History of Mongolia

4741: 4866: 3740:, which may imply conquest of new territories, or exchange of the excess animals and livestock products for products of settled civilizations unavailable in the unsophisticated Mongolian economy. For example, they would be able to wear clothes made of hides and wool in cold seasons, but would certainly need clothes from silk or light fabric in summer. However, the ban on trade with the Mongols by the Ming administration was a reason for armed conflicts. Moreover, there were frequent attempts to offer low prices for the livestock products or to supply low quality reject goods to the Mongols. Thus in protest, there were cases that Mongol traders burned their reject Chinese purchases in front of the Ming officials during the rule of 4955: 3971:, inspired by lively images of beautiful Mongolian women. The lotus flower over the left shoulder of Sita Tara is about to blossom and Sita Tara herself is in her mid-teens. The lotus flowers over the shoulders of Siyama Tara have already blossomed and Siyama Tara herself is a woman in the bloom of her beauty. She is aware and proud of her perfect beauty. She has awakened from her meditation, put down her right leg in the moment of standing up to descend from her lotus seat to breastfeed her child; and her children are the sentient beings. Many temples and monasteries were built under Zanabazar's projects. He designed the 1237:

Mongolian steppes was unique because migration was limited by natural barriers such as the Altai Mountains in the west, the Gobi Desert in the south and the freezing wastelands of Siberia in the north, all unsuitable for nomadic-based living. These greatly limited migrations, although they also kept out invaders. The clans in Mongolia only allied with other Mongolian clans, with which they shared the same language, religion, and way of life. This would later be a huge advantage in uniting the people in Mongolia against the threat of the expanding Chinese empires. There were repeated conflicts with the Chinese dynasties of

4484: 1715: 2573: 4459: 2275: 4774:. The position of the Republic of China was that all of Mongolia was territories of China. The position of Russia was to reduce Mongolian independence to an autonomy limited to Outer Mongolia only. Negotiations continued for eight months as the Mongolian representatives firmly defended the independence of the country, but finally the government of Mongolia had to accept Russia's position. However, Outer Mongolia remained effectively outside the control of the Chinese, who on the other hand controlled 4052: 4406: 3511:

4 people and every adult man was a warrior, it can be estimated that the Mongol population in the Yuan dynasty counted at least 1,600,000 people. However, the amount of 40 tumens remained only in the name of the Mongols after the fall of the Yuan dynasty as only 6 tumens were able to retreat to Mongolia and the remaining 34 tumens were lost to the Ming dynasty. These 6 tumens were grouped into the 3 tumens of the left wing ruled by the Mongol Khan and the 3 tumens of the right wing ruled by

7044: 1895: 3337: 5158:

Yalalt, now known as the Square of Liberty. The meeting turned into a demonstration, marching to the House of the Government, which then hosted the People's Great Hural, Council of Ministers and the Headquarters of MPRP. The demonstrators demanded the resignations of the Political Bureau of the MPRP, a formation of a Provisional People's Hural during the month of March, and separation of MPRP from the government; they handed their petition to a representative of the government.

4631: 2703: 3215: 990: 132: 1864: 4623: 8770: 3876: 3796: 2340: 1073:(Mongolian History 2003). According to H.L. Chlyenova, the artistic deer image originated from the Sak tribe and its branches (Chlyenova 1962). Volkov believes that some of the methods of crafting deer stone art are closely related to Scythians (Volkov 1967), whereas Mongolian archaeologist D. Tseveendorj regards deer stone art as having originated in Mongolia during the Bronze Age and spread thereafter to Tuva and the Baikal area (Tseveendorj 1979). 8780: 5716:{{cite web Uyghurs maintain stable relationship with China and entered Tarim Basin in 790 after Tibetans captured Khotan, one of the four garrisons of China. Uyghurs and Tibetan had wars on each other for the domination in Tarim Basin and Tibetan siege on Kucha (808-821) was repelled. Uyghurs power extended from the Mongolian steppes and to the west as far as Farghana. | title = Chronological table of history of Siberia and Mongolia | url = 2138: 4205: 3180: 1180: 24: 2711: 3695:) and Altan Khan, who appointed his son as a ruler of Upper Mongolia (Kukunor), defeated the Oirats in 1552. Altan Khan attacked the Ming dynasty, but he stopped the raids in 1571, and signed a peace treaty with the Ming court. To achieve favorable conditions in the peace treaty with the Ming dynasty, Altan Khan occasionally threatened that he may ally with Tümen Khan to attack the Ming dynasty. Altan Khan established the city of 3559: 1605:(or Tung Hu, the Eastern Hu), a proto-Mongol group mentioned in Chinese histories as existing as early as the 4th century BC. The language of the Donghu is believed to be proto-Mongolic to modern scholars. The Donghu were among the first peoples conquered by the Xiongnu. Once the Xiongnu state weakened, however, the Donghu rebelled. By the 1st century AD, two major subdivisions of the Donghu had developed: the proto-Mongolic 4542: 4105: 3664: 3469: 1588: 1281: 3816:, who ruled the central heartland of Northern Khalkha. Gersenz's great-grandson Sholoi solicited the title of Khan from Dalai Lama during his visit to Tibet and initiated the dynasty of Secen Khans in the east of Khalkha. Another great-grandson of Gersenz Laihur assumed the title of Khan, and his son Sumbadai founded the dynasty of the Zasagtu Khans, ruling the west of Northern Khalkha. Laihur's cousin 5216: 2970: 2076: 1723: 3507:. Mongols remained powerful even after the fall of the Yuan dynasty but number of the Mongols decreased due to the fall of the Mongol Empire, wars and assimilation (turkization). As the Ming dynasty understood its own disability of conquering the Mongolian Plateau by military force, it started a policy of provoking the groups of Mongols to quarrel with one another, as well as economic blockade. 6628: 1771: 1883:), known as "Tujue" to Chinese chroniclers, were subjects to the Rouran and served as blacksmiths for them. In 552 AD the Göktürks revolted against their Rouran rulers. The uprising began in the Altai Mountains, where many of the Türk were serfs working the iron mines. Therefore, the revolt of the Turkics of 552 is often called the "Blacksmiths' rebellion". The uprising was headed by 4944:, and much of the male labour force lived in the monasteries, contributing little to the economy. Property in the form of livestock belonged mainly to aristocrats and monasteries; ownership of the remaining sectors of the economy was dominated by Chinese or other foreigners. Mongolia's new rulers thus faced a daunting task in building a modern economy. 4096:

Mongols, and that Nurhaci had better refrain from disturbing the Chinese cities-tributaries of him-of Ligdan Khan. In response, Nurhaci held it necessary to remind him that the 40 tumens are long gone and there are perhaps some six tumens of which only Chaharia recognizes Ligdan's power as Khan. Later Nurhaci managed to ally with the vassals of Ligdan Khan, the

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son of Wang Khan, envied Temujin as his power was growing and persuaded his father to battle against Temujin. This venture led to a victory of Temujin and conquest of the Kereit Khanlyk. Wang Khan escaped alone into the southern deserts of the Naiman khanlig, where he was caught by the Naiman patrols, who killed him irritated as he claimed himself as Wang Khan.

2742:(10,000 warriors). This decimal system was a long-tested system that had been inherited from the period of the Xiongnu. With an assumption that each household consisted of four persons and every adult male was a warrior, it can be estimated that the entire population of Mongolia was at least 750,000 people and the nation possessed 95,000 cavalrymen. 4474:(province): Tusiyetu Khan aimag, Zasaghtu Khan aimag, Secen Khan aimag and Sain Noyan Khan aimag. In addition, the territories populated by Oirats in the Kobdo region were grouped into Togs Huleg Dalai Khan aimag and Unen Zorigtu Khan aimag. Aimags were governed by aimag congress chigulgan comprising the lords of the khoshuns. The chigulgan daruga ( 2793:. The "Altan (Golden) Khaan" (Jin Emperor) surrendered in 1214 and gave Genghis Khan his princess and tribute of gold and silver to his warlords. Genghis Khan gave out to his warriors the tribute of the Jin Emperor loaded on 3000 horses. However, the Jin dynasty continued hostility against Mongolia, hence Genghis Khan ordered his warlord Guo Wang 4896:. They sought aid from the Soviet Union, which was unacceptable to Bogd Khan. However, for the sake of the country's independence, Bogd Khan endorsed the MPP's letter to the Soviet government. However, the Soviet Union chose not to respond to Bogd Khan's government, instead looking to the MPP to become the rulers of Mongolia. 1957:(modern Xi'an), then the capital of China. Tardu was turned back, however, and, upon his death two years later, the Türkic state again fragmented. The Eastern Türks nonetheless continued their depredations, occasionally threatening Chang'an. In the early 8th century, an invading army of 450,000 soldiers headed by the 3687:(son of Bars Bolad Jinong) who assumed the title of khan. In order to maintain the unity of the country by peaceful means, Tümen Jasagtu Khan initiated a representative government with equal participation of the representatives of the left and right wings. The right wings rivaled with the Oirats for possession of 3035: 5032:

orders. The victims were 3%–5% of the total population, and included monks, Pan-Mongolists, nationalists, patriots, military officers, nobles, intellectuals, and common citizens. Some authors also offer much higher estimates, up to 100,000 victims. At this time, Mongolia had an overall population of

4355:

Galdan Tseren took a series of actions to develop of crop production, gardening, and cannon manufacture in Dzungaria. He successfully repelled the aggression of the Qing dynasty in 1729–31. Moreover, his general Baga Tserendondov advanced into Khalkha and reached the River Kerulen in 1732, but had to

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remained under the rule of Galdan Boshugtu Khan. Chakhundorj fought against the Russian invasion of northern Mongolia until 1688. Zanabazar struggled to bring together the Oirats and Khalkhas before the war. Qing forces invaded Khalkha in 1696 and the Oirats were defeated by the outnumbering enemy in

3621:, who subdued the Taishis. Queen Manduhai defeated the Oirats when Batmönkh was still a child. Later Batmönkh subdued the Taishis of the right wings as they refused to accept a suzereign over them—son of Dayan Khan sent there as a Jinong. After this event, Batmönkh moved his residence from Khalkha to 3510:

A long period of feudal separatism and rivalry for the Khan's throne started in Mongolia by the early 15th century. The military strength of the Mongols during the Yuan dynasty was that they were able to mobilize an army of 400,000 warriors (40 tumens). Assuming that an average household consisted of

3332:

to lead the civil administration in the Yuan realm, yet at the same time introduced a hierarchy of reliability by dividing the subjects of the Yuan dynasty into four ranks. The highest rank included the Mongols, the second rank included the peoples to the west of Mongolia, the third rank included the

2638:

In 1201, a crisis ignited in the Keraite khanlig, in which the siblings of Tooril Wang Khan allied with Inancha Khan of Naiman and defeated Tooril. Wang Khan regained power in his kingdom with the support of Temujin. Temujin finally defeated and subjugated the Tatars in 1202. Nilha (childish) Sengum,

1401:

for seven days. Emperor Gao was forced to submit to the Xiongnu, and a treaty was signed in 198 BC recognising all the territories to the north from the Great Wall should belong to the Xiongnu, while the territory to the south of the Great Wall should belong to the Han. In addition, China was obliged

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organized by the Mongolian Democratic Union on 10 December 1989 landmarks the commencement of the Democratic Movement in Mongolia. The subsequent meetings involved ever-increasing numbers of supporters. A meeting with participation of 100,000 people took place on 4 March 1990 on the square at cinema

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As vassals of Qing Emperors, the Mongolian nobles—rulers of the khoshuns were expected to carry out military services commanding their troops in warfare, to personally attend the Emperor in his hunting processions, mobilize resources from the khoshun population and subdue local riots. Their services

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There were three khans in Khalkha of which Zasagt Khan Shar (Western Khalkha leader) was Galdan's ally. Tsetsen Khan (Eastern Khalkha leader) did not engage in this conflict. The Mongols who fled to Outer and Inner Mongolia returned after the war. Some Khalkhas mixed with the Buryats. Tsewang Rabtan

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in their conflict and became a self-declared Khan. During his retreat, Togtobuh was caught and assassinated by his ex-father-in-law for an earlier humiliation of his daughter as she was divorced and returned to her parents. The reign of Esen Taishi was short, less than a year—his rivals rebelled and

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is where the ruling Mongols of the Yuan dynasty came from, it enjoyed a somewhat special status during the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, although the capital of the dynasty had been moved from Karakorum to Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) since the beginning of Kublai Khan's reign, and Mongolia had been turned

1662:

The Wuhuan also were prominent in the 2nd century, but they disappeared thereafter; possibly they were absorbed in the Xianbei western expansion. The Xianbei and the Wuhuan used mounted archers in warfare, and they had only temporary war leaders instead of hereditary chiefs. Agriculture, rather than

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and the steppes north of the Gobi. During the late 1st century AD, having reestablished the administrative control over southern China and northern Vietnam that had been lost briefly at beginning of this same century, the Eastern Han made a concerted effort to reassert dominance over Inner Asia. The

4907:

at the northern frontier of Mongolia. The Mongolian volunteer troops and units of the Soviet Red Army advanced to the south, annihilating the remainder of the defeated Chinese troops and Ungern's White troops. The main battles undertaken by the Mongolian troops took place at Tujiin Nars against the

4505:

when serfdom was effectively introduced to the Mongolian society for the first time. There were 3 forms of serfdom: albatu—state serfs, khamjilga—personal serfs of khoshun rulers and of taijis, and shabi—serfs of Khutuhtus, supreme clergy. To prevent assimilation of the Mongols, the Qing government

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population were destroyed by a combination of warfare and disease during the Qing conquest of the Dzungar Khanate in 1755–1758. Mark Levene, a historian whose recent research interests focus on genocide, has stated that the extermination of the Dzungars was "arguably the eighteenth century genocide

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khans, and also sent his general Ihe Tserendondov to conquer Tibet in 1716. His force was driven out by Qing troops in 1720, who then occupied Tibet. However, several attempts by the Qing dynasty to subjugate the Dzungar Khanate failed in the early 18th century. In 1723, the Qing troops subdued the

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rushed to Tumet to meet the new Dalai Lama. He requested the title Khan from him. Although the new Dalai Lama had already recognized Altan as a Khan in addition to the extant Mongolian Khan Tumen Jasaghtu, the Dalai Lama in Abtai's case rejected the request with the excuse that "there cannot be two

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Chinese control of parts of Inner Asia did not last beyond the opening years of the 2nd century AD, and, as the Eastern Han dynasty ended early in the 3rd century AD, suzerainty was limited primarily to the Gansu corridor. The Xianbei were able to make forays into a China beset with internal unrest

1643:

There are various hypotheses about the language and ethnic links of the Xianbei and the most widely accepted version suggests that the Xianbei were a Mongolic ethnic group and their branches are the ancestors of many Mongolic peoples such as the Rouran, Khitan and Menggu Xibei, who are suggested to

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In October 1945, the people of Outer Mongolia voted for independence, gaining the recognition of many countries, including the Republic of China. (…) Due to a souring of relations with the Soviet Union in the early 1950s, however, the ROC revoked recognition of Outer Mongolia, reclaiming it as ROC

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between Russia, Mongolia, and the Republic of China "downgraded" the independence of Outer Mongolia to autonomy within China. The government of Mongolia maintained a position of preserving Mongolia's independence including Khalkha Mongolia, the Khovd region, Western Mongolia, Tuva, Inner Mongolia,

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Chingünjav rose against Qing rule in 1756 abandoning his post and appealed to the other nobles of Khalkha to rise for independence. Around the same period, an uprising of Sevdenbaljir in Inner Mongolia was subdued. Sevdenbaljir was arrested before this uprising to prevent the Inner Mongols uniting

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Bagatur (Тэнгэрийн сүлдэт) who reunified the Jurchen tribes sent a letter to Ligdan Khan seeking alliance in fighting against the Ming dynasty. Ligdan denied the proposal mentioning that Nurhaci rules only three tumens of the Jurchens while Ligdan himself is a Genghisid ruling the 40 tumens of the

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lama. Sonam Gyatso, in turn, recognized Altan as a reincarnation of Kublai Khan. Thus, Altan added legitimacy to the title "khan" that he had assumed, while Sonam Gyatso received support for the supremacy he sought over the Tibetan sangha. Since this meeting, the heads of the Gelugpa school became

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initiated a campaign against Temujin in 1204. They allied with Jamukha, who competed with Temujin for the power over the Mongolic tribes. The Naiman troops outnumbered the Temujin's troops. At night at the eve of the battle, Temujin ordered each of his warrior to light ten bonfires, thus deceiving

1456:, the Korean Peninsula, and Inner Asia. The Xiongnu, once more turning their attention to the west and the southwest, raided deep into the Oxus Valley between 73 and 44 BC. The descendants of the Yuezhi and their Chinese rulers, however, formed a common front against the Xiongnu and repelled them. 1429:

The Xiongnu again raided northern China about 200 BC, finding that the inadequately defended Great Wall was not a serious obstacle. By the middle of the 2nd century BC, they controlled all of northern and western China north of the Yellow River. This renewed threat led the Chinese to improve their

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The revolutionary government kept Bogd Khan as nominal head of state, but the actual power was in the hands of the MPP and its Soviet counselors. After the mysterious death of Bogd Khan in 1924, the MPP moved quickly to promulgate a Soviet-style constitution, abolishing monarchy and declaring the

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and Bulnai against the White troops. Simultaneously, Khatanbaatar Magsarjav, who had been sent by Baron Ungern to the western provinces, revolted and allied himself with the MPP. He defeated the White troops led by Kazantsev, Vandanov, and Bakich. Mongolian and Soviet troops led by Khasbaatar and

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Cities in Mongolia were completely destroyed during Chinese raids in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. The Ming Empire attempted to invade Mongolia in the 14-16th centuries, however, the Ming Empire was defeated by the Oirat, Southern Mongol, Eastern Mongol and united Mongolian armies. Thus

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The execution of 450 envoys and tradesmen of Genghis Khan by Khwarezm Shah 1218 was an announcement of war. The Mongol troops invaded Khwarezm Empire in 1219. Although Khwarezm Shah possessed an army outnumbering the Mongol troops dozen of times, he lacked the courage and initiatives to unite his

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tribe, who became the mother of Temujin. The striving of Temujin to free his wife became a reason for the campaign against the Mergids. After the defeat of the Mergid, the reputation of Temujin rose rapidly and the leading members of the Khamag Mongol aristocracy enthroned him with title Chinggis

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Amursanaa returned to Dzungaria with his 500 warriors as he was deceived in his hope to take the Dzungar throne with the support of the Qing Empire. A faction of the Oirat aristocrats elevated him as Khan of the Oirats in 1756. However, Amursana's followers lacked unity. The decisive battle took

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As soon as he became Khan, Dawachi deprived his friend Amursana of his wife and then defeated him in a battle in 1754. Amursana sought an alliance with the Qing dynasty, hoping to defeat Dawachi and elevate himself to the position of Khan of the Dzungar Khanate. The Qing administration mobilized

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empire beyond Mongolia proper in northern China in 386. By the end of the 4th century, the region between the Yangtze and the Gobi, including much of modern Xinjiang, was dominated by the Tuoba. Emerging as the partially sinicized state of Dai between AD 338 and 376 in the Shanxi area, the Tuoba

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Chahundorji succeeded to Tushiyetu Khan's (Tusheet Khan) throne in 1665. Zasagtu Khan Norbo (Norvo) died in 1661 and rivalry started between his successors. This feud eventually involved Altan Khan, Tushiyetu Khan, and the Dzungar Khanate. The crisis continued for decades and evolved into a war

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Hutuhtai Secen Hongtaiji of Ordos and his two brothers invaded Tibet in 1566. He sent an ultimatum to some of the ruling clergy of Tibet demanding their submission. The Tibetan supreme monks decided to surrender and Hutuhtai Secen Hongtaiji returned to Ordos with three high ranking monks. Tumen

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in 1689 while the latter was engaged in the war in Khalkha and this event made it impossible for Galdan to fight the Qing Empire. Galdan sent his army to "liberate" Inner Mongolia after defeating the Khalkha army and called Inner Mongolian nobles to fight for Mongolian independence. Some Inner

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of the Qing dynasty cunningly demanded that they become his vassals as a condition for his support. Galdan demanded that the Kangxi Emperor cede him Önder Gegeen Zanagazar and Tushiyetu Khan Chahundorji. The Kangxi Emperor refused and decisive battle took place near UlaanBudan where Galdan was

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there was no division of labor between urban and rural economies that was characteristic in other cultures. Some attempts of diversification of the economy were undertaken in the 16th and 17th centuries in peripheral Mongol domains but not in Northern Khalkha. Thus Altan Khan made Chinese grow

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kingdom joined Mongolia. The urgent task of Genghis Khan was strengthening the independence of his young nation. For a century, the southeastern neighbour Jin dynasty had been provoking the Mongolic tribes against one another in order to eventually subjugate them. With a purpose of testing the

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Watersheds. They may have been divided into five to twenty tribes. They were said to be dressed in fish skins. They may have been nomadic, staying in the marshy lowlands in the winter and the mountains during the summer. The burial was by exposure in trees. Their language is described as being

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since ancient times. The ancient population had a nomadic and hunter lifestyle and lied fairly undisturbed. While most of Central Eurasia had a fairly similar nomadic lifestyle where moving in and around national boundaries and mixing with different settlements was common, the situation in the

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and other members of the nobility. However, the Qing court was able to capture Chingunjav before the uprising took its full swing. Chingunjav and his whole family were cruelly executed in 1757, and the Qing court decided that future Jebtsundamba Khutughtus would be only found in Tibet, not in

3803:

By the end of the 16th century, several Khanlig dynasties developed in Khalkha. As Dayan Khan divided Mongolia among his eleven sons, Northern Khalkha (approximately the territory of modern Mongolia) was given to his youngest son Gersenz Hongtaiji and Southern Khalkha was given to Alchibolad.

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and reformed the country into 95 mingats. In this system, a group of households large enough to mobilize ten warriors was organized into an arbatu, 10 arbatus were organized into a zagutu (100 warriors), 10 zagutus constituted a mingat (1,000 warriors) and 10 mingats constituted a tumetu or

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ascended the throne in 1603. He initiated translation of major Buddhist scriptures into the Mongolian language. By his time, the authority of the Northern Yuan khan had declined to such a degree that Legdan Hutuhtu Khan came to be known as "Khan of Chaharia". The failure of his attempts of

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On 3 November 1912, the Russian Empire and Mongolia signed a bilateral treaty without the participation of China. This treaty meant recognition of the Bogd Khaan as the monarch of the sovereign "State of Mongolia" by Russia. Nevertheless, under strong pressure from the Russian and Chinese

1945:

khagan was installed as Anbei protector, who inhabited the region between the Altai Mountains and Khitan's land. Between 641 and 648, the Tang conquered the Western Turks, re-establishing Chinese sovereignty over Xinjiang and exacting tribute from west of the Pamir Mountains. The Göktürks

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Mongolian People's Republic on 26 November 1924. Mongolia became completely isolated from the world by the MPP government, which followed the Soviet Union in implementing the Communist experiment. On the other hand, this also provided protection against the potential aggression of China.

4841:), several times but were repelled with heavy losses. Ungern entered contacts with Mongolian nobles and lamas and received Bogd Khaan's edict to regain independence. On 2–5 February 1921, after fighting a huge battle, Ungern's force drove the Chinese forces out of the Mongolian capital. 5546:

Claudio Cioffi-Revilla, J. Daniel Rogers, Steven P. Wilcox, & Jai Alterman, "Computing the Steppes: Data Analysis for Agent-Based Modeling of Polities in Inner Asia", Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the Amer. Pol. Sci. Assoc., Boston, Massachusetts, p. 8 August 28–31,

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between these two nomadic peoples reached a climax in the latter part of the 3rd century and the early decades of the 2nd century BC; the Xiongnu were triumphant. The Yuezhi then migrated to the southwest where, early in the 2nd century, they began to appear in the Oxus (the modern

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Khalkha Mongolian and Inner Mongolian cavalry (about 3,500 Inner Mongols) defeated 70,000 Chinese soldiers and controlled almost all of Inner Mongolia, but in 1914 the Mongolian army retreated due to lack of weapons. 400 Mongol soldiers and 3,795 Chinese soldiers died in this war.

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The territory of the empire consisted of two parts: one populated by pastoral herders in the north and the other populated by croppers in the south. The two parts of the empire actively traded with each other. Lubugu, a grandson of Ambagyan, and a scholar named Tulyubu developed a

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tribes, though little is known, have been considered the ancestors of the Mongols according to ancient Chinese records. Term "Shiwei" was an umbrella term of the Mongolic and Tungusic peoples in the 6th to 12th centuries. During the 5th century, they occupied the area east of the

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besides they had to serve as warriors themselves. Although the military feudal system of Mongolia of the pre-Qing epoch is considered to have been a class society in which an ordinary Mongol was expected to obey his feudal lord as a soldier obeys a commander, it was during the

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periods. The Mongolian climate was more humid hundreds of thousands of years ago. Mongolia is known to be the source of priceless paleontological discoveries. The first scientifically confirmed dinosaur eggs were found in Mongolia during the 1923 expedition of the American

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had united all of China's kingdoms into one empire in the 3rd century BC, the Xiongnu confederacy had formed in the Mongolian plains, transforming all of the independent clans into one single state that reassured their safety and independence from an expanding Qin.

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Denial of these demands by the Communist government led to a hunger strike of the 7–10 March 1990 by a number of activists of the Mongolian Democratic Union resulting in the resignation of the Political Bureau of the MPRP and negotiations for political reforms.

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and Inner Mongolia after Galdan Boshugtu, however, his action against Galdan made northern Mongols fight against Russia without the help of other Mongols. The Russian and Qing Empires supported his actions because this coup weakened Western Mongolian strength.

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descended from the Mongolic people. The Scythian community inhabited western Mongolia in the 5-6th centuries. In 2006, the mummy of a Scythian warrior, which is believed to be about 2,500 years old was a 30-to-40-year-old man with blond hair, was found in the

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With the appearance of iron weapons by the 3rd century BC, the inhabitants of Mongolia had begun to form clan alliances and lived a hunter and herder lifestyle. The origins of more modern inhabitants are found among the forest hunters and nomadic tribes of

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The Western Xia denied its obligation as a vassal state to take part in the western campaign of Genghis Khan. Shortly after returning to Mongolia, the Mongol army invaded the Western Xia in 1226 and conquered the capital Zhongxing (中兴府), located in modern

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was 9 years old. Shortly after Yesukhei died, Targudai Kiriltug of Taichuud moved away with the subjects of Yesukhei, leaving young Temujin, his mother and his younger siblings without support. Hence, Khamag Mongol remained in political crisis until 1189.

1891:. Thus, from the outset of their revolt, they had the advantage of controlling what had been one of the major bases of Rouran power. Between 546 and 553, the Türks overthrew the Rouran and established themselves as the most powerful force in Central Asia. 1937:(618–907)—destroyed the power of the Eastern Turks north of the Gobi; established suzerainty over the Khitan, a semi-nomadic Para-Mongolic people who lived in areas that became the modern Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang and Jilin; and established the 1675:(present-day China's Xizang Autonomous Region) from the west and the southwest. Chaos prevailed as these groups warred with each other and repulsed the vain efforts of the fragmented Chinese kingdoms south of the Yangtze River to reconquer the region. 1032:

and are thought to have been set up during the Bronze Age around 1000 BC, and may mark the graves of important people. Later inhabitants of the area likely reused them to mark their own burial mounds, and perhaps for other purposes. In Mongolia, the

1691:(also referred to as Ruru or Juan-Juan by Chinese chroniclers), a newly arising nomadic Mongol people in the steppes north of the Altai Mountains, and reconstructed the Great Wall. During the 4th century also, the Huns left the steppes north of the 4492:

were generously awarded by the Emperor, and those who performed exceptionally outstanding feats before the Qing Emperor would occasionally be honoured to marry a princess. Disobedience or failure to provide adequate service was severely punished.

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horses and other livestock of the Khalkha population for the Dzungar invasion. A 200,000 strong army consisting of Khalkha, Inner Mongolian, Manchu and Chinese troops invaded Dzungaria in 1755. The vanguard of the Qing army was led by Amursana,

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system with well-organized posts (‘’örtege’’). The system connected the various regions of the whole Empire. Ogedei Khan settled down the rebellions in the countries conquered during his father and led an army himself to put down a revolt in

4495:

The most heavy burden of the foreign exploitation was laid on the spine of the ordinary Mongolian laborers. They were impoverished during mobilization of horses and livestock products during preparation of the military campaign against the

4940:. Agriculture and industry were almost non-existent; transport and communications were primitive; banking, services and trade were almost exclusively in the hands of Chinese or other foreigners. Most people were nomadic herders 1995:

river in 751. The Tang Empire invited the Uyghurs to subdue the An Lushan rebellion in 755. Successful campaigns of the Uyghur Khaganate led to a peace with the Tang dynasty of China which paid compensation for the suppression of An in

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occupied Urga after suspicious deaths of Mongolian patriotic nobles and forced the Bogd Khaan and the leading nobles to sign a document renouncing Mongolia's independence. Leaders of Mongolia's national independence movement, such as

4100:

s or princes of Southern Khalkha, Horchin, Horlos, etc., who pledged to support Nurhaci in his wars against the Ming dynasty. However their first allied actions were against their own suzerain Ligdan Khan, who they defeated in 1622.

1782:(also known as Nirun) were consolidated under Mugulyu. In the late 5th century, the Rouran established a powerful nomadic empire spreading generally farther north of Northern Wei. It was probably the Rouran who first used the title 4382:

While this horde entered the Ili River Basin, Amursana captured Davaachi and handed him to the Manchu. This event marked the fall of the Dzungar Khanate, which had impeded Qing expansion into Central Asia for over a century. The

3586:. Mongolia was effectively unified under the power of the Oirat Taishi. Esen Taishi led active diplomatic exchanges with the Ming dynasty to achieve favorable trading conditions. When diplomacy failed to reach the goal, he led a 4981:

In 1928, Mongolian politics took a sharp leftward turn. Herds were forcibly collectivized, private trade and transport were forbidden, and monasteries and the nobility came under attack. This led to an economic breakdown and to

4844:

One part of the Chinese forces fled to the south to China, and another to the north of Mongolia to enter negotiations with the Far Eastern Republic. The Bogd Khaan's monarchic power and his government were briefly restored.

1459:

During the next century, as Chinese strength waned, border warfare between the Chinese and the Xiongnu was almost incessant. Gradually the nomads forced their way back into Gansu and the northern part of what is now China's

5184:

Mongolia as an independent country, although no legislative actions were taken to address concerns over its constitutional claims to Mongolia. Offices established to support Taipei's claims over Outer Mongolia, such as the

5001:"bending") and liberalized development of the economy, and was favored by new leaders such as Prime Minister P. Genden. However, they did not realize that this was a temporary tactical retreat by Stalin and the Comintern. 923:. Contemporary findings from western Mongolia include only temporary encampments of hunters and fishers. Horse-riding nomadism has been documented by archeological evidence in Mongolia during the Copper and Bronze Age 1699:

in Inner Asia, as had the Chinese in the 2nd century. As the empire grew, however, Tuoba tribal customs were supplanted by those of the Chinese, an evolution not accepted by all Tuoba. Tuoba Wei existed until 581.

4798: 735:(1368–1635). The Mongols returned to their earlier patterns of internal strife and their old shamanist ways after the collapse of Yuan dynasty. Buddhism reemerged in Mongolia in the 16th and 17th centuries. 4752:

in 1206. With national independence, Mongolia entered the path of modernization. A parliamentary structure consisting of two chambers, the Upper Hural and the Lower Hural, was formed in 1914. A legal code,

4928:

Thus the Revolution ended Chinese occupation of Mongolia and defeated White Russian forces in Mongolia. Also that year, Mongolian revolutionary leaders adopted the Statement of Reunification of Mongolia.

1946:

continuously struggled against the subjugation by the Tang dynasty started in 679. An uprising of 682 under the leadership of Kutuluk and Tonyukuk led to restoration of the Turkic Khaganate, known as the

3333:

subjects of the former Jin dynasty such as Northern Chinese, the Khitans and Jurchens, and the lowest rank comprised the subjects of the former Song dynasty such as the Han ethnic group in South China.

3533:

The first half of the 15th century saw a rivalry of Oirat Taishis for the throne of the Khan and the second half of the 15th century saw a separatist movement of the Taishis in the right wing tumens.

3240:) by Kublai Khan in 1264 was opposed by many Mongols. Thus, Ariq Böke's struggle was for keeping the center of the Empire in Mongolia homeland. After Ariq Böke's death, the struggle was continued by 4227:

where Russia threatened to exterminate them if they failed to submit, but many submitted to Galdan Boshugtu. The Khalkha leaders sought Manchu aid in their feud with Galdan Boshugtu Khan while the

2398:, son of Khabul Khan. Hotula Khan engaged in 13 battles with the Tatars endeavouring to avenge Ambagai Khan. Khamag Mongol was unable to elect a khan after Hotula died. However, Khabul's grandson 1648:

as a form of non-verbal communication. Besides extensive livestock husbandry, the Xianbei were also engaged on a limited scale in farming and handicraft. The Xianbei fractured in the 3rd century.

2459:

confederacy first appeared in recorded history in 732. The Tatars became subjects of the Khitan in the 10th century. After the fall of the Khitan empire, the Tatars experienced pressure from the

1142:

in the west. During most of recorded history, this has been an area of constant ferment from which emerged numerous migrations and invasions to the southeast (into China), to the southwest (into

4296:

cruelly subdued the resistance of the Buryats and conquered the Baikal region in 1640-1650s. The uprisings of the Buryats were brutally crushed in 1658 and 1696. The Russians attempted to build

4185:

in 1640 to ally their forces in struggle against increasing foreign aggression. The congress issued a Khalkha-Oirat Law called the "Great Code of the Forty and the Four" or "Mongol-Oirat Code" (

4435:, killing every Oirat they met on their way in the territory of the Dzungar Khanate. Of the 600,000 Dzungar population, only 30 thousand survived. Some scholars estimate that about 80% of the 4431:

in Russia where he died but the Dzungars continued their war against Manchu invasion until 1758. Brutally revenging the Oirat people for their love for freedom, the Qing army carried out the

6650: 4722: 6821: 4809:

Following the Russian Revolution of October 1917, China revived its claims to Outer Mongolia, aiming at its conversion into a common Chinese province. In late 1919, the Chinese general

4304:

area, but they were quickly destroyed by the local population. The Buryat region was formally annexed to Russia by treaties in 1689 and 1727, when the territories on both the sides of

2332:

similar to Manchu-Tungusic languages and Khitan. The Turkic Khaganate installed tuduns, or governors over the Shiwei and collected tribute. Other Shiwei may have stayed and become the

4414:

their force. He planned to organize a congress of the Khalkha nobility to elect a future Khan of Mongolia. Chingunjav was supported by Boghda Gegeen II, the Khans of the four Khalkha

3625:, to a proxime neighbourhood to the right wings for tighter control over them. Since then, the Mongol Khans resided in Chaharia up to 1634. The left-wing tumens under Dayan Khan were 1925:

by the plot made by the Sui dynasty of China. Finally in 584, the Eastern Turks recognised Sui suzerainty. The Turkic Khaganate began to revolt and hasten the border in 615 after the

3453:

was enthroned in 1370 after the death of the last Yuan emperor. The Ming dynasty founded by ethnic Han began aggressions against the Northern Yuan from the year 1372. Mongol warlord

6690: 5364: 1953:

For a brief period at the beginning of the 7th century, a new consolidation of the Türks, under the Western Türk ruler Tardu, again threatened China. In 701, Tardu's army besieged

4591:

adopted in 1912 specifically established frontier regions of the new republic, including Outer Mongolia, as integral parts of the state. While the Qing referred to their state as

4611:, and the position of Mongols was that their allegiance had been to the Qing monarch, not the Chinese state. When declaring its independence the Mongolian government led by the 2351:

confederacy. The people of Mongolia at this time were predominantly spirit worshipers, with shamans providing spiritual and religious guidance to the people and tribal leaders.

1875:

in northern China was disintegrating rapidly because of revolts of semi-tribal Tuoba military forces that were opposed to being sinicized, when disaster struck the flourishing

4888:

The MPP was established in early 1921 as a merger of two underground revolutionary groups who had their own views on the future of Mongolia. One of these groups was headed by

4216:

In 1688, Galdan attacked Khalkha following the murder of his younger brother by Tusheet Khan Chakhundorj (the main or Central Khalkha leader) and the Khalkha-Oirat War began.

3340:

The division of the Mongol Empire, c. 1300, showing the khanates of the Golden Horde (yellow), the Chagatai Khanate (gray), the Yuan dynasty (green) and the Ilkhanate (purple)

2948:

The 16-year conquests of Genghis Khan resulted in the formation of the Mongol Empire. He died on 16 August 1227 and was buried at site Ihe Ötög on the southern slopes of the

4193:

Gombodorji and Secen Khan Sholoi were engaged in a conflict with the Manchu Qing dynasty siding with Tenggis Taiji of Inner Mongolia who revolted against Qing rule in 1646.

5951: 3989:

equations and wrote 42 volumes of "The Roots of Regularites" (Зvй тогтлын бvрэн эх сурвалж), 5 volumes in linguistics (дуун ухаан), and 53 volumes of work on mathematics.

3515:, vassal of the Khan. There were about 250,000 Mongols staying in South China and many of these Mongols who were unable to retreat to Mongolia were killed by the Chinese. 1573:

and images of deities resembling the Greco-Roman deities. These discoveries lead to a hypothesis that the Xiongnu had relations with the Greco-Roman world 2000 years ago.

6834: 4259:

in 1691 at which the Khalkha feudatories (the Khalkha Khanate or Eastern Mongolia) by Zanabazar's decision formally declared allegiance to the emperor. However, Khalkha

3729:

unification of Mongolia by peaceful means led him to shift to forceful methods. However, this in turn alienated the local lords of Inner Mongolia from him even farther.

6771: 2665:, brother of Temujin, found a dignitary named Tatar-Tonga/Tata Tunga, who spread the Uighur alphabet among the Mongols. This alphabet became the basis of the Classical 886:

possibly inhabited Mongolia as much as 800,000 years ago but fossils of Homo erectus have not yet been found in Mongolia. Stone tools have been found in the southern,

1830:

tribes. The Tatars and other Mongol tribes lived in the eastern part Mongolia during the Turkic period. Other Mongols that migrated east returned in the 8th century.

5101:

developed in the 1960s, it aligned itself firmly with the Soviet Union. In 1960, Mongolia gained a seat in the UN, after earlier attempts had failed due to U.S. and

4705:, and Inner Mongolia came under control of the Republic of China. On 2 February 1913 the Bogd sent Mongolian cavalrymen to "liberate" Inner Mongolia from China. The 4379:

and King Renchindorji of the Khalkhas. The Dzungar Khanate was conquered by the Manchus in 1755–1758 due to conflicts between their leaders and military commanders.

2016:. The culture and economy of the Uyghur Kaganate were more advanced than those of its predecessors. The Uyghurs used a 12-month calendar and calculated the dates of 1322:

from the Gobi. A Chinese army, which had adopted Xiongnu military technology—wearing trousers and using mounted archers with stirrups—pursued the Xiongnu across the

3281:

of the Mongol Yuan state. In 1269, Kublai Khan commissioned Phagpa lama to design a new writing system to unify the writing systems of the multilingual empire. The

844:

mountains act like a high wall, blocking the warm and wet climate from penetrating into Central Asia. Many of the mountains of Mongolia were formed during the Late

1671:(Chang Jiang) had been overrun by nomadic peoples: the Xianbei from the north; some remnants of the Xiongnu from the northwest; and the Chiang people of Gansu and 1651:

The Xianbei established an empire, which, although short-lived, gave rise to numerous tribal states along the Chinese frontier. Among these states was that of the

3582:

became prime minister. Togoon Taishi of Oirat eventually increased his power in the Northern Yuan court and these achievements were tightened under his successor

1917:

in China stopped sending tribute to the Göktürks and constant war between Sui and the Turkic Khaganate began. The Turkic Khaganate was partitioned in 583 into an

4921:). Baron Ungern, after a conspiracy, was deserted by his troops and captured by a detachment of the Red Army. The MPP troops and Russian Red Army troops entered 1020:. Most deer stones occur in association with ancient graves; it is believed that stones are the guardians of the dead. There are around 700 deer stones known in 4662:

was deported on 12 January 1912 in the presence of 700 Mongolian warriors mobilized from Sain Noyan Khan aimag. Mongolian troops led by Danbijantsan (Ja Lama),

4356:

retreat after battles with Khalkha and Qing troops. Galdan Tseren died in 1745 and a crisis arose among his heirs. After a series of bloody clashes among them,

3073:

After his 16-year reign, Ogedei Khan died in 1241 under suspicious circumstances. A rivalry for the throne began between the faction of the houses of Zuchi and

2587:" in 1189 with the support of Tooril Khan of Kereit, the blood brother of his father. Another ally who helped Temujin in this venture was his own blood brother 1546:

In AD 48, the Xiongnu empire was weakened as it was divided into the southern and northern Xiongnu. The northern Xiongnu migrated to the west. They established

4740: 6302: 6052: 3555:

Western Mongolian Oirats and Eastern Mongolian Khalkhas vied for domination in Mongolia since the 14th century and this conflict weakened Mongolian strength.

6766: 6133: 1430:

defences in the north, while building up and improving the army, particularly the cavalry, and while preparing long-range plans for an invasion of Mongolia.

4557:

considered the new republic to be the successor of the Qing and claimed Outer Mongolia as part of its territory. This claim was legally provided for in the

4427:

place at Sharbal in 1757 when 3,000 Oirat troops fought against a four times outnumbering enemy. After the 17-day battle, Amursana was defeated and fled to

6025: 4997:, the so-called "Policy of the New Turn"). The "New Turn" included the purging of the most leftist members of the leadership under the pretext of нугалаа ( 4558: 3792:. However, these initiatives mainly or exclusively served the ruling classes and the mass of the Mongol commoners received little or no benefit from them. 2650:

and demoralising Tayan khan, who was a weak warlord. Temujin won the battle. Tayan khan was captured but died of his wound, Kuchlug retreated to the river

2336:. The Kitans conquered the Shiwei during the late 9th century. One Shiwei tribe, living near the Amur and Ergune rivers, was called the "Menggu" (Mongol). 4398:

Wang Sevdenbaljir rose up against Qing domination. Some Inner Mongol and Khalkha nobles supported this uprising but the second Jebtsundamba Khutughtu and

4510:

to Khalkha and to forbid cross-ethnic marriages between the Mongols and Han Chinese. In the later Qing period however, the Qing policy changed with the "

1393:

of China launched a military campaign into the territory, attempting to subjugate the Xiongnu. However the Xiongnu forces ambushed and encircled the Han

4387:

demobilized the army and envisaged a congress of Dzungar and other Mongol aristocrats to celebrate the incorporation of Dzungaria into the Qing Empire.

2672:

By 1206, all the tribes and confederations of Mongolian steppe had come under the leadership of Temujin. The success of Temujin in consolidation of the

1933:. The internal struggle between the Turkic nobles lead to their defeat by the Tang dynasty of China in 630. From 629 to 648, a reunited China—under the 4674:

during the night of 20 August 1912. At the same time, while many Mongol leaders outside Outer Mongolia sent statements to support Bogd Khan's call of

4619:, but after the fall of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in 1911 it was simply that the contract about their submission to the Manchus had become invalid. 4603:) in official documents such as treaties, it implemented different ways of legitimization for different peoples in the Qing Empire, such as acting as 3748:

for trade. They banned selling metal products to the Mongols in suspicion that metal would be remoulded into weapons; however, metal products such as

2812:

clan defeated Kuchulug who had become the Gur-Khan of Qara Khitai. His power was weak as he, a Buddhist, persecuted the indigenous Muslim population.

2130:. By the middle of the 10th century, Khitan chieftains had established themselves as emperors of northern China, and the Liao dynasty is considered a 1601:(or Hsien-pei in Wade–Giles) had moved (apparently from the east) into the region vacated by the Xiongnu. The Xianbei were the northern branch of the 6239: 4588: 3504: 2239:, etc. In 1218, Genghis Khan destroyed the Western Liao, after which the Khitans passed into obscurity. The modern-day minority of Mongolic-speaking 1444:

Between 130 and 121 BC, Chinese armies drove the Xiongnu back across the Great Wall, weakened their hold on Gansu Province as well as on what is now

6469: 4075:. By the end of the 17th century, the power of the all-Mongolian Khan had greatly weakened and the decentralized Mongols had to face the rising new 2051:

dominance in Mongolia. According to historians, Kirghiz were not interested in assimilating newly acquired lands. The Kirghiz state was centered on

5668: 5485: 3154:

territory in the 13th and 14th centuries. It enabled exchange of knowledge, inventions and culture between the West and East. This epoch is called

5648: 4124:

remained under Ligdan's rule. The Chahar army was defeated in 1625 and 1628 by the Inner Mongol and Manchu armies due to Ligdan's faulty tactics.

2839:

a supreme ruler of the West. Khwarezm Shah had an opposite view that there should be only one ruler on earth as there is only one sun in the sky.

7079: 6014:Хойд Дашнямын Нарантуяа, Халхын Засагт хан аймгийн засаг ноёд, National University of Mongolia, Institute of Historical Studies. Ulaanbaatar 2005 4721:

urged Russia to abolish Mongolian independence because it was concerned that "if Mongolians gain independence then Central Asians will revolt".

4143:

s defeated him again in 1634 and sacked Hohhot. The Manchus secured control over Inner Mongolia in 1632 and Ligdan's army moved to fight Tibetan

3946: 1448:, and finally pushed them north of the Gobi into central Mongolia. Following these victories, the Chinese expanded into the areas later known as 7629: 6751: 5664: 4833:, who had been defeated in the Civil War in Transbaikalian Siberia, invaded Mongolia in October 1920. Baron Ungern sought allies to defeat the 5885: 8735: 5260: 2619:

A conflict of the Tatars with the Jin dynasty became a favorable opportunity for Temujin and Tooril Khan to defeat them in alliance with the

612: 6801: 3713:, the ruler of Khalkha, conquered the Oirats in the 1570s, but the latter rebelled in 1588. The Oirats, in turn, were busy in struggle with 1118:. In central and eastern parts of Mongolia were many other tribes that were primarily North East Asian in their ethnologic characteristics. 6523:

Buyandelgeriyn, Manduhai. "Dealing with uncertainty: shamans, marginal capitalism, and the remaking of history in postsocialist Mongolia."

5427: 1965:

was defeated and chased back by Mojo Khagan. The Türkic empire finally ended in 744 by the joint Chinese, Uighur and other nomadic forces.

1663:

full-scale nomadism, was the basis of their economy. In the 6th century, the Wuhuan were driven out of Inner Asia into the Russian steppe.

1620:

gained strength beginning from the 1st century AD and were consolidated into a state under Tanshihuai in 147. He expelled the Xiongnu from

6489: 5361: 2390:

tribe. Ambagai was captured by the Tatars while he came to deliver his daughter as a bride to the Tatar confederacy and was given to the

1062: 5406: 4881:

for regaining the independence of Mongolia from China. Later the Chinese forces were defeated by Baron Ungern, but at the same time the

3461:

and other cities, but the invasions of the Northern Yuan by Ming armies in 1381 and 1392 were expelled. Nevertheless, Yuan royalists in

2749:

became an attractive force for many neighbouring peoples and kingdoms. Beginning from 1207, the Uighur state, Taiga people of the river

2676:

was due to his flexibility, his cherishing of his friends and his elaborated tactics. A congress of the Mongol aristocrats on the river

1644:

be the proto-Mongols. The ruler of the Xianbei state was elected by a congress of the nobility. The Xianbei used woodcut tallies called

3054:, to the west, and they conquered 14 principalities of Rus in 1236–1240, invaded the principalities of Poland, the Kingdom of Hungary, 2635:

and Jurkhin tribes were defeated and subjugated. Influential aristocrats of many other tribes and confederations were joining Temujin.

1810:

in 402 landmarking the establishment of the state of the Rouran Khaganate. The Tuoba waged long wars against the Rouran Khaganate. The

6581: 6528: 8409: 6887: 6776: 3574:'s (1433–1452) prime minister Western Mongolian Togoon Taish reunited the Mongols after killing Eastern Mongolian another king Adai ( 3199:. The Mongol Empire fractured into four khanates including the Yuan dynasty based in China, and the three western khanates, i.e. the 1398: 5857:

with you. If you don't surrender, we'll conquer you." ("Та манд орж өгвөөс, бид шажин ном хийе, орж эс өгвөөс, бид танд довтолмуй".)

5112:. At the same time, state farms were established, and, with extensive aid from the USSR and China, infrastructure projects like the 4801:. Mongolian agents and Bogd Khaan (he was a Tibetan) disrupted Soviet secret operations in Tibet to change its regime in the 1920s. 4748:

In its historical significance, the establishment of the Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia is comparable with the foundation of the unified

7862: 7701: 6956: 6700: 5186: 4219:

The head of the Khalkha Buddhism Boghda Zanabazar, the Khalkha khans and nobles with thousands of their subjects moved in panic to

2973:

The frontiers of the Mongol Empire on the background of the modern political map and the territories presently populated by Mongols

2269: 1938: 1854: 417: 372: 5969: 5613:

Ch. Yerool-Erdene. "Hyposthesis about relations of the Hunnu with the Greco-Roman world". Newspaper 'Daily News'. 16 November 2007

4252:'s nobles supported his war against the Qing Empire, however, Inner Mongolian nobles did not join the battle against the Manchus. 2347:

The confederations of core Mongol tribes were transforming into a statehood in the early 12th century and came to be known as the

88: 8684: 6851: 5944: 5444: 4368:

became the new Dzungar Khan in 1753. The feud was a sign to the Qing dynasty to prepare for the invasion of the Dzungar Khanate.

3963:, was a great master of the Buddhist art. Along with the sculptures of the Twenty One Taras, he created the famous sculptures of 3349:

into a province known as the Lingbei Branch Secretariat by the early 14th century. After the capture of the Yuan capital by the

1826:

Kaganate between the river Danube and the Carpathian Mountains. The Rourans that stayed in Mongolia became the ancestors of the

1484:

The identity of the ethnic core of Xiongnu has been a subject of varied hypotheses and some scholars, including A.Luvsandendev,

60: 8745: 6831: 5154: 5079: 4951:, the Soviet Union agreed to China's claim to Mongolia. The Soviet Union officially recognized Mongolian independence in 1945. 4837:. In October–November 1920, Ungern's troops assaulted the capital, Niislel Khuree, known to Europeans under the name Urga (now 2243:

in China are their direct descendants based on DNA evidence and other Khitans assimilated into the Mongols (Southern Mongols),

1361:

ranges in the east. In the 2nd century BC the Xiongnu turned their attention westward to the region of the Altai Mountains and

5020:

stopped the migration in 1930 and initiated repressions in Mongolia against both immigrants and native Mongolians. During the

4865: 2494:. In his feud with his brothers for the throne of the Keraites, he was repeatedly aided by Yesukhei Bagatur of Khamag Mongol. 7307: 6106: 6079: 5166: 4670:

arrived in the Khovd region in August 1912. After an intense attack supported by the local people, they captured the city of

1822:

in 555. Part of the Rouran left the present territory of Mongolia. A number of historians maintain that they established the

6695: 5108:

The post-war years also saw the acceleration of the drive towards creating a socialist society. In the 1950s, livestock was

5078:

Also in August 1945, the Republic of China had finally agreed to recognize Mongolia's independence if a vote were held. The

4885:(MPP) had been established. The Soviet government saw this party as instrumental for driving Ungern's troops from Mongolia. 7256: 6827:

4000-year-old prehistoric portraits discovered in Inner Mongolia New prehistoric discoveries in Alxa League, Inner Mongolia

5649:

Dr., Prof. Ts. Gantulga, Dr. T. Jambaldorj, Dr., Prof. S. Tsolmon, Dr., Prof. J. Zaanhuu, T. Altanceceg, S. Sodnam (2005).

5201: 5177: 4822:, were arrested, imprisoned, and even tortured to death. The Chinese had tightened their control of Mongolia by this time. 2134:. The Khitans built cities and exerted dominion over their agricultural subjects as a means of consolidating their empire. 1197: 67: 41: 6737: 6275: 4284:

Mongolia encountered Russian expansion on her northern border in the 17th century. The Buryats had fought against Russian

688:

tribes, forging them into a fighting force which went on to establish the largest contiguous empire in world history, the

8659: 4514:" (Xin zheng) in the early 20th century, which called for the sinification of Mongolia through Han Chinese colonisation. 4087:

over the looting of Chinese cities, and managed to alienate most Mongol tribes. In 1618, Ligden signed a treaty with the

3488: 2993:

the capital of the Mongol Empire. Karakorum had been a military garrison of Genghis Khan since 1220. The existence of 12

2718:

The Mongol Empire and the states that emerged from it played a major role in the history of the 13th and 14th centuries.

1314:

The first significant appearance of nomads came late in the 3rd century BC, when the Chinese repelled an invasion of the

3732:

The striving of the Mongols to improve their life led naturally to an increase in the number of their livestock. In the

3457:

defeated a 150,000 Ming force on the river Orkhon in 1373. Ming army invaded the Northern Yuan again in 1380 and looted

1640:. The Xianbei successfully repelled an invasion of the Han dynasty in 167 and conquered areas of northern China in 180. 7622: 7587: 7167: 7123: 6900: 6035: 854: 3883:

Following the advice of his nephew Hutuhtai Secen Hongtaiji, Altan Khan of Tumet invited the head of the Gelug school

3150:

The Mongol Empire had an establishing effect on the social, cultural and economic life of the inhabitants of the vast

2599:

tribe revenging for a much earlier event in which Temujin's father Yesukhei deprived a Mergid chief Chiledu his bride

1004:) probably are from this era; other theories date the deer stones as 7th or 8th centuries BC. Deer stones are ancient 8704: 7824: 7300: 6816: 6781: 6676: 6444: 6352: 6143: 6116: 6089: 6062: 6000: 5812: 5346: 5319: 5265: 5021: 4948: 4554: 4289: 3907:

Khans at the same time." After some hesitation however, he did give Abtai the title Khan. Abtai Khan established the

3491:

in 1387–88 after a successful diplomacy of the latter. The Ming dynasty sent Qui Fu's cavalry into Mongolia, but was

3274:

to spread Buddhism throughout his realm (the second introduction of Buddhism among the Mongols). Buddhism became the

2012:

became the official religion of the Khaganate in the 8th century. Nevertheless, the majority of the Uyghurs remained

1747: 1219: 605: 107: 74: 3736:, on which the medieval Mongolian economy was based, an excess number of livestock required either expansion of the 3373:

retreated to the Mongolian steppe and fought against the Ming. The Mongolian steppe became the ruling center of the

1539:. Mongolian long song is believed to date back at least 2,000 years. Mythical origin of the long song mentioned in " 7249: 7091: 6545:

A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Volume II: Inner Eurasia from the Mongol Empire to Today, 1260-2000

6299: 5033:

about 700,000 to 900,000 people. The proportion of victims to the total population was much higher than during the

3660:

as a regent due to the Khan's young age. As he grew up, Bodi Alagh claimed back his throne and the Jinong yielded.

2463:

and were urged to fight against the other Mongol tribes. The Tatars lived on the fertile pastures around the lakes

5181: 3126:

Itinerarium fratris Willielmi de Rubruquis de ordine fratrum Minorum, Galli, Anno gratia 1253 ad partes Orientales

2103:. The Liao dynasty covered a significant portion of what is now Mongolia including the basins of the three rivers 1345:, who then conquered and unified various tribes. At the peak of its power, the Xiongnu confederacy stretched from 7006: 3328:. Kublai established a government with institutions resembling the ones in earlier Chinese dynasties such as the 3267: 546: 6180:

Proceedings of the Fifth East Asian Altaistic Conference, December 26, 1979-January 2, 1980, Taipei, China, p144

2758:

military strength of his state and preparing for a struggle against the Jin dynasty, Genghis Khan conquered the

1295:

The identity of the ethnic core of Xiongnu has been a subject of varied hypotheses and some scholars, including

56: 7530: 7361: 7016: 6571: 5170: 5097:, some 790,000 people were persecuted. Of these, 22,900 were beaten to death and 120,000 were maimed, When the 4983: 4962: 4854: 4127:

Ligdan Khan occupied Tumet and Ordos in 1623 to forestall their absorption by the Manchu and advanced into the

1913:

dynasties of China surrendered in 570 and began paying tribute to the Göktürks. However, the newly established

1473:

concept of Mongolia as an independent power north of China is seen in the letter sent by Emperor Wen of Han to

1201: 771: 559: 45: 5082:

took place in the presence of Chinese observers on 20 October. The official result was 100% for independence.

4607:

to the Mongols. As a result, the Mongols considered themselves as subjects of the Qing state outside China or

4419:

Mongolia. Renchindorj Wang who allowed Amursanaa to abandon his post in the Qing army was cruelly executed in

1045:, there are 550, 20, 20, and 60 known deer stones respectively. Moreover, there are another 20 deer stones in 8402: 7654: 7615: 7343: 7266: 7145: 6916: 6880: 6538: 5290: 4954: 3196: 3170: 3161:

In Mongolia, the legacy of Genghis Khan was a superior law code, a written language, and a historical pride.

1433:

By 176 BC, domain of the Xiongnu was 4,030,000 km (1,560,000 sq mi) in size. Xiongnu capital (

693: 141: 6548: 5336: 4630: 1406:" was far from peaceful, as Xiongnu raids into the fertile southern land never ceased. During the period of 1106:

By the 8th century BC, the inhabitants of the western part of Mongolia evidently were nomadic Indo-European

766:

independence and until 1945 to gain international recognition. As a consequence, Mongolia came under strong

8804: 8494: 7385: 7064: 7028: 7011: 6991: 5144: 5068: 5053: 5002: 4900: 4678:, in reality however, most of them were too prudent or irresolute to attempt joining the Bogd Khan regime. 3089: 2131: 1028:. Their true purpose and creators are still unknown. Some researchers claim that deer stones are rooted in 899: 787: 779: 759: 755: 598: 569: 542: 512: 6535:

A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire

6236: 4903:

began on 18 March, when 400 volunteer troops led by Sukhbaatar attacked the 2,000-man Chinese garrison in

3450: 3370: 3312:

Kublai Khan announced the establishment of the Yuan dynasty in 1271. The Yuan dynasty included modern-day

8809: 8740: 8372: 7706: 7459: 7449: 7290: 7106: 6756: 6592: 5197: 5045: 4882: 4858: 4373: 4285: 4265: 4162:

Hong Taiji assumed the title of Khan of the Mongols in 1636, marking the conquest of Inner Mongolia. The

3887:

to his domain. Upon their meeting in 1577, Altan Khan recognized Sonam Gyatso lama as a reincarnation of

3317: 3135:, the youngest brother of Mönghe Khan, as Great Khan. The same year, Mönghe Khan's first younger brother 3043: 2941:(1227) came under rule of the Mongol Empire after its conquest of the Western Xia and Jin dynasties. The 2774: 2460: 2193: 1524: 1107: 5623: 4819: 4667: 4008:

of Sagan Secen Hongtaiji (a descendant of Hutuhtai Secen Hongtaiji), was written in 1662. In the 1620s,

3431:. The rump state of the Yuan dynasty after this time until the 17th century is often referred to as the 1292:

empire in Mongolia in the 3rd century BC marks the beginning of statehood on the territory of Mongolia.

8699: 8604: 7228: 7172: 7113: 7096: 7069: 7033: 6729: 5193: 5148: 5086: 4830: 4091:

to protect their northern border from the Manchus attack in exchange for thousands of taels of silver.

4042: 3888: 3879:

Temple at Erdene Zuu monastery established, by Abtai Khan, in the Khalkha heartland in the 16th century

3263: 1958: 1330:. Fortification walls built by various Chinese warring states were connected to make a 2,300-kilometre 579: 8380:

Mongolized ethnic groups.Ethnic groups of Mongolian origin or with a large Mongolian ethnic component.

6761: 5696: 4744:

Chinese warlords and Mongolian Noyans in the ceremony celebrating the canonization of 8th Jebtsundamba

3594:

was captured and Beijing was besieged. Shortly after this event Esen Taishi defeated the nominal Khan

7733: 7515: 7469: 7244: 7128: 7101: 4340:

Buryats revolted in 1767 and Russia completely conquered the Buryat region in the late 18th century.

3821: 2181: 2036:

to attack the Uyghurs and the Uyghur Khaganate fell under an invasion of the Yenisei Kirghiz in 840.

5499: 4440:

par excellence." The territory of the Dzungar Khanate was then incorporated into the Qing Empire as

4409:

The Qing Empire in 1820; Inner and Outer Mongolia became a part of the empire between 1636 and 1697.

4147:

sect (Yellow Hat sect) forces. The Gelugpa forces supported the Manchus, while Ligdan supported the

3676: 3610:

of the Eastern Mongolic peoples. They quickly became the dominant Mongolic clan in Mongolia proper.

8709: 8426: 8395: 7487: 7444: 7397: 7348: 7278: 7210: 7021: 6996: 6986: 6946: 6873: 6811: 6791: 6658: 6654: 6638: 6375: 5889: 5691: 5230: 4766: 4622: 4528: 4502: 4453: 4325: 3911:

in 1585 at the site of the former city of Karakorum. Thus, eventually most Mongolian rulers became

3896:. Altan Khan also bestowed the title Ochirdara (Очирдар, from Sanskr. Vajradhara) to Sonam Gyatso. 3591: 1922: 1918: 1080:

burial complex from the 5th-3rd centuries, later also used by the Xiongnu, has been unearthed near

795: 739: 709: 522: 487: 345: 4932:

On the eve of the 1921 revolution, Mongolia had an underdeveloped and stagnant economy based on a

3927:. This period is characterized by development of architecture, fine arts including silk applique, 3487:

with aims of restoring the Yuan dynasty. However, he, along with his troops (sized about 200,000)

3252:

in 1287, although the Mongolian steppe was controlled by Kublai Khan and his successors after the

2654:

where he was overtaken by Temujin and defeated. After this battle, Kuchlug escaped to Gur-Khan of

2354:

The Khamag Mongols occupied one of the most fertile areas of the country—the basins of the rivers

2231:. In addition, the Western Liao also controlled some highly autonomous vassalized states, such as 2188:

and reduced the Liao dynasty to vassal status in a seven-year war (1115–1122). The Jurchen leader

2115:. The Khitans occupied the areas vacated by the Turkic Uyghurs bringing them under their control. 8819: 8654: 8619: 8574: 7694: 7333: 7283: 6806: 6388: 5602: 5533:

Ts. Baasansuren "The scholar who showed the true Mongolia to the world", Summer 2010 vol. 6 (14)

5250: 5113: 3139:, who was warring in China to conquer the Song dynasty, elevated himself into Great Khan in city 1947: 1858: 1485: 1245:, which had begun conquering and enslaving the Mongolic people in an expansive drift. During the 1190: 650: 349: 81: 34: 5580:

Ts. Baasansuren "The scholar who showed the true Mongolia to the world", Summer 2010 vol.6 (14)

5424: 4690: 4483: 4480:- official presiding the congress) was appointed from the khoshun lords by the Qing government. 2490:

river. Markus Buyruk Khan was khan of the Keraites in the 12th century. Markus was succeeded by

2394:

of Jin dynasty who cruelly executed him, nailing to a "wooden donkey". Ambagai was succeeded by

1528: 8544: 8539: 8434: 7721: 7510: 7338: 7295: 7233: 7001: 5977: 5041: 5025: 5006: 4970: 4958: 4815: 4663: 4562: 4534: 4333: 3563: 2868: 2557: 1888: 1844: 1815: 646: 532: 341: 222: 5802: 4989:

But as a result, the MPP withdrew its most aggressively socialist policies, as advised by the

1569:

of Arkhangai province, discovered bronze decorations with images of a creature resembling the

8664: 8639: 8554: 8534: 8484: 8454: 8444: 8376: 7674: 7669: 7429: 7371: 7353: 7271: 7261: 7223: 7052: 6971: 6646: 5245: 5235: 4794: 4710: 4209: 4060: 4012:

of Khalkha wrote his famous philosophic poems and Legdan Hutuhtu Khan had the 108 volumes of

3523: 3496: 3432: 3386: 3374: 3249: 3117: 2118:

The Liao dynasty soon grew strong and occupied parts of Northern China, including modern-day

1246: 912: 732: 717: 171: 151: 146: 6860: 6417: 5467: 3680: 890:, region, perhaps dating back as much as 800,000 years. Important prehistoric sites are the 8750: 8629: 8624: 8504: 7743: 7548: 7520: 7198: 6921: 6367: 5285: 5255: 4198: 4046: 4009: 3908: 3211:, although later Yuan emperors were seen as the nominal suzerains of the western khanates. 2382:

tribe. Khabul Khan successfully repelled the invasions of Jin dynasty. He was succeeded by

2200:

in 1226 and invaded the territory of their former allies, the Song dynasty, to precipitate

2189: 2165:

technology developed in the Liao territory. The Khitan language was widely studied abroad.

1394: 811: 775: 713: 192: 181: 166: 6807:

Mongolia and the Altai Mountains: Origins of Genetic Blending Between Europeans and Asians

6158:

Bawden, Charles (1968): The modern history of Mongolia. Weidenfeld & Nicolson: 194-195

4918: 4549:

The official name of the state was "Ikh Mongol Uls", meaning the "Great Mongolian State".

4189:). The Congress was attended by 28 rulers from Dzungaria, Khalkha, Kukunor, and Kalmykia. 3672: 1562:

that were under the Xiongnu rebelled in AD 93, ending the Xiongnu domination in Mongolia.

8: 8724: 8694: 8644: 8599: 8569: 8469: 7991: 7580: 7479: 7366: 7321: 7086: 6730:

Biography of Zanabazar and history of dissemination of Buddhism in Mongolia by Don Croner

5992:

Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History

5280: 5240: 5090: 4870: 4337: 4309: 4201:, king of the Dzungar Khanate, in the course of several battles in the Hangai mountains. 3282: 3222: 2872: 2456: 2425: 2302:). A confederation of tribes under the name Mongol was known from the 8th century. Some 2236: 2158: 2154: 1926: 1899: 1827: 1823: 1695:

to invade Europe. By the middle of the 5th century, Northern Wei had penetrated into the

1509: 1505: 1489: 1465: 1423: 1350: 858: 783: 467: 252: 161: 8124: 6826: 6171:. Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar 1981 3522:. They stayed in Mongolia proper during the Yuan dynasty and sided Ariq Böke, Kaidu and 8669: 8584: 8564: 8449: 8439: 7728: 7689: 7679: 7500: 7454: 7439: 7434: 7215: 7133: 7043: 5966: 5658: 5270: 4321: 4301: 4255:

The Kangxi Emperor organized a congress of the rulers of Khalkha and Inner Mongolia in

4021: 3817: 3290: 2316: 2157:

based on the Chinese hieroglyphics in 920. Later, Tela, a son of Ambagyan, developed a

2088: 1803: 1795: 1517: 1501: 1407: 1308: 1058: 931: 791: 727:

After collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Yuan court retreated to the

262: 242: 212: 202: 176: 156: 5452: 5362:Хүрээлэнгийн эрдэм шинжилгээний ажлын ололт амжилт, Institute of Mongolian Archaeology 4028:(Мэргэд гарахын орон) was written under leadership of Rolbiidorji, Janjaa Hutuhtu II. 3923:

The second half of the 15th and the 16th centuries saw the revival and flourishing of

3724:

who claimed having possessed the "seal of the ancient Taizong Khan". Buyan's grandson

2612:), as the ruler of Khamag Mongol. It is speculated to be an ancient form of the word " 8779: 8714: 8649: 8614: 8549: 8529: 8519: 8479: 8464: 8459: 8031: 7659: 7596: 7561: 7535: 7525: 7505: 7464: 7160: 7155: 6848: 6843: 6567: 6348: 6261: 6139: 6112: 6085: 6058: 6031: 5996: 5808: 5479: 5342: 5315: 5275: 5200:(MPP), became the country's sixth democratically elected president after winning the 5102: 5098: 4297: 3924: 3733: 3721: 3657: 3492: 3480: 3404: 3345: 3306: 3294: 3131:

Mönghe Khan died in 1259, without leaving behind a son. The Kuriltai of 1260 elected

3059: 3011: 2949: 2899: 2479: 2449: 2367: 2201: 1497: 1419: 1296: 924: 751: 728: 6746: 3808:, the most powerful of Gersenz's grandchildren, received the title of Khan from the 3022:, the youngest brother of Genghis Khan. Ogedei Khan established an effective postal 2591:

of Jadaran clan. The Mergids had attacked the home of Temujin and captured his wife

1987:

which replaced the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. The Uyghur kagan Bayanchur established

1714: 8814: 8755: 8674: 8634: 8609: 8589: 8524: 8499: 8489: 8474: 8309: 8094: 8089: 8061: 7776: 7664: 7638: 6941: 6318: 4937: 4600: 4432: 4384: 4348:

uprising of Luvsandanzan taiji in Kukunor. Tsewang Rabtan was succeeded by his son

4152: 3942: 3614: 3298: 3271: 3253: 3204: 3147:

was fought between the two brothers from 1261 to 1264 until Ariq Böke surrendered.

3144: 2283: 2169: 2096: 2040: 1984: 1974: 1876: 1779: 1727: 1709: 1327: 1261:

had begun to encroach into and conquer parts of southern Mongolia. By the time the

1127: 983: 963: 721: 674: 642: 382: 327: 272: 5382:

Eleanora Novgorodova, Archäologische Funde, Ausgrabungsstätten und Skulpturen, in

4458: 2572: 1468:(AD 25-220) slowly recovered these territories, driving the Xiongnu back into the 8594: 8559: 8514: 8509: 8418: 8340: 8146: 8041: 7407: 7150: 6981: 6855: 6838: 6741: 6561: 6518:

Mongolian Nomadic Society: a reconstruction of the 'medieval' history of Mongolia

6306: 6243: 5991: 5973: 5955: 5918: 5431: 5368: 4734: 4615:

posited to Yuan Shikai that both Mongolia and China had been administered by the

4497: 4329: 4182: 4174: 4113: 4109: 4004: 3903: 3856: 3805: 3710: 3653: 3527: 3454: 3302: 3082: 2777:

which had a multi-million population. At this stage, the Mongols passed over the

2723: 2525: 2308: 2142: 2044: 2029: 1743: 1656: 1629: 1513: 1474: 1469: 1374: 1358: 1304: 1233: 1135: 1100: 1093: 1042: 1038: 955: 920: 837: 477: 282: 8172: 7782: 6470:"Ex-Mongolian prime minister Khurelsukh wins presidential election in landslide" 4569:: " the continued territorial integrity of the lands of the five races, Manchu, 4399: 4223:, which had been integrated into the Qing dynasty. A few Khalkhas fled north of 4190: 3813: 3804:

Northern Khalkha was further divided among Gersenz's seven sons and their sons.

3536:

In the late 14th century Mongolia was divided into two parts: Western Mongolia (

3358: 2274: 1024:

of a total of 900 deer stones that have been found in Central Eurasia and South

8325: 8177: 8084: 7915: 7738: 7711: 6734: 6710: 6279: 5980:, see "Areas where I can offer Postgraduate Supervision". Retrieved 2009-02-09. 5221: 5117: 5094: 5064: 5057: 4893: 4826: 4787: 4771: 4718: 4706: 4698: 4686: 4578: 4467: 4436: 4277: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4178: 4076: 3972: 3884: 3836: 3688: 3622: 3590:

in 1449, in which a 500,000 Ming army was defeated by a 20,000 Oirat army, the

3500: 3420: 3329: 3286: 3278: 2938: 2915: 2903: 2279: 2244: 2173: 2048: 2025: 1819: 1791: 1763: 1637: 1445: 979: 971: 951: 904: 841: 829: 799: 626: 232: 6796: 5720:| publisher = Historical Server of Central Asia | access-date = 2007-10-09 }} 4051: 3097: 2773:

In the year, the Mongols, with over 90,000 cavalrymen, started a war with the

2207:

The Liao dynasty fell in 1125. Some Khitans fled west under the leadership of

8798: 8773: 8320: 8314: 8254: 8231: 8167: 8109: 7880: 7870: 7839: 7829: 7761: 7753: 7716: 7684: 7177: 6961: 6926: 6720: 5798: 5017: 4966: 4889: 4878: 4775: 4749: 4730: 4702: 4675: 4616: 4349: 4245: 4197:

between Khalkha and Dzungaria in 1688, leading to the conquest of Khalkha by

4084: 4068: 3986: 3978: 3848: 3840: 3781: 3634: 3545: 3155: 3104:

to conquer Iran. Hulagu completed the conquest of Iran in 1256 and conquered

3078: 2964: 2759: 2746: 2734: 2697: 2666: 2502: 2421: 2348: 2303: 2295: 2177: 2122:. By 925, the Khitans ruled eastern Mongolia, most of Manchuria, and much of 2104: 2084: 2021: 2017: 1942: 1910: 1894: 1880: 1668: 1617: 1602: 1591: 1582: 1523:

There are many cultural similarities between the Xiongnu and Mongols such as

1238: 943: 894: 877: 815: 743: 689: 658: 634: 457: 437: 427: 337: 317: 6705: 4405: 4376: 4328:(1727), along with the Treaty of Nerchinsk, regulated the relations between 3934: 3675:

rule (1558–1592) for last time after the Mongol Empire. During the reign of

3336: 2208: 1838: 1806:

was a vassal state to the Rouran for 100 years. Shelun assumed the title of

986:. This culture is the main archaeological find of the Bronze Age Mongolia. 8288: 8282: 8221: 8119: 7976: 7900: 7182: 6966: 6951: 6054:

Empire to Nation: Historical Perspectives on the Making of the Modern World

5049: 4682: 4671: 4604: 4511: 4317: 4269: 4163: 4088: 4002:

of Lubsandanzan was written in the first half of the 17th century, and the

3998: 3950: 3852: 3773: 3765: 3745: 3725: 3607: 3526:

in their anti-Kublai struggle. By the 15th century the Oirats occupied the

3440: 3436: 3428: 3400: 3396: 3350: 3321: 3214: 3200: 3188: 3174: 3100:, son of Tului, as Great Khan. Mönghe Khan sent his second younger brother 3008: 2990: 2835:. Genghis Khan considered himself a supreme ruler of the East and Khwarezm 2824: 2801:

clan to complete the conquest of the Jin dynasty and returned to Mongolia.

2790: 2739: 2719: 2609: 2491: 2406: 2371: 2185: 2127: 2123: 2112: 2100: 2064: 1992: 1934: 1884: 1872: 1783: 1735: 1684: 1679: 1438: 1411: 1362: 1319: 1300: 1250: 1242: 1139: 989: 883: 825: 821: 767: 747: 697: 681: 662: 447: 392: 6782:

Rock Art and Surface Archaeology of Mongolia: Baga Oigor and Tsagaan Salaa

6448: 5520: 5009:, and resulted in the almost complete elimination of the Buddhist clergy. 4873:, the Mongolian people paid for a Soviet tank brigade and an air squadron. 3132: 8783: 8293: 8216: 7971: 7819: 7553: 7118: 7074: 5886:"Library & Information Technology Association – Yaruu setgegch sonin" 5567: 5034: 4838: 4810: 4714: 4570: 4550: 4507: 4332:

and the Qing Empire until the mid nineteenth century. It established the

4305: 4249: 4080: 3938: 3844: 3785: 3741: 3714: 3595: 3587: 3583: 3571: 3424: 3354: 3324:

dynasties and some adjacent territories such as a major part of southern

3192: 3034: 3023: 2982: 2942: 2860: 2832: 2820: 2763: 2702: 2623:. At this point, Tooril Khan was granted the title Wang (王, Chinese for " 2514: 2483: 2395: 2375: 2248: 2212: 2009: 1954: 1914: 1906: 1863: 1696: 1597:

Although the Xiongnu finally had been split into two parts in AD 48, the

1540: 1493: 1415: 1390: 1346: 1342: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1143: 1050: 1034: 891: 887: 873: 666: 131: 6691:

John Stewart Bowman "Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture"

4681:

The Mongolian army took control of Khalkha and the Khovd region (modern

4390:

Soon after the conquest of the Dzungar Khanate, Amursana, Chingünjav of

3530:

region. The Oirats were ruled by a Taishi who was a vassal of the Khan.

2945:(Western Liao) was conquered by the Mongols under Genghis Khan in 1218. 2196:. Scarcely pausing in their conquests, the Jurchens subdued neighboring 8345: 8298: 7789: 6976: 6772:

Fossils found in Khentii aimag of Mongolia might Prehistoric Rhinoceros

5731:

The Mongols at China's edge: history and the politics of national unity

5072: 4941: 4922: 4834: 4574: 4132: 3982: 3968: 3964: 3893: 3875: 3809: 3684: 3618: 3603: 3579: 3519: 3408: 3390: 2891: 2778: 2677: 2655: 2464: 2355: 2339: 2328: 2324: 2228: 2220: 1988: 1555: 1551: 1532: 1331: 1204: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1147: 1131: 1123: 1070: 1046: 1000:(also known as reindeer stones) and the omnipresent Khirigsüürs (small 997: 935: 849: 6786: 6135:

A Nation-state by Construction: Dynamics of Modern Chinese Nationalism

5016:

started to migrate to Mongolia in the 1900s due to Soviet oppression.

3839:, and Torghuts migrated to the basin of the river Volga, becoming the 3164: 3096:. The faction of Zuchi-Tului houses won the Kuriltai of 1251 electing 2918:

gave battle to the 30,000 cavalrymen of Jebe and Subedei on the river

2878:

Pursuing Khwarezm Shah in 1220, the scout groups of warlords Jebe and

1369:(Yüeh-chih in Wade–Giles), who had relocated from China's present-day 8046: 8001: 7935: 5338:

China's Troubled Waters: Maritime Disputes in Theoretical Perspective

5093:

wreaked much havoc on minority cultures and ethnicities in China. In

4990: 4779: 4612: 4391: 4313: 4256: 4128: 3956: 3795: 3458: 3366: 3233: 3229: 3208: 3047: 2986: 2911: 2883: 2856: 2767: 2628: 2553: 2545: 2468: 2320: 2312: 2265: 2224: 2137: 2052: 1983:, who were subjects to the Göktürks, revolted in 745 and founded the 1962: 1848: 1751: 1655:(T'o-pa in Wade–Giles), a subgroup of the Xianbei, in modern China's 1566: 1536: 1449: 1379: 1354: 1111: 1088: 1029: 967: 916: 869: 833: 701: 362: 6865: 6792:

High Altai - Central Asia - Petroglyphs - Prehistoric Rock Paintings

5407:"Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians" 4658:; lit. "Elevated by Many"), was declared. The Qing high official in 4204: 3859:

in 1634. The title of Hongtaiji was given to him by the Dalai Lama.

3828:. The title Altan Khan was given to him by the Russian authorities. 3179: 3019: 1334:

along the northern border, as a barrier to further nomadic inroads.

1179: 661:, who used a para-Mongolic language, founded an empire known as the 23: 8259: 8236: 7986: 7960: 7930: 7925: 7905: 7895: 7607: 7492: 7138: 6896: 6657:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

6422: 5853:

Sagan Cecen, Erdeniin Tobchi. "If you surrender, we'll develop the

5140: 5128: 4737:, and announced their willingness to unify with the Bogd Khaanate. 4733:

fought against Chinese forces in August 1912, captured the city of

4694: 4659: 4441: 4395: 4365: 4293: 4241: 3912: 3825: 3789: 3646: 3642: 3630: 3575: 3558: 3484: 3476: 3435:, or the Forty and the Four (Дөчин дөрвөн хоёр), meaning the forty 3313: 3121: 3109: 3067: 3063: 3015: 2994: 2978: 2931: 2816: 2786: 2710: 2632: 2620: 2604: 2596: 2576: 2537: 2475: 2445: 2429: 2402: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2232: 2216: 2204:

with the Song that continued through the remainder of the century.

2162: 2146: 2005: 1930: 1811: 1692: 1632:, thus securing domination of the Mongolic elements in what is now 1625: 1621: 1461: 1453: 1081: 1077: 1066: 1021: 1013: 1008:

carved with symbols that can be found all over central and eastern

1005: 975: 959: 947: 939: 832:. This impact threw up the massive chain of mountains known as the 654: 8387: 3638: 2592: 2506: 2259: 1814:

that were subjects of the Rouran revolted in 552 establishing the

1759: 1547: 1126:. They inhabited a great arc of land extending generally from the 8303: 8246: 8226: 8211: 8198: 8192: 8187: 8161: 8104: 8079: 8074: 8051: 8036: 8026: 8018: 7950: 7940: 7920: 7910: 7875: 7834: 7809: 7799: 7766: 7422: 7412: 7402: 6936: 6931: 5717: 5125: 5121: 5075:, because warm clothes decided victory or defeat in the battles. 5040:

In 1939, Soviet and Mongolian troops fought against Japan in the

5013: 4933: 4904: 4428: 4420: 4357: 4344: 4144: 4136: 4121: 4092: 4072: 4064: 4017: 4013: 3960: 3928: 3900: 3832: 3777: 3737: 3700: 3692: 3626: 3549: 3541: 3362: 3325: 3237: 3151: 3140: 3105: 3055: 2923: 2895: 2879: 2864: 2848: 2794: 2754: 2750: 2673: 2646: 2624: 2584: 2560:

was practiced in a number of confederations such as Keraites and

2521: 2510: 2441: 2437: 2413: 2399: 2359: 2299: 2119: 2033: 1980: 1799: 1755: 1739: 1633: 1606: 1598: 1570: 1559: 1402:

to marry princesses and pay annual tribute to the Xiongnu. This "

1383: 1365:, inhabited by Indo-European-speaking nomadic peoples, including 1315: 1289: 1275: 1159: 1054: 1025: 1017: 1009: 845: 705: 685: 630: 307: 7845: 5465: 4541: 4104: 3369:

and died there in 1370. The Mongols under his son and successor

3014:

in city Karakorum indicates the tolerance of the Mongols to all

2863:

led a daring resistance when the Mongol troops besieged city of

2412:

Yesukhei was poisoned by the Tatars in 1171 when his eldest son

2290:

12th-century Mongolia was characterized by rivalry between many

1565:

Recent excavations of Xiongnu graves at the site Gol Mod in the

8350: 8330: 8204: 8156: 8151: 8138: 8099: 7955: 7945: 7890: 7885: 7804: 7771: 7540: 7417: 5854: 5109: 4909: 3769: 3761: 3749: 3704: 3696: 3663: 3537: 3512: 3468: 3462: 3412: 3136: 3101: 3004: 2997: 2922:

in May 1223, but were defeated and were chased up to the river

2914:. The Kipchaks allied with the troops of the principalities of 2907: 2809: 2798: 2782: 2662: 2651: 2600: 2588: 2549: 2541: 2498: 2433: 2333: 2197: 2092: 2013: 1688: 1667:

and political disintegration. By 317 all of China north of the

1610: 1587: 1478: 1366: 1338: 1280: 1163: 1115: 1001: 865: 6715: 6319:В.Суворов. Последняя республика ГЛАВА 8 У КОГО СОЮЗНИКИ ЛУЧШЕ? 5425:

Anthropology of Archaeological Populations from Northeast Asia

5189:, lie dormant and was eventually disbanded in September 2017. 5089:, Mongolia had good relations with both of its neighbors. The 4877:

Bogd Khan failed in his efforts to get aid from Japan and the

3812:, and his son Eriyehii Mergen Khan founded the dynasty of the 3683:, the right wings rose in the 16th century under a local lord 2969: 2722:

and his immediate successors conquered nearly all of Asia and

2075: 2024:. The Uyghurs developed their own writing system based on the 1130:

in the east, across the northern tier of China to present-day

8356: 8265: 8182: 8114: 7996: 7981: 7965: 7814: 7794: 5395:

Davaadorzhiĭn Ganbold, Da Haliun – Facts about Mongolia, p.34

4914: 4913:

Baikalov withstood a long encirclement by the Whites at Lake

4596: 4471: 4415: 4156: 4148: 3869: 3820:

separated from the Zasagtu Khan and initiated the dynasty of

3757: 3505:

invaded the Northern Yuan in 1409, 1414, 1422, 1423, and 1424

3444: 3416: 3241: 3218: 3113: 3074: 3051: 3028: 3001: 2919: 2844: 2815:

Genghis Khan intended to develop friendly relations with the

2730: 2726:

and sent armies as far as central Europe and Southeast Asia.

2642: 2561: 2529: 2291: 2240: 2004:

for 12 years after 766. Though a faction of the Uyghurs were

2001: 1787: 1731: 1722: 1672: 1652: 1403: 1373:

Province as a result of their earlier defeat by the Xiongnu.

1370: 1155: 670: 6576:

Volkov, Vitaliĭ Vasil’evich. "Early nomads of Mongolia." in

6447:. Mongolian & Tibetan Affairs Commission. Archived from 4986:. The MPP and Soviet troops defeated the rebels in October. 4755:

Jarlig yar togtughaghsan Mongol Ulus un hauli zuil-un bichig

3975:

for the Mongolian, Tibetan, and Sanskrit languages in 1686.

3752:

were vitally important in the everyday life of the herders.

1770: 1232:

The area of modern Mongolia has been inhabited by groups of

8069: 7852: 5029: 5028:, many Buryat men and 22,000–33,000 Mongols were killed by 4783: 4566: 4361: 4276:

continued the war against the Manchus to liberate Eastern,

3671:

The Mongols voluntarily reunified during Eastern Mongolian

3260: 3081:

and Ogedei on the other side. The Kuriltai of 1246 elected

2985:, who had been nominated by Genghis Khan. Ogedei Khan made 2887: 2852: 2836: 2828: 2805: 2533: 2487: 2363: 2108: 2070: 1997: 1464:. In about the middle of the 1st century AD, a revitalized 1323: 1151: 6832:

New prehistoric discoveries in Alxa League, Inner Mongolia

5755:

Willard J. Peterson, John King Fairbank, Denis Twitchett-

5468:"Archeological Sensation: Ancient Mummy Found in Mongolia" 4848: 4083:

in the early 17th century. He got into conflicts with the

3744:. Also the Ming administration often issued extremely low 824:

became dry after the large tectonic collision between the

6555:

Truth, history and politics in Mongolia: Memory of heroes

6389:"Mongolian office to ride into Taipei by end of the year" 6051:

Esherick, Joseph; Kayali, Hasan; Van Young, Eric (2006).

3289:

and written vertically from top was designed to write in

3248:

ruler of the Chagatai Khanate until 1301 as well as lord

3085:, son of Ogedei, as Great Khan. Guyug Khan died in 1248. 1839:

Turkic Khaganates (552–630, 682-744), Tang rule (646-682)

1786:. The Rouran ruled Mongolia, eastern Kazakhstan, part of 6802:

Archeological Sensation: Ancient Mummy Found in Mongolia

5919:Присоединение Бурятии к России: история, право, политика 4235:

The Dzungar throne was then seized by Galdan's brother,

3699:

in 1557. Hutuhtai Secen Hongtaiji of Ordos defeated the

3465:

had surrendered to the Ming dynasty by the early 1380s.

3228:

The transition of the capital of the Mongol Empire from

2934:. The Western Xia completely surrendered in March 1227. 2524:

confederacy was situated between the mountain ranges of

1087:

Before the 20th century, some scholars assumed that the

6050: 2871:

courageously battled with the Mongol army in 1221, but

2843:

forces and fight back. The Mongol troops sacked cities

2087:

were an ethnic group whose language was related to the

1103:

were concentrated on the steppe lands of Central Asia.

5644: 5642: 5640: 5521:"Mongolia - Early Development, ca. 220 B.C.-A.D. 1206" 4759:

Zarligaar togtooson Mongol Ulsyn khuuli zuiliin bichig

4709:

refused to sell weapons to the Bogd Khanate, and Tsar

4642:) of Mongolia on 29 December 1911 and a new era name, 4470:, the Qing government grouped Khalkha khoshuns into 4 4232:

defeated and fled back deeper into Khalkha territory.

3285:, also known as the "Square script", was based on the 2729:

Genghis Khan abolished the organization of the former

2552:

and so forth. While most of the Mongolian tribes were

2482:

and Khentii were centered on the site of today's city

1053:(Samashyev 1992) and 10 further west, specifically in 6580:

ed by Jeannine Davis-Kimball, et al. (1995): 318-332

4653: 4268:. Galdan Boshugtu Khan died in 1697 in the region of 4055:

Territories controlled by independent Mongol polities

3862: 6861:

The Rock Art of Inner Mongolia & Ningxia (China)

6797:

PREHISTORIC PARK - MYSTERIES OF PREHISTORIC MONGOLIA

6578:

Nomads of the Eurasian steppes in the Early Iron Age

6057:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 245. 5211: 4559:

Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor

4343:

Teswang Rabtan stopped the eastern expansion of the

2567: 2192:

proclaimed himself the founder of a new empire, the

653:(682–744) and others, ruled the area of present-day 5935:И. Я. Златкин, История Джунгарского ханства. М 1983 5637: 5466:SPIEGEL ONLINE, Hamburg, Germany (25 August 2006). 3165:

Fragmentation of the Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty

2627:") by the Jin court and since then became known as 2211:after their defeat by the Jurchens and founded the 1818:. The Rouran Khaganate was finally defeated by the 48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6609:(exhibition catalogue in German), Munich 1989 (as 6345:A Chronology of Conflict and Resolution, 1945–1985 4402:Yampildorji mysteriously died shortly afterwards. 4079:statehood on the east. The last Mongol khagan was 3992:In the area of historiography and literature, the 3851:clan unified the Oirats by the 1630s, and his son 2955: 2501:confederacy was located in the basin of the river 2028:. The Tang dynasty surreptitiously encouraged the 1318:(Hsiung-nu in Wade–Giles romanisation) across the 993:The geographic area the Slab Grave culture covered 6735:History of Mongolia : Chronology and details 6641:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 4589:Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China 4316:north of the present line. The Russians retained 4166:, supported by the troops of the Inner Mongolian 3667:Location of the Four Oirats (Oirat confederation) 3309:and served as the official script of the empire. 3018:. The construction of the city was supervised by 2691: 2583:Temujin (1162–1227) defeated and subjugated the " 1687:(AD 386–533). Northern Wei armies drove back the 1678:Tuoba, a faction of the Xianbei, established the 1418:. This continued for 70 years until the reign of 8796: 6696:Map of the Capital Districts of the Kidan Empire 6509:Bawden, Charles. "Mongolia: Ancient and Modern" 6169:The Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of the PRC 5173:officially ceased to exist on 13 February 1992. 4804: 4697:(the Altai and Ili regions of the Qing Empire), 3094:Historia Mongolorum quos nos Tartaros appellamus 3038:Silver Tree of Karakorum (modern time imitation) 1424:massive counteroffensives devastated the Xiongnu 8060: 6589:Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World 6502:Batbayar, Tsedendambyn, and Sharad Kumar Soni. 5120:was built with aid from Soviet Union and other 4993:, instead adopting the Шинэ эргэлтийн бодлого ( 4475: 3566:residual states and domains by the 15th century 3380: 2823:connecting the East and the West and dominated 2260:Confederations and khanates in the 12th century 1269: 665:(916–1125), and ruled Mongolia and portions of 6256: 6254: 5684: 5044:, in Eastern Mongolia. In August 1945, at the 3931:, martang and nagtang painting, and sculpture. 3799:Mongolia in the first half of the 17th century 1249:(475–221 BC) in China, the northern states of 8403: 7623: 6881: 6844:Palaeocritti - a guide to prehistoric animals 6812:Prehistoric bone hats found in Inner Mongolia 6787:Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai 6300:ГЕРМАНЫГ ДАРСАН ХОЛБООТОН УЛСЫН НЭГ НЬ МОНГОЛ 5445:"The Mysterious Scythians Burst Into History" 5378: 5376: 5261:List of sovereign states by date of formation 4984:widespread unrest and armed uprisings in 1932 4647: 4582: 4036: 3656:whose power was however assumed by his uncle 3077:on one side and the faction of the houses of 1414:, ravaged and even besieged near its capital 1382:) Valley, to change the course of history in 606: 6817:MONGOLIA -- TEN PREHISTORIC SITES DISCOVERED 6111:. City University of HK Press. p. 273. 6084:. City University of HK Press. p. 190. 6010: 6008: 5829:Obok: A Study of Social Structure in Eurasia 5484:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3613:Mongolia was once again unified under queen 3124:arrived in 1254 and later wrote his account 3092:arrived in 1246 and later he wrote the book 946:, spread over Northern, Central and Eastern 6777:Dinosaurs from Mongolia as reported in 1924 6490:Bibliography of the history of Central Asia 6276:"Халхын голын байлдааныг АНУ-д судалсан нь" 6251: 6237:Богд хааны жолооч хилс хэрэгт хэлмэгдсэн нь 5667:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5341:. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. 4522: 4447: 4159:when his troops were swept by an epidemic. 2902:in 1221 and entered the territories of the 2886:clan conquered northern Iran. They invaded 2873:was defeated and escaped to the river Indus 2579:portrait of Chinggis Khaan on Mt. Bogd Khan 1683:established control over the region as the 1426:and sent them towards the road of decline. 8410: 8396: 7630: 7616: 6888: 6874: 6822:Two prehistoric villages found in Mongolia 6190: 6188: 6186: 5931: 5929: 5842:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang 5663:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5603:Mongolian traditional folk song UNESCO.org 5515: 5513: 5492: 5373: 5328: 4487:Winter Palace of 8th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu 4308:were separated from Mongolia. In 1689 the 4131:lands in 1631. Nevertheless, Manchu ruler 3831:In the beginning of the 17th century, the 3042:Ogedei Khan completed the conquest of the 2058: 1833: 1576: 613: 599: 6677:Learn how and when to remove this message 6138:. Stanford University Press. p. 68. 6005: 5556:G.Sukhbaatar "An ancestor of the Mongols" 5003:Another wave of repressions began in 1937 4947:In 1924, during secret meetings with the 4638:Bogd Gegeen was enthroned as Bogd Khaan ( 4462:Mongol aimags and khoshuu under Qing role 4177:convened a congress of Western Mongolian 4155:. Ligdan Khan died in 1634 on his way to 3395:By 1368, the Mongols who established the 1968: 1703: 1220:Learn how and when to remove this message 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 6125: 5797: 5767: 5765: 5314:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. p. 4. 5309: 5187:Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission 4953: 4864: 4739: 4540: 4482: 4457: 4404: 4212:between Qing dynasty and Dzungar Khanate 4203: 4103: 4050: 3874: 3794: 3662: 3602:The Khalkha emerged during the reign of 3557: 3479:, a Mongol commander of Ayushiridara in 3472:The Northern Yuan at its greatest extent 3467: 3377:which would last till the 17th century. 3335: 3213: 3178: 3046:in 1231–1234. He sent princes headed by 3033: 2968: 2709: 2701: 2661:As the Khanlyk of Naiman was conquered, 2571: 2338: 2273: 2270:List of medieval Mongol tribes and clans 2136: 2074: 1893: 1862: 1855:Protectorate General to Pacify the North 1769: 1721: 1713: 1586: 1341:. He was succeeded violently by his son 1279: 988: 6747:Face Music – History: Horsemen – Nomads 6262:"Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls" 6183: 5926: 5844:. Columbia University Press. pp. 92-93. 5593:Н.Сэр-Оджав, Монголын эртний түүх. 1977 5559: 5510: 5404: 4849:Mongolian People's Republic (1921–1992) 3918: 3776:production in Dzungaria using imported 3489:finally surrendered to the Ming dynasty 2977:The 1228 Congress of nobility known as 2819:Empire, which was on a junction of the 8797: 6418:"Taiwan 'embassy' changes anger China" 6342: 6206: 6204: 6098: 6071: 6044: 6023: 1337:The founder of the Xiongnu empire was 8391: 7611: 6895: 6869: 6711:Dual Manichaeism in Uighuria and Iran 6268: 6225:Migration and language of the Buryats 5949:(doctoral thesis), Brisbane 2004, p37 5909:S.Tsolmon, Galdan Boshigt Khaan, 1995 5762: 3996:was written in the 16th century, the 3399:a century ago had been expelled from 2471:and occupied a trade route to China. 2141:Stupa in the Khitan city Bars-Hot in 1879:. The Altai Turkics (Orkhon Turkics, 919:farming settlement has been found in 868:Epoch, Mongolia was the home of many 778:began to follow the same patterns as 633:(3rd century BC–1st century AD), the 7637: 6621: 6131: 6077: 5624:"Л.Н. Гумилев. История Народа Хунну" 5417: 5334: 5192:In June 2021, former Prime Minister 5071:, Mongolian aid was as important as 5052:, Mongolian troops took part in the 4892:, and the other group was headed by 4581:into one great Republic of China" ( 4553:, the President of the newly formed 3985:Minggatu of Sharaid discovered nine 3868:Jasaghtu Khan invited a monk of the 3720:Tümen Jasagtu Khan was succeeded by 2789:provinces, and approached the river 1202:adding citations to reliable sources 1173: 46:adding citations to reliable sources 17: 8417: 6336: 6201: 6104: 6017: 5692:"Mongolia: Ethnography of Mongolia" 4312:established the northern border of 4170:s, conquered Ming dynasty in 1644. 3933:An adopted son of Oirat aristocrat 3578:). Togoon died in 1439 and his son 3183:Mongol Empire and its fragmentation 720:conversion to and dissemination of 696:, Mongolia came to be ruled by the 547:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate 13: 6723:– Entry on Mongolia from the 1907 6605:Walther Heissig, Claudius Müller, 6599: 6504:Modern Mongolia: A concise history 6483: 4629: 4621: 4264:a battle at Zuun Mod at the river 4187:Döchin Dörben Hoyar un Ike Tsagaza 4139:, allied with the Inner Mongolian 4063:was divided into three parts: the 3863:The third introduction of Buddhism 3344:As for Mongolia itself, since the 3197:fragmentation of the Mongol Empire 2254: 880:being the most prominent of them. 708:) and administered as part of the 694:fragmentation of the Mongol Empire 14: 8831: 6617: 6563:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia 5022:Stalinist repressions in Mongolia 4799:treaty of friendship and alliance 4793:On 2 February 1913, Mongolia and 4444:, which later became a province. 3959:(1635–1723), head of Buddhism in 3633:, and the right-wing tumens were 2937:Mongolic Khitans and Tuyuhuns or 2568:Consolidation of the Mongol state 1169: 8778: 8769: 8768: 7042: 6626: 5266:List of country name etymologies 5214: 5124:countries, and in the 1970s the 4517: 3316:, the territories of the former 3244:, a grandson of Ogedei Khan and 3066:in 1241–1242 and approached the 1898:Kul Tigin Monument inscribed in 1887:, who became the founder of the 1178: 1012:but are concentrated largely in 738:At the end of the 17th century, 130: 22: 6547:(John Wiley & Sons, 2018). 6462: 6437: 6410: 6381: 6361: 6324: 6312: 6293: 6230: 6217: 6174: 6161: 6152: 5983: 5960: 5938: 5912: 5903: 5878: 5869: 5860: 5847: 5834: 5821: 5791: 5778: 5749: 5736: 5723: 5710: 5675: 5616: 5607: 5596: 5587: 5574: 5550: 5540: 5527: 5087:1949 Communist victory in China 5054:Soviet operations against Japan 4031: 3768:Hongtaiji attempted to develop 3518:The Oirats constituted another 3503:of the Ming dynasty personally 3357:in 1368, the last Yuan emperor 2910:and grasslands of the northern 2478:between the mountain ranges of 1189:needs additional citations for 798:in 1992, and a transition to a 756:declared independence from Qing 33:needs additional citations for 8736:British Indian Ocean Territory 5757:The Cambridge History of China 5718:http://www.kyrgyz.ru/?page=106 5459: 5437: 5398: 5389: 5355: 5303: 5196:, the candidate of the ruling 5116:were completed. In the 1960s, 4973:against Japanese troops, 1939. 4790:, and Inner Mongolia in 1915. 4648: 4634:Queen Dondogdulam by B. Sharav 4583: 4565:on behalf of the six-year-old 4173:Erdeni Batur Hongtaiji of the 4059:In the early 17th century the 3899:At the same time the ruler of 3606:(1479–1543) as one of the six 3499:(1405–1412). In response, the 2692:Formation of the Mongol Empire 2235:, the Eastern and the Western 2161:based on the Uyghur script. A 1941:in the Mongolian Steppes. The 1410:, Xiongnu raids advanced into 1386:, Iran, and eventually India. 1: 6347:. New York: Greenwood Press. 5405:Gibbons, Ann (10 June 2015). 5297: 5291:Timeline of Mongolian history 4805:Chinese territory (1919–1921) 4506:tried to restrict travels of 4024:. A translation theory work, 3734:extensive livestock husbandry 3171:Division of the Mongol Empire 2688:) as Emperor of all Mongols. 2680:in 1206 enthroned Temujin as 2532:tribes lived at the north of 1867:Gökturk Khaganate, 551–572 AD 1778:A branch of the Xianbei, the 1774:Rouran Khaganate circa 500 AD 1357:mountains in the west to the 1061:, including the provinces of 805: 638: 6849:Ordos Man And Inner Mongolia 6560:Sanders, Alan J. K. (2010). 6196:Mongolian revolution of 1911 5145:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 5134: 4901:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 4320:between Lake Baikal and the 3949:. This new script is called 3652:Dayan Khan was succeeded by 3439:of the Mongols and the four 3381:Northern Yuan and Four Oirat 3090:Giovanni da Pian del Carpine 2486:in the willow groves of the 1726:Asia in AD 400, showing the 1328:ruthless punitive expedition 1270:Xiongnu state (209 BC–93 AD) 788:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 7: 7080:Historical cities and towns 7017:Mongolian People's Republic 5866:Lobzangdanzan, Altan Tobchi 5207: 5178:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 5171:Mongolian People's Republic 5169:was held in July 1990. The 5069:the Soviet war with Germany 4963:Mongolian People's Republic 4859:List of socialist countries 4855:Mongolian People's Republic 4654: 3835:tribe of Oirat migrated to 3570:In 1434, Eastern Mongolian 3143:(or known as Kaiping). The 2645:khan of Naiman and his son 2343:A camp of a Mongolian tribe 2215:(1124–1218) in present-day 2099:in 916 and established the 1477:in 162 BC (recorded in the 1158:), and to the west (across 903:(Northern Cave of Blue) in 782:of the time. Following the 772:Mongolian People's Republic 731:, marking the start of the 10: 8836: 6497:Twentieth Century Mongolia 6487: 5995:". Berghahn Books. p.188. 5807:. Routledge. p. 177. 5742:Ruofu Du, Vincent F. Yip, 5149:History of modern Mongolia 5138: 4852: 4831:Baron von Ungern-Sternberg 4532: 4526: 4451: 4043:Qing dynasty in Inner Asia 4040: 4037:Qing conquests of Mongolia 3941:(1599–1662), reformed the 3855:Hongtaiji established the 3384: 3168: 2962: 2695: 2444:tribal confederations and 2263: 2068: 2062: 1972: 1852: 1842: 1707: 1580: 1558:(370s–469) in Europe. The 1550:state (160–490) in modern 1353:in the south and from the 1273: 864:During the middle to late 809: 758:but had to struggle until 8764: 8723: 8683: 8425: 8369: 8275: 8245: 8137: 8017: 8010: 7861: 7752: 7645: 7574: 7478: 7393: 7384: 7329: 7320: 7206: 7197: 7060: 7051: 7040: 6907: 6370:and Schoenhals, Michael. 5167:first democratic election 4584:仍合滿、漢、蒙、回、藏五族完全領土，為一大中華民國 4476: 4466:After seizing control of 4292:. The well-armed Russian 3451:Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara 3371:Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara 3187:The establishment of the 3088:The traveller from Italy 2286:, the region of his birth 1288:The establishment of the 855:Museum of Natural History 8485:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 7257:Administrative divisions 6947:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 6553:Kaplonski, Christopher. 6513:(Feb 1959) 9#2 p103-112. 6499:(Global Oriental, 2000). 6376:Harvard University Press 6343:Jessup, John E. (1989). 6030:. Hackett. p. 419. 5231:Architecture of Mongolia 5198:Mongolian People's Party 4936:form and an interest in 4883:Mongolian People's Party 4767:Treaty of Kyakhta (1915) 4761:), was adopted in 1915. 4668:Manlaibaatar Damdinsüren 4529:Bogd Khanate of Mongolia 4523:Bogd Khanate (1911–1919) 4454:Mongolia under Qing rule 4448:Mongolia under Qing rule 3540:) and Eastern Mongolia ( 2631:. By the year 1201, the 2420:In the 12th century the 1929:'s failed expedition in 1923:Western Turkic Khaganate 1919:Eastern Turkic Khaganate 770:influence. In 1924, the 651:Second Turkic Khaganates 350:Second Turkic Khaganates 8746:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6701:Map of the Kidan period 6506:(Pentagon Press, 2007). 6132:Zhao, Suisheng (2004). 6024:Tanner, Harold (2009). 5989:A. Dirk Moses (2008). " 5945:Michael Edmund Clarke, 5697:Encyclopædia Britannica 5681:Grousset (1970), p. 67. 5504:Encyclopædia Britannica 5310:Janhunen, Juha (2014). 5251:History of Central Asia 5114:Trans-Mongolian Railway 4995:Shine ergeltiin boglogo 4676:Mongolian reunification 4626:Bogd Khaan by B. Sharav 4324:north of Mongolia. The 4151:sect (Red Hat sect) of 4120:By the 1620s, only the 3599:overthrew him in 1454. 2706:Genghis Khan's conquest 2059:Liao dynasty (916–1125) 2047:resulted in the end of 1948:Second Turkic Khaganate 1859:Second Turkic Khaganate 1834:Turkic period (555–840) 1577:Xianbei state (147–234) 1437:) located on the beach 692:(1206–1368). After the 7511:Goyol Fashion Festival 7301:Chief of General Staff 6767:PREHISTORY OF MONGOLIA 6527:34#1 (2007): 127–147. 6495:Batbayar, Bat-Erdene. 6212:Mongolian independence 6078:Zhai, Zhiyong (2017). 5978:Southampton University 5804:The Mongolic languages 5744:Ethnic groups in China 5180:announced that Taiwan 5176:On 3 October 2002 the 5042:Battle of Khalkhyn Gol 5026:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 5007:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 4974: 4971:Battle of Khalkhin Gol 4959:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 4874: 4745: 4635: 4627: 4563:Empress Dowager Longyu 4546: 4535:Occupation of Mongolia 4488: 4463: 4410: 4213: 4117: 4056: 3880: 3800: 3677:Darayisung Gödeng Khan 3668: 3617:the Wise and Batmönkh 3567: 3473: 3341: 3225: 3184: 3039: 2974: 2869:Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu 2715: 2707: 2580: 2558:Nestorian Christianity 2344: 2287: 2149: 2080: 1969:Uyghur state (744–840) 1902: 1868: 1845:First Turkic Khaganate 1775: 1767: 1719: 1704:Rouran state (330–555) 1594: 1285: 994: 900:Khoid Tsenkheriin Agui 684:was able to unite the 673:, and the present-day 223:Munkhkhairkhan culture 7272:Third neighbor policy 6972:Northern Yuan dynasty 6725:Catholic Encyclopedia 6591:(2005) a best-seller 6488:Further information: 6445:"The History of MTAC" 6372:Mao's Last Revolution 6368:MacFarquhar, Roderick 5954:July 6, 2011, at the 5246:Geography of Mongolia 5236:Central Asian studies 5202:presidential election 5037:in the Soviet Union. 4957: 4868: 4743: 4713:called it "Mongolian 4633: 4625: 4544: 4486: 4461: 4408: 4207: 4107: 4061:Northern Yuan dynasty 4054: 3945:, adapting it to the 3878: 3798: 3666: 3561: 3471: 3433:Northern Yuan dynasty 3387:Northern Yuan dynasty 3375:Northern Yuan dynasty 3339: 3264:Drogön Chögyal Phagpa 3217: 3182: 3118:Willem van Ruysbroeck 3037: 2972: 2713: 2705: 2575: 2422:Khamag Mongol Khanate 2342: 2278:Statue of Temujin in 2277: 2140: 2078: 1897: 1866: 1790:, northern Xinjiang, 1773: 1725: 1717: 1609:in the north and the 1590: 1283: 1247:Warring States period 992: 913:Bayankhongor Province 733:Northern Yuan dynasty 700:(1271–1368) based in 570:Democratic Revolution 57:"History of Mongolia" 8660:United Arab Emirates 7531:Traditional medicine 7250:Constitutional Court 7092:Environmental issues 6922:Prehistoric Mongolia 6716:Realm of the Mongols 6647:improve this article 6611:Mongolen (catalogue) 6525:American Ethnologist 6105:Gao, Quanxi (2016). 5786:The Mongols in China 5565:Rashpunstag (1776) " 5449:United Church of God 5434:" (PDF) pages 25, 27 5384:Mongolen (catalogue) 5335:Chan, Steve (2016). 5286:Politics of Mongolia 5256:History of East Asia 4691:Bayan-Ölgii Province 4394:and Inner Mongolian 4199:Galdan Boshugtu Khan 4112:in Central Asia and 4026:The Source of Wisdom 4020:translated into the 3919:Cultural renaissance 3909:Erdene Zuu monastery 3544:, Southern Mongols, 2536:. Other tribes were 2434:Merkit confederation 2374:of Khamag Mongol is 2213:Western Liao dynasty 2079:Liao dynasty in 1100 1628:to the north of the 1441:, Central Mongolia. 1349:in the north to the 1198:improve this article 1099:In historical times 812:Prehistoric Mongolia 762:to firmly establish 714:Buddhism in Mongolia 42:improve this article 8805:History of Mongolia 8687:limited recognition 7216:State Great Khural 7007:Soviet intervention 6762:History of Mongolia 6659:footnote references 6587:Weatherford, Jack. 6566:. Scarecrow Press. 5947:In the Eye of Power 5840:Millward, James A. 5827:Elizabeth E. Bacon 5773:Batmunkh Dayan Khan 5729:Uradyn Erden Bulag 5281:Outline of Mongolia 5241:Culture of Mongolia 5110:collectivized again 5091:Cultural Revolution 5024:, presided over by 5005:, presided over by 4969:consult during the 4871:Great Patriotic War 4310:Treaty of Nerchinsk 4016:and 225 volumes of 3760:around the city of 3423:came under rule of 3062:), and the area of 2804:Later, the warlord 2426:Tatar confederation 2311:Range, what is the 2176:, ancestors of the 2039:The destruction of 1950:in historiography. 1927:Emperor Yang of Sui 1900:Old Turkic alphabet 1466:Eastern Han dynasty 859:Roy Chapman Andrews 784:Revolutions of 1989 742:became part of the 543:People's Revolution 513:National Revolution 468:Oirat Confederation 253:Deer stones culture 124:History of Mongolia 8810:History of Siberia 8373:Donghu and Xianbei 7729:Mongolian nobility 7680:Slab Grave culture 7455:List of Mongolians 7362:Telecommunications 7002:Chinese occupation 6854:2019-08-01 at the 6837:2015-02-26 at the 6752:The Xiongnu Empire 6740:2019-10-20 at the 6706:Kidans and Jurjens 6557:(Routledge, 2004). 6543:Christian, David. 6533:Christian, David. 6520:(Routledge, 2013). 6305:2016-03-04 at the 6242:2013-12-03 at the 5972:2008-12-16 at the 5500:"Altaic languages" 5430:2013-07-29 at the 5367:2013-12-26 at the 5271:Mongolian nobility 5063:Russian historian 4975: 4875: 4746: 4644:Olan-a Örgugdegsen 4636: 4628: 4547: 4489: 4464: 4411: 4240:Mongolian nobles, 4214: 4118: 4057: 4022:Mongolian language 3881: 3801: 3717:for trade routes. 3707:around the 1560s. 3681:Tümen Jasagtu Khan 3679:and his successor 3669: 3568: 3474: 3342: 3307:Sanskrit languages 3236:(Dadu, modern-day 3226: 3185: 3058:(then part of the 3040: 2975: 2956:Mongol Empire and 2747:Great Mongol State 2745:The newly unified 2716: 2708: 2581: 2409:of Khamag Mongol. 2370:. The first known 2345: 2288: 2150: 2089:Mongolic languages 2081: 1939:Anbei Protectorate 1903: 1869: 1804:Hephthalite Empire 1796:Northeastern China 1776: 1768: 1720: 1595: 1286: 1059:Russian Federation 995: 932:Slab Grave culture 907:province, and the 792:multi-party system 776:Mongolian politics 774:was declared, and 533:Chinese occupation 263:Slab-grave culture 243:Ulaanzuukh culture 213:Chemurchek culture 203:Afanasievo culture 8792: 8791: 8729:other territories 8385: 8384: 8365: 8364: 8133: 8132: 7660:Mongolian Plateau 7605: 7604: 7570: 7569: 7380: 7379: 7316: 7315: 7308:Political parties 7267:Foreign relations 7193: 7192: 6687: 6686: 6679: 6516:Bold, Bat-Ochir. 6332:The Last Republic 5875:Matsukawa Takashi 5568:The Crystal Beads 5276:Mongolian plateau 5194:Ukhnaa Khurelsukh 5103:Republic of China 5099:Sino-Soviet split 4949:Republic of China 4919:Bayan-Ölgii aimag 4765:governments, the 4555:Republic of China 4326:Treaty of Kyakhta 3925:Mongolian culture 3722:Buyan Sechen Khan 3673:Tümen Zasagt Khan 3658:Bars Bolud Jinong 3641:, Yunshiyebu and 3592:Zhengtong Emperor 3588:military campaign 3481:Liaoyang province 3405:Mongolian Plateau 3346:Mongolian Plateau 3060:Holy Roman Empire 2859:. Shah's warlord 2528:and Khangai. The 2513:lived around the 2450:Mongolian plateau 2368:Khentii mountains 2045:Yenisei Kirghizes 1624:, and pushed the 1498:Alexey Okladnikov 1404:marriage alliance 1297:Alexey Okladnikov 1230: 1229: 1222: 1057:and parts of the 942:, related to the 925:Afanasevo culture 836:. The Himalayas, 752:Xinhai Revolution 729:Mongolian Plateau 623: 622: 588: 587: 560:People's Republic 496: 495: 401: 400: 373:Tang protectorate 291: 290: 118: 117: 110: 92: 8827: 8782: 8772: 8771: 8741:Christmas Island 8427:Sovereign states 8412: 8405: 8398: 8389: 8388: 8062:Southern Mongols 8058: 8057: 8015: 8014: 7665:Mongol heartland 7639:Mongolic peoples 7632: 7625: 7618: 7609: 7608: 7590: 7583: 7557: 7556:(New Year's Day) 7544: 7496: 7423:Southern Mongols 7391: 7390: 7357: 7327: 7326: 7237: 7219: 7204: 7203: 7058: 7057: 7046: 6942:Rouran Khaganate 6890: 6883: 6876: 6867: 6866: 6682: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6662: 6630: 6629: 6622: 6478: 6477: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6385: 6379: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6278:. Archived from 6272: 6266: 6265: 6258: 6249: 6234: 6228: 6221: 6215: 6208: 6199: 6192: 6181: 6178: 6172: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6102: 6096: 6095: 6075: 6069: 6068: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6027:China: A History 6021: 6015: 6012: 6003: 5987: 5981: 5964: 5958: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5924: 5916: 5910: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5888:. Archived from 5882: 5876: 5873: 5867: 5864: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5795: 5789: 5782: 5776: 5769: 5760: 5753: 5747: 5740: 5734: 5727: 5721: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5688: 5682: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5662: 5654: 5651:Монголын Түүх II 5646: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5620: 5614: 5611: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5591: 5585: 5578: 5572: 5563: 5557: 5554: 5548: 5544: 5538: 5531: 5525: 5524: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5483: 5475: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5451:. Archived from 5441: 5435: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5387: 5380: 5371: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5307: 5224: 5219: 5218: 5217: 4961:, leader of the 4938:animal husbandry 4917:(in present-day 4657: 4651: 4650: 4586: 4585: 4567:Xuantong Emperor 4545:Mongolia in 1915 4479: 4478: 4433:Dzungar genocide 4385:Qianlong Emperor 4153:Tibetan Buddhism 4047:Dzungar–Qing War 4010:Tsogtu Hongtaiji 3943:Mongolian script 3872:school in 1576. 3818:Ubashi Hongtaiji 3283:'Phags-pa script 3272:Tibetan Buddhism 3254:Toluid Civil War 3223:'Phags-pa script 3205:Chagatai Khanate 3195:accelerated the 3145:Toluid Civil War 2952:mountain range. 2766:, which pledged 2440:were five major 2223:with capital in 2202:a series of wars 2132:dynasty of China 2041:Uyghur Khaganate 1985:Uyghur Khaganate 1975:Uyghur Khaganate 1961:empress regnant 1889:Turkic Khaganate 1877:Rouran Khaganate 1816:Turkic Khaganate 1728:Rouran Khaganate 1718:Rouran Khaganate 1710:Rouran Khaganate 1516:, insisted on a 1307:, insisted on a 1225: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1205: 1182: 1174: 1128:Korean Peninsula 984:Zabaykalsky Krai 964:Qilian Mountains 927:(3500–2500 BC). 911:(White Cave) in 722:Tibetan Buddhism 710:Lingbei Province 675:Russian Far East 643:Rouran Khaganate 641:AD 93–234), the 640: 629:, including the 615: 608: 601: 509: 508: 422:9th–12th century 414: 413: 383:Uyghur Khaganate 328:Rouran Khaganate 304: 303: 273:Chandman culture 199: 198: 134: 120: 119: 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 8835: 8834: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8825: 8824: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8760: 8728: 8719: 8700:Northern Cyprus 8686: 8679: 8421: 8419:History of Asia 8416: 8386: 8381: 8379: 8361: 8341:Sichuan Mongols 8271: 8241: 8147:Altai Uriankhai 8129: 8056: 8006: 7863:Medieval tribes 7857: 7748: 7734:Writing systems 7702:Medieval tribes 7641: 7636: 7606: 7601: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7566: 7555: 7542: 7494: 7474: 7470:Writing systems 7460:Sex trafficking 7450:Public holidays 7376: 7355: 7312: 7291:Law enforcement 7235: 7217: 7189: 7047: 7038: 7034:Modern Mongolia 7029:1990 Revolution 7012:1921 Revolution 6992:1911 Revolution 6982:Dzungar Khanate 6957:Medieval tribes 6903: 6894: 6856:Wayback Machine 6839:Wayback Machine 6742:Wayback Machine 6683: 6672: 6666: 6663: 6644: 6635:This article's 6631: 6627: 6620: 6602: 6600:Other languages 6492: 6486: 6484:Further reading 6481: 6476:. 10 June 2021. 6468: 6467: 6463: 6454: 6452: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6429: 6427: 6416: 6415: 6411: 6398: 6396: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6366: 6362: 6355: 6341: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6307:Wayback Machine 6298: 6294: 6285: 6283: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6260: 6259: 6252: 6244:Wayback Machine 6235: 6231: 6222: 6218: 6209: 6202: 6193: 6184: 6179: 6175: 6166: 6162: 6157: 6153: 6146: 6130: 6126: 6119: 6103: 6099: 6092: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6006: 5988: 5984: 5974:Wayback Machine 5967:Dr. Mark Levene 5965: 5961: 5956:Wayback Machine 5943: 5939: 5934: 5927: 5917: 5913: 5908: 5904: 5895: 5893: 5884: 5883: 5879: 5874: 5870: 5865: 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Khanate 3814:Tushiyetu Khans 3711:Abtai Sain Khan 3654:Bodi Alagh Khan 3629:, Chaharia and 3528:Altai Mountains 3393: 3385:Main articles: 3383: 3259:Kublai invited 3191:(1271–1368) by 3177: 3169:Main articles: 3167: 2967: 2961: 2724:European Russia 2700: 2694: 2570: 2430:Keraite Khanate 2323:(Noon), Middle 2309:Greater Khingan 2272: 2264:Main articles: 2262: 2257: 2255:Medieval period 2170:Tungusic people 2073: 2067: 2061: 2030:Yenisei Kirghiz 1977: 1971: 1861: 1851: 1843:Main articles: 1841: 1836: 1744:Tuyuhun Kingdom 1712: 1706: 1657:Shanxi Province 1585: 1579: 1535:, horn bow and 1514:Byambyn Rinchen 1510:Nikita Bichurin 1486:Bernát Munkácsi 1475:Laoshang Chanyu 1470:Altai Mountains 1389:In 200 BC, the 1375:Endemic warfare 1359:Greater Khingan 1305:Byambyn Rinchen 1278: 1272: 1241:and especially 1226: 1215: 1209: 1206: 1195: 1183: 1172: 1136:Pamir Mountains 1101:Eurasian nomads 1094:Altai Mountains 1069:, and near the 1043:Altai Mountains 956:Northwest China 921:Dornod Province 838:Greater Khingan 820:The climate of 818: 810:Main articles: 808: 780:Soviet politics 716:began with the 645:(330–555), the 627:nomadic empires 619: 590: 589: 580:Modern Mongolia 553: 506: 498: 497: 478:Dzungar Khanate 418:Mongol khanates 411: 410:Medieval period 403: 402: 356: 301: 293: 292: 283:Pazyryk culture 196: 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 8833: 8823: 8822: 8820:Mongol peoples 8817: 8812: 8807: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8786: 8776: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8759: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8732: 8730: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8691: 8689: 8681: 8680: 8678: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8431: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8415: 8414: 8407: 8400: 8392: 8383: 8382: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8360: 8359: 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Ulaanbaatar. 5636: 5615: 5606: 5595: 5586: 5573: 5558: 5549: 5539: 5526: 5509: 5491: 5472:SPIEGEL ONLINE 5458: 5455:on 2011-04-24. 5436: 5416: 5397: 5388: 5372: 5354: 5347: 5327: 5320: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5222:History portal 5209: 5206: 5136: 5133: 5095:Inner Mongolia 5067:wrote that in 5065:Viktor Suvorov 5058:Inner Mongolia 5014:Buryat Mongols 4925:in July 1921. 4894:Dogsomyn Bodoo 4850: 4847: 4829:troops led by 4806: 4803: 4788:Upper Mongolia 4772:Upper Mongolia 4719:United Kingdom 4707:Russian Empire 4699:Upper Mongolia 4687:Khovd Province 4601:modern Chinese 4561:signed by the 4527:Main article: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4468:Outer Mongolia 4452:Main article: 4449: 4446: 4400:Tushiyetu Khan 4364:-Oirat prince 4318:Trans-Baikalia 4237:Tsewang Rabtan 4229:Kangxi Emperor 4225:Outer Mongolia 4221:Inner Mongolia 4191:Tushiyetu Khan 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 3973:Soyombo script 3920: 3917: 3864: 3861: 3689:Upper Mongolia 3501:Yongle Emperor 3497:Buyanshri Khan 3421:Monguor people 3382: 3379: 3361:fled north to 3330:Zhongshu Sheng 3287:Tibetan script 3279:state religion 3166: 3163: 3116:in 1257–1259. 2963:Main article: 2960: 2954: 2939:Monguor people 2735:confederations 2696:Main article: 2693: 2690: 2616:"—ocean, sea. 2569: 2566: 2438:Naiman Khanate 2296:confederations 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2245:Turkic peoples 2159:Minor Alphabet 2155:Grand Alphabet 2097:imperial title 2063:Main article: 2060: 2057: 2026:Sogdian script 2022:lunar eclipses 1973:Main article: 1970: 1967: 1840: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1792:Inner Mongolia 1764:Northern Liang 1748:Southern Liang 1708:Main article: 1705: 1702: 1613:in the south. 1581:Main article: 1578: 1575: 1543:(Volume 113). 1446:Inner Mongolia 1284:Xiongnu Empire 1274:Main article: 1271: 1268: 1228: 1227: 1186: 1184: 1177: 1171: 1170:Ancient period 1168: 1037:area, and the 980:Irkutsk Oblast 972:Lesser Khingan 952:Inner Mongolia 842:Lesser Khingan 830:Eurasian Plate 807: 804: 800:market economy 718:Yuan emperors' 649:(552–603) and 621: 620: 618: 617: 610: 603: 595: 592: 591: 586: 585: 582: 576: 575: 572: 566: 565: 562: 556: 555: 550: 539: 538: 535: 529: 528: 525: 523:Bogd Khaganate 519: 518: 515: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 494: 493: 490: 484: 483: 480: 474: 473: 470: 464: 463: 460: 454: 453: 450: 444: 443: 440: 434: 433: 430: 424: 423: 420: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 399: 398: 395: 389: 388: 385: 379: 378: 375: 369: 368: 365: 359: 358: 353: 334: 333: 330: 324: 323: 320: 314: 313: 310: 302: 300:Ancient period 299: 298: 295: 294: 289: 288: 285: 279: 278: 275: 269: 268: 265: 259: 258: 255: 249: 248: 245: 239: 238: 235: 233:Sagsai culture 229: 228: 225: 219: 218: 215: 209: 208: 205: 197: 191: 190: 187: 186: 185: 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 144: 136: 135: 127: 126: 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8832: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8775: 8767: 8766: 8763: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8726: 8722: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8710:South Ossetia 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8692: 8690: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8413: 8408: 8406: 8401: 8399: 8394: 8393: 8390: 8378: 8374: 8368: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8335:Yunnan Mongol 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8274: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8248: 8244: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8232:Upper Mongols 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8201: 8200: 8197: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8142: 8140: 8136: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8011:Ethnic groups 8009: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7871:Khamag Mongol 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7779: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7759: 7757: 7755: 7754:Proto-Mongols 7751: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7717:Mongol Empire 7715: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7685:Ordos culture 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7633: 7628: 7626: 7621: 7619: 7614: 7613: 7610: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7516:Horse culture 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7383: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7331: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7309: 7306: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7273: 7270: 7269: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7245:Supreme Court 7243: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7196: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7050: 7045: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6962:Mongol Empire 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6927:Proto-Mongols 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6886: 6884: 6879: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6681: 6678: 6670: 6660: 6656: 6655:inappropriate 6652: 6648: 6642: 6640: 6633: 6624: 6623: 6612: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6511:History Today 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6475: 6471: 6465: 6451:on 2009-05-08 6450: 6446: 6440: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6413: 6406: 6394: 6390: 6384: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6364: 6356: 6354:0-313-24308-5 6350: 6346: 6339: 6333: 6327: 6320: 6315: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6296: 6282:on 2014-02-01 6281: 6277: 6271: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6238: 6233: 6226: 6220: 6213: 6207: 6205: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6177: 6170: 6164: 6155: 6147: 6145:9780804750011 6141: 6137: 6136: 6128: 6120: 6118:9789629372910 6114: 6110: 6109: 6101: 6093: 6091:9789629373214 6087: 6083: 6082: 6074: 6066: 6064:9780742578159 6060: 6056: 6055: 6047: 6039: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6020: 6011: 6009: 6002: 6001:1-84545-452-9 5998: 5994: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5963: 5957: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5941: 5932: 5930: 5923: 5920: 5915: 5906: 5892:on 2008-01-22 5891: 5887: 5881: 5872: 5863: 5856: 5850: 5843: 5837: 5830: 5824: 5816: 5814:9781135796907 5810: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5794: 5787: 5781: 5774: 5768: 5766: 5759:, vol7, p.158 5758: 5752: 5745: 5739: 5732: 5726: 5719: 5713: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5687: 5678: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5652: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5625: 5619: 5610: 5604: 5599: 5590: 5583: 5577: 5570: 5569: 5562: 5553: 5543: 5536: 5530: 5522: 5516: 5514: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5487: 5481: 5473: 5469: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5440: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5392: 5385: 5379: 5377: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5358: 5350: 5348:9781107130562 5344: 5340: 5339: 5331: 5323: 5321:9789027238252 5317: 5313: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5212: 5205: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5183: 5179: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5159: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5131:was created. 5130: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5076: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5036: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4979: 4972: 4968: 4967:Georgy Zhukov 4964: 4960: 4956: 4952: 4950: 4945: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4890:Soliin Danzan 4886: 4884: 4880: 4879:United States 4872: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4823: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4750:Mongol Empire 4742: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4731:Barga Mongols 4727: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4656: 4645: 4641: 4632: 4624: 4620: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4543: 4539: 4536: 4530: 4518:Modern period 4515: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4477:чуулган дарга 4473: 4469: 4460: 4455: 4445: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4417: 4407: 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4388: 4386: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4351: 4350:Galdan Tseren 4346: 4341: 4339: 4336:of Mongolia. 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4279: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4246:Kumul Khanate 4243: 4238: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4211: 4206: 4202: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4123: 4115: 4111: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4069:Inner Mongols 4066: 4062: 4053: 4048: 4044: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4006: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3988: 3987:trigonometric 3984: 3980: 3979:Mathematician 3976: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3947:Oirat dialect 3944: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3926: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3890: 3886: 3877: 3873: 3871: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3841:Kalmyk people 3838: 3834: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3751: 3747: 3746:import quotas 3743: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3706: 3703:at the river 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3665: 3661: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3220: 3219:Official pass 3216: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3156:Pax Mongolica 3153: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2989:on the river 2988: 2984: 2980: 2971: 2966: 2965:Pax Mongolica 2959: 2958:Pax Mongolica 2953: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2935: 2933: 2927: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2867:. Shah's son 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2714:Mongol Empire 2712: 2704: 2699: 2698:Mongol Empire 2689: 2687: 2683: 2682:Chingis Khaan 2679: 2675: 2670: 2668: 2667:Mongol script 2664: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585:Three Mergids 2578: 2574: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2349:Khamag Mongol 2341: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2298:(khanligs or 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2126:north of the 2125: 2121: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2091:. Its khagan 2090: 2086: 2077: 2072: 2066: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911:Northern Zhou 1908: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1846: 1831: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1812:Altai Turkics 1809: 1805: 1801: 1798:and southern 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1716: 1711: 1701: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1669:Yangtze River 1664: 1660: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1647: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1593: 1592:Xianbei state 1589: 1584: 1583:Xianbei state 1574: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1556:Hunnic Empire 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1529:composite bow 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1506:Isaak Schmidt 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490:Henry Howorth 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1395:Emperor Gaozu 1392: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1282: 1277: 1267: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1224: 1221: 1213: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1187:This section 1185: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1167: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 991: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 944:proto-Mongols 941: 937: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 901: 896: 895:cave drawings 893: 889: 885: 881: 879: 878:Andrewsarchus 875: 872:mammals with 871: 867: 862: 860: 856: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 817: 816:Proto-Mongols 813: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 750:. During the 749: 745: 741: 736: 734: 730: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 690:Mongol Empire 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 659:Khitan people 656: 652: 648: 644: 636: 635:Xianbei state 632: 628: 616: 611: 609: 604: 602: 597: 596: 594: 593: 583: 581: 578: 577: 573: 571: 568: 567: 563: 561: 558: 557: 551: 548: 544: 541: 540: 536: 534: 531: 530: 526: 524: 521: 520: 516: 514: 511: 510: 505:Modern period 502: 501: 491: 489: 486: 485: 481: 479: 476: 475: 471: 469: 466: 465: 461: 459: 458:Northern Yuan 456: 455: 451: 449: 446: 445: 441: 439: 438:Mongol Empire 436: 435: 431: 429: 428:Khamag Mongol 426: 425: 421: 419: 416: 415: 407: 406: 396: 394: 391: 390: 386: 384: 381: 380: 376: 374: 371: 370: 366: 364: 361: 360: 354: 351: 347: 343: 339: 336: 335: 331: 329: 326: 325: 321: 319: 318:Xianbei state 316: 315: 311: 309: 306: 305: 297: 296: 286: 284: 281: 280: 276: 274: 271: 270: 266: 264: 261: 260: 256: 254: 251: 250: 246: 244: 241: 240: 236: 234: 231: 230: 226: 224: 221: 220: 216: 214: 211: 210: 206: 204: 201: 200: 194: 189: 188: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 138: 137: 133: 129: 128: 125: 122: 121: 112: 109: 101: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: – 58: 54: 53:Find sources: 47: 43: 37: 36: 31:This article 29: 25: 20: 19: 16: 8725:Dependencies 8655:Turkmenistan 8620:Saudi Arabia 8579: 8377:Turco-Mongol 8334: 7722:Turco-Mongol 7707:Modern clans 7646: 7554:Tsagaan Sar 7488:Architecture 7445:Prostitution 7398:Demographics 7279:Human rights 7218:(parliament) 7211:Constitution 7022:World War II 6997:Bogd Khanate 6967:Yuan dynasty 6952:Liao dynasty 6908: 6724: 6673: 6667:January 2023 6664: 6649:by removing 6636: 6610: 6607:Die Mongolen 6606: 6588: 6577: 6562: 6554: 6544: 6534: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6473: 6464: 6453:. 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The Hori 2492:Tooril khan 2484:Ulaanbaatar 2461:Jin dynasty 2396:Hotula Khan 2376:Khabul Khan 2249:Han Chinese 2194:Jin dynasty 2182:an alliance 2093:Yelü Abaoji 2010:Manichaeism 1915:Sui dynasty 1907:Northern Qi 1794:, parts of 1697:Tarim Basin 1541:Book of Wei 1494:Rashpuntsag 1408:Emperor Wen 1391:Han dynasty 1347:Lake Baikal 1343:Modu Shanyu 1263:Qin dynasty 1144:Transoxiana 1134:and to the 1051:Middle East 1035:Lake Baikal 998:Deer stones 892:Paleolithic 874:Sarkastodon 754:, Mongolia 669:, northern 667:North China 267:1100–300 BC 257:1400–700 BC 193:Prehistoric 8799:Categories 8665:Uzbekistan 8640:Tajikistan 8555:Kyrgyzstan 8535:Kazakhstan 8455:Bangladesh 8445:Azerbaijan 8371:See also: 8346:Sogwo Arig 7543:(festival) 7521:Literature 7356:(currency) 7241:Judiciary 6977:Four Oirat 6572:0810874520 6455:2009-05-07 6430:2009-05-28 6405:territory. 6399:2009-05-28 6286:2014-01-20 5896:2007-12-10 5703:2007-07-22 5629:2007-09-29 5298:References 5182:recognizes 5085:After the 4942:illiterate 4835:Bolsheviks 4666:, and the 4573:, Mongol, 4533:See also: 4377:Chingünjav 4288:since the 4133:Hong Taiji 4129:Manchurian 4041:See also: 3983:astronomer 3810:Dalai Lama 3619:Dayan Khan 3604:Dayan Khan 3580:Esen Taish 3493:chased out 3483:, invaded 3455:Köke Temür 3409:Dongxiangs 3391:Four Oirat 3365:, then to 3270:school of 2981:enthroned 2892:Azerbaijan 2781:, invaded 2779:Great Wall 2656:Kara-Kitai 2554:Shamanists 2386:Khan from 2327:, and the 2319:(Ergune), 2229:Kyrgyzstan 2221:Kazakhstan 2209:Yelü Dashi 2069:See also: 2014:shamanists 1989:Ordu-Baliq 1853:See also: 1552:Kazakhstan 1533:board game 1420:Emperor Wu 1351:Great Wall 1332:Great Wall 1148:Uzbekistan 1132:Kazakhstan 1124:Inner Asia 1071:Elbe River 1047:Kazakhstan 938:and early 850:Quaternary 848:and Early 806:Prehistory 287:600–300 BC 277:700–300 BC 68:newspapers 8751:Hong Kong 8705:Palestine 8630:Sri Lanka 8625:Singapore 8505:Indonesia 8299:Dongxiang 8047:Khotogoid 8032:Dariganga 8002:Uriankhai 7977:Qara'unas 7936:Khongirad 7690:Languages 7493:Biyelgee 7430:Education 7344:Companies 7262:Elections 7236:(cabinet) 7224:President 7146:Mountains 7124:Grassland 7053:Geography 6987:Qing rule 6651:excessive 6321:(Russian) 6108:政治憲法與未來憲制 5922:(Russian) 5659:cite book 5634:(Russian) 5582:Mongolica 5535:Mongolica 5312:Mongolian 5153:A modest 5135:Democracy 4991:Comintern 4816:Magsarjav 4797:signed a 4780:Dzungaria 4664:Magsarjav 4640:Holy King 4613:Bogd Khan 4503:Qing rule 4392:Khotogoid 4352:in 1727. 4314:Manchuria 4248:and some 3965:Sita Tara 3957:Zanabazar 3913:Buddhists 3892:known as 3790:Taranchis 3615:Mandukhai 3459:Karakorum 3367:Yingchang 3291:Mongolian 3234:Khanbaliq 3230:Karakorum 3209:Ilkhanate 3133:Ariq Böke 3050:, son of 3016:religions 3009:Christian 2987:Karakorum 2912:Black Sea 2884:Uriankhai 2857:Samarkand 2768:vassalage 2629:Wang Khan 2546:Khongirad 2313:Hulunbuir 2280:Dadal sum 2266:Ergenekon 2227:, modern 2225:Balasagun 2184:with the 2180:, formed 2053:Khakassia 2006:Buddhists 1963:Wu Zetian 1849:Xueyantuo 1752:Later Yan 1680:Tuoba Wei 1567:Khairkhan 1537:long song 1450:Manchuria 1380:Amu Darya 1355:Tian Shan 1112:Scythians 1110:, either 1089:Scythians 1063:Oren burg 1030:shamanism 1006:megaliths 968:Manchuria 917:neolithic 870:Paleogene 857:, led by 834:Himalayas 790:led to a 702:Khanbaliq 680:In 1206, 564:1924–1992 554:1921–1924 537:1919–1921 527:1911–1919 492:1691–1911 482:1634–1757 472:1399–1634 462:1368–1635 452:1271–1368 442:1206–1368 432:1130–1206 363:Xueyantuo 172:Geography 8774:Category 8695:Abkhazia 8645:Thailand 8600:Pakistan 8580:Mongolia 8575:Maldives 8570:Malaysia 8470:Cambodia 8260:Hamnigan 8237:Zakhchin 8125:Üzemchin 8095:Khorchin 8090:Kharchin 7987:Taichiud 7961:Olkhonud 7896:Borjigin 7744:Religion 7655:Timeline 7597:Category 7549:Religion 7440:Language 7296:Military 7199:Politics 7134:Khövsgöl 6917:Timeline 6901:articles 6897:Mongolia 6852:Archived 6835:Archived 6738:Archived 6721:Mongolia 6423:BBC News 6303:Archived 6240:Archived 6210:Bor, J. 5970:Archived 5952:Archived 5801:(2006). 5537:, pp. 40 5480:cite web 5428:Archived 5365:Archived 5208:See also 5141:Mongolia 5129:kombinat 5105:vetoes. 4825:Russian 4695:Xinjiang 4660:Uliastai 4593:Zhongguo 4442:Xinjiang 4396:Khorchin 4366:Amursana 4302:Khövsgöl 4294:Cossacks 4286:invasion 4261:de facto 4242:Tibetans 4179:Dzungars 4116:in Tibet 3935:Baibagas 3826:Khotgoid 3738:pastures 3701:Torghuts 3647:Khorchin 3643:Kharchin 3631:Urianhai 3623:Chaharia 3596:Togtobuh 3576:Khorchin 3520:4 tumens 3485:Liaodong 3477:Naghachu 3314:Mongolia 3276:de facto 3246:de facto 3207:and the 3152:Eurasian 3122:Flanders 3110:Caucasus 3079:Chagatai 3068:Adriatic 3064:Moldavia 3020:Otchigin 3007:and one 2995:Buddhist 2979:Kurultai 2932:Yinchuan 2817:Khwarezm 2795:Mukhulai 2787:Shandong 2753:and the 2633:Taichuud 2621:Jurchens 2605:Olkhunut 2597:Hongirad 2577:Geoglyph 2538:Olkhunut 2476:Keraites 2446:khanates 2442:Mongolic 2403:baghatur 2400:Yesukhei 2392:Jurchens 2388:Taichuud 2384:Ambaghai 2233:Khwarezm 2217:Xinjiang 2174:Jurchens 2163:printing 2147:Mongolia 2095:claimed 2032:and the 1955:Chang'an 1931:Goguryeo 1881:Göktürks 1693:Aral Sea 1638:Chaharia 1626:Dingling 1622:Jungaria 1520:origin. 1518:Mongolic 1462:Xinjiang 1454:Mongolia 1422:, whose 1416:Chang'an 1311:origin. 1309:Mongolic 1146:—modern 1108:migrants 1082:Ulaangom 1078:Iron Age 1067:Caucasus 1065:and the 1049:and the 1022:Mongolia 1014:Mongolia 976:Buryatia 960:Xinjiang 948:Mongolia 940:Iron Age 828:and the 794:, a new 764:de facto 740:Mongolia 704:(modern 655:Mongolia 625:Various 397:907–1125 338:Göktürks 182:Religion 177:Language 167:Politics 157:Nobility 142:Timeline 8815:Mongols 8670:Vietnam 8585:Myanmar 8565:Lebanon 8495:Georgia 8450:Bahrain 8440:Armenia 8326:Monguor 8310:Kangjia 8247:Buryats 8227:Torghut 8212:Myangad 8188:Khoshut 8178:Dzungar 8162:Chantuu 8052:Sartuul 8042:Khalkha 8037:Eljigin 8027:Darkhad 8019:Mongols 7941:Manghud 7926:Katagan 7911:Eljigin 7906:Dughlat 7835:Didouyu 7810:Tuyuhun 7800:Kumo Xi 7783:Yujiulü 7767:Xianbei 7647:History 7581:Outline 7541:Naadam 7506:Cuisine 7495:(dance) 7480:Culture 7413:Buryats 7408:Khalkha 7403:Mongols 7386:Society 7367:Tourism 7354:Tögrög 7339:Banking 7322:Economy 7178:Selenga 7161:Khentii 7156:Khangai 7107:Mammals 7087:Climate 7065:Borders 6937:Xianbei 6932:Xiongnu 6909:History 6645:Please 6637:use of 6593:excerpt 6549:excerpt 6539:excerpt 6537:(1998) 6474:Reuters 5733:, p.167 5584:, pp.40 5413:. 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