiny
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Legendarnyi Baron: Neizvestnye Stranitsy Grazhdanskoi Voiny
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Agvaanluvsanchoyjindanzanvaanchigbalsambuu (Bogd Khan)
808:
Bogdo Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, the last King of Mongolia
692:
Bogd Zhiwzundamba Agwaanluwsanchoizhiniamdanzanwanchüg
374:. His father, Gonchigtseren, was an accountant at the
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859:
571:
19:
For the title used by Qing emperors, 1635–1911, see
963:
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942:
908:
906:
875:. Brill Archive. pp. 171–. GGKEY:4D2GY636WK5.
949:. University of California Press. pp. 118–.
936:
900:
686:Богд Живзундамба Агваанлувсанчойжинямданзанванчүг
402:, in 1874. After this he lived only in Mongolia.
1524:
339:Mother'), was believed to be a manifestation of
315:, he was the third most important person in the
832:The Great Khan of Mongolia, the 8th Bogd Gegeen
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478:Constitution of the Mongolian People's Republic
170:
16:1911–1924 ruler of the Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
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847:(New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1922), 293.
915:. University of California Press. pp.
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43:
1424:
764:Knyazev, N.N. "The Legendary Baron". In:
299:from 1911 to 1924, following the state's
295:– 20 May 1924) was the khan of the
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372:Agvaan Luvsan Choijinnyam Danzan Vanchüg
358:
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1111:Ngawang Chökyi Wongchuk Trinley Gyatsho
869:Owen Lattimore; Sh Nachukdorji (1955).
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242: 1902; died 1923)
172:Agwaanl Uwsanchoizhiniam Danzan Wanchüg
1525:
1021:
973:Independence documents of the world. 2
872:Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia
512:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party
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810:. Ulaanbaatar: Admon Publ., 2008,
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149:Chairman of the State Great Khural
14:
1584:
830:Kuzmin, S.L. and Oyuunchimeg, J.
741:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia
409:campaigns organised by Mongolian
1568:Mongolian independence activists
1467:Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts
1385:* indicate acting officeholders.
1330:
1218:
1184:
976:. Brill Archive. pp. 482–.
789:. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, 2004,
768:. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, 2004,
744:. Scarecrow Press. p. 364.
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394:. The new Bogd Gegen arrived in
80:Agvaanchoyjivanchugperenlaijamts
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738:Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010).
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610:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
600:Mongolian Revolution of 1911
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1548:Mongolian Buddhist monarchs
1482:10th Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
1226:Mongolian People's Republic
943:Mark Juergensmeyer (1993).
907:Mark Juergensmeyer (2008).
889:. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press.,
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508:Mongolian People's Republic
10:
1589:
1558:Heads of state of Mongolia
1512:Gandantegchinlen Monastery
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499:'s domain (the Chinese "
445:Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren
216:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
1087:29 December 1911 – 1919
501:Three Eastern Provinces
432:. The Polish traveller
386:in the presence of the
346:
1553:Jebtsundamba Khutuktus
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1026:The Bloody White Baron
1022:Palmer, James (2009).
843:Ferdinand Ossedowski,
664:[ˈpɔqə̆tˈχaːɴ]
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367:
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303:independence from the
145:Navaandorjiin Jadambaa
58:Jebtsundamba Khutughtu
26:For the mountain, see
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516:People's Great Khural
495:It was proposed that
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434:Ferdinand Ossendowski
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321:Jebtsundamba Khutuktu
319:hierarchy as the 8th
845:Beasts, Men and Gods
523:collapse of the USSR
333:Tsendiin Dondogdulam
273:Luvsanjambyn Mördorj
228:Tsendiin Dondogdulam
1457:Luvsanchültimjigmed
1452:Luvsantüvdenvanchug
1121:1870 – 20 May 1924
1089:1921 – 20 May 1924
335:, the Ekh Dagina ('
307:of China after the
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1083:Khagan of Mongolia
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895:978-5-87317-692-2
816:978-99929-0-464-0
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562:Brown Palace
554:Green Palace
551:
520:
514:and the 5th
505:
497:Zhang Zuolin
494:
489:Green Palace
475:
454:
450:
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427:
404:
392:Panchen Lama
371:
369:
366:of Bogd Khan
329:Panchen Lama
305:Qing dynasty
300:
285:
284:
207:(1924-05-20)
139:Succeeded by
105:
86:Succeeded by
65:
1538:1924 deaths
1533:1869 births
1246:Damdinsüren
1229:(1924–1992)
1195:(1911–1924)
1062:20 May 1924
997:Bawden C.R.
931:bogda khan.
897:pp. 325–357
547:Ulaanbaatar
541:, the 14th
293: 1869
205:20 May 1924
181: 1869
116:Preceded by
76:Preceded by
1527:Categories
1373:Khürelsükh
1292:Dügersüren
1251:Choibalsan
1207:Tserendorj
1049:Bogd Khan
711:References
660:pronounced
595:Bogda Khan
543:Dalai Lama
535:Dharamsala
415:paedophile
411:Communists
407:propaganda
380:Bogd Gegen
341:White Tara
325:Dalai Lama
311:. Born in
196:Qing China
21:Bogda Khan
1437:Zanabazar
1363:Elbegdorj
1358:Enkhbayar
1353:Bagabandi
1304:Tsedenbal
1202:Bogd Khan
716:Citations
644:Bogd haan
638:romanized
633:Богд хаан
629:Mongolian
549:in 1999.
518:in 1928.
430:blasphemy
419:libertine
286:Bogd Khan
275:(adopted)
222:Spouse(s)
70:1870–1924
37:Bogd Khan
1368:Battulga
1348:Ochirbat
1338:Mongolia
1320:Ochirbat
1315:Batmönkh
1309:Jagvaral
1276:Bumtsend
1236:Jadambaa
568:See also
417:, and a
390:and the
301:de facto
269:Children
1281:Yanjmaa
1055:c. 1869
1016:Sources
669:Chinese
640::
464:led by
263:
255:
250:Genepil
244:
236:
232:
183: (
1335:
1298:Luvsan
1287:Sambuu
1266:Dogsom
1256:Laagan
1241:Genden
1223:
1189:
1125:Vacant
1093:Vacant
1058:
1034:
980:
953:
923:
893:
814:
797:p. 181
793:
772:
748:
671::
384:Potala
337:Dakini
66:Tenure
1060:Died:
1053:Born:
776:p. 67
654:ᠬᠠᠭᠠᠨ
651:ᠪᠣᠭᠳᠠ
616:Notes
313:Tibet
257:(
253:
238:(
234:
192:Lhasa
126:Amban
122:Sando
106:Reign
1261:Amar
1175:List
1032:ISBN
978:ISBN
951:ISBN
921:ISBN
891:ISBN
812:ISBN
791:ISBN
770:ISBN
746:ISBN
673:博克多汗
590:Khan
552:The
525:and
487:The
438:Urga
396:Urga
347:Life
327:and
202:Died
185:1869
166:Born
147:(as
124:(as
56:8th
919:–.
917:139
537:by
382:in
128:of
1529::
929:.
861:^
823:^
695:,
689:,
667:;
658:,
647:,
635:,
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560:,
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480:.
343:.
290:c.
259:m.
240:m.
214:,
194:,
178:c.
1418:e
1411:t
1404:v
1311:*
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1294:*
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1177:)
1173:(
1163:e
1156:t
1149:v
1040:.
986:.
959:.
818:.
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288:(
187:)
151:)
132:)
30:.
23:.
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