2465:
611:
639:
599:
2979:
2637:
63:
627:
464:
3421:
77:
69:
2579:
2567:
829:
Vanchigdash, Chuluunkhuu; Ochir, Battuga; Munkhbayar, Chuluunbat; Tumen, Dashzeveg; Kovalev, Alexey; Kradin, Nikolay; Bazarov, Bilikto A.; Miyagashev, Denis A.; Konovalov, Prokopiy B.; Zhambaltarova, Elena; Miller, Alicia
Ventresca; Haak, Wolfgang; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes; Boivin, Nicole; Erdene, Myagmar; Hendy, Jessica; Warinner, Christina (12 November 2020).
722:
731:, "the Sagly/Uyuk culture (ca. 500–200 BCE) of the Sayan mountains to the northwest (also known as the Sagly-Bazhy culture, or Chandman culture in Mongolia), who had strong cultural ties to the Pazyryk (ca. 500–200 BCE) and Saka (ca. 900–200 BCE) cultures of the Altai and eastern Kazakhstan".
828:
Jeong, Choongwon; Wang, Ke; Wilkin, Shevan; Taylor, William
Timothy Treal; Miller, Bryan K.; Bemmann, Jan H.; Stahl, Raphaela; Chiovelli, Chelsea; Knolle, Florian; Ulziibayar, Sodnom; Khatanbaatar, Dorjpurev; Erdenebaatar, Diimaajav; Erdenebat, Ulambayar; Ochir, Ayudai; Ankhsanaa, Ganbold;
742:
2332:
717:
Uyuk culture . It derives its name from the Uyuk river, the valley of which, primarily within the Turan-Uyuk depression, is home to gigantic stone and earth kurgans with graves of tribal chiefs.
3486:
2464:
610:
638:
2339:
743:"Iron Age pastoral nomadism and agriculture in the eastern Eurasian steppe: Implications from dental palaeopathology and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes"
626:
806:
598:
2636:
893:
62:
3481:
2459:
2051:
941:
492:
2978:
1986:
2204:
84:
3456:
3424:
389:
3451:
2325:
1075:
2306:
776:"Identifying seasonal settlement sites and land use continuity in the prehistoric southern Siberian steppe – Zhelvak 5 (Tuva)"
21:
2261:
886:
2256:
1257:
1667:
689:"Landscape regularities of human colonization of the Tuva territory in the Scythian time (8th–3rd centuries B. C.)"
3466:
2266:
1536:
916:
546:
This period of
Scythian culture covers a period from the 5th century BCE to the 2nd century BCE, and follows the
3401:
2301:
2246:
1496:
879:
774:
Zhogova, Nina A.; Oleszczak, Łukasz; Michalczewski, Krzysztof; Pieńkos, Igor; Caspari, Gino (September 2023).
2407:
1790:
1252:
2251:
554:(7th-6th century BCE) in the same location. These Scythian cultures would ultimately be replaced by the
3471:
3030:
2791:
1516:
830:
3387:
2869:
2803:
2785:
2658:
1752:
1046:
585:
culture (ca. 900–200 BCE), to which the Sagly-Bazy culture was strongly related. To the east was the
2875:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2830:
2773:
2446:
2199:
1772:
1486:
1476:
1471:
1066:
1056:
1021:
592:
The Sagly-Bazhy culture stopped to exist in the 2nd century BCE as a result of
Xiongnu invasions.
3410:
2890:
2857:
2833:
2827:
2812:
2655:
2349:
2296:
2184:
2061:
1966:
1810:
1692:
1101:
1051:
902:
500:
472:
760:
3247:
2848:
2839:
2782:
2717:
2702:
2276:
2036:
1061:
996:
504:
463:
3136:
3127:
2821:
2797:
2652:
2111:
2086:
1996:
1627:
1461:
3420:
3133:
2046:
1893:
1428:
1226:
8:
3142:
3139:
3090:
2794:
2649:
2286:
2220:
2076:
1501:
1491:
1221:
1146:
3333:
3130:
2675:
2669:
2441:
2236:
2189:
2056:
1971:
1956:
1913:
1868:
1732:
1521:
1307:
1196:
1156:
1081:
926:
586:
270:
172:
3360:
3121:
2672:
2586:
2477:
2291:
1400:
1242:
1216:
1211:
1111:
1096:
986:
981:
951:
931:
860:
855:
708:
617:
468:
292:
133:
102:
3461:
3357:
3175:
2937:
2371:
2281:
2209:
1830:
1717:
1526:
1511:
1360:
1206:
1166:
1121:
1106:
850:
842:
787:
700:
551:
520:
441:
244:
3345:
3096:
2971:
2815:
2767:
2664:
2592:
2560:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2396:
2317:
2271:
2214:
2154:
2144:
2106:
1848:
1541:
1340:
1297:
1279:
1116:
1086:
991:
966:
921:
578:
574:
570:
532:
220:
159:
146:
807:"A SURVEY OF BRONZE AND EARLY IRON AGE TOOLS AND WEAPONS FROM NORTHERN MONGOLIA"
3327:
3287:
3273:
2943:
2644:
2613:
2231:
2194:
2016:
1951:
1825:
1677:
1662:
1632:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1350:
1201:
1191:
1151:
936:
846:
555:
547:
451:
437:
122:
791:
704:
3476:
3445:
3366:
3312:
3267:
3108:
3066:
2931:
2753:
2720:
2616:
2610:
2496:
2423:
2226:
2179:
2071:
1903:
1888:
1820:
1579:
1345:
1317:
1302:
1262:
1161:
1016:
1001:
956:
864:
712:
566:
559:
536:
455:
419:
231:
207:
187:
36:
23:
775:
688:
3363:
3351:
3319:
3295:
3279:
3276:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3228:
3078:
3036:
2887:
2878:
2800:
2723:
2714:
2604:
2149:
2116:
2096:
2001:
1908:
1863:
1840:
1757:
1652:
1569:
1559:
1451:
1186:
1181:
1171:
1131:
1071:
1036:
961:
540:
347:
312:
301:
279:
871:
3375:
3372:
3324:
3254:
3197:
3093:
3084:
3039:
3024:
3015:
3009:
2884:
2851:
2809:
2779:
2776:
2743:
2711:
2595:
2241:
2174:
2126:
2091:
2066:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2011:
2006:
1961:
1941:
1933:
1762:
1747:
1697:
1687:
1642:
1599:
1375:
1370:
1335:
1136:
1091:
1031:
3369:
3291:
3234:
3216:
3102:
3099:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3060:
3018:
3006:
3000:
2985:
2952:
2940:
2916:
2895:
2854:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2818:
2788:
2708:
2619:
2526:
2121:
1946:
1878:
1873:
1800:
1782:
1742:
1727:
1707:
1672:
1657:
1619:
1609:
1594:
1584:
1551:
1438:
1365:
1141:
1041:
971:
362:
1325:
3181:
3165:
3111:
3057:
3027:
3021:
3012:
2997:
2991:
2881:
2824:
2806:
2607:
2505:
2041:
1991:
1923:
1858:
1805:
1795:
1767:
1702:
1647:
1637:
1574:
1564:
1410:
1287:
1247:
1176:
1026:
488:
334:
3283:
773:
3213:
3203:
3185:
3075:
3033:
2994:
2988:
2949:
2946:
2913:
2863:
2746:
2601:
2598:
2514:
2511:
2391:
2376:
2101:
2081:
1682:
1506:
1420:
1355:
1126:
661:
659:
524:
196:
68:
2578:
2566:
831:"A Dynamic 6,000-Year Genetic History of Eurasia's Eastern Steppe"
323:
3206:
3114:
3069:
3054:
3048:
3042:
2919:
2737:
2542:
2531:
2502:
2381:
1981:
1976:
1918:
1853:
1737:
1722:
1589:
1466:
1456:
1405:
1011:
811:
Ancient cultures of
Mongolia, Southern Siberia and Northern China
656:
3330:
3299:
3209:
3178:
3172:
3149:
3051:
3045:
3003:
2907:
2729:
2689:
2554:
2508:
2386:
1883:
1815:
1446:
1380:
1292:
1006:
496:
113:
3487:
Objects of cultural heritage of Russia of federal significance
3270:
3105:
3087:
1712:
1604:
1531:
1481:
1330:
976:
395:
375:
93:
2958:
2682:
2548:
2537:
2520:
2136:
1898:
946:
582:
528:
484:
632:
Bronze daggers of the
Chandmani culture, Western Mongolia.
467:
Early Iron Age
Southern Siberian genetic ancestries. The
406:), and contemporary cultures and polities circa 325 BCE
827:
728:
665:
761:"The Culture of Tuva in the Scythian Era (Hall 30)"
644:
Bronze mirrors, Chandmani culture, Western
Mongolia
2347:
687:Glebova, A. B.; Chistyakov, K. V. (1 July 2016).
686:
3443:
400:
2333:
887:
604:Animal style artifact Sagly-Bazhi II (Tuva).
2640:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
901:
499:_EBA ancestry (itself largely derived from
76:
2340:
2326:
894:
880:
2205:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho
854:
804:
462:
3418:
2460:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
2052:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
942:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
503:(ANA, ~80%), with a small admixture of
3444:
3356:
3309:
3244:
3184:Kungas Brahmi Buddhatala Varhran (II)
2476:
2438:
2404:
2307:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great
740:
299:
277:
3407:
3384:
3342:
3225:
3194:
3162:
3146:
3118:
2968:
2956:
2928:
2764:
2734:
2727:
2687:
2680:
2576:
2546:
2535:
2518:
2486:
2458:
2456:
2321:
875:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
360:
321:
310:
268:
255:
242:
229:
218:
205:
194:
185:
170:
157:
144:
120:
111:
100:
91:
82:
16:Ancient community of southern Siberia
3354:Ishbara Yabgu Wu-shih-po Pantu Nili
373:
345:
332:
290:
131:
3482:Cultural heritage monuments in Tuva
2262:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription
805:Matsumoto, Keita (1 January 2021).
13:
2977:
2635:
2577:
2408:Chronology of the Neolithic period
2257:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription
1258:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
671:
14:
3498:
2982:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
1668:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm
747:Journal of Archaeological Science
487:populations to the west combined
3419:
2565:
2463:
637:
625:
609:
597:
75:
67:
61:
3457:Archaeological sites in Siberia
3425:Rulers of the Ancient Near-East
2267:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka
1537:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi
780:Archaeological Research in Asia
693:Geography and Natural Resources
3452:Archaeological sites in Russia
3402:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
2302:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum)
2247:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman
798:
767:
753:
734:
565:Nearby Saka cultures were the
539:. It is the last stage of the
394:Sagly-Bazy culture within the
1:
1253:Silk Road transmission of art
649:
477:
2252:Kandahar Aramaic inscription
7:
550:(8th century BCE), and the
10:
3503:
3212:Lakhana Udayaditya Aduman
2469:
2418:(Eastern migration of the
2417:
847:10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.015
821:
741:Murphy, Eileen M. (2013).
3398:
3388:Muslim conquest of Persia
3339:
3306:
3241:
3222:
3191:
3159:
2965:
2925:
2904:
2901:
2894:
2699:
2628:
2573:
2493:
2440:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2385:
2356:
2167:
2135:
1932:
1839:
1781:
1753:Siypantosh Rock Paintings
1618:
1550:
1437:
1419:
1316:
1278:
1271:
1235:
909:
856:21.11116/0000-0007-77BF-D
792:10.1016/j.ara.2023.100467
763:. State Hermitage Museum.
705:10.1134/S1875372816030070
577:(ca. 500–200 BCE) in the
527:cemetery), refers to the
447:
433:
425:
415:
56:
2200:Mogao Christian painting
1773:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings
1487:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen
1477:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries
74:
3411:Second Turkic Khaganate
2297:Saksanokhur gold buckle
2185:Hephthalite silver bowl
2062:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa
1102:Second Turkic Khaganate
903:History of Central Asia
616:Bone arrowheads of the
501:Ancient Northeast Asian
473:Ancient Northeast Asian
37:52.071606°N 93.631836°E
3467:Iron Age sites in Asia
3248:First Turkic Khaganate
2983:
2703:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2641:
2582:
2392:Trans-Jaxartes steppes
2277:Stamp seal (BM 119999)
2037:Alexandria Prophthasia
1062:First Turkic Khaganate
997:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
508:
505:Ancient North Eurasian
2981:
2639:
2581:
2087:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum
1462:Karsakpay inscription
917:Mal'ta–Buret' culture
466:
2350:Ancient Central Asia
1894:Kutlug Timur Minaret
1429:Noin-Ula burial site
1227:Chinese Central Asia
513:Sagly-Bazhy culture
390:class=notpageimage|
42:52.071606; 93.631836
3091:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
2287:Siberian Ice Maiden
2077:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan
1492:Petrovka settlement
1222:Soviet Central Asia
1147:Great Seljuq Empire
53:
52:Sagly-Bazhy culture
33: /
3334:Tong Yabghu Qaghan
2984:
2642:
2631:Hellenistic Period
2583:
2442:Afanasievo culture
2237:Buddhas of Bamiyan
2190:Chilek silver bowl
2057:Buddhas of Bamiyan
1733:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto
1522:Talapty Settlement
1308:Filippovka kurgans
1197:Khanate of Bukhara
1157:Khwarazmian Empire
1082:Ikhshids of Sogdia
927:Afanasievo culture
620:, Western Mongolia
587:Slab-grave culture
517:Sagly/Uyuk culture
509:
416:Geographical range
51:
3472:Geography of Tuva
3439:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3361:Irbis Bolun Cabgu
3122:Kushano-Sasanians
2587:Achaemenid Empire
2478:Andronovo Culture
2315:
2314:
2292:Ai-Khanoum plaque
2163:
2162:
1967:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi
1243:Central Asian art
1217:Russian Turkestan
1212:Chinese Turkestan
1112:Abbasid Caliphate
1076:Anxi Protectorate
1022:Kushano-Sasanians
987:Macedonian Empire
982:Achaemenid Empire
952:Andronovo culture
932:Sintashta culture
729:Jeong et al. 2020
666:Jeong et al. 2020
618:Chandmani culture
573:, as well as the
482:
471:are uniformly of
469:Slab-grave people
461:
460:
405:
294:MACEDONIAN EMPIRE
3494:
3423:
3237:Kun-khi Ghadfar
3067:Bahram VI Chobin
2938:Kujula Kadphises
2569:
2467:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2282:Seal of Khingila
2210:Penjikent murals
1831:Kalai Kafirnigan
1718:Koi Krylgan Kala
1527:Turkistan (city)
1512:Steppe Geoglyphs
1276:
1275:
1207:Khanate of Khiva
1167:Chagatai Khanate
1122:Saffarid dynasty
1107:Uyghur Khaganate
896:
889:
882:
873:
872:
868:
858:
815:
814:
802:
796:
795:
771:
765:
764:
757:
751:
750:
738:
732:
726:
720:
719:
684:
669:
663:
641:
629:
613:
601:
552:Aldy-Bel culture
535:, in modern-day
521:Chandman culture
519:, also known as
483:) origin, while
481:
480:
476:
442:Aldy-Bel culture
404:
403:
399:
384:
382:
371:
369:
358:
356:
343:
341:
330:
328:
319:
317:
308:
306:
297:
295:
288:
286:
275:
273:
266:
264:
253:
251:
240:
238:
227:
225:
216:
214:
203:
201:
192:
190:
183:
181:
168:
166:
155:
153:
142:
140:
129:
127:
118:
116:
109:
107:
98:
96:
89:
87:
79:
78:
71:
65:
54:
50:
48:
47:
45:
44:
43:
38:
34:
31:
30:
29:
26:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3413:
3404:
3390:
3350:
3348:
3346:Tokhara Yabghus
3323:
3318:(vassal of the
3317:
3315:
3252:
3250:
3233:
3231:
3202:
3200:
3170:
3168:
3154:
3152:
3126:
3124:
3097:Farrukh Hormizd
2976:
2974:
2972:Sasanian Empire
2936:
2934:
2912:
2910:
2792:Mithridates III
2772:
2770:
2768:Parthian Empire
2756:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2707:
2705:
2665:Seleucid Empire
2661:
2634:
2632:
2591:
2589:
2564:
2561:Pazyryk Culture
2558:
2552:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2501:
2499:
2462:
2447:Proto-Tocharian
2444:
2430:,as far as the
2428:Eurasian Steppe
2420:Yamnaya culture
2397:Altai Mountains
2367:
2352:
2346:
2316:
2311:
2272:Afrasiab murals
2215:Sampul tapestry
2159:
2155:Shahr-e Sukhteh
2145:Bandian complex
2131:
2107:Musalla Complex
1987:Tapa-i Kafariha
1928:
1849:Cave of Dzhebel
1835:
1777:
1614:
1546:
1542:Araltobe kurgan
1433:
1415:
1341:Kizilgaha caves
1312:
1298:Pazyryk burials
1280:Southern Russia
1267:
1231:
1117:Tahirid dynasty
1087:Tokhara Yabghus
992:Seleucid Empire
967:Pazyryk culture
922:Yamnaya culture
905:
900:
824:
819:
818:
803:
799:
772:
768:
759:
758:
754:
739:
735:
727:
723:
685:
672:
664:
657:
652:
645:
642:
633:
630:
621:
614:
605:
602:
579:Altai Mountains
575:Pazyryk Culture
571:Minusinsk Basin
533:Sayan Mountains
531:culture of the
478:
429:500 to 200 BCE.
411:
410:
409:
408:
407:
401:
392:
386:
385:
376:
374:
372:
363:
361:
359:
352:
348:
346:
344:
335:
333:
331:
324:
322:
320:
315:
313:
311:
309:
304:
302:
300:
298:
293:
291:
289:
283:
280:
278:
276:
271:
269:
267:
258:
256:
254:
245:
243:
241:
232:
230:
228:
221:
219:
217:
211:
208:
206:
204:
197:
195:
193:
188:
186:
184:
177:
173:
171:
169:
160:
158:
156:
150:
147:
145:
143:
137:
134:
132:
130:
123:
121:
119:
114:
112:
110:
103:
101:
99:
94:
92:
90:
85:
83:
81:
80:
72:
41:
39:
35:
32:
27:
24:
22:
20:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3500:
3490:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3416:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3355:
3344:
3341:
3340:625 CE–651 CE
3337:
3336:
3328:Heshana Khagan
3311:
3308:
3307:560 CE–625 CE
3304:
3303:
3288:Empress Ashina
3274:Ishbara Qaghan
3246:
3243:
3242:560 CE–651 CE
3239:
3238:
3227:
3224:
3223:440 CE–560 CE
3220:
3219:
3196:
3193:
3192:370 CE–540 CE
3189:
3188:
3164:
3161:
3160:320 CE–467 CE
3157:
3156:
3148:
3145:
3120:
3117:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2944:Vima Kadphises
2930:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2906:
2903:
2902:141 BCE–30 CE
2899:
2898:
2893:
2870:Parthamaspates
2804:Mithridates IV
2786:Mithridates II
2766:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2736:
2733:
2726:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2645:Argead dynasty
2630:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2614:Artaxerxes III
2585:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2555:Arzhan culture
2545:
2534:
2517:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2474:2000–1900 BCE
2471:
2470:
2468:
2457:
2455:
2454:2400–2000 BCE
2451:
2450:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2416:
2415:3500–2500 BCE
2412:
2411:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2345:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2232:Bimaran Casket
2229:
2224:
2221:Sogdian Daēnās
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:Gardez Ganesha
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2017:Takht-e Rostam
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1952:Dilberjin Tepe
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1826:Takht-i Sangin
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1678:Guldursun-Kala
1675:
1670:
1665:
1663:Dalverzin Tepe
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1633:Akchakhan-Kala
1630:
1624:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1391:Dunhuang Caves
1388:
1386:Bezeklik Caves
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1351:Subashi Temple
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1284:
1282:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1202:Durrani Empire
1199:
1194:
1192:Timurid Empire
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
937:Vakhsh culture
934:
929:
924:
919:
913:
911:
907:
906:
899:
898:
891:
884:
876:
870:
869:
841:(4): 890–904.
823:
820:
817:
816:
797:
766:
752:
733:
721:
670:
654:
653:
651:
648:
647:
646:
643:
636:
634:
631:
624:
622:
615:
608:
606:
603:
596:
556:Xiongnu Empire
548:Arzhan culture
459:
458:
452:Xiongnu Empire
449:
445:
444:
438:Arzhan culture
435:
431:
430:
427:
423:
422:
417:
413:
412:
393:
388:
387:
73:
66:
60:
59:
58:
57:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3499:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3367:Ishbara Tolis
3365:
3362:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3347:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3313:Western Turks
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3268:Taspar Qaghan
3266:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3249:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3199:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3125:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3109:Yazdegerd III
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2980:
2975:
2973:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2933:
2932:Kushan Empire
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2876:Mithridates V
2874:
2873:Sinatruces II
2871:
2868:
2867:Vologases III
2865:
2862:
2861:Artabanus III
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2831:Tiridates III
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2774:Mithridates I
2771:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2754:Hunnic tribes
2748:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2721:Euthydemus II
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2638:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2617:Artaxerxes IV
2615:
2612:
2611:Artaxerxes II
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2497:Median Empire
2490:
2489:
2484:2000–900 BCE
2483:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2461:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2424:Pontic steppe
2421:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:Preceded by:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2343:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2227:Oxus Treasure
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2180:Orlat plaques
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2072:Dasht-e Nawar
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:Monjukli Depe
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1889:Konye-Urgench
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:Takht-i Kuwad
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1580:Koshoy Korgon
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1346:Kumtura Caves
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1318:Western China
1315:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1303:Salbyk kurgan
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Arzhan kurgan
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1264:
1263:Serindian art
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:Mongol Empire
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1152:Ghurid Empire
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1067:Western Turks
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1017:Kushan Empire
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Guiyi Circuit
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
977:Median Empire
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:Tagar culture
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
914:
912:
908:
904:
897:
892:
890:
885:
883:
878:
877:
874:
866:
862:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
826:
825:
812:
808:
801:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
770:
762:
756:
748:
744:
737:
730:
725:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
667:
662:
660:
655:
640:
635:
628:
623:
619:
612:
607:
600:
595:
594:
593:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
567:Tagar Culture
563:
561:
560:Kokel Culture
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
537:Tuva Republic
534:
530:
526:
523:in Mongolia (
522:
518:
514:
507:(ANE, ~20%)).
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
474:
470:
465:
457:
456:Kokel Culture
453:
450:
446:
443:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
420:South Siberia
418:
414:
397:
391:
383:
381:
380:
370:
368:
367:
357:
355:
354:
342:
340:
339:
329:
327:
318:
307:
296:
287:
285:
274:
265:
263:
262:
252:
250:
249:
239:
237:
236:
226:
224:
215:
213:
202:
200:
191:
182:
180:
179:
167:
165:
164:
154:
152:
141:
139:
128:
126:
117:
108:
106:
97:
88:
70:
64:
55:
49:
46:
3408:
3399:
3396:673–751 CE
3385:
3382:651–673 CE
3364:Duolu Qaghan
3352:Tardush Shad
3343:
3320:Tang dynasty
3310:
3296:Yangsu Tegin
3280:Tulan Qaghan
3277:Bagha Qaghan
3271:Ashina Anluo
3265:Muqan Qaghan
3262:Issik Qaghan
3259:Bumin Qaghan
3245:
3229:Hephthalites
3226:
3195:
3163:
3147:
3119:
3079:Ardashir III
3037:Yazdegerd II
2969:
2957:
2929:
2905:
2891:Artabanus IV
2888:Vologases VI
2879:Vologases IV
2858:Vologases II
2834:Artabanus II
2828:Artabanus II
2813:Tiridates II
2801:Phraates III
2765:
2762:160–141 BCE
2751:
2735:
2728:
2724:Antimachus I
2715:Euthydemus I
2700:
2697:256–160 BCE
2688:
2681:
2676:Antiochus II
2663:
2662:
2656:Alexander II
2643:
2629:
2626:331–256 BCE
2605:Artaxerxes I
2584:
2574:539–331 BCE
2547:
2536:
2525:
2519:
2494:
2491:626–539 BCE
2426:through the
2405:
2366:Territories/
2219:
2150:Mount Khajeh
2117:Qala-i-Jangi
2097:Khair Khaneh
2002:Khair Khaneh
1909:Namazga-Tepe
1864:Anau culture
1841:Turkmenistan
1758:Tavka Kurgan
1653:Balalyk Tepe
1570:Burana Tower
1560:Aigyr-Zhal 2
1452:Issyk kurgan
1187:Kart dynasty
1182:Sufi dynasty
1172:Golden Horde
1097:Oghuz Yabgus
1072:Tang dynasty
1037:Hephthalites
962:Uyuk culture
838:
834:
810:
800:
783:
779:
769:
755:
746:
736:
724:
716:
696:
692:
591:
564:
545:
541:Uyuk culture
516:
512:
510:
378:
377:
365:
364:
350:
349:
337:
336:
325:
281:
260:
259:
257:
247:
246:
234:
233:
222:
209:
198:
175:
174:
162:
161:
148:
135:
124:
104:
18:
3376:Ashina Helu
3373:Irbis Seguy
3358:Külüg Sibir
3325:Niri Qaghan
3255:Ashina Tuwu
3198:Alchon Huns
3094:Azarmidokht
3085:Khosrow III
3040:Hormizd III
3025:Yazdegerd I
3016:Ardashir II
3010:Adur Narseh
2966:224–350 CE
2926:30 –224 CE
2885:Vologases V
2852:Vardanes II
2849:Vologases I
2840:Gotarzes II
2810:Phraates IV
2780:Hyspaosines
2744:Modu Chanyu
2718:Demetrius I
2712:Diodotus II
2673:Antiochus I
2650:Alexander I
2242:Kabul hoard
2175:Sokh snakes
2127:Surkh Kotal
2092:Haji Piyada
2067:Darra-e Kur
2032:Yemshi Tepe
2027:Tillya Tepe
2022:Tepe Fullol
2012:Tepe Narenj
2007:Tapa Sardar
1997:Fondukistan
1962:Tapa Shotor
1942:Tepe Fullol
1934:Afghanistan
1763:Toprak-Kala
1748:Shahrukhiya
1698:Kampir Tepe
1688:Itchan Kala
1643:Ancient Pap
1600:Shakh Fazil
1472:Krasnyi Yar
1376:Mogao Caves
1336:Kizil Caves
1272:Archaeology
1137:Farighunids
1092:Turk Shahis
1032:Alchon Huns
448:Followed by
434:Preceded by
40: /
3446:Categories
3370:Yukuk Shad
3292:Apa Qaghan
3235:Akhshunwar
3217:Mihirakula
3155:Wanunkhur
3137:Hormizd II
3128:Ardashir I
3103:Khosrow IV
3100:Hormizd VI
3082:Shahrbaraz
3073:Khosrow II
3064:Khosrow II
3061:Hormizd IV
3019:Shapur III
3007:Hormizd II
3001:Bahram III
2986:Ardashir I
2953:Vasudeva I
2947:Kanishka I
2941:Vima Takto
2917:Sapadbizes
2896:Eucratides
2855:Pacorus II
2846:Vonones II
2843:Meherdates
2837:Vardanes I
2822:Orodes III
2819:Phraates V
2798:Sinatruces
2709:Diodotus I
2670:Seleucus I
2620:Darius III
2527:Massagetae
2348:Rulers of
2122:Rag-i-Bibi
1947:Ai-Khanoum
1879:Gonur Depe
1874:Dev-Kesken
1811:Kafir-kala
1801:Ajina tepe
1783:Tajikistan
1743:Sarmishsay
1728:Kyzyl-Kala
1708:Khalchayan
1693:Kafir-kala
1673:Fayaz Tepe
1658:Burchmulla
1620:Uzbekistan
1610:Tash Rabat
1585:Manas Ordo
1552:Kyrgyzstan
1439:Kazakhstan
1142:Ghaznavids
1047:Ustrushana
1042:Tocharians
972:Massagetae
786:: 100467.
699:(3): 239.
650:References
366:Massagetae
176:Slab-grave
28:93°37′55″E
25:52°04′18″N
3182:Grumbates
3166:Kidarites
3134:Hormizd I
3112:Peroz III
3058:Khosrow I
3028:Shapur IV
3022:Bahram IV
3013:Shapur II
2998:Bahram II
2992:Hormizd I
2882:Osroes II
2825:Vonones I
2807:Orodes II
2783:Artabanus
2659:Antigonus
2608:Darius II
2506:Phraortes
2422:from the
2168:Artifacts
2042:Aq Kupruk
1992:Mes Aynak
1924:Ulug Depe
1859:Altyndepe
1806:Cyropolis
1796:Penjikent
1768:Varakhsha
1703:Kara Tepe
1648:Ayaz-Kala
1638:Akhsikath
1628:Afrasiyab
1575:Issyk-Kul
1565:Balasagun
1411:Beshbalik
1288:Sintashta
1248:Silk Road
1177:Ilkhanate
1132:Ma'munids
1027:Kidarites
865:0092-8674
713:1875-371X
489:Sintashta
338:Scythians
105:Korgantas
3322:657–742)
3214:Toramana
3204:Khingila
3186:Goboziko
3143:Varahran
3140:Peroz II
3076:Kavad II
3034:Bahram V
2995:Bahram I
2989:Shapur I
2950:Huvishka
2914:Arseiles
2864:Osroes I
2795:Orodes I
2789:Gotarzes
2777:Phraates
2747:Laoshang
2599:Darius I
2596:Cambyses
2515:Astyages
2512:Cyaxares
2434:region)
2377:Margiana
2372:Khorasan
2102:Mundigak
2082:Firozkoh
1972:Shotorak
1791:Bunjikat
1683:Hazorasp
1507:Shilikty
1497:Boralday
1421:Mongolia
1356:Dunhuang
1127:Samanids
1057:Farghana
910:Polities
581:and the
558:and the
525:Ulaangom
248:Chandman
3462:Kurgans
3207:Javukha
3171:Yosada
3131:Peroz I
3115:Narsieh
3070:Vistahm
3055:Kavad I
3049:Kavad I
3043:Peroz I
3031:Khosrow
2920:Heraios
2738:Xiongnu
2543:Skunkha
2532:Tomyris
2503:Deioces
2382:Bactria
2047:Asqalan
1982:Bimaran
1977:Paitava
1919:Togolok
1854:Abiward
1738:Poykent
1723:Koktepe
1590:Navekat
1467:Kerderi
1457:Jankent
1406:Kashgar
1381:Tumshuq
1326:Bulayïq
1236:Culture
1052:Khuttal
1012:Xiongnu
822:Sources
569:of the
479:
402:
398:realm (
353:matians
316:DYNASTY
284:culture
223:Pazyryk
212:culture
199:SABEANS
178:culture
163:Subeshi
3331:Sheguy
3300:Tamgan
3284:Istämi
3210:Mehama
3179:Kidara
3173:Kirada
3150:Kangju
3052:Jamasp
3046:Balash
3004:Narseh
2908:Yuezhi
2730:Yuezhi
2690:Yuezhi
2653:Philip
2602:Xerxes
2509:Madyes
2387:Sogdia
2112:Nagara
1884:Jeitun
1816:Sarazm
1502:Sawran
1447:Begash
1401:Khotan
1396:Loulan
1007:Yuezhi
863:
813:: 332.
711:
497:Baikal
475:(ANA,
351:Sauro-
305:EMPIRE
189:DONGHU
125:Sargat
115:YUEZHI
3176:Peroz
3106:Boran
3088:Boran
2593:Cyrus
2432:Altai
2368:dates
1957:Hadda
1713:Khiva
1605:Suyab
1595:Özgön
1532:Urpek
1517:Sumbe
1482:Otrar
1371:Rawak
1361:Miran
1331:Kucha
426:Dates
379:Dahae
326:MEROË
303:NANDA
261:Sagly
235:Tagar
210:Ordos
138:khovo
136:Goro-
95:SAKAS
3477:Saka
2959:Saka
2816:Musa
2683:Saka
2549:Saka
2538:Saka
2521:Saka
2137:Iran
1914:Nisa
1899:Merv
1869:Anau
1366:Niya
947:Saka
861:ISSN
835:Cell
709:ISSN
583:Saka
529:Saka
511:The
495:and
493:BMAC
485:Saka
396:Saka
314:ZHOU
282:Dian
151:jing
149:Sha-
86:-325
3298:) (
3294:) (
3290:) (
3286:) (
851:hdl
843:doi
839:183
788:doi
701:doi
515:or
272:JIN
3448::
3302:)
3257:)
2668::
2648::
2449:)
859:.
849:.
837:.
833:.
809:.
784:35
782:.
778:.
745:.
715:.
707:.
697:37
695:.
691:.
673:^
658:^
589:.
562:.
543:.
491:,
454:,
440:,
3282:(
3253:(
2563:)
2559:(
2557:)
2553:(
2445:(
2341:e
2334:t
2327:v
1078:)
1074:(
895:e
888:t
881:v
867:.
853::
845::
794:.
790::
749:.
703::
668:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)
