2797:: "There are Y-chromosome data for only eight male slab burial individuals: four of which are from central Mongolia, two from the west central province of Khovsgol and two from the eastern regions, and all these individuals carry eastern Y-chromosome haplotypes (Jeong et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). While this sample is small, in comparison 28.57% of the mtDNA gene pool consisted of western hgs. By the Xiongnu period the male burial population (n = 32) carried 46.88% western Y-chromosome types with a total western mtDNA component of 27.59% (Jeong et al., 2020; Keyser-Tracqui et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2020). This suggests that by the beginning of the slab burial mortuary tradition, there had already been an eastâwest mixed population. While during the slab burial period (ca.1100â300âBCE) eastern patrilines seem to have been dominant, in the Xiongnu period about half of the population had western patrilines with virtually no change to the mtDNA gene pool in eastâwest terms. If sex bias migration patterns were similar with those found in Europe, this increase of western patrilines would be consistent with aggressive expansion of people with western male ancestry (Batini et al., 2017); however, such a pattern could also be due to a gradual nonaggressive assimilation, such as the practice of marriage alliances associated with an expansion of trade or cultural networks that favored people with western patrilines...During the Xiongnu period, there seemed to have been a major increase of western patrilines, mainly of R1a1 and J hgs; however, there does not seem to have been a major change in the mtDNA gene frequencies of the population overall.
2845::"The mtDNA hgs of the eastern component of the slab burial population can be found in most northeast Asian populations and so can be safely assumed to be a local contribution to the slab burial gene pool. The âwesternâ component is more difficult to source. The K hg may represent an ancient addition from early western foragers that had intermixed with early agriculturalists (Spengler, 2015), similar with the probable origins of the C hg found in the ancient Ukraine (Nikitin et al., 2012). The J1c8a haplotype might be from a regional polymorphism that is linked to migrating populations after the expansion of agriculturalism from the Middle East, perhaps associated with the development of caprine pastoralism that reached southeast Kazakhstan by at least 2800âBCE (Hermes et al 2020). The H hg, more specifically the H2a5b* haplotype, is unlikely to have originated in Mongolia; based on coalescence times the H2a5b* most likely arrived on the Eastern Steppe near the beginning of the first millennia BCE. Besides the H2a5b haplotype, which must have arrived in a relatively recent migration, the remaining western hgs can be found already in place in Mongolia, although predominantly in the western regions...the well-documented expansion of the Afanasievo archaeological culture and the populations associated with the Pontic Steppe Scythians into Central Mongolia likely introduced many of these matrilines (Honeychurch et al., 2021; JĂ€rve et al., 2019)."
2364:, pp. 72â88, "In contrast to DSK sites, SB sites have copious artifact and faunal deposits, but like DSK sites their human remains are often poorly preserved. Deer stones scavenged from DSK sites were often used as retaining walls and corner posts in slab burials and were sometimes inserted upside-down, showing little respect for DSK traditions. In many cases slab burials are found on the outer edges of DSK complexes, positioned beyond the last-constructed horse mounds. It appears that the purpose was to both mine DSK sites for building materials as well as to incorporate some element of DSK sacred power and prestige, perhaps to gain favor among a resident local population. (...) In Mongolia square burials begin almost exactly when the use of deer stones and khirigsuurs ceases, about cal. 2700 B.P., and continue well into the Scythian period (Honeychurch, personal communication 2008). In Russian Transbaikal, however, dates for the SB complex begin as early as 3300 B.P. As in Mongolia, many of these burials use re-purposed deer stones (Cybiktarov 2003:90).".
2355:
868:
892:
951:
33:
880:
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homogeneous genetic profile that has deep roots in the region and is referred to as
Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA) (14). ... This pattern, in which most Slab Grave individuals are genetically homogeneous while some have a large and heterogeneous ancestry fraction deriving from a Khovsgol_LBA-like gene pool, is likely due to population mixing in their recent past and is consistent with archaeological evidence that the Slab Grave culture expanded into central and northern Mongolia and replaced the preceding inhabitants in the region with a low level of mixing (65).
966:
856:
913:
39:
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1177:
1022:. While the majority of Slab Grave remains were of primarily Neolithic Amur ancestry, some Slab Grave remains displayed admixed ancestry between Neolithic Amur and pre-existing Khövsgöl/Baikal hunter-gatherers, consistent with the proposed expansion of Ulaanzuukh/Slab Grave ancestry north and westwards and archaeological evidence. Local Neolithic to Bronze Age Baikal hunter-gatherers and Khövsgöl herders associated with the Deer Stones culture themselves were of primarily
457:
712:
563:
2809:: "There are Y-chromosome data for only eight male slab burial individuals: four of which are from central Mongolia, two from the west central province of Khovsgol and two from the eastern regions, and all these individuals carry eastern Y-chromosome haplotypes (Jeong et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). While this sample is small, in comparison 28.57% of the mtDNA gene pool consisted of western hgs."
1018:(ANA), specifically from Neolithic Amur populations. They largely replaced the previous Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Baikal hunter-gatherers, although geneflow between them has been proposed, particularly between a Neolithic Eastern Mongolian population (East_Mongolia_preBA) with primarily Amur_N-like ancestry and a local Late Bronze Age population (Khövsgöl_LBA) associated with the
2015:
Vanchigdash, Chuluunkhuu; Ochir, Battuga; Munkhbayar, Chuluunbat; Tumen, Dashzeveg; Kovalev, Alexey; Kradin, Nikolay; Bazarov, Bilikto A.; Miyagashev, Denis A.; Konovalov, Prokopiy B.; Zhambaltarova, Elena; Miller, Alicia
Ventresca; Haak, Wolfgang; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes; Boivin, Nicole; Erdene, Myagmar; Hendy, Jessica; Warinner, Christina (12 November 2020).
2821::The second pattern is that there is a moderate, but perceptible increase in western mtDNA haplotypes among the slab burial populations (SBA 28.57%: CSB 36%) compared with that of the Bronze Age of eastern Mongolia (BAMCE) (14.8%), while the western mtDNA component within the Xiongnu population remains extremely similar to that of the slab burial populations.
2606:
diverse parts of the empire. In contrast, the highest-status individuals at the two sites tended to have lower genetic diversity and a high proportion of ancestry deriving from EIA Slab Grave groups, suggesting that these groups may have disproportionately contributed to the ruling elite during the formation of the
Xiongnu empire.
2367:
2481:
Jeong, Choongwon; Wilkin, Shevan; Amgalantugs, Tsend; Bouwman, Abigail S.; Taylor, William
Timothy Treal; Hagan, Richard W.; Bromage, Sabri; Tsolmon, Soninkhishig; Trachsel, Christian; Grossmann, Jonas; Littleton, Judith; Makarewicz, Cheryl A.; Krigbaum, John; Burri, Marta; Scott, Ashley (27 November
2294:
Jeong, Choongwon; Wilkin, Shevan; Amgalantugs, Tsend; Bouwman, Abigail S.; Taylor, William
Timothy Treal; Hagan, Richard W.; Bromage, Sabri; Tsolmon, Soninkhishig; Trachsel, Christian; Grossmann, Jonas; Littleton, Judith; Makarewicz, Cheryl A.; Krigbaum, John; Burri, Marta; Scott, Ashley (27 November
799:
Most of the graves were looted. The buried clothing and footwear is colorful, with various ornaments of bronze, bone and stone: plaques, buttons, necklaces, pendants, mirrors, cowrie shells. The accompanying tools are rare: Needles and needle beds, knives and axes-celts. Even less common are weapons:
2605:
Overall, we find that genetic heterogeneity is highest among lower-status individuals. In particular, the satellite graves surrounding the elite square tombs at TAK show extreme levels of genetic heterogeneity, suggesting that these individuals, who were likely low-ranking retainers, were drawn from
2468:
Likely arising out of the LBA Ulaanzuukh archaeological culture (ca. 1450 to 1150 BCE) in eastern
Mongolia, Slab Grave groups expanded into central and northern Mongolia as far north as the Lake Baikal region (7, 14, 64). Overall, individuals from the Ulaanzuukh and the Slab Grave cultures present a
783:
The fences vary from 1.5 m to 9.6 m, a height of the slabs vary from 0,5 m to 3 m. The grave pits under some kurgan mounds are covered with slabs that often are of considerable sizes. The depth of the burial pits vary from 0,6 m to 2,5â3 meters, in deep graves the side slabs were stacked and covered
2074:
Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William
Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold (November
823:
Thousands of graves can now be seen in the southern Baikal area. In some cases they form a cemetery, with a clear plan and a strict order. For example, at lake
Balzino about a hundred graves formed circles and rectangles. They are usually located at higher elevation, and exposed to sun. Monumental
1088:
The transition from the Slab-grave culture period to the
Xiongnu period was characterized as a massive increase of West Eurasian paternal ancestry, rising from 0% to 46%, which was not accompanied by increased West Eurasian maternal ancestry. This may be consistent with an aggressive expansion of
2618:
Yang, Xiao-Min; Meng, Hai-Liang; Zhang, Jian-Lin; Yu, Yao; Allen, Edward; Xia, Zi-Yang; Zhu, Kong-Yang; Du, Pan-Xin; Ren, Xiao-Ying; Xiong, Jian-Xue; Lu, Xiao-Yu; Ding, Yi; Han, Sheng; Liu, Wei-Peng; Jin, Li (November 2023). "Ancient genome of
Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of
1045:
confederation. Although early Xiongnu displayed a substructured genetic makeup, a differentiation based on social class is possible: While retainers of low status mainly displayed ancestry related to the Chandman/Uyuk culture or various combinations of Chandman/Uyuk and Ancient Northeast Asian
807:. Vessel ornament are impressions, rolled bands, indentations. The art of the slab-grave culture belongs to the "animal style" art that depicts domesticated and wild animals, daily life and main occupations. The slab-grave culture art has many common features with cultures of Southern Siberia:
2014:
Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold;
1144:
East Eurasian maternal lineages in the Slab-grave population can be easily traced to Transbaikalian neolithic agriculturalists. On the other hand, West Eurasian maternal lineages are believed to have complex origins, with many tracing back to ancient hunter gatherers who mixed with early
1089:
males with West Eurasian paternal ancestry, or possibly marriage alliances that favored such people. According to Rogers and Kaestle (2022), these two scenarios are not necessarily mutually exclusive, but more data is needed to concisely explain why such an increase took place.
795:
area consisted of graves about 30 meters in length, divided into 4 sections. Not plundered fence was covered by several slabs each weighing up to half a ton. Under cover slabs was an altar with skulls of horses, cows and sheep. Below were five burial chambers for inhumation.
2376:, pp. 80â81, Both Russian and Mongolian dates suggest that slab burial appearance is time-transgressive northeast-to-southwest, and Russian scholars believe this shift is accompanied by a replacement of Caucasoid by Mongoloid physical types (Cybiktarov 2003:84)..
1837:
2833:: "The mtDNA hgs of the eastern component of the slab burial population can be found in most northeast Asian populations and so can be safely assumed to be a local contribution to the slab burial gene pool. The âwesternâ component is more difficult to source. "
2125:
506:) resp. 700 (Mongolia) to 300 BC. The origin of the Slab-grave culture is not definitively known, however genetic evidence is consistent with multiple hypotheses of a local origin dating back to at least the Bronze Age. In particular, the people of the
832:
by the Slab-grave culture in central and eastern Mongolia around 700 BCE might mark a replacement of Caucasoid physical types by Mongoloid ones in the region. To the west, the Deer stone culture was replaced by, or evolved into, the various
956:
qpAdm model of Ulaanzuukh and Slab Grave remains: Ulaanzuukh and SlabGrave individuals are modeled as the mixture between Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA/Amur_N), represented by eastMongolia_preBA in this study, and Khövsgöl_LBA (Baikal_EBA
2782:
All but two males (BUL002 and I6365) associated with the Ulaanzuukh and Slab Grave cultures belong to Y-haplogroup Q, all three AR_Xianbei_IA males belong to Y-haplogroup C, and the Xiongnu males harbor both Q and C (data file S1C) (14,
1846:, p. 80, In Mongolia square burials begin almost exactly when the use of deer stones and khirigsuurs ceases, about cal. 2700 B.P., and continue well into the Scythian period (Honeychurch, personal communication 2008)..
514:(ANA). The genetic profiles of individuals from the Ulaanzuukh LBA and the Slab Grave culture are identical, which is in agreement with the archaeological hypothesis that the Slab Grave culture emerged from the Ulaanzuukh.
824:
burials mark the greatness of the people who once lived there. They became an integral part of the East Baikal steppes cultural and historical landscape. Slab-grave burials frequently reused stone material from nearby
2134:, p. 80, In Mongolia square burials begin around when the use of deer stones and khirigsuurs ceases, about cal. 2700 B.P., and continue well into the Scythian period (Honeychurch, personal communication 2008)..
1026:
ancestry, and are inferred to have expanded prior to the dispersal of Neolithic Amur-associated groups from further East. As the Khövsgöl herders harbored only limited Western admixture (4-7%) from
2233:
Overall, individuals from the Ulaanzuukh and the Slab Grave cultures present a homogeneous genetic profile that has deep roots in the region and is referred to as Ancient Northeast Asian (ANA)
1947:"Other types of sources on the history of the Proto-Mongolian tribes are archaeological findings, which associate Mongolian ethnogenesis with slab grave cultures and the Lower XiĂ jiÄdiĂ n."
855:
499:
is, at least partially, linked to the Slab-Grave culture by historical and archaeological evidence and further corroborated by genetic research on the Slab Grave remains.
1149:
period, or to middle eastern agriculturalists who expanded eastward after the advent of sheep herding. Others could be linked to much later Bronze Age populations such as
867:
891:
2726:
Lee, Juhyeon; Miller, Bryan K.; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Johannesson, Erik; Ventresca Miller, Alicia; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon (14 April 2023).
2549:
Lee, Juhyeon; Miller, Bryan K.; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Johannesson, Erik; Ventresca Miller, Alicia; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon (14 April 2023).
2412:
Lee, Juhyeon; Miller, Bryan K.; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Johannesson, Erik; Ventresca Miller, Alicia; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon (14 April 2023).
1046:
Ulaanzuukh/Slab Grave profiles, high status Xiongnu individuals tended to have less genetic diversity, and their ancestry was essentially derived from the
772:
The slab graves are both individual and collective in groups of 5â8 to large burials with up to 350 fences. Large cemeteries have a clear plan. In
800:
arrowheads, daggers, bow end caps. In some graves are horse harnesses, whip handles. There are bronze objects, fewer iron and precious metals.
1657:
2146:"Analysis of mitochondrial DNA haplogroup frequencies in the population of the slab burial mortuary culture of Mongolia (ca. 1100â300 BCE )"
1157:. The complex diversity of West Eurasian ancestral lineages in the Slab-grave population makes it difficult to pinpoint their exact origin.
32:
3248:
2938:
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996:
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45:
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In addition, Ashina showed close genetic aïŹnity with population related to Bronze Age Slab Grave and Ulaanzukh culture in Mongolia.
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372:
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879:
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1825:
Anthropology of Archaeological Populations from Northeast Asia :user.dankook.ac.kr/~oriental/Journal/pdf_new/49/11.pdf
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sources, it is argued that the adaption of dairy pastoralism was via cultural transmission rather than by admixture.
759:
610:
1861:"Ties between steppe and peninsula: Comparative perspective of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Đongolia and Đorea"
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and the Slab Grave culture are closely linked to the westwards expansion of Neolithic Amur ancestry associated with
2866:
1591:
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1604:
788:, single slabs with images of deer, less frequently of the horses, accompanied with solar signs and armaments.
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663:. The name of the culture is derived from the main typology of the graves, its graves have rectangular fences (
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To the west and northwest, the Slab-Grave culture was adjacent to, and essentially contemporaneous with the
3083:
1643:
1614:
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1557:
2716:: "While during the slab burial period (ca.1100â300âBCE) eastern patrilines seem to have been dominant..."
3202:
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1023:
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Autosomal genetic evidence from several Slab-grave remains suggests that they were largely derived from
3133:
2859:
1739:"Stone Shamans and Flying Deer of Northern Mongolia: Deer Goddess of Siberia or Chimera of the Steppe?"
1624:
861:
Slab grave. Exhibit in Ethnography Museum of E. Baikal peoples. Relocated from Horin region of Buryatia
780:. Graves are oriented along west-east axis. Deceased are laid on the back, with the head to the east.
3018:
2928:
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were found more than three thousand fences. Most of the graves are burials, some are ritual fences â
1065:, was found to display close genetic affinities with the Slab Grave and Ulaanzuukh culture remains.
694:
The most recent graves date from the 6th century BC, and the earliest monuments of the next in time
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Slab-grave maternal lineages were more diverse, with 64-72% being of East Eurasian origin (such as
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722:
573:
511:
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All eight currently sequenced Slab-grave males have been identified as belonging to East Eurasian
3167:
2484:"Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe"
2297:"Bronze Age population dynamics and the rise of dairy pastoralism on the eastern Eurasian steppe"
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world, and saw the hybridization of Scytho-Siberian and Eastern Steppe populations and cultures.
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1903:Đ.ĐĐ°ĐČĐ°Đ°Đœ, ĐĐŸŃĐœĐŸĐŽ ĐĐŸĐœĐłĐŸĐ»ŃĐœ Ń
ÒŻŃлОĐčĐœ ÒŻĐ” (Mongolian), N.Navaan, Bronze Age of Eastern Mongolia
483:. The Slab-Grave culture formed one of the primary ancestral components of the succeeding
8:
3043:
2973:
2933:
2913:
1927:"From the Ethnic History of Asia â the DĆnghĂș, WĆ«huĂĄn and XiÄnbÄi Proto-Mongolian Tribes"
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Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Treal Taylor, William Timothy (2020).
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3013:
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2728:"Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales"
2551:"Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales"
2414:"Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales"
2179:"Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales"
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546:
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279:
222:
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63:
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1959:"Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West"
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for a period of several centuries. The Slab-Grave culture was superseded by the
38:
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3157:
3128:
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2092:
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1277:
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656:
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1793:"Religious and ritual structures of E.Baikal pastoralists in 1st millennia BC"
1077:. The predominant Y-DNA haplogroup in Slab-grave males has been identified as
784:
with several slab layers. In places within the fence sometimes were installed
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3162:
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3078:
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Genetic data indicates that the Slab Grave culture, in conjunction with the
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2777:
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2700:
2600:
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488:
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146:
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Tumen D., "Anthropology of Archaeological Populations from Northeast Asia
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927:
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Slab-grave cultural monuments are found in northern, central and eastern
503:
1974:
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2900:
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2145:
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1676:
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133:
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1795:, //Young Archaeology and Ethnology oid Siberia, Chita, 1999, Vol. 1.
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1154:
1027:
992:
644:
358:
1129:), while approximately 28-36% were of West Eurasian origin (such as
918:
From around 700 BCE, in the Early Iron Age, the Slab-grave culture (
711:
562:
3214:
3003:
1146:
777:
652:
624:
480:
477:
408:
185:
2667:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
2247:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
2077:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
2017:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
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culture, which formed a vast empire stretching across much of the
460:
Chronological table of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Mongolia.
347:
1706:
1701:
1352:
1042:
804:
695:
672:
542:
484:
2725:
2548:
2411:
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Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan (12 November 2020).
930:
sites. In southern Siberia and western Mongolia, the Classical
684:
680:
676:
668:
270:
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2480:
2293:
54:
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1811:"South-East E.Baikal in the Stone Age and Early Bronze Age"
988:
931:
834:
526:
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1081:(5/8 Q-M120 and 1/8 Q-L330), with a minority belonging to
2144:
Rogers, Leland Liu; Kaestle, Frederika Ann (April 2022).
971:
Early Iron Age Southern Siberian genetic ancestries. The
873:
Slab grave whetstone, Daram mountain, Eastern Mongolia.
2073:
2013:
679:
inside the fence. There were also found settlements,
1957:
Savelyev, Alexander; Jeong, Choongwon (7 May 2020).
1818:"Slab Grave Culture graves of Mongolia and E.Baikal"
897:
Slab grave pottery, Narst, Bulgan, Northern Mongolia
1786:"History of E. Baikal (from ancient times to 1917)"
377:The Slab-grave culture and contemporary cultures
3225:
1865:Proceedings of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences
2664:
2617:
2488:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2397:
2301:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
936:
926:) expanded into central Mongolia and took over
920:
2867:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2713:
2143:
1956:
1651:
791:A burial complex on the Lami mountain in the
16:Archaeological culture of ancient East Asians
2150:American Journal of Biological Anthropology
1859:Gantulga, Jamiyan-Ombo (21 November 2020).
1779:"Bronze and early Iron Age of the E.Baikal"
740:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
591:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
502:The Slab-grave culture is dated from 1300 (
2874:
2860:
1720:"Archaeological surveys of the river Tola"
1658:
1644:
418:1300 (Transbaikal) 700 (Mongolia) â300 BC.
2767:
2690:
2590:
2525:
2507:
2453:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2338:
2320:
2270:
2218:
2161:
2131:
2108:
2050:
2032:
1990:
1924:
1872:
1843:
1736:
760:Learn how and when to remove this message
611:Learn how and when to remove this message
1858:
818:
803:Jars are round-bottom earthenware, some
455:
447:
1092:
1068:
487:, as revealed by genetic evidence. The
3226:
1784:Konstantinov A.V., Konstantinova N.N.
698:culture belong to the 2nd century BC.
691:, and other remains of that culture.
299:
170:
2855:
2407:
2405:
1854:
1852:
1802:, "Bulletin of USSR Akademy", Series
345:
336:
321:
310:
277:
268:
257:
244:
231:
220:
207:
194:
183:
159:
131:
107:
83:
72:
61:
52:
43:
2621:Journal of Systematics and Evolution
2238:
1906:
738:adding citations to reliable sources
705:
589:adding citations to reliable sources
556:
356:
290:
144:
118:
96:
3249:Archaeological cultures in Mongolia
2176:
1737:Fitzhugh, W. W. (1 January 2009b).
1592:Soviet intervention in Bogd Khanate
13:
2402:
1925:VidakoviÄ, Nenad (30 April 2012).
1849:
1791:Kirillov O.I., Stavpetskaya M.N.,
902:
14:
3265:
991:populations to the west combined
3244:Archaeological cultures of China
1809:Okladnikov A.P., Kirillov I.I.,
1175:
964:
949:
911:
890:
885:Slab grave stone beads, Mongolia
878:
866:
854:
710:
561:
452:Map of Mongolia and surroundings
37:
31:
2836:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2719:
2707:
2658:
2611:
2542:
2474:
2391:
2287:
2170:
2137:
3034:Liaoning bronze dagger culture
2881:
2177:Lee, Juhyeon (14 April 2023).
2067:
2007:
1950:
1918:
1897:
1145:agriculturalists in the early
1041:, gave rise to the succeeding
828:sites. The replacement of the
1:
3254:Archaeology of Inner Mongolia
2398:Jeong, Wang & Wilkin 2020
1830:
1712:
981:
667:) of vertically set slabs of
378:
3084:South-Western Iberian Bronze
687:structures, rock paintings,
7:
3234:Bronze Age cultures of Asia
1963:Evolutionary Human Sciences
1800:"Mongolia in ancient times"
1160:
1024:Ancient Northern East Asian
10:
3270:
3134:Wilburton-Wallington Phase
2683:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
2263:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
2093:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
2034:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
1931:Migracijske i etniÄke teme
1726:, Vol. 2, Leningrad, 1927;
701:
3239:Iron Age cultures of Asia
3211:
3142:
3019:Indus Valley Civilisation
2929:Armorican Tumulus culture
2899:
2889:
2843:Rogers & Kaestle 2022
2831:Rogers & Kaestle 2022
2819:Rogers & Kaestle 2022
2807:Rogers & Kaestle 2022
2795:Rogers & Kaestle 2022
2714:Rogers & Kaestle 2022
659:and southern and central
436:
422:
414:
400:
392:
26:
1731:"Bronze Age in E.Baikal"
1692:Lower Xiajiadian culture
1395:Second Turkic Khaganates
1016:Ancient Northeast Asians
512:Ancient Northeast Asians
2979:DeverelâRimbury culture
2509:10.1073/pnas.1813608115
2322:10.1073/pnas.1813608115
1874:10.5564/pmas.v60i4.1507
1057:The ruling clan of the
1001:Ancient Northeast Asian
977:Ancient Northeast Asian
552:
2752:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904
2575:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904
2438:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904
2203:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904
1804:History and Philosophy
1268:Munkhkhairkhan culture
942:) started to flourish.
837:cultures, such as the
525:ancestry, and various
470:archaeological culture
461:
453:
2494:(48): E11248âE11255.
2307:(48): E11248âE11255.
1615:Democratic Revolution
819:Graves in Baikal area
529:cultures such as the
459:
451:
3049:Mumun pottery period
1093:Maternal haplogroups
1075:paternal haplogroups
1069:Paternal haplogroups
734:improve this section
585:improve this section
373:class=notpageimage|
3044:Minoan civilization
2974:Deer stones culture
2934:Atlantic Bronze Age
2914:Aegean civilization
2744:2023SciA....9F3904L
2567:2023SciA....9F3904L
2500:2018PNAS..11511248J
2430:2023SciA....9F3904L
2313:2018PNAS..11511248J
2195:2023SciA....9F3904L
1975:10.1017/ehs.2020.18
1813:, Novosibirsk, 1980
1743:Arctic Anthropology
1682:History of Mongolia
1588:People's Revolution
1558:National Revolution
1513:Oirat Confederation
1298:Deer stones culture
1169:History of Mongolia
1020:Deer stones culture
830:Deer stones culture
826:Deer stones culture
774:Aga Buryat District
519:Deer stones culture
431:Deer stones culture
23:
3193:Leyla-Tepe culture
3150:and Transcaucasia)
2964:Chinese Bronze Age
2944:Bronze Age Britain
2677:(4): 890â904.e29.
2619:GöktĂŒrk Khanate".
2257:(4): 890â904.e29.
2163:10.1002/ajpa.24478
2087:(4): 890â904.e29.
2027:(4): 890â904.e29.
1755:10.1353/arc.0.0025
1578:Chinese occupation
1308:Slab-grave culture
1288:Ulaanzuukh culture
1258:Chemurchek culture
1248:Afanasievo culture
1052:Slab Grave culture
508:Ulaanzuukh culture
466:Slab-grave culture
462:
454:
427:Ulaanzuukh culture
393:Geographical range
22:Slab-grave culture
21:
3221:
3220:
3104:Terramare culture
3059:Nordic Bronze Age
3009:Hallstatt culture
2954:Canegrate culture
2949:Bronze Age Europe
2919:Andronovo culture
2633:10.1111/jse.12938
2388:, pp. 72â88.
1816:Tsibiktarov A.D.
1724:Northern Mongolia
1668:
1667:
1633:
1632:
1605:People's Republic
1541:
1540:
1446:
1445:
1418:Tang protectorate
1336:
1335:
986:
975:are uniformly of
973:Slab-grave people
941:
925:
770:
769:
762:
621:
620:
613:
446:
445:
294:ACHAEMENID EMPIRE
3261:
3151:
3124:Urnfield culture
3089:Srubnaya culture
3054:Mycenaean Greece
3039:Lusatian culture
2989:Ewart Park Phase
2969:Cycladic culture
2959:Catacomb culture
2924:Apennine culture
2909:Abashevo culture
2876:
2869:
2862:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2771:
2738:(15): eadf3904.
2732:Science Advances
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2694:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2627:(6): 1056â1064.
2615:
2609:
2608:
2594:
2561:(15): eadf3904.
2555:Science Advances
2546:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2511:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2457:
2424:(15): eadf3904.
2418:Science Advances
2409:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2324:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2222:
2189:(15): eadf3904.
2183:Science Advances
2174:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2112:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2054:
2036:
2011:
2005:
2004:
1994:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1876:
1856:
1847:
1841:
1820:, Ulan-Ude, 1998
1774:
1733:, Ulan-Ude, 1958
1660:
1653:
1646:
1554:
1553:
1467:9thâ12th century
1459:
1458:
1428:Uyghur Khaganate
1373:Rouran Khaganate
1349:
1348:
1318:Chandman culture
1244:
1243:
1179:
1165:
1164:
1039:Chandman culture
987:) origin, while
985:
984:
980:
968:
953:
940:
939:
935:
924:
923:
919:
915:
894:
882:
870:
858:
843:Chandman culture
765:
758:
754:
751:
745:
714:
706:
661:Zabaykalsky Krai
641:Qilian Mountains
616:
609:
605:
602:
596:
565:
557:
539:Aldy-Bel culture
497:Mongolian people
383:
380:
367:
365:
354:
352:
343:
341:
334:
332:
319:
317:
308:
306:
297:
295:
288:
286:
275:
273:
266:
264:
255:
253:
242:
240:
229:
227:
218:
216:
205:
203:
192:
190:
181:
179:
168:
166:
157:
155:
142:
140:
129:
127:
116:
114:
105:
103:
94:
92:
81:
79:
70:
68:
59:
57:
50:
48:
41:
35:
24:
20:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3207:
3203:KhojalyâGadabay
3173:Shulaveri-Shomu
3149:
3148:(North Caucasus
3147:
3146:
3138:
3119:ĂnÄtice culture
3114:Tumulus culture
3029:Karasuk culture
3014:Helladic period
3004:Argaric culture
2999:Glazkov culture
2895:
2885:
2880:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2789:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2663:
2659:
2616:
2612:
2547:
2543:
2479:
2475:
2410:
2403:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2292:
2288:
2243:
2239:
2175:
2171:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2072:
2068:
2012:
2008:
1955:
1951:
1933:(in Croatian).
1923:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1722:, in the book:
1715:
1687:History of Asia
1664:
1635:
1634:
1625:Modern Mongolia
1598:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1523:Dzungar Khanate
1463:Mongol khanates
1456:
1455:Medieval period
1448:
1447:
1401:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1328:Pazyryk culture
1241:
1163:
1095:
1071:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
982:
969:
960:
959:
958:
954:
945:
944:
943:
937:
921:
916:
905:
903:Archaeogenetics
898:
895:
886:
883:
874:
871:
862:
859:
847:Pazyryk culture
821:
766:
755:
749:
746:
731:
715:
704:
637:Xinjiang region
633:Northwest China
617:
606:
600:
597:
582:
566:
555:
535:Pazyryk culture
495:and the modern
388:
387:
386:
385:
384:
381:
375:
369:
368:
359:
357:
355:
348:
346:
344:
339:
337:
335:
328:
324:
322:
320:
315:
313:
311:
309:
304:
302:
300:
298:
293:
291:
289:
280:
278:
276:
271:
269:
267:
260:
258:
256:
247:
245:
243:
234:
232:
230:
223:
221:
219:
213:
210:
208:
206:
200:
197:
195:
193:
186:
184:
182:
176:
173:
171:
169:
162:
160:
158:
151:
147:
145:
143:
134:
132:
130:
124:
121:
119:
117:
110:
108:
106:
99:
97:
95:
89:
86:
84:
82:
75:
73:
71:
64:
62:
60:
55:
53:
51:
46:
44:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3267:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3219:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:Maykop culture
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3129:Wessex culture
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3064:Okunev culture
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2879:
2878:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2847:
2835:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2787:
2718:
2706:
2657:
2610:
2541:
2473:
2401:
2390:
2386:Fitzhugh 2009b
2378:
2374:Fitzhugh 2009b
2366:
2362:Fitzhugh 2009b
2354:
2286:
2237:
2169:
2156:(4): 644â657.
2136:
2132:Fitzhugh 2009b
2124:
2066:
2006:
1949:
1917:
1905:
1896:
1848:
1844:Fitzhugh 2009b
1835:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1806:, 1947, Vol. 4
1798:Kiselev S.V.,
1796:
1789:
1782:
1781:, Moscow, 1975
1775:
1749:(1â2): 72â88.
1734:
1727:
1718:Borovka G.I.,
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1570:
1568:Bogd Khaganate
1564:
1563:
1560:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1347:
1345:Ancient period
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1278:Sagsai culture
1274:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1171:
1162:
1159:
1094:
1091:
1070:
1067:
1059:Turkic peoples
970:
963:
962:
961:
955:
948:
947:
946:
917:
910:
909:
908:
907:
906:
904:
901:
900:
899:
896:
889:
887:
884:
877:
875:
872:
865:
863:
860:
853:
820:
817:
815:, and others.
768:
767:
718:
716:
709:
703:
700:
657:Irkutsk Oblast
649:Lesser Khingan
629:Inner Mongolia
619:
618:
569:
567:
560:
554:
551:
493:Turkic peoples
444:
443:
441:Xiongnu Empire
438:
434:
433:
424:
420:
419:
416:
412:
411:
402:
398:
397:
394:
390:
389:
376:
371:
370:
36:
30:
29:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3266:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:Tagar culture
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Samus culture
3077:
3075:
3074:Penard Period
3072:
3070:
3069:Ordos culture
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2994:Ezero culture
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2844:
2839:
2832:
2827:
2820:
2815:
2808:
2803:
2796:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1788:, Chita-2002.
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1697:Ordos culture
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1550:Modern period
1547:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:Northern Yuan
1501:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1483:Mongol Empire
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1473:Khamag Mongol
1471:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1363:Xianbei state
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1090:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
978:
974:
967:
952:
933:
929:
914:
893:
888:
881:
876:
869:
864:
857:
852:
851:
850:
848:
844:
840:
836:
831:
827:
816:
814:
810:
806:
801:
797:
794:
789:
787:
781:
779:
775:
764:
761:
753:
743:
739:
735:
729:
728:
724:
719:This section
717:
713:
708:
707:
699:
697:
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
675:, with stone
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
615:
612:
604:
594:
590:
586:
580:
579:
575:
570:This section
568:
564:
559:
558:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:Tagar culture
528:
524:
521:of primarily
520:
515:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
479:
475:
471:
467:
458:
450:
442:
439:
435:
432:
428:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
382: 500 BC
374:
366:
364:
363:
353:
351:
342:
333:
331:
330:
318:
307:
296:
287:
285:
284:
274:
265:
263:
254:
252:
251:
241:
239:
238:
228:
226:
217:
215:
204:
202:
191:
189:
180:
178:
167:
165:
156:
154:
153:
141:
139:
138:
128:
126:
115:
113:
104:
102:
93:
91:
80:
78:
69:
67:
58:
49:
40:
34:
25:
19:
2893:Chalcolithic
2838:
2826:
2814:
2802:
2790:
2781:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2709:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2652:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2558:
2554:
2544:
2491:
2487:
2476:
2467:
2421:
2417:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2304:
2300:
2289:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2232:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2127:
2084:
2080:
2069:
2024:
2020:
2009:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1937:(1): 75â95.
1934:
1930:
1920:
1908:
1899:
1864:
1839:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1746:
1742:
1730:
1729:Dikov N.N.,
1723:
1719:
1672:Animal Style
1629:1990âpresent
1533:Qing dynasty
1493:Yuan dynasty
1438:Liao dynasty
1357:209 BCâ93 AD
1307:
1292:1450â1150 BC
1282:1500â1000 BC
1272:1800â1600 BC
1262:2750â1900 BC
1252:3300â2500 BC
1143:
1096:
1087:
1072:
1063:Ashina tribe
1056:
1036:
1013:
839:Uyuk culture
822:
802:
798:
790:
785:
782:
771:
756:
747:
732:Please help
720:
693:
664:
622:
607:
598:
583:Please help
571:
523:Khövsgöl LBA
516:
501:
489:ethnogenesis
465:
463:
361:
360:
349:
326:
325:
323:
282:
281:
261:
249:
248:
236:
235:
224:
211:
198:
187:
174:
163:
149:
148:
136:
135:
122:
111:
100:
87:
76:
65:
18:
3168:KuraâAraxes
3099:Tarim Basin
2984:Elp culture
1777:Grishin S.
1312:1100â300 BC
1302:1400â700 BC
1238:Prehistoric
1007:) ancestry.
928:Deer stones
786:deer stones
689:deer stones
655:, southern
504:Transbaikal
437:Followed by
423:Preceded by
3228:Categories
3198:Jar-Burial
3144:Bronze Age
3024:Late Jomon
2901:Bronze Age
2883:Bronze Age
1915:page 25,27
1831:References
1823:D. Tumen.
1713:Literature
1677:Deer stone
1332:600â300 BC
1322:700â300 BC
1151:Afanasievo
1048:Ulaanzuukh
1032:Afanasievo
1005:Baikal_EBA
750:April 2024
665:chereksurs
601:April 2024
476:and Early
474:Bronze Age
405:Bronze Age
327:Slab-grave
137:Massagetae
3109:Trzciniec
2760:2375-2548
2649:255690237
2641:1674-4918
2583:2375-2548
2518:0027-8424
2446:2375-2548
2331:0027-8424
2211:2375-2548
2101:0092-8674
2043:1097-4172
1983:2513-843X
1943:1333-2546
1891:234540665
1883:2312-2994
1867:: 65â88.
1763:0066-6939
1609:1924â1992
1599:1921â1924
1582:1919â1921
1572:1911â1919
1537:1691â1911
1527:1634â1757
1517:1399â1634
1507:1368â1635
1497:1271â1368
1487:1206â1368
1477:1130â1206
1408:Xueyantuo
1217:Geography
1155:Scythians
1028:Sintashta
993:Sintashta
934:culture (
793:Nerchinsk
778:cenotaphs
721:does not
645:Manchuria
572:does not
362:Scythians
305:JANAPADAS
3215:Iron Age
3183:Trialeti
3178:Colchian
2778:37058560
2769:10104459
2701:33157037
2601:37058560
2592:10104459
2536:30397125
2464:37058560
2455:10104459
2349:30397125
2281:33157037
2229:37058560
2220:10104459
2119:33157037
2061:33157037
2001:35663512
1771:55632271
1442:907â1125
1383:GöktĂŒrks
1227:Religion
1222:Language
1212:Politics
1202:Nobility
1187:Timeline
1161:See also
1147:Holocene
845:and the
841:and the
653:Buryatia
625:Mongolia
547:Eurasian
537:and the
481:Mongolia
478:Iron Age
472:of Late
409:Iron Age
396:Mongolia
262:Aldy-Bel
250:Chandman
123:Ananyino
2740:Bibcode
2692:7664836
2563:Bibcode
2527:6275519
2496:Bibcode
2482:2018).
2426:Bibcode
2340:6275519
2309:Bibcode
2295:2018).
2272:7664836
2191:Bibcode
2110:7664836
2075:2020).
2052:7664836
1992:7612788
1969:: E20.
1707:Xianbei
1702:Xiongnu
1432:744â840
1422:647â682
1412:628â646
1402:682â744
1400:555â630
1391:Eastern
1377:330â555
1353:Xiongnu
1207:Culture
1085:(2/8).
1043:Xiongnu
983:
938:
922:
809:Karasuk
805:tripods
742:removed
727:sources
702:Burials
696:Xiongnu
677:kurgans
673:granite
643:etc.),
593:removed
578:sources
543:Xiongnu
485:Xiongnu
329:culture
316:DYNASTY
283:Subeshi
225:Pazyryk
201:culture
188:SABEANS
177:culture
152:matians
125:culture
66:Tasmola
3158:Kurgan
2776:
2766:
2758:
2699:
2689:
2647:
2639:
2599:
2589:
2581:
2534:
2524:
2516:
2462:
2452:
2444:
2347:
2337:
2329:
2279:
2269:
2227:
2217:
2209:
2117:
2107:
2099:
2059:
2049:
2041:
1999:
1989:
1981:
1941:
1889:
1881:
1769:
1761:
1393:, and
1367:93â234
1240:period
1197:Rulers
1192:States
1137:, and
1125:, and
1083:N-M231
1061:, the
979:(ANA,
685:ritual
681:burial
669:gneiss
533:, the
468:is an
401:Period
340:DONGHU
272:YUEZHI
150:Sauro-
112:Sargat
3163:Koban
2645:S2CID
1887:S2CID
1767:S2CID
1387:First
813:Tagar
415:Dates
350:MEROĂ
303:MAHA-
237:Tagar
199:Ordos
164:Mumun
101:Itkul
90:khovo
88:Goro-
77:Kulay
56:SAKAS
2939:BMAC
2783:15).
2774:PMID
2756:ISSN
2697:PMID
2671:Cell
2637:ISSN
2597:PMID
2579:ISSN
2532:PMID
2514:ISSN
2460:PMID
2442:ISSN
2345:PMID
2327:ISSN
2277:PMID
2251:Cell
2225:PMID
2207:ISSN
2115:PMID
2097:ISSN
2081:Cell
2057:PMID
2039:ISSN
2021:Cell
1997:PMID
1979:ISSN
1939:ISSN
1879:ISSN
1759:ISSN
1619:1990
1597:1921
1562:1911
999:and
997:BMAC
989:Saka
957:HG).
932:Saka
835:Saka
725:any
723:cite
683:and
576:any
574:cite
553:Area
527:Saka
464:The
314:ZHOU
214:jing
212:Sha-
175:Dian
47:-500
2764:PMC
2748:doi
2687:PMC
2679:doi
2675:183
2629:doi
2587:PMC
2571:doi
2522:PMC
2504:doi
2492:115
2450:PMC
2434:doi
2335:PMC
2317:doi
2305:115
2267:PMC
2259:doi
2255:183
2215:PMC
2199:doi
2158:doi
2154:177
2105:PMC
2089:doi
2085:183
2047:PMC
2029:doi
2025:183
1987:PMC
1971:doi
1869:doi
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671:or
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1985:.
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