1209:
heterogeneity is highest among lower-status individuals. In particular, the satellite graves surrounding the elite square tombs at TAK show extreme levels of genetic heterogeneity, suggesting that these individuals, who were likely low-ranking retainers, were drawn from diverse parts of the empire. In contrast, the highest-status individuals at the two sites tended to have lower genetic diversity and a high proportion of ancestry deriving from EIA Slab Grave groups, suggesting that these groups may have disproportionately contributed to the ruling elite during the formation of the
Xiongnu empire." (...) "a chanyu, or ruler of the empire. Like the elite women at the western frontier, he also had very high eastern Eurasian ancestry (deriving 39.3 and 51.9% from SlabGrave1 and Han_2000BP, respectively, and the rest from Chandman_IA; data file S2C)" (...) "Chandman_IA was representative of people in far western Mongolia associated with Sagly/Uyuk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE), Saka (ca. 900 to 200 BCE), and Pazyryk (ca. 500 to 200 BCE) groups in Siberia and Kazakhstan.
812:
793:
755:
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647:
671:
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31:
683:
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45:
37:
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390:
1116:: "We observe a clear signal of male-biased WSH admixture among the EIA Sagly/Uyuk and during the TĂĽrkic period (i.e., more positive Z scores; Figure 5B), which also corresponds to the decline in the Y chromosome lineage Q1a and the concomitant rise of the western Eurasian lineages such as R and J (Figure S2A)." See Figure S2 C and Figure 5B/STAR methods for Z-scores
1004:
Wilkin, Shevan; Ventresca Miller, Alicia; Taylor, William T. T.; Miller, Bryan K.; Hagan, Richard W.; Bleasdale, Madeleine; Scott, Ashley; Gankhuyg, Sumiya; Ramsøe, Abigail; Uliziibayar, S.; Trachsel, Christian; Nanni, Paolo; Grossmann, Jonas; Orlando, Ludovic; Horton, Mark; Stockhammer, Philipp W.;
517:
The
Chandman population seems to have been in particularly good health, as their skeletal remains show little evidence for pathological disease. Dental and skeletal evidence show no signs of stress. However other analyses have shown injuries in the Chandman population related to horseback riding and
811:
1208:
In this genome-wide archaeogenetic study, we find high genetic heterogeneity among late
Xiongnu-era individuals at two cemeteries located along the far western frontier of the Xiongnu empire and describe patterns of genetic diversity related to social status. Overall, we find that genetic
896:
The Sagly/Uyuk site of
Chandman Mountain (...) Together with the Pazyryk of the Altai and the Saka of eastern Kazakhstan, they formed part of a broader Scythian cultural phenomenon that stretched across the Western Steppe, Tarim Basin, and Upper
518:
combat. Several
Chandman graves contained war hammers, and the cranial injuries associated with their use. The Chandman population likely practiced dairying, as dental remains show evidence of milk consumption.
504:
of the
Chandman remains ranges from 700 BCE to 300 BCE, a period spanning the Mongolian Iron Age. The Chandman culture has been linked to the nearby cultures at Sagly and Uyuk, and is part of the Scythian
1104:
See Fig. 4, A and B. Quote: "The appearance of this ancestry, related to populations of
Central Asia (Caucasus/Iranian Plateau/Transoxiana regions) including BMAC (Narasimhan et al., 2019)"
792:
635:, while retainers of comparatively lower status had high genetic heterogeneity, representing influxes from the many parts of the Xiongnu Empire, and included Chandman-related individuals.
754:
735:
716:
697:
909:
Karstens, S.; Littleton, J.; Frohlich, B.; Amgaluntugs, T.; Pearlstein, K.; Hunt, D. (1 November 2018). "A palaeopathological analysis of skeletal remains from Bronze Age
Mongolia".
611:
derived 93% of their ancestry from the
Chandman culture, and 7% consisted of newly introduced BMAC ancestry. The rest of the Xiongnu in the study generally had mainly Eastern Asian (
646:
773:
670:
1168:
Lee, Juhyeon; Miller, Bryan K.; Bayarsaikhan, Jamsranjav; Johannesson, Erik; Ventresca Miller, Alicia; Warinner, Christina; Jeong, Choongwon (14 April 2023).
550:
A 2020 study analyzed the DNA of
Chandman fossils, and described them as a mixed population, with 50% of their ancestry being derived from the West Eurasian
682:
1222:
658:
1240:
1264:
30:
624:
543:
61:
366:
567:
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suggested that the ancestry of high status individuals among the Xiongnu essentially derived from the Eastern Eurasian
1068:
Jeong, C; Wang, K; Wilkin, S (12 November 2020). "A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe".
822:
803:
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765:
746:
727:
708:
689:
857:
601:
579:
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593:-like source) in the Chandman population was inherited from more male than female ancestors.
586:
463:
8:
459:
424:
234:
1202:
1152:
627:) contributions. A study of the relationship between ethnicity and social status in the
1031:
1006:
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632:
501:
490:
archaeologists in the 1970s near Chandmani Mountain, which is located near the city of
383:), and contemporary cultures and polities circa 325 BCE, with location of the Chandman
247:
149:
1189:
1169:
1127:
1095:
1090:
1036:
984:
958:
926:
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882:
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Chandman males were found to be equally divided between the West Eurasian haplogroup
590:
551:
269:
110:
79:
938:
825:. Style originated in China in the 8th century BCE, and then spread to western Asia.
1197:
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1085:
1077:
1026:
1018:
1005:
Myagmar, Erdene; Boivin, Nicole; Warinner, Christina; Hendy, Jessica (March 2020).
918:
877:
869:
526:
406:
585:
Strong evidence of sex bias was found in the ancestry of the Chandman population.
1170:"Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales"
1128:"Genetic population structure of the Xiongnu Empire at imperial and local scales"
1007:"Dairy pastoralism sustained eastern Eurasian steppe populations for 5,000 years"
575:
197:
136:
123:
1223:"A SURVEY OF BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGE TOOLS AND WEAPONS FROM NORTHERN MONGOLIA"
530:
The Chandman/Uyuk genetic profile was a near-equal combination of West Eurasian
1081:
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Social complexity in prehistoric Eurasia : monuments, metals, and mobility
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908:
1158:
See supplementary information .zip file for haplogroup assignments.
563:
491:
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455:
451:
384:
173:
36:
1003:
954:
The global history of paleopathology : pioneers and prospects
858:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
300:
1227:
Ancient cultures of Mongolia, Southern Siberia and Northern China
608:
462:" on the Russian side of the frontier. It is associated with the
434:
1167:
983:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2009. p. 348.
389:
1126:
Lee, Juhyeon; Miller, Bryan; Baiyarsaikhan, Jamsranjav (2023).
483:
90:
619:) ancestry, combined with smaller Western Eurasian (Chandman,
554:, and an additional 43% from an East Eurasian population from
372:
352:
70:
652:
Bone arrowheads of Chandmani-Sagil culture, Western Mongolia
506:
467:
570:
population of Central Asia, which was closely related to
676:
Bronze mirrors Chandmani-Sagil culture, Western Mongolia
1125:
957:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2012. p. 478.
450:, was a nomadic culture that existed in northwestern
664:
Bronze daggers of Chandmani-Sagil, Western Mongolia.
1256:
1113:
1067:
1053:
470:horizon, and is part of the more general Saka
607:Jeong, et al. found that the early Western
1119:
566:. 7% of their ancestry was related to the
1220:
1201:
1151:
1089:
1030:
881:
525:
53:
44:
568:Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex
1257:
482:The Chandman culture was excavated by
276:
254:
1063:
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856:Jeong, Choongwon (12 November 2020).
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817:Bronze cauldron from Kharmaan River,
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1265:Archaeological cultures in Mongolia
1221:Matsumoto, Keita (1 January 2021).
703:Bronze goat ornament, 700-300 BCE,
688:Notice about the site of Chandman,
13:
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16:Archaeological culture in Mongolia
14:
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454:and southern Siberia during the
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798:Bronze ornament, 700-300 BCE,
779:Bronze ornament, 700-300 BCE,
760:Bronze ornament, 700-300 BCE,
741:Bronze ornament, 700-300 BCE,
722:Bronze ornament, 700-300 BCE,
1:
1114:Jeong, Wang & Wilkin 2020
1054:Jeong, Wang & Wilkin 2020
842:
600:and East Eurasian haplogroup
512:
458:, and is also known as the "
371:Chandman culture within the
7:
830:
823:National Museum of Mongolia
804:National Museum of Mongolia
785:National Museum of Mongolia
766:National Museum of Mongolia
747:National Museum of Mongolia
728:National Museum of Mongolia
709:National Museum of Mongolia
690:National Museum of Mongolia
10:
1281:
1082:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
923:10.1016/j.jchb.2018.11.002
874:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
638:
477:
1245:Google Arts & Culture
1091:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D
1023:10.1038/s41559-020-1120-y
883:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D
580:Caucasus hunter-gatherers
542:) ancestry, with a small
430:
420:
412:
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24:
51:
42:
536:Ancient Northeast Asian
416:7th to 3rd centuries BC
1186:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904
1144:10.1126/sciadv.adf3904
547:
587:Western Steppe Herder
529:
367:class=notpageimage|
574:populations of the
460:Sagly-Bazhy culture
425:Deer stones culture
21:
1241:"Ancient Mongolia"
1076:(4): 890-904.e29.
633:Slab Grave culture
548:
502:Radiocarbon dating
403:Geographical range
19:
589:ancestry (from a
552:Sintashta culture
448:Chandmani culture
440:
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271:MACEDONIAN EMPIRE
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1017:(3): 346–355.
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990:978-0521517126
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964:978-0195389807
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917:(6): 324–334.
901:
868:(4): 890–904.
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800:Uvs Province
781:Uvs Province
762:Uvs Province
743:Uvs Province
724:Uvs Province
705:Uvs Province
606:
595:
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496:Uvs Province
481:
472:Uyuk culture
447:
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81:
556:Lake Baikal
431:Followed by
421:Preceded by
843:References
617:Slab Grave
613:Ulaanzuukh
560:Baikal EBA
546:admixture.
540:Baikal_EBA
513:Population
387:cemetery (
343:Massagetae
153:Slab-grave
1194:2375-2548
892:0092-8674
621:Sarmatian
591:Sintashta
572:Neolithic
532:Sintashta
509:culture.
488:Mongolian
315:Scythians
82:Korgantas
1259:Category
1203:10104459
1153:10104459
1100:33157037
1041:32127685
939:54475814
931:30501896
831:See also
578:and the
564:Mongolia
492:Ulaangom
456:Iron Age
452:Mongolia
385:Ulaangom
225:Chandman
1032:7212056
897:Yenesei
639:Gallery
609:Xiongnu
484:Russian
478:History
435:Xiongnu
379:
375:realm (
330:matians
293:DYNASTY
261:culture
200:Pazyryk
189:culture
176:SABEANS
155:culture
140:Subeshi
1229:: 332.
1200:
1192:
1180:(15).
1150:
1138:(15).
1098:
1039:
1029:
987:
961:
937:
929:
890:
602:Q-L275
328:Sauro-
282:EMPIRE
166:DONGHU
102:Sargat
92:YUEZHI
935:S2CID
413:Dates
356:Dahae
303:MEROĂ‹
280:NANDA
238:Sagly
212:Tagar
187:Ordos
115:khovo
113:Goro-
72:SAKAS
1190:ISSN
1096:PMID
1070:Cell
1037:PMID
985:ISBN
959:ISBN
927:PMID
911:HOMO
888:ISSN
862:Cell
625:BMAC
544:BMAC
534:and
507:Saka
486:and
468:Saka
442:The
373:Saka
291:ZHOU
259:Dian
128:jing
126:Sha-
63:-325
1198:PMC
1182:doi
1148:PMC
1140:doi
1086:hdl
1078:doi
1074:183
1027:PMC
1019:doi
919:doi
878:hdl
870:doi
866:183
615:or
598:R1a
562:),
498:.
474:.
249:JIN
1261::
1243:.
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1206:.
1196:.
1188:.
1176:.
1172:.
1146:.
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1130:.
1094:.
1084:.
1072:.
1060:^
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1013:.
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925:.
915:69
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894:.
886:.
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860:.
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1102:.
1088::
1080::
1043:.
1021::
1015:4
993:.
967:.
941:.
921::
880::
872::
558:(
538:(
466:/
393:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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