909:
3372:
722:
547:
1543:, p. 148: "Results from the analysis of the structure of mtDNA samples. The studied individuals were characterized by an identical structure of DNA HVR I. The HVR I haplotype structure 16093C-16129A-16223T-16298C-16327T gives unambiguous evidence that this structural variant of mtDNA belongs to the Eastern Eurasian haplogroup C (most probably, to haplogroup C4a1), falling into macrohaplogroup M. According to the results of phylogeographical analysis, variants of haplogroup C4 with an identical or similar structure of haplotypes are common both among the population of Southern Siberia (including Altai) and Central Asia (including Northern China), and also among the autochthonous populations of more remote northern regions of Siberia (Pilipenko, Trapezov, Polosmak, 2015; Derenko et al., 2003, 2007; Starikovskaya et al., 2005; Metspalu et al., 2004). Thus, the revealed variant is characteristic of modern indigenous peoples of the region under consideration."
750:
738:
971:
686:
710:
937:
921:
3886:
3544:
785:
771:
33:
4328:
1007:
956:
674:
987:
570:
47:
39:
538:
3486:
698:
3474:
662:
610:
often incorporated in them. Many of the trappings took the form of iron, bronze, and gilt wood animal motifs either applied or suspended from them; and bits had animal-shaped terminal ornaments. Altai-Sayan animals frequently display muscles delineated with dot and comma markings, a formal convention that may have derived from appliqué needlework. Such markings are sometimes included in
588:
burials, notably those of the 5th century BC at
Pazyryk and neighbouring sites, such as Katanda, Shibe, and Tuekta, were isolated from external climatic variations by a protective layer of ice that conserved the organic substances buried in them. At Pazyryk these included the bodies of horses and an
861:-like source. One outlier specimen (Pazyryk_Berel_50BCE) could be modeled as c. 18% Pazyryk_IA and c. 82% additional Northeast Asian admixture, suggesting that this individual represents a migrant who arrived from further East. The same additional Eastern ancestry is found among the later groups of
609:
Horse reins either had animal designs cut out on them or were studded with wooden ones covered in gold foil. Their tail sheaths were ornamented, as were their headpieces and breastpieces. Some horses were provided with leather or felt masks made to resemble animals, with stag antlers or rams’ horns
1439:
In response to aggressive
Xiongnu expansion into the Altai region around the 2nd century BCE, some members of the Pazyryk culture may have started moving up North, and eventually reached the Vilyuy River at the beginning of 1st century CE. Notably, there is clear population continuity between the
1452:
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido
Alberto; Khussainova, Elmira; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Musralina, Lyazzat; Spyrou, Maria A.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Radzeviciute, Rita; Martins, Nuno Filipe Gomes; Freund, Caecilia; Iksan, Olzhas; Garshin, Alexander; Zhaniyazov, Zhassulan; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Kitov, Egor;
1341:
Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido
Alberto; Khussainova, Elmira; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Musralina, Lyazzat; Spyrou, Maria A.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Radzeviciute, Rita; Martins, Nuno Filipe Gomes; Freund, Caecilia; Iksan, Olzhas; Garshin, Alexander; Zhaniyazov, Zhassulan; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Kitov, Egor;
601:
fabric (State
Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg). Red and ochre predominate in the carpet, the main design of which is of riders, stags, and griffins. Many of the Pazyryk felt hangings, saddlecloths, and cushions were covered with elaborate designs executed in appliqué feltwork, dyed furs, and
1586:, p. 148: "The complete allelic profile obtained based on 17 STR-loci has made it possible to determine that the studied variant of the Y-chromosome belongs to haplogroup N (according to the data of Haplogroup Predictor software, the probability is 100 %)."
908:
1440:
Uralic people such as Khants, Mansis and
Nganasans, Paleo-Siberian people such as Yukaghirs and Chuvantsi, and the Pazyryk people even when considering just the two mtDNA and Y-STR haplotypes from the Ak-Alakha-1 mound 1 kurgan (Tables 1a, b, Table 2, Fig. 1).
721:
1602:, page 71: "Individual I0563 (Pazyryk) belonged to the Z93 clade45 which is frequent in Central Asia and was also recorded in Bronze Age individuals from Mongolia and the Sintashta culture from Samara." See also page 55, Table 22: "I0563 R1a1a1b2".
602:
embroidery. Of exceptional interest are those with animal and human figural compositions, the most notable of which are the repeat design of an investiture scene on a felt hanging and that of a semihuman, semibird creature on another (both in the
514:, indicating a flourishing culture at this location that benefited from the many trade routes and caravans of merchants passing through the area. The Pazyryk are considered to have had a war-like life. The Pazyryk culture was preceded by the "
970:
829:. Some outlier samples need additional geneflow from an Ancient Northeast Asian source, best represented by Neolithic groups from the Devil’s Gate Cave site in the Russian Far East. The Pazyryk people display genetic affinites to modern
749:
685:
737:
3239:
936:
709:
1171:
Wertmann, Patrick; Yibulayinmu, Maria; Wagner, Mayke; Taylor, Chris; Müller, Samira; Xu, Dongliang; Elkina, Irina; Leipe, Christian; Deng, Yonghong; Tarasov, Pavel E. (1 September 2023).
1154:"Iron Age Archaeology and Trauma from Aymyrlyg South Siberia: An examination of the health diet and lifestyles of the two Iron Age populations buried at the cemetery complex of Aymyrlyg"
3371:
3246:
920:
1622:
1599:
1521:
647:, recur at Pazyryk but are completely outnumbered by animal motifs. The stag and its relatives figure as prominently as in Altai-Sayan. Combat scenes between
857:. Overall, the Pazyryk population could be modeled to derive between c. 50% from the Khövsgöl LBA source, c. 36% from WSH (Steppe_MLBA), and c. 14% from a
589:
embalmed man whose body was covered with tattoos of animal motifs. The remarkable textiles recovered from the
Pazyryk burials include the oldest woollen
1409:"On The Genetic Continuity of the Iron Age Pazyryk Culture: Geographic Distributions of the Paternal and Maternal Lineages from the Ak-Alakha-1 Burial"
546:
3543:
1800:
1678:
Jordana, Xavier (2009). "The warriors of the steppes: osteological evidence of warfare and violence from
Pazyryk tumuli in the Mongolian Altai".
655:
are exceedingly numerous in
Pazyryk work; the Pazyryk beasts are locked in such bitter fights that the victim's hindquarters become inverted.
4393:
4358:
3366:
2958:
1848:
1263:
858:
32:
673:
3885:
2893:
1775:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Pazyryk culture
3111:
54:
1725:
4373:
4331:
3232:
1982:
4388:
3213:
1772:
1605:
1527:
1172:
1225:
3168:
1793:
4368:
3163:
2164:
1756:
955:
2574:
581:. There are so far no known sites of settlements associated with the burials, suggesting a purely nomadic lifestyle.
1220:
1173:"The earliest directly dated saddle for horse-riding from a mid-1st millennium BCE female burial in Northwest China"
626:. Roundels containing a dot serve the same purpose on the stag and other animal renderings executed by contemporary
3173:
2443:
1823:
4383:
4308:
3208:
3153:
2403:
1786:
577:
Other kurgan cemeteries associated with the culture include those of
Bashadar, Tuekta, Ulandryk, Polosmak, or
3314:
2697:
2159:
986:
3158:
3937:
3698:
2423:
4294:
3776:
3710:
3692:
3565:
2659:
1953:
1327:
3782:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3737:
3680:
3353:
3106:
2679:
2393:
2383:
2378:
1973:
1963:
1928:
1455:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians"
1344:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians"
1215:
784:
770:
697:
4363:
4317:
3797:
3764:
3740:
3734:
3719:
3562:
3256:
3203:
3091:
2968:
2873:
2717:
2599:
2008:
1958:
1809:
818:
4154:
3755:
3746:
3689:
3624:
3609:
3183:
2943:
1968:
1903:
899:
822:
810:
802:
466:
1708:
1099:
469:(6th to 3rd centuries BC) identified by excavated artifacts and mummified humans found in the
4043:
4034:
3728:
3704:
3559:
3018:
2993:
2903:
2534:
2368:
1746:
1314:
885:
Two closely related males from the Pazyryk culture were found to belong to the East Eurasian
834:
755:
Frontal decoration (harness), burial mound Berel (IV.-III. B.C.) Kazakhstan, Pazyryk culture.
578:
511:
4327:
4040:
2953:
2800:
2335:
2133:
1687:
1466:
1355:
889:
874:
573:
The Pazyryk cultural area, including burials sites of Pazyryk, Berel, Tuetka and Ak-Alakha.
805:(WSH or Steppe_MLBA) and local groups of Southern Siberia. Genetic data revealed that the
691:
Tatooes of the warrior excavated at Pazyryk, with zoomorphic symbols, 5th-4th century BCE.
8:
4049:
4046:
3997:
3701:
3556:
3193:
3127:
2983:
2408:
2398:
2128:
2053:
1729:
1570:
962:
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623:
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560:
227:
1691:
1470:
1359:
4240:
4037:
3582:
3576:
3348:
3143:
3096:
2963:
2878:
2863:
2820:
2775:
2639:
2428:
2214:
2103:
2063:
1988:
1833:
1495:
1454:
1425:
1408:
1384:
1343:
1020:
585:
431:
240:
142:
632:
metalworkers. Animal processions of the Assyro-Achaemenian type also appealed to many
4267:
4028:
3579:
3493:
3384:
3198:
2307:
2149:
2123:
2118:
2018:
2003:
1893:
1888:
1858:
1838:
1752:
1554:
1500:
1482:
1430:
1389:
1371:
1197:
1087:
826:
814:
798:
728:
459:
262:
103:
72:
1006:
790:
Map of Scythian cultures, including different Saka populations with genetic profiles
4264:
4082:
3844:
3278:
3188:
3116:
2737:
2624:
2433:
2418:
2267:
2113:
2073:
2028:
2013:
1695:
1566:
1555:"A Paleogenetic Study of Pazyryk People Buried at Ak-Alakha-1, the Altai Mountains"
1490:
1474:
1420:
1379:
1363:
1187:
1015:
896:
886:
830:
644:
603:
510:. Many artifacts and human remains have been found at this location, including the
444:
214:
715:
Samruk (Griffin), burial mound of Tuekta (5th century BCE) Altay, Pazyryk culture.
4252:
4003:
3878:
3722:
3674:
3571:
3499:
3467:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3303:
3224:
3178:
3121:
3061:
3051:
3013:
2755:
2448:
2247:
2204:
2186:
2023:
1993:
1898:
1828:
1040:
1030:
1025:
993:
977:
842:
838:
809:
Pazyryk people were not identical with the WSH but substantially shifted towards
743:
Scene of torment, burial mound Berel (V. - III. BCE) Kazakhstan, Pazyryk culture.
661:
527:
503:
477:
427:
413:
129:
116:
4234:
4194:
4180:
3850:
3551:
3520:
3138:
3101:
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2858:
2732:
2584:
2569:
2539:
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2297:
2292:
2257:
2108:
2098:
2058:
1843:
946:
927:
598:
409:
92:
1699:
1192:
4378:
4352:
4273:
4219:
4174:
4015:
3973:
3838:
3660:
3627:
3523:
3517:
3403:
3330:
3133:
3086:
2978:
2810:
2795:
2727:
2486:
2252:
2224:
2209:
2169:
2068:
1923:
1908:
1863:
1623:"Legal bid fails to rebury remains of 2,500 year old tattooed 'ice princess'"
1486:
1451:
1434:
1375:
1340:
1201:
1035:
633:
606:). Clothing, whether of felt, leather, or fur, was also lavishly ornamented.
391:
201:
177:
157:
1303:
4270:
4258:
4226:
4202:
4186:
4183:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4135:
3985:
3943:
3794:
3785:
3707:
3630:
3621:
3511:
3056:
3023:
3003:
2908:
2815:
2770:
2747:
2664:
2559:
2476:
2466:
2358:
2093:
2088:
2078:
2038:
1978:
1943:
1868:
1744:
1504:
1478:
1393:
1367:
1071:
850:
507:
317:
282:
271:
249:
1778:
980:, Pazyryk. Circa 300 BCE. State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, 1684/29.
914:
Reconstruction of a Saka, found in the kurgan Olon-Kurin-Gol 10 in Pazyryk
4282:
4279:
4231:
4161:
4104:
4000:
3991:
3946:
3931:
3922:
3916:
3791:
3758:
3716:
3686:
3683:
3650:
3618:
3502:
3148:
3081:
3033:
2998:
2973:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2913:
2868:
2848:
2840:
2669:
2654:
2604:
2594:
2549:
2506:
2282:
2277:
2242:
2043:
1998:
1938:
640:
615:
489:
569:
4276:
4198:
4141:
4123:
4009:
4006:
3988:
3979:
3970:
3967:
3925:
3913:
3907:
3892:
3859:
3847:
3823:
3802:
3761:
3752:
3749:
3743:
3725:
3695:
3615:
3526:
3433:
3028:
2853:
2785:
2780:
2707:
2689:
2649:
2634:
2614:
2579:
2564:
2526:
2516:
2501:
2491:
2458:
2345:
2272:
2048:
1948:
1878:
652:
648:
481:
473:
332:
2232:
865:(Hun Berel 300CE, Hun elite 350CE), and the Karakaba remains (830CE).
4088:
4072:
4018:
3964:
3934:
3928:
3919:
3904:
3898:
3788:
3731:
3713:
3514:
3412:
2948:
2898:
2830:
2765:
2712:
2702:
2674:
2609:
2554:
2544:
2481:
2471:
2317:
2194:
2154:
2083:
1933:
1559:
Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia (Russian-language)
1045:
304:
4190:
1658:
1641:
1524:, page 38, Table 7. West Eurasia (WEA): 48%, East Eurasia (EEA) 52%.
1282:
1247:
1010:
Timeline of the Pazyryk culture and predecessors in western Mongolia
4120:
4110:
4092:
3982:
3940:
3901:
3895:
3856:
3853:
3820:
3770:
3653:
3508:
3505:
3421:
3418:
3298:
3283:
3008:
2988:
2589:
2413:
2327:
2262:
2033:
806:
485:
463:
166:
38:
3485:
3473:
1153:
895:
Another Pazyryk specimen was found to belong to the West Eurasian
537:
293:
4113:
4021:
3976:
3961:
3955:
3949:
3826:
3644:
3449:
3438:
3409:
3288:
2888:
2883:
2825:
2760:
2644:
2629:
2496:
2373:
2363:
2312:
1918:
1748:
Frozen Tombs of Siberia: The Pazyryk Burials of Iron Age Horsemen
854:
813:. The eastern Eurasian geneflow can largely be explained through
611:
499:
470:
423:
1304:"International exhibition of original artifacts «Scythian gold»"
628:
4237:
4206:
4116:
4085:
4079:
4056:
3958:
3952:
3910:
3814:
3636:
3596:
3461:
3415:
3293:
2790:
2722:
2353:
2287:
2199:
1913:
1170:
846:
619:
515:
494:
83:
679:
Pazyryk carpet, manufactured in Central Asia or the Near-East.
4177:
4012:
3994:
2619:
2511:
2438:
2388:
2237:
1883:
1208:
594:
363:
345:
63:
559:
carpet (c.300 BC), and a horse harness from the tomb of the
3865:
3589:
3455:
3444:
3427:
3043:
2805:
1853:
945:
inside her wooden sarcophagus (reconstruction from burial,
862:
556:
455:
1553:
Pilipenko, A. S.; Trapezov, R. O.; Polosmak, N. V (2015).
873:
Two individuals were found to belong to the East Eurasian
1583:
1552:
1540:
776:
Genetic makeup of Bronze and Iron Age Steppe populations
727:
Catlike predator with protomas of two elk, burial mound
1723:
1657:
Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017).
1640:
Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017).
1281:
Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017).
1264:"Siberian Princess reveals her 2,500 year old tattoos"
1246:
Pankova, Svetlana; Simpson, St John (1 January 2017).
1126:
853:. The Pazyryk people were later replaced by expanding
1726:"Prehistoric Art - Early Nomads of the Altaic Region"
1663:. British Museum. pp. 106–109, Items 31, 32, 33.
1646:. British Museum. pp. 106–109, Items 31, 32, 33.
1745:Сергей Иванович Руденко (Sergei I. Rudenko) (1970).
498:) similar to the tomb mounds of Scythian culture in
518:" (Initial Scythian period, 8th - 7th century BC).
362:General location of the Pazyryk culture within the
3254:
1604:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnterländer2017 (
1526:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFUnterländer2017 (
4350:
1072:"Pazyryk | archaeological site, Kazakhstan"
584:Because of a freak climatic freeze, some of the
1656:
1639:
1280:
1245:
817:groups, themselves a combination of primarily
797:The Pazyryk population is associated with the
368:
3240:
1794:
16:Saka nomadic Iron Age archaeological culture
3547:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
1808:
1773:Nomadic Art of the Eastern Eurasian Steppes
1595:
1517:
1069:
731:(IV.-III. BCE) Kazakhstan, Pazyryk culture.
3247:
3233:
1801:
1787:
926:Pazyryk man (reconstruction from burials,
636:tribesmen and are featured in their arts.
3112:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
1494:
1424:
1383:
1191:
1005:
568:
4325:
3367:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
2959:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1849:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
1677:
1584:Pilipenko, Trapezov & Polosmak 2015
1541:Pilipenko, Trapezov & Polosmak 2015
1413:International Journal of Human Genetics
1287:. British Museum. p. 155, Fig.105.
1139:
880:
868:
46:
4351:
4263:
4216:
4151:
4091:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II)
3383:
3345:
3311:
3214:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
1728:. The Hermitage Museum. Archived from
1660:Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia
1643:Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia
1406:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1284:Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia
1249:Scythians: warriors of ancient Siberia
1151:
604:State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg
269:
247:
4314:
4291:
4249:
4132:
4101:
4069:
4053:
4025:
3875:
3863:
3835:
3671:
3641:
3634:
3594:
3587:
3483:
3453:
3442:
3425:
3393:
3365:
3363:
3228:
1782:
1617:
1615:
330:
291:
280:
238:
225:
212:
199:
188:
175:
164:
155:
140:
127:
114:
90:
81:
70:
61:
52:
4261:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili
1706:
1571:10.17746/1563-0102.2015.43.4.144-150
1453:Samashev, Zainolla (26 March 2021).
1342:Samashev, Zainolla (26 March 2021).
1113:
343:
315:
302:
260:
101:
4394:Archaeological cultures in Mongolia
3169:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
1291:
976:Embalmed head of a clan chieftain.
374:), and contemporary Asian polities
13:
4359:Archaeological cultures of Siberia
3884:
3542:
3484:
3315:Chronology of the Neolithic period
3164:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
2165:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1751:. University of California Press.
1709:"Ice Mummies: Siberian Ice Maiden"
1612:
14:
4405:
3889:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
2575:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
1766:
1680:Journal of Archaeological Science
1070:The Editors (11 September 2001).
4326:
3472:
3370:
1426:10.31901/24566330.2019/19.01.709
1407:Gurkan, Cemal (8 January 2019).
985:
969:
954:
935:
919:
907:
783:
769:
748:
736:
720:
708:
696:
684:
672:
660:
545:
536:
45:
37:
31:
4374:Iranian archaeological cultures
4332:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East
3174:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
2444:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
1724:State Hermitage Museum (2007).
1650:
1633:
1589:
1577:
1546:
1534:
1511:
1445:
1400:
1334:
1274:
1180:Archaeological Research in Asia
821:and components associated with
4309:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
3209:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
3154:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
1600:Supplementary Information file
1522:Supplementary Information file
1256:
1239:
1221:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1164:
1145:
1132:
1119:
1106:
1063:
703:Pazyryk cart, 3rd century BCE.
639:Certain geometric designs and
622:animal representations of the
597:silk, and two pieces of woven
593:known, the oldest embroidered
521:
1:
4389:6th-century BC establishments
2160:Silk Road transmission of art
1051:
375:
3159:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
1056:
488:. The mummies are buried in
7:
1127:State Hermitage Museum 2007
1001:
760:
10:
4410:
4119:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman
3376:
3325:(Eastern migration of the
3324:
1671:
1152:Murphy, Eileen M. (2003).
525:
4369:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
4305:
4295:Muslim conquest of Persia
4246:
4213:
4148:
4129:
4098:
4066:
3872:
3832:
3811:
3808:
3801:
3606:
3535:
3480:
3400:
3347:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3292:
3263:
3074:
3042:
2839:
2746:
2688:
2660:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
2525:
2457:
2344:
2326:
2223:
2185:
2178:
2142:
1816:
1700:10.1016/j.jas.2009.01.008
1193:10.1016/j.ara.2023.100451
643:, such as the circle and
448:
419:
405:
397:
387:
26:
3107:Mogao Christian painting
2680:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
2394:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
2384:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
1158:BAR International Series
819:Ancient Northeast Asians
799:Eastern Scythian horizon
502:. The type site are the
44:
4318:Second Turkic Khaganate
3204:Saksanokhur gold buckle
3092:Hephthalite silver bowl
2969:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
2009:Second Turkic Khaganate
1810:History of Central Asia
1226:Encyclopædia Britannica
823:Ancient North Eurasians
801:, which emerged out of
401:6th to 3rd centuries BC
4155:First Turkic Khaganate
3890:
3610:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
3548:
3489:
3299:Trans-Jaxartes steppes
3184:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
2944:Alexandria Prophthasia
1969:First Turkic Khaganate
1904:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
1479:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414
1368:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414
1322:Cite journal requires
1011:
875:maternal haplogroup C4
803:Western Steppe Herders
574:
555:Horseman on a Pazyryk
467:archaeological culture
4384:Scytho-Siberian world
3888:
3546:
3488:
2994:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
2369:Karsakpay inscription
1824:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
1009:
835:Paleosiberian peoples
572:
512:Siberian Ice Princess
3257:Ancient Central Asia
2801:Kutlug Timur Minaret
2336:Noin-Ula burial site
2134:Chinese Central Asia
1520:: Data available at
881:Paternal haplogroups
869:Maternal haplogroups
563:(5th-4th century BC)
449:Пазырыкская культура
3998:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
3194:Siberian Ice Maiden
2984:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
2399:Petrovka settlement
2129:Soviet Central Asia
2054:Great Seljuq Empire
1692:2009JArSc..36.1319J
1471:2021SciA....7.4414G
1360:2021SciA....7.4414G
963:Siberian Ice Maiden
943:Siberian Ice Maiden
897:paternal haplogroup
624:ancient Middle East
591:knotted-pile carpet
561:Siberian Ice Maiden
23:
4241:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
3891:
3549:
3538:Hellenistic Period
3490:
3349:Afanasievo culture
3144:Buddhas of Bamiyan
3097:Chilek silver bowl
2964:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2640:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
2429:Talapty Settlement
2215:Filippovka kurgans
2104:Khanate of Bukhara
2064:Khwarazmian Empire
1989:Ikhshids of Sogdia
1834:Afanasievo culture
1627:The Siberian Times
1268:The Siberian Times
1098:has generic name (
1021:Bulan-Koba culture
1012:
575:
432:Bulan-Koba culture
388:Geographical range
21:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4268:Irbis Bolun Cabgu
4029:Kushano-Sasanians
3494:Achaemenid Empire
3385:Andronovo Culture
3222:
3221:
3199:Ai-Khanoum plaque
3070:
3069:
2874:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
2150:Central Asian art
2124:Russian Turkestan
2119:Chinese Turkestan
2019:Abbasid Caliphate
1983:Anxi Protectorate
1929:Kushano-Sasanians
1894:Macedonian Empire
1889:Achaemenid Empire
1859:Andronovo culture
1839:Sintashta culture
827:Sintashta culture
437:
436:
373:
264:MACEDONIAN EMPIRE
4401:
4330:
4144:Kun-khi Ghadfar
3974:Bahram VI Chobin
3845:Kujula Kadphises
3476:
3374:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3225:
3189:Seal of Khingila
3117:Penjikent murals
2738:Kalai Kafirnigan
2625:Koi Krylgan Kala
2434:Turkistan (city)
2419:Steppe Geoglyphs
2183:
2182:
2114:Khanate of Khiva
2074:Chagatai Khanate
2029:Saffarid dynasty
2014:Uyghur Khaganate
1803:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1762:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1703:
1686:(7): 1319–1327.
1665:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1619:
1610:
1609:
1596:Unterländer 2017
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1518:Unterländer 2017
1515:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1459:Science Advances
1449:
1443:
1442:
1428:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1348:Science Advances
1338:
1332:
1331:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1308:
1300:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1177:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1149:
1143:
1136:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1074:. Britannica.com
1067:
1016:Aldy-Bel culture
989:
973:
958:
939:
923:
911:
787:
773:
752:
740:
724:
712:
700:
688:
676:
664:
549:
540:
450:
380:
377:
372:
371:
367:
354:
352:
341:
339:
328:
326:
313:
311:
300:
298:
289:
287:
278:
276:
267:
265:
258:
256:
245:
243:
236:
234:
223:
221:
210:
208:
197:
195:
186:
184:
173:
171:
162:
160:
153:
151:
138:
136:
125:
123:
112:
110:
99:
97:
88:
86:
79:
77:
68:
66:
59:
57:
49:
48:
41:
35:
24:
20:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4320:
4311:
4297:
4257:
4255:
4253:Tokhara Yabghus
4230:
4225:(vassal of the
4224:
4222:
4159:
4157:
4140:
4138:
4109:
4107:
4077:
4075:
4061:
4059:
4033:
4031:
4004:Farrukh Hormizd
3883:
3881:
3879:Sasanian Empire
3843:
3841:
3819:
3817:
3699:Mithridates III
3679:
3677:
3675:Parthian Empire
3663:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3647:
3614:
3612:
3572:Seleucid Empire
3568:
3541:
3539:
3498:
3496:
3471:
3468:Pazyryk Culture
3465:
3459:
3448:
3437:
3431:
3408:
3406:
3369:
3354:Proto-Tocharian
3351:
3337:,as far as the
3335:Eurasian Steppe
3327:Yamnaya culture
3304:Altai Mountains
3274:
3259:
3253:
3223:
3218:
3179:Afrasiab murals
3122:Sampul tapestry
3066:
3062:Shahr-e Sukhteh
3052:Bandian complex
3038:
3014:Musalla Complex
2894:Tapa-i Kafariha
2835:
2756:Cave of Dzhebel
2742:
2684:
2521:
2453:
2449:Araltobe kurgan
2340:
2322:
2248:Kizilgaha caves
2219:
2205:Pazyryk burials
2187:Southern Russia
2174:
2138:
2024:Tahirid dynasty
1994:Tokhara Yabghus
1899:Seleucid Empire
1874:Pazyryk culture
1829:Yamnaya culture
1812:
1807:
1769:
1759:
1735:
1733:
1732:on 22 June 2007
1714:
1712:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1655:
1651:
1638:
1634:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1551:
1547:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1450:
1446:
1405:
1401:
1339:
1335:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1292:
1279:
1275:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1244:
1240:
1230:
1228:
1216:"Altaic Tribes"
1214:
1213:
1209:
1175:
1169:
1165:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1107:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1041:Tashtyk culture
1031:Pazyryk burials
1026:Karasuk culture
1004:
997:
992:Tattoos of the
990:
981:
974:
965:
959:
950:
940:
931:
924:
915:
912:
883:
871:
795:
794:
793:
792:
791:
788:
779:
778:
777:
774:
763:
756:
753:
744:
741:
732:
725:
716:
713:
704:
701:
692:
689:
680:
677:
668:
665:
567:
566:
565:
564:
552:
551:
550:
542:
541:
530:
528:Pazyryk burials
524:
504:Pazyryk burials
478:Altay Mountains
458:(Central Asian
454:kul'tura) is a
441:Pazyryk culture
428:Tashtyk culture
414:Karakol culture
383:
382:
378:
369:
359:
358:
357:
356:
355:
346:
344:
342:
333:
331:
329:
322:
318:
316:
314:
305:
303:
301:
294:
292:
290:
285:
283:
281:
279:
274:
272:
270:
268:
263:
261:
259:
253:
250:
248:
246:
241:
239:
237:
228:
226:
224:
215:
213:
211:
202:
200:
198:
191:
189:
187:
181:
178:
176:
174:
167:
165:
163:
158:
156:
154:
147:
143:
141:
139:
130:
128:
126:
120:
117:
115:
113:
107:
104:
102:
100:
93:
91:
89:
84:
82:
80:
73:
71:
69:
64:
62:
60:
55:
53:
51:
50:
42:
22:Pazyryk culture
17:
12:
11:
5:
4407:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4364:Animals in art
4361:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4262:
4251:
4248:
4247:625 CE–651 CE
4244:
4243:
4235:Heshana Khagan
4218:
4215:
4214:560 CE–625 CE
4211:
4210:
4195:Empress Ashina
4181:Ishbara Qaghan
4153:
4150:
4149:560 CE–651 CE
4146:
4145:
4134:
4131:
4130:440 CE–560 CE
4127:
4126:
4103:
4100:
4099:370 CE–540 CE
4096:
4095:
4071:
4068:
4067:320 CE–467 CE
4064:
4063:
4055:
4052:
4027:
4024:
3877:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3862:
3851:Vima Kadphises
3837:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3813:
3810:
3809:141 BCE–30 CE
3806:
3805:
3800:
3777:Parthamaspates
3711:Mithridates IV
3693:Mithridates II
3673:
3670:
3666:
3665:
3659:
3643:
3640:
3633:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3552:Argead dynasty
3537:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3521:Artaxerxes III
3492:
3482:
3478:
3477:
3462:Arzhan culture
3452:
3441:
3424:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3381:2000–1900 BCE
3378:
3377:
3375:
3364:
3362:
3361:2400–2000 BCE
3358:
3357:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3323:
3322:3500–2500 BCE
3319:
3318:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3139:Bimaran Casket
3136:
3131:
3128:Sogdian Daēnās
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3102:Gardez Ganesha
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Takht-e Rostam
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:Dilberjin Tepe
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2733:Takht-i Sangin
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2585:Guldursun-Kala
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Dalverzin Tepe
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2540:Akchakhan-Kala
2537:
2531:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Dunhuang Caves
2295:
2293:Bezeklik Caves
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2258:Subashi Temple
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2109:Durrani Empire
2106:
2101:
2099:Timurid Empire
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1844:Vakhsh culture
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1767:External links
1765:
1764:
1763:
1758:978-0520013957
1757:
1742:
1721:
1704:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1649:
1632:
1611:
1588:
1576:
1565:(4): 144–150.
1545:
1533:
1510:
1444:
1399:
1333:
1324:|journal=
1309:. 2017: 92–97.
1290:
1273:
1255:
1252:. p. 281.
1238:
1207:
1163:
1144:
1131:
1118:
1105:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
991:
984:
982:
978:Burial mound 2
975:
968:
966:
960:
953:
951:
947:Anokhin Museum
941:
934:
932:
928:Anokhin Museum
925:
918:
916:
913:
906:
882:
879:
870:
867:
837:, such as the
811:East Eurasians
789:
782:
781:
780:
775:
768:
767:
766:
765:
764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
754:
747:
745:
742:
735:
733:
726:
719:
717:
714:
707:
705:
702:
695:
693:
690:
683:
681:
678:
671:
669:
667:Pazyryk Kurgan
666:
659:
554:
553:
544:
543:
535:
534:
533:
532:
531:
526:Main article:
523:
520:
516:Arzhan culture
435:
434:
421:
417:
416:
410:Arzhan culture
407:
403:
402:
399:
395:
394:
389:
385:
384:
361:
360:
43:
36:
30:
29:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4406:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4312:
4310:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4275:
4274:Ishbara Tolis
4272:
4269:
4266:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4221:
4220:Western Turks
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4175:Taspar Qaghan
4173:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4065:
4060:
4058:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4030:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4016:Yazdegerd III
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
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3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3839:Kushan Empire
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3783:Mithridates V
3781:
3780:Sinatruces II
3778:
3775:
3774:Vologases III
3772:
3769:
3768:Artabanus III
3766:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3738:Tiridates III
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3681:Mithridates I
3678:
3676:
3668:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Hunnic tribes
3655:
3652:
3648:
3646:
3639:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3628:Euthydemus II
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3545:
3540:
3532:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:Artaxerxes IV
3522:
3519:
3518:Artaxerxes II
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3458:
3457:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3404:Median Empire
3397:
3396:
3391:2000–900 BCE
3390:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3331:Pontic steppe
3328:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3313:Preceded by:
3308:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Oxus Treasure
3132:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Orlat plaques
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
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3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Dasht-e Nawar
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
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2897:
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2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2811:Monjukli Depe
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2796:Konye-Urgench
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
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2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Takht-i Kuwad
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
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2563:
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2556:
2553:
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2546:
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2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2487:Koshoy Korgon
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2450:
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2445:
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2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
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2377:
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2370:
2367:
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2337:
2334:
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2331:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:Kumtura Caves
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2225:Western China
2222:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:Salbyk kurgan
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Arzhan kurgan
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2170:Serindian art
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2069:Mongol Empire
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Ghurid Empire
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1974:Western Turks
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1924:Kushan Empire
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Guiyi Circuit
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1884:Median Empire
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1864:Tagar culture
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1710:
1707:NOVA (2007).
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1662:
1661:
1653:
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1618:
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1601:
1597:
1592:
1585:
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1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1316:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1277:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1115:
1109:
1101:
1096:|author=
1089:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:Tagar culture
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1008:
995:
988:
983:
979:
972:
967:
964:
961:Mummy of the
957:
952:
948:
944:
938:
933:
929:
922:
917:
910:
905:
904:
903:
901:
898:
893:
891:
888:
878:
876:
866:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
786:
772:
751:
746:
739:
734:
730:
723:
718:
711:
706:
699:
694:
687:
682:
675:
670:
663:
658:
657:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
634:Central Asian
631:
630:
625:
621:
617:
613:
607:
605:
600:
596:
592:
587:
582:
580:
571:
562:
558:
548:
539:
529:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
496:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
472:
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
446:
442:
433:
429:
425:
422:
418:
415:
411:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:
392:South Siberia
390:
386:
365:
353:
351:
350:
340:
338:
337:
327:
325:
324:
312:
310:
309:
299:
297:
288:
277:
266:
257:
255:
244:
235:
233:
232:
222:
220:
219:
209:
207:
206:
196:
194:
185:
183:
172:
170:
161:
152:
150:
149:
137:
135:
134:
124:
122:
111:
109:
98:
96:
87:
78:
76:
67:
58:
40:
34:
25:
19:
4315:
4306:
4303:673–751 CE
4292:
4289:651–673 CE
4271:Duolu Qaghan
4259:Tardush Shad
4250:
4227:Tang dynasty
4217:
4203:Yangsu Tegin
4187:Tulan Qaghan
4184:Bagha Qaghan
4178:Ashina Anluo
4172:Muqan Qaghan
4169:Issik Qaghan
4166:Bumin Qaghan
4152:
4136:Hephthalites
4133:
4102:
4070:
4054:
4026:
3986:Ardashir III
3944:Yazdegerd II
3876:
3864:
3836:
3812:
3798:Artabanus IV
3795:Vologases VI
3786:Vologases IV
3765:Vologases II
3741:Artabanus II
3735:Artabanus II
3720:Tiridates II
3708:Phraates III
3672:
3669:160–141 BCE
3658:
3642:
3635:
3631:Antimachus I
3622:Euthydemus I
3607:
3604:256–160 BCE
3595:
3588:
3583:Antiochus II
3570:
3569:
3563:Alexander II
3550:
3536:
3533:331–256 BCE
3512:Artaxerxes I
3491:
3481:539–331 BCE
3454:
3443:
3432:
3426:
3401:
3398:626–539 BCE
3333:through the
3312:
3273:Territories/
3126:
3057:Mount Khajeh
3024:Qala-i-Jangi
3004:Khair Khaneh
2909:Khair Khaneh
2816:Namazga-Tepe
2771:Anau culture
2748:Turkmenistan
2665:Tavka Kurgan
2560:Balalyk Tepe
2477:Burana Tower
2467:Aigyr-Zhal 2
2359:Issyk kurgan
2094:Kart dynasty
2089:Sufi dynasty
2079:Golden Horde
2004:Oghuz Yabgus
1979:Tang dynasty
1944:Hephthalites
1873:
1869:Uyuk culture
1747:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:the original
1713:. Retrieved
1711:. PBS - NOVA
1683:
1679:
1659:
1652:
1642:
1635:
1626:
1591:
1579:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1536:
1513:
1462:
1458:
1447:
1438:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1351:
1347:
1336:
1315:cite journal
1283:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1248:
1241:
1229:. Retrieved
1219:
1210:
1183:
1179:
1166:
1157:
1147:
1140:Jordana 2009
1134:
1121:
1108:
1076:. Retrieved
1065:
894:
890:haplogroup N
884:
872:
851:Mansi people
815:Khövsgöl LBA
796:
638:
627:
608:
583:
576:
508:Ukok Plateau
493:
490:long barrows
452:Pazyrykskaya
451:
440:
438:
348:
347:
335:
334:
320:
319:
307:
306:
295:
251:
230:
229:
217:
216:
204:
203:
192:
190:
179:
168:
145:
144:
132:
131:
118:
105:
94:
74:
18:
4283:Ashina Helu
4280:Irbis Seguy
4265:Külüg Sibir
4232:Niri Qaghan
4162:Ashina Tuwu
4105:Alchon Huns
4001:Azarmidokht
3992:Khosrow III
3947:Hormizd III
3932:Yazdegerd I
3923:Ardashir II
3917:Adur Narseh
3873:224–350 CE
3833:30 –224 CE
3792:Vologases V
3759:Vardanes II
3756:Vologases I
3747:Gotarzes II
3717:Phraates IV
3687:Hyspaosines
3651:Modu Chanyu
3625:Demetrius I
3619:Diodotus II
3580:Antiochus I
3557:Alexander I
3149:Kabul hoard
3082:Sokh snakes
3034:Surkh Kotal
2999:Haji Piyada
2974:Darra-e Kur
2939:Yemshi Tepe
2934:Tillya Tepe
2929:Tepe Fullol
2919:Tepe Narenj
2914:Tapa Sardar
2904:Fondukistan
2869:Tapa Shotor
2849:Tepe Fullol
2841:Afghanistan
2670:Toprak-Kala
2655:Shahrukhiya
2605:Kampir Tepe
2595:Itchan Kala
2550:Ancient Pap
2507:Shakh Fazil
2379:Krasnyi Yar
2283:Mogao Caves
2243:Kizil Caves
2179:Archaeology
2044:Farighunids
1999:Turk Shahis
1939:Alchon Huns
1598:: From the
641:sun symbols
618:, and even
616:Achaemenian
522:Archaeology
420:Followed by
406:Preceded by
4353:Categories
4277:Yukuk Shad
4199:Apa Qaghan
4142:Akhshunwar
4124:Mihirakula
4062:Wanunkhur
4044:Hormizd II
4035:Ardashir I
4010:Khosrow IV
4007:Hormizd VI
3989:Shahrbaraz
3980:Khosrow II
3971:Khosrow II
3968:Hormizd IV
3926:Shapur III
3914:Hormizd II
3908:Bahram III
3893:Ardashir I
3860:Vasudeva I
3854:Kanishka I
3848:Vima Takto
3824:Sapadbizes
3803:Eucratides
3762:Pacorus II
3753:Vonones II
3750:Meherdates
3744:Vardanes I
3729:Orodes III
3726:Phraates V
3705:Sinatruces
3616:Diodotus I
3577:Seleucus I
3527:Darius III
3434:Massagetae
3255:Rulers of
3029:Rag-i-Bibi
2854:Ai-Khanoum
2786:Gonur Depe
2781:Dev-Kesken
2718:Kafir-kala
2708:Ajina tepe
2690:Tajikistan
2650:Sarmishsay
2635:Kyzyl-Kala
2615:Khalchayan
2600:Kafir-kala
2580:Fayaz Tepe
2565:Burchmulla
2527:Uzbekistan
2517:Tash Rabat
2492:Manas Ordo
2459:Kyrgyzstan
2346:Kazakhstan
2049:Ghaznavids
1954:Ustrushana
1949:Tocharians
1879:Massagetae
1231:5 December
1186:: 100451.
1052:References
653:herbivores
649:carnivores
482:Kazakhstan
474:permafrost
462:) nomadic
379: 325
336:Massagetae
146:Slab-grave
4089:Grumbates
4073:Kidarites
4041:Hormizd I
4019:Peroz III
3965:Khosrow I
3935:Shapur IV
3929:Bahram IV
3920:Shapur II
3905:Bahram II
3899:Hormizd I
3789:Osroes II
3732:Vonones I
3714:Orodes II
3690:Artabanus
3566:Antigonus
3515:Darius II
3413:Phraortes
3329:from the
3075:Artifacts
2949:Aq Kupruk
2899:Mes Aynak
2831:Ulug Depe
2766:Altyndepe
2713:Cyropolis
2703:Penjikent
2675:Varakhsha
2610:Kara Tepe
2555:Ayaz-Kala
2545:Akhsikath
2535:Afrasiyab
2482:Issyk-Kul
2472:Balasagun
2318:Beshbalik
2195:Sintashta
2155:Silk Road
2084:Ilkhanate
2039:Ma'munids
1934:Kidarites
1487:2375-2548
1435:0972-3757
1376:2375-2548
1202:2352-2267
1114:NOVA 2007
1057:Citations
1046:Scythians
994:Pazyryk-2
843:Nganasans
839:Yukaghirs
476:, in the
308:Scythians
75:Korgantas
4229:657–742)
4121:Toramana
4111:Khingila
4093:Goboziko
4050:Varahran
4047:Peroz II
3983:Kavad II
3941:Bahram V
3902:Bahram I
3896:Shapur I
3857:Huvishka
3821:Arseiles
3771:Osroes I
3702:Orodes I
3696:Gotarzes
3684:Phraates
3654:Laoshang
3506:Darius I
3503:Cambyses
3422:Astyages
3419:Cyaxares
3341:region)
3284:Margiana
3279:Khorasan
3009:Mundigak
2989:Firozkoh
2879:Shotorak
2698:Bunjikat
2590:Hazorasp
2414:Shilikty
2404:Boralday
2328:Mongolia
2263:Dunhuang
2034:Samanids
1964:Farghana
1817:Polities
1505:33771866
1394:33771866
1088:cite web
1002:See also
887:paternal
825:and the
807:Iron Age
761:Genetics
620:Urartian
612:Assyrian
486:Mongolia
471:Siberian
464:Iron Age
460:Scythian
218:Chandman
4114:Javukha
4078:Yosada
4038:Peroz I
4022:Narsieh
3977:Vistahm
3962:Kavad I
3956:Kavad I
3950:Peroz I
3938:Khosrow
3827:Heraios
3645:Xiongnu
3450:Skunkha
3439:Tomyris
3410:Deioces
3289:Bactria
2954:Asqalan
2889:Bimaran
2884:Paitava
2826:Togolok
2761:Abiward
2645:Poykent
2630:Koktepe
2497:Navekat
2374:Kerderi
2364:Jankent
2313:Kashgar
2288:Tumshuq
2233:Bulayïq
2143:Culture
1959:Khuttal
1919:Xiongnu
1736:31 July
1715:31 July
1688:Bibcode
1672:Sources
1629:. 2016.
1496:7997506
1467:Bibcode
1385:7997506
1356:Bibcode
1270:. 2012.
1078:5 March
900:R1a-Z93
855:Xiongnu
645:rosette
599:Persian
595:Chinese
506:of the
500:Ukraine
495:kurgans
445:Russian
424:Xiongnu
370:
366:realm (
323:matians
286:DYNASTY
254:culture
193:Pazyryk
182:culture
169:SABEANS
148:culture
133:Subeshi
4238:Sheguy
4207:Tamgan
4191:Istämi
4117:Mehama
4086:Kidara
4080:Kirada
4057:Kangju
3959:Jamasp
3953:Balash
3911:Narseh
3815:Yuezhi
3637:Yuezhi
3597:Yuezhi
3560:Philip
3509:Xerxes
3416:Madyes
3294:Sogdia
3019:Nagara
2791:Jeitun
2723:Sarazm
2409:Sawran
2354:Begash
2308:Khotan
2303:Loulan
1914:Yuezhi
1755:
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847:Khanty
831:Uralic
321:Sauro-
275:EMPIRE
159:DONGHU
95:Sargat
85:YUEZHI
4083:Peroz
4013:Boran
3995:Boran
3500:Cyrus
3339:Altai
3275:dates
2864:Hadda
2620:Khiva
2512:Suyab
2502:Özgön
2439:Urpek
2424:Sumbe
2389:Otrar
2278:Rawak
2268:Miran
2238:Kucha
1419:(1).
1307:(PDF)
1176:(PDF)
729:Berel
586:Altai
579:Berel
398:Dates
349:Dahae
296:MEROË
273:NANDA
231:Sagly
205:Tagar
180:Ordos
108:khovo
106:Goro-
65:SAKAS
4379:Saka
3866:Saka
3723:Musa
3590:Saka
3456:Saka
3445:Saka
3428:Saka
3044:Iran
2821:Nisa
2806:Merv
2776:Anau
2273:Niya
1854:Saka
1753:ISBN
1738:2007
1717:2007
1606:help
1528:help
1501:PMID
1483:ISSN
1431:ISSN
1390:PMID
1372:ISSN
1328:help
1233:2016
1198:ISSN
1100:help
1080:2019
863:Huns
859:BMAC
833:and
651:and
629:Śaka
557:felt
492:(or
484:and
456:Saka
439:The
364:Saka
284:ZHOU
252:Dian
121:jing
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