Scythians - Knowledge

7641: 5539: 5968: 14428:, p. 891: "Even though there were fundamental ways in which nomadic groups over such a vast territory differed, the terms 'Scythian' and 'Scythic' have been widely adopted to describe a special phase that followed the widespread diffusion of mounted nomadism, characterized by the presence of special weapons, horse gear, and animal art in the form of metal plaques. Archaeologists have used the term 'Scythic continuum' in a broad cultural sense to indicate the early nomadic cultures of the Eurasian Steppe. The term "Scythic" draws attention to the fact that there are elements – shapes of weapons, vessels, and ornaments, as well as lifestyle – common to both the eastern and western ends of the Eurasian Steppe region. However, the extension and variety of sites across Asia makes Scythian and Scythic terms too broad to be viable, and the more neutral 'early nomadic' is preferable, since the cultures of the Northern Zone cannot be directly associated with either the historical Scythians or any specific archaeological culture defined as Saka or Scytho-Siberian." 7430: 24582: 19490:, p. 8/10: "Mitochondrial haplogroup analyses of the NPR Scythians from this study and those from Rostov-on-Don and Pazyryks from Altai and Inner Mongolia, reveal that, for the most part, the same lineages are found in all three groups and are often singularly represented in each group. Noteworthy, comparing the frequencies of east and west Eurasian haplogroups in all three groups of the Scythian horizon, an east-west mtDNA lineage cline is visible, for east Eurasian lineages going west-east is from 26.3% (in present study) through 37.5% (in Scythians from Rostov-on-Don) to 46.7% (in Pazyryks) with the opposite trend for west Eurasian lineages. ... The genetic influx of East Eurasian haplotypes might be the result of establishing relationships between migrants with European ancestry and women of east Eurasian origin as was previously proposed by66 in case of Iron Age south Siberian populations. However, more detailed studies of autosomal DNA are needed to clearly resolve this issue." 5686: 9902: 10858: 9890: 14217:, pp. 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock .... The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians .... he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the "Royal Scyths" (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves "Skolotoi" (iv. 6); they were nomads who lived in the steppe east of the Dnieper up to the Don, and in the Crimean steppe .... The eastern neighbours of the "Royal Scyths," the Sauromatians, were also Iranian; their country extended over the steppe east of the Don and the Volga." 9443: 4693: 6335: 5992: 6609: 4371: 4362: 6297:

unfortified settlements around the lower reaches of the Dnipro river since the late 5th century BC, and this process intensified throughout the 4th century BC, with the nomadic Scythians settling in multiple villages in the left bank of the Dnister estuary and in small settlements on the lower banks of the Dnipro and of the small steppe rivers which were favourable for agriculture; at the same time, the Scythians sold furs, fish, and grain to the Greeks in exchange of wine, olive oil, and luxury goods, while there was high demand for the Scythians' exports done through the Greek colonies, such as trade goods, grain, slaves, and fish, due to which the relations between the Pontic and

6405:, attest of the wealth acquired from the grains trade by the Scythian aristocracy of the 4th century BC, who were progressively buried with more, relatives, retainers, and grave goods such as gold and silver objects, including Greek-manufactured toreutics and jewellery; the Scythian commoners however did not obtain any revenue from this trade, and luxury items are absent from their burials. Despite the pressure of some smaller and isolated Sarmatian groups in the east, the period remained largely and unusually peaceful and the Scythian hegemony in the Pontic steppe remained undisturbed, with the Scythian nomads continuing to form the bulk of the northern Pontic region's population. 7156: 5976: 4853: 19502:: "Another ancestral component that is maximized in the north Siberian Nganasan population becomes visible from the 2nd millennium BCE onwards in the eastern steppe (Okunevo, Karasuk, Mezhovskaya). This component appears later in all Iron Age populations but with significantly higher levels in the eastern steppe zone than in the West. These findings are consistent with the appearance of east Eurasian mitochondrial lineages in the western Scythians during the Iron Age, and imply gene-flow or migration over the Eurasian Steppe belt carrying East Asian/North Siberian ancestry from the East to the West as far as the Don-Volga region in southern Russia." 7600: 14229:, pp. 437–440: "Ordinary Greek (and later Latin) usage could designate as Scythian any northern barbarian from the general area of the Eurasian steppe, the virtually treeless corridor of drought-resistant perennial grassland extending from the Danube to Manchuria. Herodotus seeks greater precision, and this essay is focussed on his Scythians, who belong to the North Pontic steppe .... These true Scyths seems to be those whom he calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony ... apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock ...." 6217: 187: 10503: 10489: 6272:, and Pontic Olbia regained control over the territory it occupied during the Archaic period and expanded it, while Tyras and Niconium also restored their hinterlands. The Scythians lost control of Nymphaeum, which became part of the Bosporan Kingdom that had itself been expanding its territories within the Asian side of the Cimmerian Bosporus. With the arrival of a new wave of Sauromatian immigrants, the Royal Scythians and their allied tribes moved to the western parts of Scythia and expanded into the areas to the south of the Danube corresponding to modern Bessarabia and Bulgaria, and they established themselves in the 6289: 19565:, p. 10/13: "Haplogroup R1a-M173 was previously reported for 6 Scytho-Siberian individuals from the Tagar culture (Keyser et al. 2009) and one Altaian Scytho-Siberian from the Sebÿstei site (Ricaut et al. 2004a), whereas haplogroup R1a1a1b2-Z93 (or R1a1a1b-S224) was described for one Scythian from Samara (Mathieson et al. 2015) and two Scytho-Siberians from Berel and the Tuva Republic (Unterländer et al. 2017). On the contrary, North Pontic Scythians were found to belong to the R1b1a1a2 haplogroup (Krzewińska et al. 2018), showing a distinction between the two groups of Scythians" 3944: 3447: 6009:

the city itself was the most prominent supplier of iron and bronze products to the nomadic Scythians; the city of Kamianka also became the capital of the Scythian kings, whose headquarters were located in the further fortified acropolis of the city. At the same time, a wave of Sauromatian nomads from the lower Volga steppe in the east immigrated into Scythia over the course of 550 and 500 BC and were absorbed by the Pontic Scythians with whom they mingled. A large number of settlements in the valleys of the steppe rivers were destroyed as a result of these various migratory movements.

10204: 5666: 14662:. "During the first millennium BC, nomadic people spread over the Eurasian Steppe from the Altai Mountains over the northern Black Sea area as far as the Carpathian Basin .... Greek and Persian historians of the 1st millennium BC chronicle the existence of the Massagetae and Sauromatians, and later, the Sarmatians and Sacae: cultures possessing artefacts similar to those found in classical Scythian monuments, such as weapons, horse harnesses and a distinctive 'Animal Style' artistic tradition. Accordingly, these groups are often assigned to the Scythian culture ...." 175: 9471: 4457: 7190: 5860: 3453: 8836:, which they bought from the Greeks. Unlike the Greeks, who diluted wine with water before drinking it, the Scythians drank it undiluted, due to which undiluted wine was called "Scythian-style wine" among the Greeks, who also equated the drinking of wine "in the Scythian way" with immoderate and unrestrained binge drinking. During the earlier phase of the Scythian Pontic kingdom, wine was primarily consumed by the aristocracy, and its consumption became more prevalent among the wealthier members of the populace only after the 5th century BC. 7582: 14199:, p. 3: "The Scythians lived in the Early Iron Age, and inhabited the northern areas of the Black Sea (Pontic) steppes. Though the 'Scythian period' in the history of Eastern Europe lasted little more than 400 years, from the 7th to the 3rd centuries BC, the impression these horsemen made upon the history of their times was such that a thousand years after they had ceased to exist as a sovereign people, their heartland and the territories which they dominated far beyond it continued to be known as 'greater Scythia'." 6628:, the remnants of the Scythians left their centre at Kamianka and fled to the Scythia Minors in Crimea and in Dobrugea, as well as in nearby regions, their population living in limited, fortified enclaves. The settlements of those Scythians remaining on the Pontic were located in the lower reaches of the Dnieper river. These Scythians were no longer nomadic, having become sedentary, Hellenised farmers, and by the second century BC, these were the only places the Scythians could still be found. 4943:. Negotiations between the Assyrians and the Cimmerians appeared to have followed, according to which the Cimmerians promised not to interfere in the relations between Assyria and Mannai, although a Babylonian diviner in Assyrian service warned Esarhaddon not to trust either the Mannaeans or the Cimmerians and advised him to spy on both of them. In 676 BC, Esarhaddon responded by carrying out a military campaign against Mannai during which he killed Išpakaia. Išpakaia was succeeded by 4437:

the larger Chernagorovsk-Arzhan cultural complex, and both Scythians and the Cimmerians used Novocherkassk objects when the Scythians initially arrived into the Caucasian and Pontic steppes. The transition from the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk culture to the Scythian culture appears to have itself been a continuous process, and the Cimmerians cannot be distinguished from the Scythians during the period of transition from the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk culture to the Scythian culture.

13659:, pp. 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock ;.... he population of ancient Scythia was far from being homogeneous, nor were the Scyths themselves a homogeneous people. The country called after them was ruled by their principal tribe, the 'Royal Scyths' (Her. iv. 20), who were of Iranian stock and called themselves 'Skolotoi' ...." 4595:, and the centre of Cimmerian bronze production ceasing to exist during the 8th to 7th centuries BC, around the time which the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk culture was also disturbed. The migration of the Scythians affected the steppe and forest steppe areas of south-east Europe and forced several other populations of the region, especially many smaller groups, to migrate towards more remote regions, including some North Caucasian groups who retreated to the west and settled in 983: 6438:, and it appears that he was largely based in the region to the south of the Danube. Under Ateas, the Greek cities to the south of the Danube had also come under Scythian hegemony, including Kallatis, over which he held control and where he probably issued his coins; further attesting of the power that the Scythians held to the south of the Danube in his time, Ateas's main activities which were centred in Thrace and south-west Scythia, such as his wars against the Thracian 6488: 4544: 5848: 4217: 8856: 5240:"), which could normally belong only to the Neo-Assyrian King: thus, Tugdammi's successes against Assyria meant that he had become recognised in ancient West Asia as equally powerful as Ashurbanipal, and the kingship over the Universe, which rightfully belonged to the Assyrian king, had been usurped by the Cimmerians and had to be won back by Assyria. This situation continued throughout the rest of the 650s BC and the early 640s BC. 14205:, pp. 97–98: "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians .... t may be confidently stated that from the end of the 7th century to the 3rd century B.C. the Scythians occupied the steppe expanses of the north Black Sea area, from the Don in the east to the Danube in the West." 14692:, p. 142: "The term 'Scythic' has been used above to denote a group of basic traits which characterize material culture from the fifth to the first century B.C. in the whole zone stretching from the Transpontine steppe to the Ordos, and without ethnic connotation. How far nomadic populations in central Asia and the eastern steppes may be of Scythian, Iranic, race, or contain such elements makes a precarious speculation." 19478:, p. 4: "The eastern Scythians display nearly equal proportions of mtDNA lineages common in east and west Eurasia, whereas in the western Scythian groups, the frequency of lineages now common in east Eurasia is generally lower, even reaching zero in four samples of the initial Scythian phase of the eight to sixth century BCE ..., and reaches 18–26% during later periods (sixth to second century BCE ...)". 5020: 14235:, pp. 36–37: "When we speak of Scythians, we refer to those Scytho-Siberians who inhabited the Kuban Valley, the Taman and Kerch peninsulas, Crimea, the northern and northeastern littoral of the Black Sea, and the steppe and lower forest steppe regions now shared between Ukraine and Russia, from the seventh century down to the first century B.C. ... They almost certainly spoke an Iranian language ...." 7671: 118: 6114: 4353: 9204: 6545:, moved from the east into the Pontic steppe, where their smaller yet more active groups overwhelmed the more numerous yet sedentary Scythians and took over the Scythians' pastures. This deprived the Scythians of their most important resource, causing the collapse of Scythian power and as a consequence Scythian culture suddenly disappeared from the north of the Pontic sea in the early 3rd century BC. 6013:

attributable to a normal autochthonous evolution. Some of the changes were derived from the Sauromatian culture of the Volga steppe, while others originated among the Kuban Scythians, thus resulting in the sudden appearance within the lower Dnipro region of a fully formed Scythian culture with no local forerunners, and which included a notable increase in the number of Scythian funerary monuments.

13858:: "Iranian-speaking nomadic tribes, specifically the Scythians and Sarmatians, are special among the North Caucasian peoples. The Scytho-Sarmatians were instrumental in the ethnogenesis of some of the modern peoples living today in the Caucasus. Of importance in this group are the Ossetians, an Iranian-speaking group of people who are believed to have descended from the North Caucasian Alans." 4163: 58: 5199: 5694:

the centre of Scythian power, Although Herodotus of Halicarnassus claimed that the Scythians retreated into the northern Pontic region through Crimea, archaeological evidence instead suggests that the Royal Scythians migrated northwards into western Ciscaucasia, and from there into the country of those Scythians who had previously established themselves in the Pontic steppe.

6751:, used the perception of Anacharsis as a personification of "Barbarian wisdom" to create an idealised image of the Scythians being as an "invincible" people, which became a tradition of Greek literature. Ephorus created a fictitious account of a legendary Scythian king, named Idanthyrsos or Iandysos, who, 1500 years before the reign of the mythical first Assyrian king 6331:

agricultural populations in the northern forest steppe, the Scythians themselves were also trying to produce more grains within Scythia itself, which was a driving force behind the sedentarisation of many of the hitherto nomadic Scythians; the process of Scythian sedentarisation thus was most intense in the regions adjacent to the Bosporan cities in eastern Crimea.

5718:

and weapons in exchange of agricultural products, and in turn offered them in tribute to their Scythian overlords. However, the country of the Alazones tribe appears to have become poorer during this time, in the early 6th century BC, when many of the rebuilt pre-Scythian settlements in their territory were destroyed by the Royal Scythians arriving from West Asia.

4566:, such as distinctive swords and daggers, and which were characteristic of Early Scythian archaeological culture, consisting of cast bronze cauldrons, daggers, swords, and horse harnesses, which had themselves been influenced by Chinese art, with, for example, the "cruciform tubes" used to fix strap-crossings being of types which had initially been modelled by 5759:. The Persians were an Iranic people just like the Scythians and the Medes, and, during the early phase of the Achaemenid empire, their society still preserved many archaic Iranic aspects which they had in common with the Scythians. The formation of the Achaemenid empire appears to have pressured the Scythians into remaining to the north of the Black Sea. 7640: 14193:, p. 37: "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism." 13649:, p. 37: "In modern scholarship the name 'Sakas' is reserved for the ancient tribes of northern and eastern Central Asia and Eastern Turkestan to distinguish them from the related Massagetae of the Aral region and the Scythians of the Pontic steppes. These tribes spoke Iranian languages, and their chief occupation was nomadic pastoralism." 4512:, and, archaeologically, the Scythian movement into Transcaucasia is attested in the form of a migration of a section of the Srubnaya culture, called the Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture, to the south till the northern foothills of the Caucasus Mountains, and then further south along the western coast of the Caspian Sea into Transcaucasia and Iran. 8523:

dominant class. The class stratification of Scythian society corresponded to a hierarchy of social standing and property ownership which is visibly in how export of the grain cultivated by the common freemen profited only the aristocracy but not these commoners, whose graves lacked the lavish furnishing of the aristocratic burials.

14782:

Tajikistan, northern Afghanistan, north-west China and northern Mongolia, and substantial parts of western and eastern Siberia (...) Among the earliest securely dated Iron Age Eurasian pastoralist sites of the whole region are the burial mounds (kurgans) located on the territory of western Siberia and East Kazakhstan, including

6412:, who was the successor and possibly the son of the Scythian king buried at Agighiol, and whose rule started around the 360s BC. By this period, Scythian tribes had already settled permanently on the lands to the south of the Danube, where the people of Ateas lived with their families and their livestock, and possibly in 7845:), were an Iranic tribe who nomadised in the Pontic Steppe, in an area limited by the Dnipro river in the west, and the Don river and the port of Kremnoi in the east, as well in Crimea up to the Cimmerian Bosporus in its east. The Royal Scythians and the Nomad Scythians were the only fully nomadic tribes within Scythia. 6434:). Although Ateas had united the Scythian tribes under his rule into a rudimentary state and he still ruled over the traditional territories of the Scythian kingdom of the Pontic steppe until at least Crimea, around 350 BC he had also permanently seized some of the lands on the right bank of the Danube from the Thracian 10151:, with the Scythians on the lower Dnipro river cultivating crops principally for export, and the tribes of the Callipidae, the Aroteres, the Georgoi, and the Alizones, selling part of their large crop yields to the Greeks; an oven used to dry grain such as wheat, barley, and rye, was located at Shyroka Balka. 6960: 13606:, pp. 149–153: "During the first half of the first millennium B.C., c. 3,000 to 2,500 years ago, the southern part of Eastern Europe was occupied mainly by peoples of Iranian stock .... The main Iranian-speaking peoples of the region at that period were the Scyths and the Sarmatians ...." 6326:, with Leucon employing Scythians in his army, and the Bosporan nobility had contacts with the Scythians, which might have included matrimonial relations between Scythian and Bosporan royalty. By the 4th century BC, the Bosporan kingdom became the main supplier of grains to Greece partly because of the 15427:

This is compatible with a moderate westward increase of the Altaian genetic component in the Steppe during the Scythian period, implying the involvement of at least some degree of migration (east to west; the more complicated scenarios that have been proposed are not supported by our results) in the

10172:

The Scythian aristocracy played an important role in this grain trade by becoming the main intermediary in providing grain, obtained both through from the agriculturalist peoples of the forest-steppe and cultivation within Scythia itself, to the Bosporan Kingdom. The Scythian aristocracy was the main

10020:

it was also on the number of severed heads that a warrior had brought to the king that depended the rank of honour given on the warriors at the annual ceremony where the local lords of the nomes would pour wine into a large vessel for the warriors who had been successful in battle by killing at least

9252:

The "Animal Style" art of the Scythians was a variant of the art of the Eurasian Steppe nomads, which itself initially developed in eastern Eurasian steppes of Central Asia and Siberia during the 9th century BC under the partial influence of ancient Chinese art and of the "static" naturalistic art of

8734:

This allowed the Scythians to, in addition of being principally reliant on domesticated animals, also complement their source of food with agriculture, and the Scythian upper classes owned large estates in which large numbers of slaves and members of the tribes subordinate to the Royal Scythians were

8715:

The strong reliance of the Scythians on pastoralism itself ensured the self-sufficiency of the Scythians, and was conducive towards the nomadic lifestyle. This importance of pastoralism for the Scythians is visible in how representations of pastoral activities formed the predominant theme of Scythian

6458:, but eventually this alliance fell apart and war broke out between Scythia and Macedonia over the course of 340 to 339 BC, ending with the death of Ateas, at about 90 years old, and the capture of the Scythians' camp and the 20,000 women and children and more than 2,000 pedigree horses living there. 6212:

and rural settlements however also meant that they lost their grain-producing hinterlands, with the result being that the Scythians instituted an economic policy under their control whereby the sedentary peoples of the forest steppe to their north became the primary producers of grain, which was then

6157:

Although the relations between the Scythians and the Greek cities of the northern Pontic region had until then been largely peaceful and the cities previously had no defensive walls and possessed unfortified rural settlements in the area, new hostile relations developed between these two parties, and

6046:

The Scythians also became more active and aggressive around this time, possibly as a result of the arrival of the new Sauromatian nomadic elements from the east, or out of necessity to resist Persian expansionism. This change manifested itself through the consolidation of the dominant position of the

6008:

became the principal industrial centre of Scythia, with the sedentary population of the city being largely metal-workers who smelted bog iron ores into iron that was made into tools, simple ornaments and weapons for the agricultural population of the Dnipro valley and of other regions of Scythia, and

5744:

were located in Ciscaucasia, with some of them being significantly wealthy and belonging to aristocrats or royalty, and the Royal Scythians' burials in the Kuban Steppe were the most lavish of all Scythian funerary monuments during the Early Scythian period. During the early 6th century BC, the some

5522:

in 605 BC, while clay figurines depicting Scythian riders, as well as an Ionian shield and a Neo-Hittite battle-axe similar to those found in Scythian remains in the Pontic steppe, suggest that actual Scythian mercenaries had also participated at the final Neo-Babylonian victory over the Egyptians at

5005:

The marital alliance between the Scythian king and the Assyrian ruling dynasty, as well as the proximity of the Scythians with the Assyrian-influenced Mannai and Urartu, thus placed the Scythians under the strong influence of Assyrian culture, and contact with the civilisation of West Asia would have

4688:

who lived to the north of the Scythians, with the large rivers of eastern Europe which flowed into the Black Sea forming the main access routes to these northern markets. This process put the Scythians into permanent contact with the Greeks, and the relations between the latter and the Greek colonies

10103:

The Pontic Scythians practised trade extensively, with the substantial trade relations existed between the Scythians and the Greeks which continued the long-established exchanges of goods between the northern Pontic and Aegean region that had already existed since the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. These

9352:

The houses in these Scythian settlements, which were single-storeyed and had gabled roofs, were built from wooden beams, with the walls being made of beams stuck into the ground and covered with clay while felt fabrics were placed on their inside. Their sizes ranged from 40 to 150 metres square, and

9348:

Beginning in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, the Scythians started building fortified sedentary settlements. The most important of these was the settlement of Kamyanka, which was protected by the steep banks of the Dnipro river on one side and by ramparts on the other. The houses of the Scythian upper

9256:

The distinctive style of art characteristic of the Scythians proper emerged during their stay in Western Asia during the 7th century BC, and especially during their occupation of Media, when the Scythian upper class came under the influence of West Asian culture, as a consequence of which the art of

6016:

The Scythians underwent tribal unification and political consolidation in reaction to the Persian invasion, and the names of kings who ruled over the Scythians the 5th century BC are known, although it is unknown whether these kings were ruling only the western regions of Scythia located between the

5693:

After their expulsion from West Asia, and beginning in the later 7th and lasting throughout much of the 6th century BC, the majority of the Scythians, including the Royal Scythians, migrated into the Kuban Steppe in Ciscaucasia around 600 BC, and from Ciscaucasia into the Pontic Steppe, which became

4558:

Archaeologically, the expansion of the Scythians into the Pontic Steppe is attested through the westward movement of the Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture into Ukraine contemporaneous with its movement to the south along the coast of the Caspian Sea. The Srubnaya-Khvalynsk culture in Ukraine is referred to

4408:

Archaeologically, the westwards migration of the Early Scythians from Central Asia into the Caspian Steppe constituted the latest of the two to three waves of expansion of the Srubnaya culture to the west of the Volga. The last and third wave corresponding to the Scythian migration has been dated to

14343:

Contemporary descendants of western Scythian groups are found among various groups in the Caucasus and Central Asia, while similarities to eastern Scythian are found to be more widespread, but almost exclusively among Turkic language speaking (formerly) nomadic groups, particularly from the Kipchak

10160:

and rural settlements, and therefore their grain-producing hinterlands. The result was that the Scythians instituted an economic policy under their control whereby the sedentary peoples of the forest steppe to their north became the primary producers of grain, which was then transported through the

9367:

The large number of Aroteres settlements and earthworks suggests that they formed a large and dense population in the black-earth region of the steppe. The earthworks of the Aroteres contained within them kurgan cemeteries, lasting from the 6th to 3rd centuries, that each included up to 400 kurgans

9337:

that could easily be assembled and disassembled to be transported to different locations, as well as covered wagons that functioned as tents on wheels. The walls and floors of these portable habitations were made of felt and the tents themselves were bound together using ropes made from horse hair.

8655:

With the integration of Scythia with the Greek colonies on the northern shore of the Black Sea, the Scythians soon became involved in activities such as cultivating grain, fishing, trading and craftsmanship, due to which they had already started becoming semi-nomads and sedentary farmers by the 5th

8598:

Although the kings' powers were limited by the popular and warrior assemblies, royal power itself was held among the Scythians to be divinely ordained: this conception of royal power, which is well documented in the ritual symbols depicted on 5th to 3rd century BC Scythian toreutics, was initially

7217:

ethnographers used the narrative of Herodotus of Halicarnassus to create an image of the Scythians as a notorious and "savage" people chauvinistically attached to their own customs and opposed to outside influences. Fascinated by this imagery, these ethnographers drew on it to claim populations who

5936:

Although the Scythians and the Persians were both Iranic peoples related to each other, the Greeks tended to perceive the Scythians as being "savage" nomads whom they associated with the Thracians, while they saw the Persians as a "civilised" sedentary people whom they associated with the Assyrians

5717:

was light, and they were largely satisfied with the tribute they levied on the sedentary agriculturist population of the region. Meanwhile, the tribe of the Aroteres, which consisted of a settled Thracian population over which ruled an Iranic Scythian ruling class, imported Greek pottery, jewellery

5514:

The presence of Scythian-style arrowheads at locations where the Neo-Babylonian Empire is known to have conducted military campaigns, and which are associated with the destruction layers of these campaigns, suggests that certain contingents composed of Scythians or of Medes who had adopted Scythian

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claim finally defeated the Cimmerians. In Polyaenus' account of the defeat of the Cimmerians, he claimed that Alyattes used "war dogs" to expel them from Asia Minor, with the term "war dogs" being a Greek folkloric reinterpretation of young Scythian warriors who, following the Indo-European passage

5072:

in what is modern-day Poland. This art style was initially restricted to the Scythian upper classes, and the Scythian lower classes in both West Asia and the Pontic steppe had not yet adopted it, with the latter group's bone cheek-pieces and bronze buckles being plain and without decorations, while

4400:

Over the course of the 8th and 7th centuries BC, the Scythians migrated into the Caucasian and Caspian Steppes in several waves, becoming the dominant population of the region, where they assimilated most of the Cimmerians and conquered their territory, with this absorption of the Cimmerians by the

14781:

The Iron Age Saka population of eastern Eurasia is considered the earliest of the Scythian groups to emerge in the 1st millennium BCE, as well as being the most substantial part of the Eastern group of the pan-Scythian family, occupying almost the entire territory of modern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,

14267:

gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of

10176:

The rich aristocratic burials richly furnished with imported grave goods and gold silver objects, including fine Greek-made tauretic and jewellers, attest of the Scythian aristocracy's economic power derived from the grain trade, due to which the coins minted by Scythian kings at Pontic Olbia were

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However, the mostly small number of depictions of warfare compared to the larger number of representations of peaceful pastoralist activities in Scythian petroglyphic art suggests that the war-like tendencies of the Scythians might have been exaggerated by Herodotus of Halicarnassus and the modern

9283:

Scythian art stopped existing after the end of the Pontic Scythian kingdom in the early 3rd century BC, and the art of the later Scythians of Crimea and Dobruja was completely Hellenised, with their paintings and sculptures belonging to the Greek artistic tradition and having probably been made by

8679:

was invented by the Scythians in the 7th century BC, and consisted of two felt cushions stuffed with stag hair and mounted on felt sweatbands; in some cases, the cushions were attached to wooden saddle frames placed to their back and front. Scythian saddles had four raised bolsters at each corner,

8534:

Scythian society was a patriarchal one where women were subordinate to men, although women from the upper classes were free to ride horses, while women from the lower classes may have not been free to do so and may have spent most of their time indoors. Among the more nomadic tribes, the women and

7249:

continued to emphasise the alleged Scythian ancestry of the Irish to confirm their "barbaric" nature; these endeavours were further reinforced by 17th century proto-linguistic hypotheses about "Scytho-Celtic" languages and enjoyed enthusiastic popularity during the 18th century, until these origin

6466:

rivers, although. These changes did not affect Scythian power: the Scythians still continued to nomadise and bury their dead in rich kurgans in the areas to the north-west of the Black Sea between the Dnipro and the Prut; the Scythian capital of the Kamianka site continued to exist as prosperously

5918:

warfare and goading the Persian army deep into Scythian territory. The Persian army might have crossed the Don river and reached the territory of the Sauromatians, where Darius built fortifications, but resumed their pursuit when the Scythian forces returned. The results of this campaign were also

5733:

which they had acquired in West Asia with them and introduced it into the Pontic Steppe, whose peoples were still Bronze Age societies until then. Some West Asian blacksmiths might also have accompanied the Scythians during their nortwards retreat and become employed by Scythian kings, after which

4993:

suggests that the Assyrian priests did approve of this marriage between a daughter of an Assyrian king and a nomadic lord, which had never happened before in Assyrian history; thus, the Scythians were separated from the Medes and were brought into a marital alliance with Assyria, and Šērūʾa-ēṭirat

4436:

of the Caucasus which contributed to its development, thus making it difficult to distinguish from the Late Srubnaya culture of the early Scythians who became dominant in the Pontic steppe and replaced the Cimmerians in the Caucasian steppe, with both the Cimmerians and the Scythians being part of

14635:

The Śaka tribe was pasturing its herds in the Pamirs, central Tien Shan, and in the Amu Darya delta. Their gold belt buckles, jewelry, and harness decorations display sheep, griffins, and other animal designs that are similar in style to those used by the Scythians, a nomadic people living in the

10180:

Inscriptions from the Greek cities on the northern Black Sea coast also show that upper class Greek families also derived wealth from this trade, and as a consequence of these flourishing trade relations, which were themselves possible only thanks to the protection and cooperation of the Scythian

9438:

was the main form of Scythian warfare. Scythian saddles had four raised bolsters at each corner, which, at a time when the stirrup had not yet been invented, allowed the riders to lean into the forward bolsters and raise themselves so they could use shoot their arrows from horseback. This type of

8594:

has suggested that the Scythians had been ruled by the same dynasty from the time of their stay in West Asia until the end of their kingdom in the Pontic Steppe. The Scythologist Askold Ivantchik has instead proposed that the Scythians had been ruled by at least three dynasties, including that of

8545:

in which both local women and women who had been bought lived. Some of these women were the kings' legal wives and others were their concubines. Reflecting the patriarchal structure of Scythian society, the wives and concubines could be passed down as inheritance, as when the Scythian king Scyles

8522:

This class structure thus existed in a hierarchy where the farmer-peasant class occupied the lowest social position, the clergy occupied the middle position, and warrior-aristocracy occupied the highest social position and dominated the other two classes, with the Scythian kings belonging to this

6991:

for the Graeco-Romans, were pictured as sharing traits and resemble each other in how "strange" they were, the various cultures of Northern Europe started claiming ancestry from the "Celto-Scythians" and adopted the Graeco-Roman vision of the "barbarity" of ancient peoples of Europe as legitimate

6306:

during this time. Although the Greek cities of the coast extended their territories considerably, this did not infringe on the Scythians, who still possessed abundant pastures and whose settlements were still thriving, with archaeological evidence suggesting that the population of Crimea, most of

5697:

Some of the Scythian groups who had settled in the eastern Pontic steppe to the east of the Dnipro river were displaced by the arrival of the Royal Scythians from West Asia, and they moved north into the region of the forest-steppe zone, outside of the Pontic Scythian kingdom itself. These groups

5588:

Some splinter Scythian groups nevertheless remained in West Asia, in the southeast Caucasus, and settled in Transcaucasia, especially the area corresponding to modern-day Azerbaijan in eastern Transcaucasia, due to which the area where they lived, and which corresponded to the core regions of the

5190:

adopted Scythian archery techniques and equipment due to their superiority over those of the West Asian peoples, and the trade of silk to western Eurasia might have started at this time through the intermediary of the Scythians during their stay in West Asia, with the earliest presence of silk in

19394:

Genetic ancestry modeling of the IA groups performed with qpWave and qpAdm confirmed that the steppe_MLBA groups adequately approximate the western Eurasian ancestry source in IA Scythians while the preceding steppe_EBA (e.g., Yamnaya and Afanasievo) do not (data file S4). As an eastern Eurasian

10313:

pottery; and by the later Middle Scythian period of the 4th to 3rd centuries BC the market for Pontic Olbia was limited to a small part of western Scythia, while the rest of the kingdom's importations came from the Bosporan kingdom, especially from Panticapaeum, from where came most of Scythia's

9414:

The Scythians were a people with a strong warrior culture, and fighting was one of the main occupations of Scythian men, who were all trained in war exercises and in archery from a young age, and the furnishings of Scythian burial chambers, which included weapons, reflected the martial nature of

6698:

in one story, Herodotus claimed that the approach of the Scythians led to a civil war among the Cimmerians because the "royal tribe" of the Cimmerians wanted to remain in their lands and defend themselves from the invaders while the rest of the population wanted to leave. This conflict allegedly

5274:

on the north-west border of the Neo-Assyrian empire, where, after Tugdammi faced a revolt against himself, he allied with Assyria and acknowledged Assyrian overlordship, and sent tribute to Ashurbanipal, to whom he swore an oath. Tugdammi soon broke this oath and attacked the Neo-Assyrian Empire

9682:

retaining its effect in their decomposed bodies, the human blood was propitious for the growth of bacterial populations such as tetanus- and gangrene-causing germs from the dung. Thus, if an individual initially survived being shot with a poisoned Scythian arrow, they would still experience the

8651:

In these favourable climatic conditions, the ranges of beavers and elk extended further south than presently, with beavers then being present in the lower Dnipro and lower Southern Buh river valleys, and elk living until the environs of Olbia, and the bones both these animals have been found in

8647:

Between the 9th and 5th centuries BC, the climate in the steppes was cool and dry, which was a catalyst for the emergence of equestrian nomadic pastoralism in the northern Pontic region. The climate became warmer and wetter during the 5th century BC, so that it was more wet and damp compared to

6296:

The Scythian kingdom of the Pontic steppe reached its peak in the 4th century BC, at the same time when the Greek cities of the coast were prospering, and the relations between the two were mostly peaceful; some Scythians had already started becoming sedentary farmers and building fortified and

5312:

Soon after 635 BC, with Assyrian approval and in alliance with the Lydians, the Scythians under Madyes entered Anatolia, expelled the Treres from Asia Minor, and defeated the Cimmerians so that they no longer constituted a threat again, following which the Scythians extended their domination to

4235:

Because the Scythians did not use writing and they did not leave much material remains due to their nomadic lifestyle, most of the information regarding them has been pieced from the accounts of outsiders such as the Assyrians, Persians, and Greeks, as well as from archaeological study of their

9163:

The Scythians and the peoples of the Pontic steppe were still Bronze Age societies until the 8th century BC, and it was only after the Scythians had expanded into West Asia that they acquired knowledge of ironworking, which they then brought with them into the Pontic Steppe after they had been

9102:

The native sedentary Thracians populations who lived in Scythia manufactured products such as pottery, woodwork, and weaving, as well as bronze metal-working made out of raw materials imported from Transylvania. From this practice of handicraft, the peoples of Scythia obtained simple tools and

9055:

The paste made of cypress and cedar wood, frankincense, and water used by Scythian women to clean themselves also had medicinal properties since cedar and cypress oil and frankincense possess antiseptic properties useful for fighting infection, with cedar and cypress oil also being astringents

7425:

had been looted, so that by the 20th century, more than 85% of Scythian kurgans excavated by archaeologists had already been pillaged. The grave robbers of the 18th and 19th centuries were experienced enough that they almost always found the burial chambers of the tombs and stole the treasures

6706:

By the 5th century BC, the image of the Scythians in Athens had become the quintessential stereotype used for Barbarians, that is for non-Greeks. Following the Greeks' caricatural representation of foreigners as being unmoderated drinkers, they moreso associated the Scythians with drunkenness.

19337:

Gnecchi-Ruscone, Guido Alberto; Khussainova, Elmira; Kahbatkyzy, Nurzhibek; Musralina, Lyazzat; Spyrou, Maria A.; Bianco, Raffaela A.; Radzeviciute, Rita; Martins, Nuno Filipe Gomes; Freund, Caecilia; Iksan, Olzhas; Garshin, Alexander; Zhaniyazov, Zhassulan; Bekmanov, Bakhytzhan; Kitov, Egor;

10357:

This trade route was another significant source of revenue for the Scythian rulers, and its location also provided to Pontic Olbia the important position of being a commercial and cultural centre in the northern Pontic region for at least two centuries, and the city itself maintained friendly

10164:

Beginning in the 5th century BC, the grain trade with Greece was carried out through the intermediary of the Bosporan kingdom, due to which the Scythians expanded their agricultural activities to the areas adjoining the Bosporan Kingdom, including in Crimea, resulting in some of the sedentary

8738:

Among these subordinate tribes, the sedendary Scythian tribes of the Callipidae, Aroteres, Georgoi, and Alizones, engaged in agriculture, and grew crops for their own use as well as to be exported to the Greeks on the northern shores of the Black Sea. These tribes were able to cultivate large

8606:

After their death, the Scythian kings were buried along with one or some of their wives. The kings also chose servants, cupbearers, courtiers, and members of the royal entourage from the tribes under his authority, who were to be killed and buried along with him to follow and serve him in the

6350:

The Scythian royalty and aristocracy obtained enormous profits from this grains trade, and this period saw Scythian culture not only thriving, with most known Scythian monuments dating from then, but also rapidly undergoing significant Hellenisation. The city of the Kamianka site remained the

5470:

in the city, which was considered to be the most ancient of all temples to that goddess, as a result of which the perpetrators of this sacrilege and their descendants were allegedly cursed by ʿAštart with a "female disease", due to which they became a class of transvestite diviners called the

5002:

henceforth, the Scythians remained allies of the Assyrian Empire, with Bartatua helping the Assyrians by defeating the state of Mannai and imposing Scythian hegemony over it. Around this time, the Urartian king Rusa II might also have enlisted Scythian troops to guard his western borderlands.

10385:

The difference in height between these upper class Scythians and the Scythian commoners was of around 10 to 15 centimetres, with the height difference being a symbol of status among the upper-class men. Analysis of skeletons shows that Scythians had longer arm and leg bones and stronger bone

6012:

The retreat of the Scythians from the Kuban Steppe and the arrival of the Sauromatian immigrants into the Pontic steppe over the course of the late 6th to early 5th centuries BC caused significant material changes in the Scythian culture soon after the Persian campaign, changes which are not

5001:

granted by the Assyrian king, which made the Scythian presence in West Asia a nominal extension of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and Bartatua himself an Assyrian viceroy. Under this arrangement, the power of the Scythians in West Asia heavily depended on their cooperation with the Assyrian Empire;

4534:

sword and socketed bronze arrowheads with three edges, which, although they are considered as typically "Scythian weapons", were in fact of Transcaucasian origin and had been adopted by the Scythians during their stay in the Caucasus. Alternatively, the typical Scythian arrowheads might have

10559:, East Eurasian maternal haplogroups make up 37.5% of the total. These results suggest that there was increasing marriages to women of East Eurasian origin among the Western Scythians. The East Eurasian maternal lineages were likely brought by individuals sharing affinities with modern-day 10323:

A consequence of the Scythian import of Greek-manufactured art and luxury goods was that Greek art significantly influenced Scythian art and artistic preferences, and, by the Middle and Late Scythian periods, most of the artwork in the Scythian tombs consisted of Scythian motifs and scenes

7792:

Clan elders wielded considerable power, and were able to depose kings, such as when the Scythian army overthrew the king Scyles and the Scythians demanded his extradition from the Thracians, after which he was executed. Following the deposition of Scyles, the power of both the king and the

6330:

that ragied in the latter region, which intensified the grains trade between the Scythians and the Greeks, with the Scythians becoming the principal middlemen in the supply of grains to the Bosporan kingdom: while most of the grains that the Scythians sold to the Greeks was produced by the

9363:

The tribe of the Aroteres were organised into small territorial units that lived in open undefended settlements and strongholds covering between 16 and 24 hectares, with the largest one covering 52 hectares, each possessing a large industrial quarter and functioning as industrial centres.

5762:

Soon after, during the Early Scythian period itself, the centre of power of the Royal Scythians shifted from the eastern Pontic steppe to the north-west, in the country of the Aroteres tribe, where was located the main industrial centre of Scythia: and which corresponded to the country of

6522:

The aftermath of the Scythian conflict with Macedon also coincided with climatic changes and economic crises caused by overgrazed pastures, producing an unfavorable period for the Scythians, and, following their setbacks against the Macedonians, the Scythians came under pressure from the

5737:

During this period, the tribe of the Royal Scythians would primarily bury their dead at the edges of the territories they occupied, especially in the western Cisaucasian region, instead of within the steppe region that was the centre of their kingdom; due to this, several Scythian kurgan

19464:...and most of the Eastern Scythians , who are themselves a very heterogeneous group both culturally and genetically. On the other hand, the Chernyakhiv samples overlapped with modern Europeans, representing the most "western" range of variation among the groups of this study (Figure 2). 6467:

and extensively as it had before the defeat of Ateas; and the Scythian aristocracy continued burying their dead in barrow tombs which were as sumptuous as those of Ateas's time. In 331 or 330 BC, the Scythians were able to defeat an invasion force of 30,000 men led against them and the

6047:

Royal Scythians over the other tribes within Scythia and through the Royal Scythians' hold on the western part of their realm to the west of the Dnipro, where lived the agriculturist populations, becoming heavier and more oppressive, and the Scythians may also have gained access to the

6003:

After losing their territories in the Kuban Steppe in the late 6th century BC, the Scythians had been forced to fully retreat into the Pontic Steppe, and the Royal Scythians' centre of power within Scythia shifted to the south, in the region of the bend of the Dnipro, where the site of

8989:, which they used to wash their heads. According to Herodotus of Halicarnassus, Scythian men however did not wash their bodies with water, and instead cleaned themselves in a steam bath in a small tent where the flower buds of cannabis were thrown on hot stones to induce intoxication. 14173:

Although ancient Persians and ancient Greeks respectively used the names "Saka" and "Scythian" for all the steppe nomads, the name "Scythian" is used specifically for the ancient nomads of the western steppe while "Saka" is used for a related group of nomads living in the eastern

5953:

river, and then the whole Kuban territory. By the end of the 6th century BC, the Scythians had lost their territories in the Kuban Steppe and had been forced to retreat into the Pontic Steppe, except for its westernmost part which included the Taman peninsula, where the Scythian

4011:'s coastline, which was inhabited by nomadic pastoralists, as well as the fertile black-earth forest-steppe area to the north of the treeless steppe, which was inhabited by an agricultural population, and the northern border of this Scythian kingdom were the dedicuous woodlands. 7848:

The Royal Scythians were the main Scythian tribe, and they were the ruling tribe of the whole of Scythia. They were the dominant tribe within Scythia to whom all the other tribes were subjects, and the high king of all the Scythians came from the tribe of the Royal Scythians.

4717:, due to which, beginning in this period, and from the end of the 7th century onwards, new objects, including weapons and horse-equipment, originating from the steppes and remains associated with the early Scythians started appearing within Central Europe, especially in the 15428:

spread of the Scythian culture. This fits the previous observation that the Iron Age nomads of the western Eurasian Steppe were not direct descendants of the Bronze Age population and suggests that the Scythian world cannot be described solely in terms of material culture.

9313:

Among the various Scythian tribes, the sedentary farmer tribes lived in western Scythia between the Danube and the Dnipro, while the nomadic pastoralist tribes lived in eastern Scythia between the Dnipro and the Don. Some of these sedentary farmers later moved into Crimea.

7805:

The Scythians were furthermore organised into tribes which were themselves headed by local lords. These tribes were subject to the dominant tribe of the Royal Scythians, who formed the tribal aristocracy of the Scythians and whose ruling lord was the king of all Scythians.

15378:

Järve, Mari; Saag, Lehti; Scheib, Christiana Lyn; Pathak, Ajai K.; Montinaro, Francesco; Pagani, Luca; Flores, Rodrigo; Guellil, Meriam; Saag, Lauri; Tambets, Kristiina; Kushniarevich, Alena; Solnik, Anu; Varul, Liivi; Zadnikov, Stanislav; Petrauskas, Oleg (22 July 2019).

13629:: "Near the end of the 19th century V.F. Miller (1886, 1887) theorized that the Scythians and their kindred, the Sauromatians, were Iranian-speaking peoples. This has been a popular point of view and continues to be accepted in linguistics and historical science ...." 10223:

The Scythians also sold slaves to the Greeks, with the slaves to be sold being acquired from neighbouring or subordinate tribes during military campaigns, and the Greek colonies on the northern Black Sea coast being hubs of slave trafficking. After the Greek city-state of

8602:

The Scythian kings were later able to further increase their position through the concentration of economic power in their hands because of their dominance of the grains trade with the Greeks, which made them and the Scythian warrior-aristocracy as a whole, very wealthy.

8187:, who lived to the east of the middle Dnipro river, in the forest steppe bordering the territory of the Royal Scythians to the north, respectively in the valleys of the Donets and Sula rivers. These populations were either of Scythic or of mixed Scythic and native origin. 6759:

and became the ruler of all Asia. This story was a continuation of Ephorus of Cyme's idealisation of the Scythians as an "invincible" people, and was drawn from Herodotus of Halicarnassus's accounts of the Scythian invasion of Asia and the campaign of Darius in Scythia.

4634:, after which the relations between the two populations remained hostile. Within the Pontic steppe, some of the Scythian tribes intermarried with the already present native sedentary Thracian populations to form new tribes such as the Nomadic Scythians and the Alazones. 3280: 15549:"The results point to the presence of a deep shared ancestry of all Iron Age nomadic groups associated with Bronze Age populations of the steppe, which, however, is not equivalent with a direct genetic continuity between Srubnaya-Alakulskaya and the western Scythians." 9341:

The division of Scythian burial chambers into weapon-arsenals, kitchen areas, stables, and living rooms for the deceased family members and their servants, as well as their furnishings, were modelled on the habitations in which the Scythians dwelt during their lives.

8519:. The Greek author Herodotus of Halicarnassus claimed that the Scythians used to blind their slaves to prevent them from eating the most valuable of these dairy products. He also claimed that the Scythian kings considered the inhabitants of Crimea to be their slaves. 5721:

In Crimea, the Royal Scythians took over most of the territory up to the Cimmerian Bosporus in the east. In western Ciscaucasia, where the Scythians were not large in number enough to spread throughout the region, they instead took over the steppe to the south of the

13664:, pp. 437–440: "rue Scyths seems to be those whom calls Royal Scyths, that is, the group who claimed hegemony ... apparently warrior-pastoralists. It is generally agreed, from what we know of their names, that these were people of Iranian stock ...." 4523:, would also have an important influence on the formation of Scythian culture. The Scythians were still a Bronze Age society until the late 8th century BC, and it was only when they expanded into West Asia that they became acquainted with iron smelting and forging. 3912:

remained their centre of operations in West Asia until the early 6th century BC, although this presence in West Asia remained an extension of the Scythian kingdom of the steppes, and the Scythian kings' headquarters were instead located in the Ciscaucasian steppes.

3845:

notes with dismay that the term "Scythian" has been used within both a broad and a narrow context, leading to a good deal of confusion. He reserves the term "Scythian" for the Iranic people dominating the Pontic Steppe from the 7th century BC to the 3rd century BC.

19407:

7796:

As an extension of clan-based relations, a custom of blood brotherhood existed among the Scythians, whereby the blood of the sworn blood brothers was poured in a cup of wine in which their swords, arrows, battle-aces, and spears were lowered before they drank it.

6362:

which functioned as the main administrative, commercial and industrial centre of the lower Don river and northern Lake Maeotis areas and was also the residence of local Scythian lords. The main burial centre of the Scythians during this period was located in the

6090:

during the 5th century BC soon blocked the Scythian advances in Thrace, and the Scythians established friendly contacts with the Odrysians, with the Danube river being set as the common border between the two kingdoms, and a daughter of the Odrysian founder king

9292:

The centre of industry during the Early Scythian period was located in the region of the Tiasmyn group of the Scythian culture, which corresponded the country of the Scythian Husbandsmen where an Iranic Scythian elite ruled over a sedentary Thracian population.

14674:: "As the Cimmerians cannot be differentiated archeologically from the Scythians, it is possible to speculate about their Iranian origins. In the Neo-Babylonian texts (according to D'yakonov, including at least some of the Assyrian texts in Babylonian dialect) 9674:

that had recently given birth, which they left to decompose, while the Scythian priests filled leather bags with human blood and buried them in dung to putrefy it, after which they mixed decomposed matter in the blood with the decomposed remains of the snakes.

8915:

were either tied to the feet with narrow laces under the ankle or around the foot itself. Scythian men wore pointed caps with flaps on the side and on the back that could be tied at the front during earlier periods; Scythian men went bareheaded in later times.

5499:, with the Scythians' abandonment of their alliance with Assyria to instead side with the Babylonians and the Medes being a critical factor in worsening the position of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and the Scythians participated in the Medo-Babylonian conquests of 8671:

The Scythians reared a small but very swift breed of horse that they rode directly and also used for drawing carts. Graeco-Roman authors claimed that the Scythians and Sarmatians would castrate their horses because they were otherwise too turbulent to handle.

8644:, and the tribes living in the steppes remained primarily nomadic, with their lifestyle and customs were inextricably linked to their nomadic way of life. with the tribe of the Royal Scythians initially leading a transhumant pastoralist nomadic way of life. 8101:

or even until the estuary of the Dnister. The western neighbours of the Callipadae across the Dnister river were Thracian tribe of the Getae in Bessarabia, while Thracian populations under Scythian rule lived on the coast. Their northern neighbours were the

5933:"), that is to the Scythians, as having been conquered by Darius, while Greek authors instead claimed that Darius' campaign failed and from then onwards developed a tradition of idealising the Scythians as being invincible thanks to their nomadic lifestyle. 23518:

Ethnic Contacts and Cultural Exchanges North and West of the Black Sea from the Greek Colonization to the Ottoman Conquest: Proceedings of the International Symposium Ethnic contacts and Cultural Exchanges North and West of the Black Sea, Iaşi, June 12-17,

9304:

ores were smelted to produce iron, and various tools, ornaments, and weapons were made. Blacksmiths' workshops in Scythian settlements from this time were located in both the ground-level and pit houses, where they formed groups of craftsmen's quarters.

9004:, and water on a stone until it acquired a thick consistency. This was applied to their bodies and removed after a day, leaving their skin clean, glossy, and sweet-smelling. Scythian women also used cosmetics such as scented water and various ointments. 6301:

regions, and most especially with Athens, were thriving; the importation of Greek products by the forest steppe peoples had instead decreased since the 5th century BC, and the Scythians captured territories from them in the area around what is presently

6055:

plains at this time, although Oltenia and parts of Moldavia were instead occupied by the Agathyrsi. Another result of the changes within Scythia during this period was increased Scythian expansionism: one of the target areas of Scythian expansionism was

8589:

The Scythians were monarchical, and the king of all the Scythians was the main tribal chief, who was from the dominant tribe of the Royal Scythians. Power among the Scythian kings was passed down a single dynasty, and the historian and anthropologist

13835:, p. 523: "In their Ukrainian and Polish homeland the Slavs were intermixed and at times overlain by Germanic speakers (the Goths) and by Iranian speakers (Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans) in a shifting array of tribal and national configurations." 19395:

proxy, we chose LBA herders from Khovsgol in northern Mongolia based on their geographic and temporal proximity. Other eastern proxies fail the model because of a lack or an excess of affinity toward the Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) lineage (25).

10347:

was traded from eastern Eurasia until Pontic Olbia through this route, and the Scythian tradesmen went to the distant regions on its course to carry out commerce. The conquest of the north Pontic region by the Scythians and their imposition of a

6854:

The richness of Scythian burials was already well known in Antiquity, and, by the time the power of the Scythians came to an end in the 3rd century BC, the robbing of Scythian graves started and was initially carried out by Scythians themselves.

4018:(Dnipro), which was the richest river in Scythia, with most of the fish living in it, and the best pastures and most fertile lands being located on its banks, while its water was the cleanest; due to this, Graeco-Roman authors compared it to the 22218: 10094:

Although most authors have tended to focus on the Scythians' warrior culture, battle and fight scenes were only rarely depicted in Scytian petroglyphic art, where depictions of wild animals and peaceful pastoral activities instead predominated.

6251:

with the goal of establishing a military alliance against the Achaemenid Empire. Ancient Greek authors claim that the Spartans started drinking undiluted wine, which they called the "Scythian fashion" of drinking wine because of these contacts.

8155:

In addition to the Scythians themselves, as well as the Thracians who had inhabited the region since the Bronze Age, the population of the Pontic Scythian kingdom consisted of Greeks living in colonies on the northern shore of the Black Sea.

6576:. Due to the Sarmatian, Getic, Celtic, and Germanic encroachments, the Scythian kingdom came to an end and the Scythian kurgans disappeared from the Pontic region, replaced as the dominant power of the Pontic steppe by the Sarmatians, while " 5010:

and Transcaucasian peoples was that of the divine origin of royal power, as well as the practice of performing human sacrifices during royal funerals, and the Scythian kings henceforth imitated the style of rulership of the West Asian kings.

8052:), who were the northern neighbours of the Alazones, were sedentary agriculturists who lived in a region with fertile black earth corresponding to the modern-day part of Ukraine which lies to the west of the Dnipro river until the region of 14454: 10378:

The Scythians looked similar to the populations of Europe, and depictions of Scythian men in Persian sculptures and Scythian gold objects show them as stocky and powerfully built, with strong facial features and long and thick wavy hair.

5832:

Scopasis was himself the king of the Sauromatians, who maintained peaceful relations with the Scythians, with a long road starting in Scythia and continuing towards the eastern regions of Asia existing thanks to these friendly relations.

9260:

Beginning in the 5th century BC, Scythian art experienced the influence of arriving Sauromatians from the east, the borrowing of elements from Thracian art as well as the incorporation of elements from Greek and Achaemenid Persian art.

5910:

When the armies of the Scythians fled to the territories of their neighbours in front of the advancing Persian army, the Agathyrsi refused to provide refuge to the Scythians, which forced them to retreat back into their own territory.

6389: 6143:, which was the only Greek colony in that area, had already been destroyed by the Scythians between 550 and 525 BC, and, owing to the Scythians' necessity to continue commerce with the Greeks, was replaced by a Scythian settlement at 4689:

remained peaceful, although the Scythians might have destroyed Panticapaeum at some point in the middle of the 6th century BC. The territory around Pontic Olbia was under the direct rule of that city and was inhabited only by Greeks.

4814:, leading to the adoption of the Scythian-type "Animal Style" art and mounted archery by the population of these regions in the subsequent period. It was also at this time that the Scythians introduced metalwork types which followed 4704:

Using the Pontic steppe as their base, the Scythians over the course of the 7th to 6th centuries BC often raided into the adjacent regions, with Central Europe being a frequent target of their raids, and Scythian incursions reaching

8622:

The Scythians were organised into popular and warrior assemblies that limited the power of the kings. The gatherings of these assemblies were held in the nomes, such as the one at which the overthrow of the king Scyles was decided.

23513: 23479: 22222: 4930:

The Mannaeans, in alliance with an eastern group of the Cimmerians who had migrated into the Iranic plateau and with the Scythians (the latter of whom attacked the borderlands of Assyria from across the territory of the kingdom of

7387:, they fled to the north to the region near Sinope, from where they migrated into East and Central Europe and became the Scythians and Cimmerians, who themselves moved to north-west Europe and became the supposed ancestors of the 4978:, who might have been his son, and with whom they had already started negotiations immediately after Išpakaia's death and they had been able to defeat Kashtariti in the meantime in 674 BC, after which his coalition disintegrated. 8340:

Scythian society was stratified along class lines. Herodotus of Halicarnassus named the three classes of Scythians only once in his writings, where he described them as descended from the three sons of the Scythian ancestor-god

9007:

Scythian men and women both used mirrors, and bronze mirrors made in Pontic Olbia and whose handles were decorated with animal figures such as those of stags, panthers, and rams, were popular during the early Scythian periods.

6266:, which destabilised it and ended Scythian military activity against the Greek cities of the Pontic shore. Scythian control of the Greek cities ended sometime between 425 and 400 BC, and the cities started reconstituting their 10332:

An important trade route existed in Scythia during the Early Scythian period which started in Pontic Olbia and followed the course of the Inhul river and crossed the Dnipro, after which it turned east until the country of the

9179:

The Scythians had practised goldsmithing from an early date, with remains from the 2nd kurgan of the Arzhan burials attesting that the Scythians were already skilled in working gold before their migration out of Central Asia.

8159:

There were few differences between the many Scythian tribes and tribal groupings in the early period of the Pontic Scythian kingdom, which later became more pronounced as these eventually conquered various native populations.

5400:, the son of Phraortes and his successor to the Median kingship, overthrew the Scythian yoke over the Medes by inviting the Scythian rulers to a banquet and then murdering them all, including Madyes, after getting them drunk. 3916:

During the peak of the Scythians' power in West Asia after they had conquered Media, Mannai and Urartu and defeated the Cimmerians, the Scythian kingdom's possessions in the region consisted of a large area extending from the

10184:

The Scythian monopoly over the trade of grain imported from the forest steppe to the Greek cities came to an end sometime between 435 and 400 BC, after which the Greek cities regaining their independence and rebuilding their

7623:

in Mongolia while mining for gold, and retold this discovery to the ancient Greeks, who interpreted them as mythical beings, thus creating the myth of the griffin. This hypothesis was contested in 2016 by the palaeontologist

4108:

Earlier ancient West Asian and Greek sources also included Ciscaucasia within the confines of Scythia. However, Ciscaucasia was no longer part of Scythia by the 5th century BC, and the Don river formed its easternmost limit.

20471: 10978: 8893:

appears to have been imported from China. Scythian clothing was expensively decorated with gold embroidery and applique work, as well as facings of pearl and gold. Their clothing was brightly coloured using resist painting.

7655:

Since the Scythians did not have a written language, their non-material culture can only be pieced together through writings by non-Scythian authors, parallels found among other Iranic peoples, and archaeological evidence.

10539:) are more heterogeneous, both genetically and culturally. Western Scythian groups display some admixture from Eastern Scythian groups, which is in part associated with the expansion of initial Scythian material culture. 16209:

of Hdt., 1.103) asked for the hand of the daughter of the Assyrian king Esarhaddon, promising to conclude a treaty of alliance with Assyria. It is probable that this marriage took place and the alliance also came into

9051:

The Scythians applied the oil of wild cabbage, which has analgesic, circulation-stimulating, and anti-bacterial properties, on their bodies to help them withstand the cold in winter and to repel insects in the summer.

8730:

Conditions in the southern lands near the shores of the Black Sea, such as in Hylaea and the valleys further north along the Dnipro, were propitious for agriculture and for cultivating cereals, orchards and vineyards.

6461:

The Scythians appear to have lost some territories on both sides of the Danube due to Ateas's defeat and death, with the Getae moving to the north across the Danube and settling in the lands between the Dnipro and the

13611:, pp. 97–98: "From the end of the 7th century B.C. to the 4th century B.C. the Central- Eurasian steppes were inhabited by two large groups of kin Iranian-speaking tribes – the Scythians and Sarmatians ...." 8709:, which was practised by both the sedendary and nomadic Scythian tribes, with their herds being made up of about 40% horses, 40% cattle, and 18% sheep, but no pigs, which the Scythians refused to keep in their lands. 8063:

The Aroteres were large sedentary Thracian population of Scythia who descended from the Late Bronze Age Sabatynivka Culture, over whom had established themselves an Iranic Scythian ruling class during the 6th century

14680:

and similar forms designate the Scythians and Central Asian Saka, reflecting the perception among inhabitants of Mesopotamia that Cimmerians and Scythians represented a single cultural and economic group ...."

6357: 6213:

transported through the Southern Buh and Dnipro rivers to the Greek cities to their south such as Tyras, Niconium and Pontic Olbia, from where the cities exported it to mainland Greece at a profit for themselves.

6193:

having a residence in the Greek city of Pontic Olbia which he would visit each year, while the city itself experienced a significant influx of Scythian inhabitants during this period, and the presence of coins of

6149: 3867:

from eastern Eurasia in the early 1st millennium BC. After migrating out of Central Asia and into the western steppes, the Scythians first settled and established their kingdom in the area between the Araxes, the

8631:

The Scythians were ruled by a triple monarchy, with a high king who ruled all of the Scythian kingdom, and two younger kings who ruled in sub-regions. The kingdom was in turn made of nomes headed by local lords.

9964:

The high king had the supreme authority over the armies of the Royal Scythians and their subordinate tribes; the local lords were in charge of the army of a nome; the heads of clans were in charge of war bands.

9732:-coated arrows also functioned as stench weapons because the near-unanimous revulsion by human cultures for smell of rotting and faeces, and the belief in ancient periods that such foul miasmas caused disease. 16185:: "С одной стороны, Мадий, вероятно, полуассириец, даже будучи «этническим» полускифом (его предшественник и, вероятно, отец, ‒ царь скифов Прототий, женой которого была дочь ассирийского царя Ассархаддона)" . 14223:, p. 547: "The name 'Scythian' is met in the classical authors and has been taken to refer to an ethnic group or people, also mentioned in Near Eastern texts, who inhabited the northern Black Sea region." 9188:

The Scythians manufactured textiles using spindles, and wool, hemp, ramie, and mixed fibres were made into cloth through plain, twill and tapestry weaving, while silk appears to have been imported from China.

7852:

the various tribes being each led by their own lords were all subservient to the lord of the Royal Scythians, and they all paid tribute to the Royal Scythians and provided them and the high king with servants.

4464:

Under Scythian pressure, the displaced Cimmerians migrated to the south along the coast of the Black Sea and reached Anatolia, and the Scythians in turn later expanded to the south, following the coast of the

22235: 8194:, who lived to the east of the Scythians, in the steppe between the Don and the Volga, were another Scythic people. They were the immediate neighbours of the Royal Scythians to the east, across the Don river. 7971:), who were the westernmost Scythian tribe, were semi-nomads who occupied the steppe between the Inhul and the Dnister around the region where the Dnister and the Southern Buh flow the closest to each other. 5408:

Shortly after Madyes's assassination, some time between 623 and 616 BC, the Scythians took advantage of the power vacuum created by the crumbling of the power of their former Assyrian allies and overran the

8701:

Thanks to the propitious climate then prevailing to the north of the Black Sea, grass grew abundantly on the treeless steppe, which permitted the nomadic Scythians to rear large herds of cattle and horses.

4579: 5560:

The inroads of the Cimmerians and the Scythians into West Asia over the course of the 8th to 6th centuries BC had destabilised the political balance which had prevailed in the region between the states of

7974:

The Alazones led semi-nomadic lives, with those of them who lived in the steppe being pastoral nomads and those who lived in the valleys of the Southern Buh and nearby rivers being farmers who cultivated

13496: 5958:

tribe formed a ruling class over the native Maeotians, due to which this country was named Sindica. By the 5th century BC, Sindica was the only place in the Caucasus where the Scythian culture survived.

10959:

suggests that the Scythians had been ruled by the same dynasty from the time of their stay in West Asia until the end of their kingdom in the Pontic steppe, and that Madyes and the later Scythian kings

9264:

This Scythian art formed out of various influences later spread to the west, in the region which corresponds to present Romania, and eventually it brought influences from Iranic and West Asian art into

8680:

which, at a time when the stirrup had not yet been invented, allowed the riders to lean into the forward bolsters and raise themselves without being encumbered by the bouncing of their running horses.

6666:

peoples were profoundly fascinated by the Scythians. This fascination endured in Europe even after both the disappearance of the Scythians and the end of Graeco-Roman culture, and continued throughout

5769:, which was located in the eastern part of the country of the Aroteres, on the boundary of the steppe and the forest-steppe. During this period, the Royal Scythians buried their dead in the country of 5215:

were operating in Anatolia, where they constituted a threat against the Scythians' Assyrian allies, who since 669 BC were ruled by Madyes's uncle, that is Esarhaddon's son and Šērūʾa-ēṭirat's brother,

5121: 16257: 10173:

beneficiary of these commercial activities, from which it derived immense revenue and was able to significantly enrich itself, hence why it sought to increase the amount of grain produced in Scythia.

10104:

trade relations became more intense after the Greeks established colonies on the shores of the Black Sea, as a consequence of which the Scythians engaged in trade with both European and Asian Greece.

9594:

the shape of Scythian bows and the shape of their bronze arrowheads made them the most powerful firing weapon of their time, due to which they were adopted by West Asian armies in the 7nd century BC.

5056: 6178:

was paying tribute to the Scythians. The Scythians were eventually able to successfully impose their rule over the Greek colonies in the north-western Pontic shores and in western Crimea, including

5645:

By the middle of the 6th century BC, the Scythians who had remained in West Asia had completely assimilated culturally and politically into Median society and no longer existed as a distinct group.

7186:

of the 15th and 16th centuries who drew on this historiography to claim that the Irish people were the "truest" inheritors of Scythian culture so as both to distinguish and denigrate Irish culture.

4519:, evolved into the Scythian culture from coming in contact with the peoples of Transcaucasia and the Urartians, and further contacts with the civilisation of West Asia, and especially with that of 10382:

Upper class Scythians were particularly tall, with the men usually being over 1.80 metres tall, and sometimes reaching 1.90 metres, and on some rarer occasions being even more than 2 metres tall.

9877:

scale armour had been borrowed by the Scythians from the peoples of West Asia during the 7th century BC and then made into a prevalent aspect of the Scythian culture of the northern Pontic region;

7534:, although they nevertheless did not see Russia as being a part of Asia, and their ideas were instead a revival of the old conceptualisation of Russia as being the bridge linking Europe and Asia. 5046:

The art typical of the Scythians proper originated between 650 and 600 BC for the needs of the Royal Scythians at the time when they ruled over large swathes of West Asia, with the objects of the

10354:" created the conditions of safety for traders which enabled the establishment of this route. Olbian-made goods have been found at multiple locations lying on this route till the Ural Mountains. 6236:, the other cities built or strengthened city walls, banded together into an alliance under the leadership of Panticapaeum, and successfully defended themselves, after which they united into the 4515:

Although the Early Scythians initially belonged to a pre-Scythian archaeological culture of Central Asian origin, their original Srubnaya culture, which contained significant admixture from the

3733:

who from the 7th century BC to the 3rd century BC dominated the steppe and forest-steppe zones to the north of the Black Sea, Crimea, the Kuban valley, as well as the Taman and Kerch peninsulas,

8504:

belonged to the poorest sections of the native populations of Scythia, and, being tied to the land and not possessing cattle, they were not free and did not own cattle or wagons. Stablemen and

4551:

From their base in the Caucasian Steppe, during the period of the 8th to 7th centuries BC itself, the Scythians conquered the Pontic and Crimean Steppes to the north of the Black Sea up to the

9563:

these barbed arrows caused star wounds that were more difficult to sew together, therefore increasing the risk of haemorrhage among those shot, which terrorised those who received such wounds;

4832:

tribe migrated during the 7th to 6th centuries BC from the region of the Lake Maeotis towards the west, through Transylvania into the eastern Pannonian basin, where they settled alongside the

5914:

Darius's invasion was resisted by Idanthyrsus, Skōpasis, and Taxakis, with the Scythians refusing to fight an open battle against the well-organised Achaemenid army, and instead resorting to

5630:

One such splinter group joined the Medes and participated in the Median conquest of Urartu, with Scythian arrowheads having been found in the destruction layers of the Urartian fortresses of

5937:

and Babylonians. Therefore, the ancient Greeks saw the Persian invasion of Scythia as a clash between "savagery" represented by the Scythians and "civilisation" represented by the Persians.

14790:(...) It is highly probable that these two regions gave an initial spark of emergence and development of the whole Saka-Scythian world that expanded and flourished for almost a millennium. 22527:

Peoples in the Black Sea Region from the Archaic to the Roman Period: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on the Black Sea in Antiquity held in Thessaloniki, 21-23 September 2018

9110:

it was easy to work into many types of tools and ornaments, such as spear shafts, arrows, battle-axes, tools, composite bows, ploughs, wagons, tents, and other objects used in daily life;

3850:

writes that the broad concept of "Scythian" to describe the early nomadic populations of the Eurasian Steppe is "too broad to be viable", and that the term "early nomadic" is preferable.

3023:

After the Scythians' disappearance, authors of the ancient, mediaeval, and early modern periods used the name "Scythian" to refer to various populations of the steppes unrelated to them.

20318:

Braund, David (2021). "Heracles' Footprint by the River Tyras: Immortality and Acculturation on the Geto-Scythian Frontier". In Braund, David; Stolba, Vladimir F.; Peter, Ulrike (eds.).

14704:: "Horse-riding nomadism has been referred to as the culture of 'Early Nomads'. This term encompasses different ethnic groups (such as Scythians, Saka, Massagetae, and Yuezhi) ...." 5577:

on one side and the mountaineer and tribal peoples on the other, resulting in the destruction of these former kingdoms and their replacement by new powers, including the kingdoms of the

4989:. Whether this marriage did happen is not recorded in the Assyrian texts, but the close alliance between the Scythians and Assyria under the reigns of Bartatua and his son and successor 26514: 23724: 13634:, pp. 31–32: "Whatever their ultimate origins, by the time the Pontic Scythians settled in the region of the Black Sea, they almost certainly spoke an Iranian language ...." 10169:, the Bosporan Kingdom became the main supplier of grain to Greece in the 4th century BC, which resulted in an increase of the trade of grain between the Scythians and the Bosporans. 6125:

In the north and north-west, Scythian expansionism manifested itself through the destruction of the fortified settlements of the forest steppe and the subjugation of its population.

5538: 5132:

requested help from Assyria, which was provided through the intermediary of Ashurbanipal's relative, the Scythian king Bartatua, after which the Scythians extended their hegemony to

5035:

The Scythians adopted many elements of the cultures of the populations of Urartu and Transcaucasia, especially of more effective weapons: typically "Scythian" weapons, including the

25308: 5171:, revolted against his brother Ashurbanipal in 652 BC, the Medes supported him, and Madyes helped Ashurbanipal suppress the revolt externally by invading the Medes. The Median king 4745:

were destroyed by Scythian attacks during this period, with the Scythian onslaught causing the destruction of the Lusatian culture itself. Attacks by the Scythians were directed at

10161:

Buh and Dnipro rivers to the Greek cities to their south such as Tyras, Niconium and Pontic Olbia, from where the cities exported it to mainland Greece at a profit for themselves.

6259:, or a successor of Octamasadas. Around the same time, there were inner conflicts within the Scythian kingdom, and a new wave of Sauromatian immigrants arrived into Scythia around 13616:, p. 117: "All contemporary historians, archeologists and linguists are agreed that ... the Scythian and Sarmatian tribes were of the Iranian linguistic group ...." 8515:

was also practised in Scythia, and the Scythian ruling class used a large number of slaves to till the land and tend to the cattle. Slaves were also assigned to the production of

5595:, meaning "land inhabited by the Saka (i.e. Scythians)", by the Medes after they had annexed this region to their empire. The Median name for this territory was later recorded by 4997:

Bartatua's marriage to Šērūʾa-ēṭirat required that he would pledge allegiance to Assyria as a vassal, and in accordance to Assyrian law, the territories ruled by him would be his

4555:

river, which formed the western boundary of Scythian territory onwards, with this process of Scythian takeover of the Pontic Steppe becoming fully complete by the 7th century BC.

3421:

of Kazakhstan, the Russian steppes of the Siberian, Ural, Volga and Southern regions, and eastern Ukraine. In a broader sense, Scythians has also been used to designate all early

8477:

were free but still depended to some extent on the aristocracy. They were allowed to own some property, usually a pair of oxen needed to pull a cart, hence why they were called

4296:

region is now favored as initial place of origin of the Scythian material culture, which later would have been mediated westwards, paired with at least some demic-diffusion via

10434:

described the Sai (Saka), an eastern people closely related to the Scythians, as having yellow (probably meaning hazel or green) and blue eyes. In the late 2nd century AD, the

8985:

Scythian men grew their hair long and their beards to significant sizes. Nothing is known about the hairstyles of Scythian women. The Scythians were acquainted with the use of

7929:

and the bend of the Dnipro, were a mixed Thracian and Iranic Scythian nomadic tribe. The Nomad Scythians and the Royal Scythians were the only fully nomadic tribes in Scythia.

7429: 4177: 9956:

The Scythians used small hide or wicker shields reinforced with iron strips, with the shields of Scythian aristocrats often being decorated with decorative central plaques.

9360:

houses built on stone foundations located in open settlements and earthworks, and buried their dead in flat graves while their Scythian ruling class were buried in kurgans.

5967: 23436: 5748:

Meanwhile, the Median, Lydian, Egyptian, and Neo-Babylonian empires that the Scythians had interacted with during their stay in West Asia were replaced at this time by the

186: 19815: 9535:

made of bronze, were bilobate and trilobate, and were almond- or rhombus-shaped during the 8th century BC; this arrow shape started disappearing during the 7th century BC;

13674:, p. 13: "The Scythian kingdom ... was succeeded in the Russian steppes by an ascendancy of various Sarmatian tribes — Iranians, like the Scythians themselves." 9143:

large bronze semi-spheric cauldrons with truncated cones as their stands, and which were decorated in cast and had either two or four animal-shaped handles on their rims;

9708:

was crafted to cause lasting harm, and even the most minor wounds from arrows coated with it had a high likeliness to be lethal, and the unlikely possible survivors of

7512:

as a sort of Messiah-like figure who would usher in a new historical era of the world, and their identification with the ancient Scythians was a positive acceptance of

6400: 5388:

By the 620s BC, the Neo-Assyrian Empire began unravelling after the death of Ashurbanipal in 631 BC: in addition to internal instability within Assyria itself, Babylon

4656:

Between 650 and 625 BC, the Pontic Scythians came into contact with the Greeks, who were starting to create colonies in the areas under Scythian rule, including on the

4637:

In many parts of the north Pontic region under their rule, the Scythians established themselves as a ruling class over already present sedentary populations, including

4505:

into their centre of operations in West Asia until the early 6th century BC, with this presence in West Asia being an extension of the Scythian kingdom of the steppes.

4401:

Scythians being facilitated by their similar ethnic backgrounds and lifestyles, after which the Scythians settled in the area between the Araxes, the Caucasus, and the

3755:, they formed a different tribe from the Scythians proper, to whom the Cimmerians were related, and who also displaced and replaced the Cimmerians in the Pontic Steppe. 4397:

Arrowheads from the 1st kurgan of the Arzhan burials suggests that the typical Scythian socketed arrows made of copper alloy might have originated during this period.

896: 882: 868: 854: 840: 826: 812: 787: 773: 759: 745: 8526:

This drastic difference between the aristocracy and the commoners is also visible in how Scythian art only represented the interested of the Scythian ruling classes.

24581: 13669:, p. 56: "The physical characteristics of the Scythians correspond to their cultural affiliation: their origins place them within the group of Iranian peoples." 12114: 9723:

was used only against human enemies, and was not used for hunting since the meat of animals contaminated with the toxins would not have been proper for consumption.

7147:

had moved into the regions formerly inhabited by the Scythians, although the earliest recorded cases of Scythian burials being robbed date from the 15th century BC.

5808: 5305:. They defeated the Lydians and captured their capital of Sardis except for its citadel, and Ardys might have been killed in this attack. Ardys's son and successor, 440: 8093:) were a semi-nomadic population of Thracian origin who lived across a wide section of land adjacent to the shores of the Black sea ranging from the estuary of the 7398:

movement, British Israelists claim to be the most authentic heirs of the ancient Israelites while rejecting Jews as being "contaminated" through intermarriage with

4416:

Materially, the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk culture with which the Cimmerians are associated showed strong influences originating from the east in Central Asia and

13385: 10845: 9056:

capable of ameliorating oily and flaky skin and treat acne and dermatitis, while frankincense has anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, and anti-depressant properties.

8722:

Hunting among the Scythians was primarily done for sport and entertainment rather than for procuring meat, although it was occasionally also carried out for food.

6557: 6504: 5050:

being the first example of this art. Later examples of this West Asian-influenced art from the 6th century BC were found in western Ciscaucasia, as well as in the

5043:

sword and socketed arrowheads, were originally of Transcaucasian or (for the arroheads) Siberian origin, later adopted and spread into West Asia by the Scythians.

4526:

During this period, the Scythian kings' headquarters were located in the Ciscaucasian steppes, and this presence in Transcaucasia influenced Scythian culture: the

512: 7707:

tombs (ranging from simple exemplars to elaborate "Royal kurgans" containing the "Scythian triad" of weapons, horse-harness, and Scythian-style wild-animal art),

4304:

with local Siberian groups. As such, the emergence of Scythian cultures is not a direct continuation of the Bronze Age Srubnaya culture, but a later development.

11872: 10700: 5796: 416: 10302:, and offensive and defensive weapons made in the workshops of Pontic Olbia or in mainland Greece, as well as pottery made by the Greeks of the Aegean islands. 10177:

struck with depictions of ears of wheat. Scythian commoners did however not obtain any benefits from this trade, and luxury goods were absent from their tombs.

9439:

saddle preserved the mounted archer from the bouncing of the running horses, thus allowing Scythian mounted archers to operate at very high performance levels.

9345:

At the site of Shyroka Balka, near Pontic Olbia, the local inhabitants built square and round pit hute before this region was Hellenised in the 6th century BC.

6351:

political, industrial and commercial capital of Scythian during the 4th and early 3rd centuries BC, during which time the Scythians founded a new settlement at

5685: 10139:

and Iurcae of the Ural Mountains who hunted rare animals and sewed their skins into clothing. The Greeks were especially interested in buying Scythian horses.

9349:

classes, which were built from stone, were located on the acropolis of Kamyanka, and have yielded significant amounts of Greek pottery and imported jewellery.

5648:

Meanwhile, other Transcaucasian Scythian splinter groups later retreated northwards to join the West Asian Scythians who had already previously moved into the

4335:

river, following which some Scythian tribes had migrated westwards into the steppe adjacent to the shores of the Black Sea, which they occupied along with the

3046:, perhaps contributing to the prosperity of those civilisations. Settled metalworkers made portable decorative objects for the Scythians, forming a history of 8607:

afterlife. Warriors belonging to the entourage of Scythian rulers were also buried in smaller and less magnificent tombs surrounding the tombs of the rulers.

7936:, who were a tribe of mixed Scythian-Sauromatian origin, lived in the southeastern Pontic Steppe, between the port of Kremnoi and the Don or the Donets river. 6702:

in another account, Herodotus claimed that that the Scythians chased the Cimmerians out of their lands and forced them to migrate to the south into West Asia.

5553:, after which, beginning in the later 7th and lasting throughout much of the 6th century BC, the majority of the Scythians migrated from Ciscaucasia into the 25832: 13873:, p. 1346: "Greek authors ... frequently applied the name Scythians to later nomadic groups who had no relation whatever to the original Scythians" 10857: 10551:, however the frequency of East Eurasian haplogroups rises to 26% in samples dated from the 6th-2nd centuries BCE. Among the Western Scythians discovered at 10453:

includes the Scythians among the northern peoples characterised by red hair and blue-grey eyes. In the late 2nd or early 3rd century AD, the Greek physician

8889:

to be held in place, unlike the clothing of other ancient European peoples. Scythian dress consisted of combination of various leathers, textiles, and furs.

8151:

a tribe not named by the Greek authors lived on the north-west shore of Lake Maeotis, and corresponded to the archaeological "Obytichna 12 type" settlements.

7628:, who demonstrated that the imagery of the griffin originated in early Bronze Age West Asia and was transmitted from there into ancient Greek art during the 5945:

Over the course of the late 6th century BC, the Scythians had progressively lost their territories in the Kuban region to another nomadic Iranic people, the

4574: 4448:' foothills to the east of the Kuban river, where they settled among the native populations of this region, and did not migrate to the south into West Asia. 10154:

The relations between the Scythians and the Greek colonies became more hostile in the early 5th century BC, with the Scythians destroying the Greek cities'

9133:

The populations of Scythia practised both metal casting and blacksmithing, with the same craftsmen usually both casting copper and bronze and forging iron:

8739:

quantities of crops thanks to the use of the plough. The ancient Greek author Herodotus of Halicarnassus recorded that these sedendary Scythian tribes grew

5745:

groups of Transcaucasian Scythians migrating northwards would arrive into the Pontic Steppe to reinforce the Royal Scythians who had already arrived there.

4804: 4786: 4117:

After the 3rd century BC, Scythian territory became restricted to two small states, each called "Scythia Minor" located in Dobruja and Crimea respectively:

5642:

under Median overlordship, but eventually hostilities broke out between some of them and Cyaxares, due to which they left Transcaucasia and fled to Lydia.

8712:

Horse rearing was especially an important part of Scythian life, not only because the Scythians rode them, but also because horses were a source of food.

7568:'The Scythians'), in which he presented "Scythia", that is Russia, as being different from the rest of Asia while also being closer to Europe. In 6255:

After Scyles, coins minted in Pontic Olbia were minted in the name of Eminakos, who was either a governor of the city for Scyles's brother and successor,

6072:

both being surrounded by Scythian territory; and, in 496 or 495 BC, the Scythians raided the Thracian territories far to the south of the Danube till the

25525: 21360:

Hashhozheva, Galena (2020). "From 'Custom is King' to 'Custom is Metal': The Early Modern Afterlife of Ancient Scythian Culture". In Grogan, Jane (ed.).

6395: 5062: 174: 9901: 6730:. Consequently, Anacharsis became a popular figure in Greek literature, and many legends arose about him, including claims that he had been a friend of 4955: 26398: 25142: 10973: 6352: 6144: 5139:

Around this same time, Bartatua's Scythians were also able to take over a significant section of the south-eastern territories of the state of Urartu.

22226: 10579:, almost all Western Scythians carried West Eurasian-associated haplogroups. Western Scythian remains have been observed to carry a specific clade of 9885:

sometimes, instead of armour, the Scythians used battle-belts, which were made of scales sewn onto wide strips of either iron sheet, hide, or leather;

9549:

trilobate arrowheads with outer sockets were still used after the 6th century BC, although they were slender and light, and their sockets were short;

8648:

present-day Ukraine, which allowed the steppe nomads to move into the steppes proper and led the ancient Greeks to see this region as damp and foggy.

4626:, the latter of whom were another nomadic Iranic people related to the Scythians as well as one of the oldest Iranic population to have dominated the 4311:, however, this does not imply direct continuity from Srubnaya, and the Western Scythians themselves derived ancestry from other populations as well. 20609: 14211:: "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin who flourished in the steppe lands north of the Black Sea during the 7th–4th centuries BC ...." 6734:. Eventually, Anacharsis completely became an ideal "man of nature" or "noble savage" figure in Greek literature, as well as favourite figure of the 5713:

During this early phase of the Pontic Scythian kingdom, the hold of the Royal Scythians on the western part of the steppe located to the west of the

5051: 9995:

Serfs and slaves were subordinate to the warriors and accompanied them unarmed, and would be armed with spears only in extremely severe situations.

27154: 9889: 5006:

an important influence on the formation of Scythian culture. Among the concepts initially foreign to the Scythians which they had adopted from the

10191:. The grain trade between the Scythians and the Greeks declined in the 3rd century BC because of competition from wheat imported into Greece from 6202:

valley attesting of his control over this latter city. This, in turn, allowed the Scythians to participate in indirect relations with the city of

14241:, p. 924: "The first historical steppe nomads, the Scythians, inhabited the steppe north of the Black Sea from about the eight century B.C." 10547:

Western Scythians carried diverse West Eurasian and East Eurasian maternal lineages. Initially, the Western Scythians carried only West Eurasian

6384: 5496: 4562:

The westward migration of the Scythians was accompanied by the introduction into the north Pontic region of articles originating in the Siberian

4429: 636: 9742:

The shafts and foreshafts of Scythian poisoned arrows were painted with zigzag and diamond patterns emulating the scaly designs of snake skins.

9223:, dated to the second half of the 4th century BC, of Greek workmanship. The central lower tier shows three horses, each being torn apart by two 8205:

population of the region of the forest steppe corresponding to modern-day Belarus, lived to the north of the Aroteres. They corresponded to the

6128:

In the south, the Scythians tried to impose their rule over the Greek colonies on the northern shores of the Black Sea: the Greek settlement of

5179:

for twenty-eight years on behalf of the Assyrians, thus starting a period which Greek authors called called the "Scythian rule over Asia", with

5125: 4936: 26445: 26141: 13506: 10986:

Meanwhile, the scholar Askold Ivantchik instead considers Madyes, Spargapeithes, and Ariapeithes to have each belonged to a different dynasty.

8498:'eight-feeters') in Greek. By the 4th century BC, the exploitation of these free commoners became the main economic policy of Scythia. 5320:

credits with expelling the Treres and Cimmerians from Asia Minor, and of the son of Sadyattes and the great-grandson of Gyges, the Lydian king

2768: 19910:

Adalı, Selim Ferruh (2017). "Cimmerians and the Scythians: the Impact of Nomadic Powers on the Assyrian Empire and the Ancient Near East". In

9532:

made bronze and were bilobate, and made of bone and had square or circular cross-sections during the earliest Scythian period in Central Asia;

4940: 20418: 14111: 9244:", which was typical of the Eurasian steppe nomads and represented a limited and specific range of animals in very specific canonical poses. 5128:

was overthrown by a popular rebellion and was killed along with most of his dynasty by the revolting populace, after which his surviving son

3759:

The Scythians share several cultural similarities with other populations living to their east, in particular similar weapons, horse gear and

5219:. Assyrian records in 657 BC might have referred to a threat against or a conquest of the western possessions of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 2732: 24930: 24760: 22075: 7077: 6561: 6060:, where the Scythians seem to have established a permanent presence to the south of the Danube at an early point, with the Greek cities of 4919:. During this time, the Scythians under Išpakaia, allied to Rusa II of Urartu, were raiding far in the south till the Assyrian province of 4262:

Based on initial archaeological evidence, it was generally agreed that the Scythians originated in the region of the Volga-Ural steppes of

9583:

ensured to remain in the body thanks to the detachability of the foreshafts, which made them especially useful when using poisoned arrows;

7789:

Scythian society was constituted of kinship structures where clan groups formed the basis of the community and of political organisation.

7760:

in the east. The Scythian languages were mostly marginalised and assimilated as a consequence of the late antiquity and early Middle Ages

6189:

The hold of the Scythians over the western part of the Pontic region thus became firmer during the 5th century BC, with the Scythian king

4799:

The Scythians attacked, sacked and destroyed many of the wealthy and important Iron Age settlements located to the north and south of the

27038: 25022: 10931: 10913: 6631:

By 50 to 150 AD, most of the Scythians had been assimilated by the Sarmatians. The remaining Scythians of Crimea, who had mixed with the

5879:

summoned the kings of the peoples surrounding his kingdom to a meeting to decide how to deal with the Persian invasion. The kings of the

4181: 1930: 10290:

Beginning in the 7th and 6th centuries BC, the Scythians had been importing luxuries such as personal ornaments, gold and silver vases,

9968:

The nomes of the Scythian kingdom were in charge of spreading information about the war at the time of the Persian invasion of Scythia.

9552:

although the shape of the arrowheads changed slightly with time, this type remained in use until the end of the Pontic Scythian kingdom;

4796:, where Scythian-type arrows were found at this fortified hillfort's access points at the gate and the south-west side of the acropolis 24982: 21971:[The Royal Ideology of the Scythians and its Expression in Greek Literature and Iconography: the Contribution of Numismatics]. 20950: 12949: 10925: 10823: 7444: 7068:, as well as on the late antique conceptualisation of Scythia as a typical "barbarian land" which had persisted into the Middles Ages, 8111:

The Callipidae were a considerably Hellenised tribe who consisted of a large settled Thracian population with a Scythian ruling class.

7727:

have aided in the relative preservation of some remains. Scythian archaeology also examines the remains of cities and fortifications.

5526:

The Scythian or Scythian-style contingents also participated in the Neo-Babylonian campaigns in the southern Levant, including in the

27149: 10955:

The relationships of the various Scythian kings with each other are not known for certain, although the historian and anthropologist

10919: 10769: 10722: 10716: 9808:

in the 4th century BC, the swords and daggers had triangular narrow crossguards with notches on their lower edges and oval terminals;

8576:), who were born and lived their early lives as men, and later in their lives assumed the mannerisms and social roles role of women. 5826: 5802: 428: 21969:"L'idéologie royale des Scythes et son expression dans la littérature et l'iconographie grecques : l'apport de la numismatique" 6276:

region. One of the Scythian kings who ruled during the later 5th century BC was buried in a sumptuously furnished kurgan located at

27119: 26214: 25907: 23194: 11987: 10943: 9754:

iron spears measuring between 1.70 and 2.20 metres long with bay leaf-shaped spearheads that sometimes had a ferrule at the bottom;

9442: 8470:

large enough that it sometimes took a whole day to ride around them. These freeborn Scythian rulers used the whip as their symbol.

6694:

wrote legendary accounts of the arrival of the Scythians into the lands of the Cimmerians, accounts for which evidence is lacking:

6186:, Pontic Olbia, and Kerkinitis, and the close relations between Pontic Olbia and the Scythian political centre ended at this time. 3689: 3446: 3425:, although the validity of such terminology is controversial, and other terms such as "Early nomadic" have been deemed preferable. 23911:

Young, T. Cuyler (1988). "The early history of the Medes and the Persians and the Achaemenid empire to the death of Cambyses". In

22726:

Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus

19916:

Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Contact and Exchange between the Graeco- Roman World, Inner Asia and China

14636:

Kuban basin of the Caucasus region and the western section of the Eurasian plain during the greater part of the 1st millennium bc.

7749:. Whether all the peoples included in the "Scytho-Siberian" archaeological culture spoke languages from this family is uncertain. 4958:, and these joint Cimmerian-Scythian forces together were threatening communication between the Assyrian Empire and its vassal of 3775:. Peoples associated with Scythian cultures include not only the Scythians themselves, who were a distinct ethnic group, but also 26975: 26563: 25444: 25349: 25264: 24791: 9317:

The more nomadic Scythians lived in habitations suited for nomadic lifestyles, such as tents of the same type as the more recent

8683:

Scythian saddles very colourful and dyed in red, yellow, dark blue, black, and white; they were also wholly decorated with wool,

7403: 7289:

in the early modern period. This view was later superseded by the now established scientific consensus that the Hungarians are a

7265:, and claimed that they descended from Scythians. Therefore, the image of the Scythians among Hungarians was shaped into one of " 5542:

Scythian warrior with axe, bow, and spear. Possibly Greek work 4th–2nd century BCE (archaic). Marble with red paint and gold leaf

5129: 4692: 4136:

in Crimea, the Scythian kingdom covered a limited territory which included the steppes and foothills of Crimea from contemporary

24736: 21697: 19410:"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance" 15381:"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance" 14358:"Shifts in the Genetic Landscape of the Western Eurasian Steppe Associated with the Beginning and End of the Scythian Dominance" 10165:

Scythian farmers moving into Crimea so as to cultivate their crops in close proximity to these clients. As a consequence of the

9642:

using the bow hand and drawn on the bowstring using the right hand, although the Scythians were skilled at ambidextrous archery.

9538:

in the 7th century BC, elongated trilobate and three-edged arrowheads with inner or slightly protruding sockets first appeared;

4014:

Several rivers flowed southwards across this region and emptied themselves into the Black Sea, of which the largest one was the

26656: 26408: 26148: 25565: 24692: 23516:(2005). "Проблема Скифского Языка в Современной Науке" [The Problem of the Scythian Language in Contemporary Studies]. 22126:[The Social History of the Scythians: Main Problems of the Development of the Ancient Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes]. 6334: 5787:

During this period, the Scythians were ruled by a succession of kings whose names were recorded by Herodotus of Halicarnassus:

5344:

Scythian power in West Asia thus reached its peak under Madyes, with the territories ruled by the Scythians extending from the

4607:

type swords, daggers, horse harnesses, and other objects: among these displaced smaller populations from the Caucasus were the

24740: 9805:

in the 5th century BC, the crossguards became thinner and the terminals shaped like two claws or horns became more widespread;

9557:

Scythian trilobate arrowheads possessed propeller twists that made them spin, thus making them more aerodynamically efficient;

7099:

admired how Nel, the son of Fénius, was knowledgeable on the world's many languages, with Nel marrying the pharaoh's daughter

6639:

and other Germanic tribes who were then migrating from the north into the Pontic steppe, and who destroyed Scythian Neapolis.

25660: 25323: 25002: 24162: 24137: 24112: 24024: 23987: 23952: 23872: 23833: 23623: 23413: 23355: 23178: 23084: 22951: 22885: 22846: 22811: 22746: 22710: 22670: 22639: 22605: 22534: 22465: 22408: 22342: 22308: 22183: 22064: 21954: 21900: 21816: 21727: 21683: 21616: 21565: 21502: 21381: 21350: 21314: 21263: 21193: 21139: 20968: 20898: 20795: 20738: 20708: 20645: 20624:

Cheung, Johnny (2017). "On the (Middle) Iranian borrowings in Qur'ānic (and pre-Islamic) Arabic". In al-Jallad, Ahmad (ed.).

20588: 20560: 20529: 20408: 20349: 20308: 20217: 20189: 20161: 20139: 20109: 20075: 19975: 19931: 19891: 16673: 14731: 14570: 14536: 14505: 14471: 13853: 13624: 8935:

cloaks over their dresses; tall headdresses whose shapes ranged from simple diadems to close-fitting caps to 30 cm-high

6569: 2950:

as the dominant power on the western Eurasian Steppe in the 8th century BC. In the 7th century BC, the Scythians crossed the

2739: 2711: 26044: 19696: 16809: 9071:

Aside from the consumed milk and meat, other parts of the animals reared by the Scythians were used to make skins and wool:

8599:

foreign to Scythian culture and originated in West Asia during the period of Scythian presence there in the 7th century BC.

7632:. The imagery of griffins in Scythian art itself was borrowed from the artistic traditions of West Asia and ancient Greece. 7095:

repeated this legend, and claimed that these supposed Scythian ancestors of the Irish had been invited to Egypt because the

6978:

At the same time, drawing on the Classical authors' lumping together of the ancient Celts and Scythians under the label of "

26663: 25994: 25706: 24959: 7578:

ideology by threatening that Russia was capable of stopping its "protection" of Europe and allow East Asians to overrun it.

5991: 1590: 10972:

suggested in 1913 that Idanthyrsus was probably the father of Ariapeithes, which is a position shared by the Scythologist

9253:

the inhabitants of the Siberian woodlands, after which it arrived westward into eastern Europe during the 8th century BC.

5436:, but Jeremiah was discredited and in consequence temporarily stopped prophetising and lost favour with the Judahite king 5175:

was killed in battle, either against the Assyrians or against Madyes himself, who then imposed Scythian hegemony over the

4836:

and soon lost contact with the Scythians of the Pontic steppe. Another section of the Sindi established themselves on the

27139: 27124: 26594: 26383: 26361: 25937: 24881: 21973: 19686: 7473:'Scythianism') emerged in Russia whose members unreservedly referred to themselves and to Russians as a whole as 7410:, the proof cited by adherents of British Israelism is "of a feeble composition even by the low standards of the genre". 4950:

In the later mid-670s BC, in alliance with the eastern Cimmerians, the Scythians were menacing the Assyrian provinces of

4101:'the Woodland'), and consisted of the region of the lower Dnipro river along the territory of what is modern-day 2696: 135: 20758:

History of Civilizations of Central Asia: The Development of Sedentary and Nomadic Civilizations, 700 B. C. to A. D. 250

9905:

Golden decorative plate shaped like a panther from a Scythian shield. Kelermessky kurgan 1 (Келермесские курганы), near

6499:

During the end of the 4th century BC, the Scythians were militarily defeated by a king of Macedonia again, this time by

5088:

were significantly influenced by the Mesopotamian and Syro-Canaanite religions, and respectively absorbed elements from

27129: 26526: 26473: 26440: 26435: 26302: 25439: 25058: 23582: 22427: 22195:"Horse, Bow and Arrow - A Comparison between the Scythian Impact on the Mediterranean and on the Eastern Middle Europe" 10389:

Due to his unfamiliarity with Scythian dress, Pseudo-Hippocrates inaccurately claimed that the Scythians suffered from

8001:

were the southern neighbours of the Aroteres and, like them, might have been of mixed Thracian and Iranic origins. The

7231: 2761: 2718: 1649: 23886: 23501: 23134: 23048: 22020: 20930: 20283:(2001). "Cimmerians and Early Scythians: the Transition from Geometric to Orientalising Style in the Pontic Area". In 9495:

highly engineered bows made from wood, horn, sinew, and fish glue made from sturgeons through laborious craftsmanship;

9155:, and metal might also have been imported from the Ural Mountains and the Caucasus. Iron was meanwhile smelted out of 8817:

The Scythians also supplemented, to varying extents depending on the regions where they lived, their diets by hunting

8273:

The Scythians were closely related to other Iranic nomads who occupied the Eurasian steppe during Antiquity, such as:

7047:) presided over 27 scholars using the best parts of the new confused languages at Babel to create the Irish language. 5124:

to carry out a military campaign against Mannai. After trying in vain to stop the Assyrian advance, the Mannaean king

26719: 26543: 26287: 25872: 25761: 25696: 24997: 24856: 24306: 24274: 24253: 24080: 24052: 23469: 23444: 23019: 22913: 22515: 21640: 21212: 21047: 21019: 20856: 20461: 20228: 19801: 19756: 15310: 15297:. NATO Science Series: IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences. Vol. 42. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. pp. 1–7. 14458: 8782:

The Callipidae cultivated crops including wheat and millet, and also engaged in animal husbandry and fishing at sea.

6099:; these friendly relations also saw the Scythians and Thracians adopting aspects of each other's art and lifestyles. 5875:

of the Persian Achaemenid Empire carried out a campaign against the Pontic Scythians. In response, the Scythian king

4981:

In 672 BC Bartatua himself sought a rapprochement with the Assyrians and asked for the hand of Esarhaddon's daughter

4880:, who were an Iranic people of West Asia to whom the Scythians and Cimmerians were distantly related, as well as the 4203: 4068:

The region within the Scythian Pontic realm which was covered with forests was named by the Greeks as the country of

982: 24100:

Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans: A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture

19112: 19094: 14622: 14254: 13900: 13775: 13732: 13727: 13694: 9777:

had been borrowed by the Scythians from Transcaucasian peoples, more specifically from Georgian Bronze Age weaponry.

26519: 25620: 25603: 25269: 24183: 22128:

The Social History of the Scythians: Main Problems of the Development of the Ancient Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes

21438: 16413:: "A Scythian army, acting in conformity with Assyrian policy, entered Pontis to crush the last of the Cimmerians." 14552: 9650:

to be drawn, although none have been found yet, possibly because hey might have been made of perishable materials.

7096: 6983: 6541:

from the west; at this same time, beginning in the late 4th century BC, another related nomadic Iranic people, the

6103: 3329: 2725: 1489: 13905: 13780: 13737: 13699: 10024:

it was considered the worst disgrace possibly by the Scythians to sit to one side due to having killed no enemies;

7574:, Blok depicted Russia as a barrier between the "warring races" of Europe and Asia, and he made use of the racist 5259:

died during this attack. After sacking Sardis, Tugdammi led the Cimmerians into invading the Greek city-states of

4630:. The Agathyrsi were pushed westwards by the Scythians, away from the steppes and from their original home around 26826: 26292: 25414: 24952: 24604: 24174: 24094: 23390:

The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C

22419: 21291:

The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C

20385:

The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C

16058: 7453: 4323:

started when another nomadic Iranic tribe closely related to the Scythians from eastern Central Asia, either the

4185: 1000: 8549:

Women were likely in charge of tending the herds and organising the livelihood when the men were away to fight.

26886: 26876: 26351: 26019: 25645: 25078: 24225: 23694: 23639: 23369: 23170: 23076: 22565: 22159: 21942: 20770: 20521: 20270: 19744: 10337:

and, after crossing the Don and the Volga, passed through the Ural Mountains and continued into Asia until the

7495: 6858:

The Romans confused the peoples whom they perceived as archetypical "Barbarians", namely the Scythians and the

6608: 5631: 5359:

A Scythian group might have left Media and migrated into the region between the Don and Volga rivers, near the

4370: 2581: 2356: 1760: 131: 23427: 22858:

Early Arsakid Parthia (ca. 250-165 B.C.): At the Crossroads of Iranian, Hellenistic, and Central Asian History

11408: 9546:

the new trilobate arrowhead type with an inner socket replaced the older ones in the 5th and 4th centuries BC;

4982: 26724: 26553: 26346: 25815: 25530: 25354: 25314: 25068: 24992: 24987: 24891: 24720: 24129: 23932: 23912: 23539: 23393: 23373: 23335: 22044: 21675: 21596: 21576: 21294: 21274: 21173: 21153: 21123: 21103: 20878: 20688: 20478:[Kolaxais and his Brothers (Classical Tradition on the Origin of the Royal Power of the Scythians)]. 20388: 20368: 20055: 20035: 11757: 10961: 10684: 10042:

the ancient Greeks associated the practice of scalping so closely with the Scythians that they used the term

9894: 9509:

although the shape of Scythian arrows changed with time, they maintained a basic structure. Scythian arrows:

9198: 8414: 8390: 8363: 8083: 6933: 5852: 5842: 5791: 5223:, and these Cimmerian aggressions worried Ashurbanipal about the security of his empire's north-west border. 4361: 4084: 3440:

used the term Scythian to refer to a variety of nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples across the Eurasian Steppe,

2754: 2326: 1595: 1532: 1333: 1219: 659: 404: 299: 283: 16042: 13581: 9415:

their society, which was made of mounted warriors. The Aroteres were an especially war-like Scythian tribe.

8885:

Scythian garments were sewn together from several pieces of cloth, and generally did not require the use of

7365:

of Scythian burials, due to which most of the Scythian tombs of the Russian Empire had been sacked by 1764.

4962:. The Mannaeans, eastern Cimmerians, and Medes soon joined a grand coalition headed by the Median chieftain 3098: 27134: 26838: 26796: 26770: 26634: 26624: 26548: 26393: 26378: 26207: 26101: 26081: 25984: 25635: 25585: 25449: 25294: 25259: 24942: 22620:

Flying Snakes and Griffin Claws: And Other Classical Myths, Historical Oddities, and Scientific Curiosities

13639:, p. 205: "The original Scythians, as far as we can tell, were Iranian-speaking nomadic pastoralists." 7395: 2014: 1517: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1213: 23748:(October 1972). "The Chinese Contribution to Eastern Nomad Culture in the Pre-Han and Early Han Periods". 21837:[A Legend on the Origin of the Scythians (Hdt. IV 5-7) and the problems of the sources of Herodotus's 19947:

The Horse, the Wheel, and Language How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World

14617: 10181:

kings, the Greek colonies on the northern shores of the Black Sea rapidly grew during the 6th century BC.

9353:

they could include multiple rooms. The settlements also contained square pit houses made of wooden posts.

9276:

models, such as "cruciform tubes" used in harnesses, into Western Eurasia, where they were adopted by the

7269:" who were valorous and honest, uncouth and hostile to Western refinement, but at the same time defended " 7207: 6881:

domination of the Pontic Steppe, when these peoples reused older Scythian kurgans to bury their own dead.

4684:

on the Taman peninsula; the Greeks carried out thriving commercial ties with the sedentary peoples of the

26748: 26531: 26455: 25999: 25736: 25608: 25515: 25469: 25459: 25424: 25304: 25179: 25164: 24818: 24784: 23745: 23710: 16271: 14097: 10135:

that the Scythians had themselves bought from the populations living to their north and east such as the

8668:

nomads, the Scythians excelled at horsemanship, and Scythian men spent most of their lives on horseback.

7380: 6455: 6450:, which might be another possible location for where Ateas minted his coins. Ateas initially allied with 5546:

The rise of the Medes and their empire allowed them to finally expel the Scythians from West Asia in the

5527: 4685: 3792: 2331: 1826: 1527: 1406: 1392: 1373: 672: 22838: 22803: 21238: 21063:"A New Typology of Arrowheads from the Late Iron Age and Persian Period and Its Historical Implications" 20319: 16267: 9146:

socketed bronze finials which were placed at the top of poles and decorated with various animal figures;

9084:

horse hair was used to make ropes used to cut animals from the herds and tether, laden, and bridle them;

7599: 7254:

and by the discovery of features common to the cultures of the ancient continental Celts and the Irish.

7155: 6963:

The flight of the Scota, Goídel Glas, and the Scythians from Egypt, in a 15th-century manuscript of the

4852: 27114: 26970: 26803: 26709: 26668: 26558: 26373: 26059: 25892: 25674: 25655: 25555: 25545: 25540: 25132: 25012: 23944: 23864: 23405: 23347: 23011: 22738: 22702: 22662: 22631: 22241: 21608: 21557: 21306: 21185: 21131: 21067: 21011: 20890: 20700: 20400: 20209: 20181: 20101: 20067: 19967: 19923: 19726: 14556: 6166:

were abandoned or destroyed, while burials of men killed by Scythian-type arrowheads appeared in their

5975: 5504: 5389: 3432:

peoples, and the ancient Babylonians, ancient Persians and ancient Greeks respectively used the names "

3144: 1669: 1627: 1227: 22164:

Multiple Antiquities - Multiple Modernities: Ancient Histories in Nineteenth Century European Cultures

21593:

The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C

20052:

The Prehistory of the Balkans; and the Middle East and the Aegean world, tenth to eighth centuries B.C

10478: 10071:

the corpses of enemies would be flayed, after which the skin would be tanned, and the warriors would:

10066:

this custom was likely derived from the belief that this was a way of absorbing the power of an enemy;

7357:

in exchange for compensation, and the material thus obtained became the basis of the Saint Petersburg

4573:

The Scythian migration into the Pontic Steppe destroyed earlier cultures, with the settlements of the

26536: 26509: 26111: 26091: 26064: 25820: 25580: 25339: 25218: 25147: 25027: 24699: 22449: 22300: 21719: 21334: 14141: 13820:, p. 39: "Indeed, it is now accepted that the Sarmatians merged in with pre-Slavic populations." 10515:

The Scythians (specifically Western or Pontic Scythians, as in differentiation from Eastern Scythian

10314:

imported pottery, as well as richly decorated fine vases, rhyta, and decorative toreutic plaques for

10063:

which were covered in leather, and would be gilded on the inside if they belonged to rich Scythians;

9044:, these Agaroi used used snake venom to stop a thigh wound received by Mithridates VI of Pontus from 7746: 6952:

of Europe, the view that the peoples of this continent originated in West Asia as the descendants of

5554: 5163:

When, following a period of Assyrian decline over the course of the 650s BC, Esarhaddon's other son,

4627: 3305: 2914: 2371: 2336: 2009: 1313: 35: 22826: 22791: 15501:"Ancient genomes suggest the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe as the source of western Iron Age nomads" 10370:

as a method of payment for trade with the Greeks, they never used it for their own domestic market.

6940:" because of their geographical origin, and despite their lack of any ethnic relation to Scythians. 6877:

itself, another wave of grave robbery of Scythian burials occurred at the time of the Sarmatian and

6416:

as well, and at this time both Crimea and the Dobruja region started being called "Little Scythia" (

5821:

At the time of Idanthyrsus, and possibly later, the Scythians were ruled by a triple monarchy, with

4535:

originated in Siberia during the 9th century BC and was introduced into West Asia by the Scythians.

4289:

during the 9th century BC as a result of the cold and dry climate then prevailing in these regions.

26800: 26341: 26297: 25625: 25464: 25434: 25299: 25213: 25122: 25085: 24044: 23702: 21513: 21342: 20807:"WALWET and KUKALIM: Lydian coin legends, dynastic succession, and the chronology of Mermnad kings" 19825: 19340:"Ancient genomic time transect from the Central Asian Steppe unravels the history of the Scythians" 10502: 10488: 9917:

cast bronze helmets with an opening for the face, called the "Kuban type", were made by the native

9462:, 4th century BC. The Scythians were skilled archers whose style of archery influenced that of the 9406:

to induce trance and divination by soothsayers was a characteristic of the Scythian belief system.

9387: 9087:

hemp from cannabis plants was used to make lariats used to herd horses and lassoes used in warfare;

8335: 6288: 6134: 3249: 2631: 2521: 2341: 1872: 1704: 1655: 1551: 1353: 1308: 1303: 1223: 314: 30:"Scythian" redirects here. For members of the wider cultures of which the Scythians were part, see 17: 20663:. Centre for the Critical Study of Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements; Panacea Charitable Trust 20430: 19690: 15291:"Chronology and Cultural Affinity of the Kurgan Arzhan-2 Complex According to Archaeological Data" 14119: 8610:

By the 4th century BC, the Scythian kingdom had developed into a rudimentary state after the king

6216: 5345: 3918: 27144: 27010: 26853: 26821: 26790: 26629: 26599: 26483: 26200: 26131: 26106: 25942: 25791: 25751: 25454: 25399: 25284: 25152: 24675: 23799: 22446:

The Divine Feminine in Ancient Europe: Goddesses, Sacred Women and the Origins of Western Culture

22436: 21664:

Geographies of Knowledge and Imagination in 19th Century Philological Research on Northern Europe

21373: 20960: 20787: 20730: 20552: 20199: 20171: 20131: 19700: 14562: 14497: 10017:

the war spoils would be divided among the warriors depending on the number of heads they brought;

9918: 7316: 7088: 7007:, led to the flourishing of speculations of a Scythian ancestry of the Irish, as recorded in the 6603: 6479:

and which had managed to attain and besiege Pontic Olbia, with Zopyrion himself getting killed.

6206:

in Greece proper, which had established contacts in Crimea. The destruction of the Greek cities'

5192: 4935:), were able to expand their territories at the expense of Assyria and capture the fortresses of 2992:

By the 3rd century AD, the Sarmatians and last remnants of the Scythians were overwhelmed by the

2911: 2526: 2253: 1363: 1358: 1348: 992: 847: 84: 46: 23819: 23488: 23121: 23035: 22007: 20917: 15107: 14249: 11417: 9368:

where their inhabitants were buried, showing that their settlements also had dense populations.

8950:

Scythians wore jewellery usually made of gold, but sometimes also of bronze, this would inckude

6900:" living on the Pontic-Caspian Steppe who were not related to the actual Scythians, such as the 5638:, which were conquered by the Medes around c. 600 BC. One group formed a kingdom in what is now 5164: 4172:

may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience

3943: 3892:

rivers before further expanding into the region to the south of the Kura in what is present-day

27045: 26881: 26831: 26069: 25927: 25897: 25852: 25803: 25798: 25731: 25615: 25575: 25535: 25369: 25279: 25274: 25095: 25007: 24874: 24777: 24670: 24657: 24509: 24034: 22457: 21918: 19859: 19652: 14450: 10596: 10588: 10580: 10528: 10466: 10390: 9978: 9296:

By the Middle Scythian period, its principal centre was at a site corresponding to present-day

8829:, and other wild animals, as well as by fishing from the large rivers flowing through Scythia. 8802:, was also an important part of the Scythians' diet, and it was both consumed and used to make 8484: 8405: 8381: 8354: 8129: 8074: 8045: 8029: 7964: 7948: 7297: 7270: 7170:

European scholars believed that the Celts were Scythians who were descended from Japheth's son

6599: 6417: 6030: 5784:

and the Greek colony of Pontic Olbia, and members of the royal family often visited this city.

5432:

as a pending "disaster from the north", which they believed would result in the destruction of

4900:, to monitor and repel attacks by the Cimmerians, the Mannaeans, the Medes, and the Scythians. 4075: 3385: 3380: 3063: 2516: 2488: 2272: 2174: 1940: 1786: 1410: 1248: 1140: 1079: 1034: 974: 966: 833: 325: 68: 24217: 14522: 14161:

Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus: Hellenistic Histories and the Date of the Pentateuch

14159: 10305:

During the earlier Middle Scythian period of the 5th century BC, the Scythians were importing

9863:

Some Scythian warriors wore rich protective armour and belts made of metal plates, including:

7166:

Drawing on the Biblical narrative and the Graeco-Roman conflation of the Scythians and Celts,

7020: 6154:

which became the principal trade station between the Greeks and the Scythians in this region.

3814:, the westernmost Scythians have often been distinguished from other groups through the terms 26985: 26848: 26765: 26619: 26423: 26096: 25837: 25810: 25771: 25711: 25510: 25479: 25389: 25137: 25073: 24616: 24299: 23848: 23564: 23534: 22623: 22124:"Социальная История Скифов: Основные Проблемы Развития Древних Кочевников Евразийских Степей" 21968: 21946: 21792: 21656:"Geographies of Identity: Celtic Philology and the Search for Origins in Ireland and Germany" 20993: 20580: 20453: 20284: 20031: 19951: 19748: 19678: 19656: 16819: 16663: 16068: 16052: 15446: 15290: 14491: 14487: 14299: 13591: 10584: 10438: 10398: 10203: 10131:, horses, cattle, sheep, and slaves to Greece, as well as beavers and beaver-skins, and rare 9116:

wood was obtained from the extensive woodlands on the well-watered lands of the lower Dnipro;

9041: 8228: 7768:. The western (Sarmatian) group of ancient Scythian survived as the medieval language of the 7290: 6735: 6727: 6503:

in and 313 BC. After this, the Scythians experienced another military defeat when their king

5665: 5492: 5270:

After this attack on Lydia and the Asian Greek cities, around 640 BC the Cimmerians moved to

5067: 4778: 4604: 4257: 3714:) and their main polities throughout their history. The affiliation of the southeastern-most 3414: 3408: 2663: 2492: 1400: 1396: 1381: 1377: 277: 24125:

Herodotus's Scythians and Ptolemy's Central Asia: Semasiological and Onomasiological Studies

22688: 22041:

The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World

20205:

The Scythian empire: Central Eurasia and the birth of the classical age from Persia to China

16410: 13679:, p. 36: "The general view is that both agricultural and nomad Scythians were Iranian." 10255:

In exchange for their many exports, the Scythians bought various Greek products, especially

7237:

While claims of Scythian and Japhethic ancestry in much of Europe were abandoned during the

26980: 26933: 26843: 26760: 26734: 26646: 26639: 26609: 26497: 26331: 26314: 26282: 26126: 26034: 26029: 25781: 25716: 25474: 25409: 25404: 25394: 25364: 25359: 25319: 24826: 24245: 24090: 23968:

Pontus and the Outside World: Studies in Black Sea History, Historiography, and Archaeology

23162: 23068: 22963:"The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture and Archaeology" 22549: 21149: 19833: 19716: 19512:

Mary, Laura (28 March 2019). "Genetic kinship and admixture in Iron Age Scytho-Siberians".

19421: 19351: 15514: 15455: 15392: 14369: 14308: 10461:, Germanic peoples and other northern peoples have reddish hair. The fourth-century bishop 9971:

Mounted archery was the mode of fighting of the free commoners of Scythia, who were called

9943:

scale helmets made of iron or bronze plates started being used in the later 6th century BC;

9394:

and the post-Zoroastrian Iranic religions, and instead belonged to a more archaic stage of

7629: 7113: 6893: 6755:

and 3000 years before the first Olympiad, allegedly defeated the equally legendary pharaoh

6451: 5891:

agreed to help the Scythians against the Persian attack, while the kings of the Agathyrsi,

5519: 5495:

records, around 615 BC the Scythians were operating as allies of Cyaxares and the Medes in

5237: 5085: 5024: 4903:

The first mention of the Scythians in the records of the then superpower of West Asia, the

4718: 4307:

Genetic evidence has suggested that Western Scythians may have been closely related to the

4130: 3965: 2609: 2574: 1887: 1570: 1522: 1459: 1429: 1387: 1367: 1231: 1085: 23423: 22578:

Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: Unconventional Warfare in the Ancient World

22271: 22266: 9470: 8424:), who were the farmer-and-peasant class, descended from Targitaos's middle son, Arpoxais; 6699:

resulted in the death of the royal tribe, whose bodies were buried near the Dnister river.

5191:

this part of the world having been found in a Urartian fortress, presumably imported from

2965:, the Scythians retreated back into the Pontic Steppe and were gradually conquered by the 1755: 8: 27050: 26858: 26785: 26780: 26582: 26568: 26430: 26121: 25877: 25827: 25746: 25650: 25484: 25429: 25384: 25379: 25374: 25329: 25289: 25254: 25196: 25110: 25041: 24903: 24422: 24235: 24207: 24072: 23920: 23759: 23094: 22507: 21667: 21255: 21161: 21111: 20748: 20177:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

19865: 15974: 10535:) fall in or close to the European-related cluster, while Eastern Scythians (such as the 10450: 10195:, and due to the collapse of Scythian agriculture resulting from the Sarmatian invasion. 9987: 9688: 9598:

When not used, Scythian bows and arrows were kept in a combined quiver-bow case called a

9492:

the most complex composite bows in both their recurved profiles and their cross-sections;

9297: 9128: 8493: 8191: 7563: 7505: 7489: 7468: 7324: 7167: 6667: 6472: 6005: 5946: 5915: 5562: 5372: 5353: 5116:

Over the course of 660 to 659 BC, Esarhaddon's son and successor to the Assyrian throne,

4916: 4904: 4872:

During the earliest phase of their presence in West Asia, the Scythians under their king

4781:

bronze figurines depicting mounted Scythian archers as well as in Scythian influences in

4319:

During the 9th to 8th centuries BC, a significant movement of the nomadic peoples of the

4275: 4137: 4096: 3926: 3830:. Nevertheless, the archaeologist Maurits Nanning van Loon in 1966 instead used the term 3804: 3436:", "Saka", and "Scythian" for all the steppe nomads, and early modern historians such as 3151: 3047: 1882: 1877: 1773: 1697: 1662: 1585: 1575: 1434: 1135: 1130: 1099: 524: 230: 80: 23783: 21454: 19425: 19355: 15518: 15459: 15396: 14373: 14312: 10587:, which distinguishes them from Eastern Scythians, who most commonly carried haplogroup 9081:

leather was used to make armour, helmets, trousers, shoes, pendants, felts, and quivers;

8552:

Within Scythian priesthood there existed a group of transgender soothsayers, called the

7189: 7159: 6642:

In subsequent centuries, remaining Scythians and Sarmatians were largely assimilated by

6560:, written sometime between 220 and 200 BC, records that the Scythians and the Sarmatian 5859: 5316:

This final defeat of the Cimmerians was carried out by the joint forces of Madyes, whom

3740:" is used specifically for their eastern members who inhabited the northern and eastern 27109: 27074: 27033: 26965: 26868: 26813: 26729: 26704: 26682: 26478: 26403: 26232: 26049: 26024: 26014: 26004: 25989: 25974: 25932: 25862: 25847: 25786: 25766: 25756: 25726: 25701: 25686: 25630: 25570: 25560: 25419: 25242: 25228: 25223: 25169: 25105: 24915: 24621: 24195: 23771: 23676: 23656: 23593: 23483: 23365: 23323: 23304: 23270: 23251: 23211: 23116: 23098: 22982: 22771: 22485: 22368: 22292: 22100: 21862: 21765: 21533: 21415: 21234: 21076: 20826: 20604: 20507: 20355: 19843: 19545: 19455: 19380: 19339: 15535: 15500: 15476: 15441: 14403: 14329: 14294: 14245: 14091: 13481: 10827: 10811: 10795: 10779: 10753: 10732: 10704: 10688: 10633: 10617: 10465:

wrote that the Scythians were fair skinned and blond haired. The 5th-century physician

10435: 10236:

who acted as a police force in the city and who lived in tents. When the Greek city of

10208: 9151:

The ores from which copper and tin were smelted were likely mined in the region of the

8451:), who were the warrior-aristocracy, descended from Targitaos's youngest son, Kolaxais. 7864: 7742: 7736: 7008: 6519:. After Satyros II was defeated and killed, his son Paerisades fled to Agaros's realm. 6508: 6233: 6228:

The Scythians were less successful at conquering the Greek cities in the region of the

5670: 5480: 5417: 5309:, might possibly also have been killed in another Cimmerian attack on Lydia in 635 BC. 4445: 4007:

in the west, and covered the territory of the treeless steppe immediately north of the

3869: 3863:

The earliest Scythian groups and Scythian culture are thought to have emerged with the

3729:

the name "Scythian" in contemporary modern scholarship generally refers to the nomadic

3122: 2951: 2588: 2539: 2473: 2457: 2082: 1735: 1474: 1160: 1065: 1060: 241: 88: 74: 23112: 22155: 22147: 19986: 15098: 9802:

in the 5th and 4th centuries BC, the shapes of the crossguards and terminals changed:

9395: 7675: 4985:

in marriage, which is attested in Esarhaddon's questions to the oracle of the Sun-god

3452: 26908: 26903: 26891: 26775: 26714: 26694: 26413: 26324: 26167: 25919: 25887: 25882: 25867: 25842: 25691: 25640: 25590: 25520: 25498: 25343: 25127: 25063: 25053: 25017: 24920: 24886: 24864: 24809: 24626: 24270: 24249: 24221: 24158: 24133: 24108: 24104: 24076: 24048: 24020: 23983: 23948: 23868: 23829: 23750: 23619: 23578: 23548: 23465: 23440: 23409: 23385: 23351: 23174: 23080: 23015: 22947: 22923: 22909: 22881: 22842: 22807: 22742: 22724: 22706: 22666: 22635: 22601: 22530: 22511: 22461: 22404: 22400: 22389:

The Atlas of Military History: An Around-the-World Survey of Warfare Through the Ages

22338: 22334: 22304: 22179: 22139: 22060: 21950: 21896: 21812: 21723: 21679: 21636: 21612: 21588: 21561: 21537: 21498: 21377: 21346: 21328: 21310: 21286: 21259: 21208: 21189: 21135: 21043: 21015: 20964: 20908: 20894: 20866: 20852: 20830: 20791: 20766: 20734: 20704: 20641: 20584: 20556: 20525: 20457: 20404: 20380: 20359: 20345: 20304: 20266: 20213: 20185: 20157: 20135: 20105: 20071: 20047: 20012: 19971: 19927: 19887: 19847: 19797: 19752: 19682: 19549: 19537: 19529: 19459: 19447: 19439: 19385: 19367: 16669: 15540: 15481: 15418: 15410: 15306: 14566: 14532: 14501: 14467: 14407: 14395: 14387: 14334: 13471: 10894: 10878: 10576: 10291: 10240: 10229: 10192: 10166: 9933: 9929: 9383: 9377: 9277: 8936: 8924: 8845: 8261: 7773: 7753: 7615:

originated among the Scythians, who came across fossilised skeletons of the dinosaur

7581: 7513: 7372: 7369: 7143:

Little is known of the situation of Scythian tombs during the Mediaeval period, when

7129: 6711: 6663: 6613: 6327: 6311: 5752: 5077: 4822: 4754: 4516: 4494: 4456: 4271: 4253: 4245: 3948: 3901: 3768: 3490: 3370: 2997: 2974: 2939: 2602: 2568: 2560: 2504: 2498: 2480: 2451: 2430: 2416: 2408: 2178: 2039: 1979: 1961: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1859: 1854: 1683: 1546: 1195: 1188: 1181: 1167: 1153: 1113: 1092: 1029: 1021: 946: 889: 319: 294: 267: 261: 256: 246: 31: 21446: 21434: 20912: 19945: 19646: 10508:

Map of Scythian cultures, including different Saka populations with genetic profiles

9580:

easily recovered from an embedded arrow with a barbed arrowhead without breaking it;

9566:

the barbs stopped being used arrowheads with outer sockets after the 6th century BC;

7028: 5778:

At this time, there were close links between the new political centre of Scythia in

5515:

archery techniques might have recruited by the Neo-Babylonian army during this war.

5183:, Mannai, and Urartu all continuing to exist as kingdoms under Scythian suzerainty. 5073:

the Pontic groups were still using Srubnaya- and Andronovo-type geometric patterns.

2935:, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC. 2923:

people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the

27083: 27055: 27000: 26995: 26990: 26809: 26319: 26307: 26116: 26054: 26009: 25952: 25857: 25776: 25741: 25550: 25201: 25100: 24908: 24756: 24745: 24725: 24680: 24611: 24292: 24187: 24006: 23979: 23916: 23825: 23787: 23763: 23648: 23615: 23595:

The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom: Celestial Aphrodite and the Most High God

23574: 23552: 23537:(17 December 2002) . "Who Built the Scythian and Thracian Royal and Elite Tombs?". 23505: 23381: 23377: 23327: 23296: 23243: 23203: 23138: 23052: 23001: 22974: 22877: 22497: 22175: 22119: 22092: 22056: 22024: 22002: 21998: 21964: 21910: 21892: 21874: 21854: 21831:"Une légende sur l'origine des Scythes (HDT. IV 5-7) et le problème des sources du 21826: 21808: 21789:"The Scythian 'Rule Over Asia': the Classical Tradition and the Historical Reality" 21784: 21757: 21737: 21693: 21626: 21584: 21580: 21525: 21407: 21282: 21278: 21157: 21107: 21099: 21029: 20934: 20870: 20818: 20680: 20676: 20656: 20637: 20570: 20376: 20372: 20337: 20300: 20262: 20149: 20043: 20039: 20002: 19941: 19776: 19734: 19521: 19429: 19375: 19359: 15530: 15522: 15505: 15471: 15463: 15400: 15298: 14770: 14613: 14377: 14324: 14316: 14295:"Ancestry and demography and descendants of Iron Age nomads of the Eurasian Steppe" 12193: 11115: 10956: 10548: 10462: 10310: 10233: 10225: 9736: 9334: 9059:

Cannabis was used by the Scythians as a way to relieve pain from daily activities,

8975: 8591: 8313: 8206: 7765: 7665: 7554: 7480: 7459: 7437: 7358: 7354: 6949: 6579: 6535: 6364: 6343: 6315: 6237: 6203: 6087: 6048: 5984: 5872: 5421: 4766: 4746: 4742: 4509: 4308: 4267: 4249: 3842: 3752: 3673: 2986: 2883: 2856: 2820: 2788: 2596: 2546: 2363: 2169: 2057: 1997: 1974: 1917: 1912: 1849: 1836: 1831: 1821: 1494: 1107: 1055: 1047: 1040: 693: 547: 541: 125: 23767: 22978: 22823:"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations" 21915:

The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Perspectives on the Steppe Nomads of the Ancient World

21324: 20476:"Колаксай и его братья (античная традиция о происхождении царской власти у скифов" 19770: 8970:

made of gold beads and various imported semi-precious stones, earrings; elaborate

7327:. O'Flaherty elaborated on this by claiming that Fénius Farsaid also invented the 3315: 26960: 26898: 26604: 26356: 26176: 26136: 26039: 25979: 25969: 25957: 25902: 25721: 25115: 25090: 24869: 24715: 24536: 24264: 24239: 24211: 24148: 24123: 24098: 24066: 24038: 24010: 23719: 23568: 23455: 23104: 23060: 23007:

The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State

23005: 22899: 22597: 22501: 22479: 21880:

The Scythian 'Rule Over Asia': the Classical Tradition and the Historical Reality

21630: 21230: 21222: 21033: 20985: 20954: 20846: 20781: 20756: 20574: 20503: 20447: 20256: 20203: 20175: 19883: 19877: 19855: 19738: 19668: 13723: 13486: 10665: 10560: 10556: 10536: 10338: 10306: 10212: 9937: 9627:

unlike quivers that were set at the right hip among all other cultures, Scythian

9463: 9435: 9403: 9220: 8886: 8467: 8299: 7716: 7384: 7350: 7320: 7120:

during the flight of the Israelites, and went back to Scythia, and from there to

6917: 6277: 6052: 5756: 5674: 4837: 4762: 4722: 4714: 4612: 4600: 4563: 4421: 4320: 4301: 4293: 4286: 3988: 3847: 3741: 3730: 3715: 3658: 3602: 3557: 3477: 3429: 3422: 3418: 2932: 2917: 2677: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2617: 2553: 2532: 2510: 2095: 1984: 1907: 1816: 1749: 1690: 1556: 1288: 1273: 1263: 1258: 1174: 1146: 251: 23154: 21529: 21442: 20007: 19987:"Gold technology of the ancient Scythians – gold from the kurgan Arzhan 2, Tuva" 15102: 10007:

every Scythian warrior would drink the blood of the first enemy they would kill;

9075:

felts made of sheep's wool and sewn sheepskins were used to make caps and tents;

8373:), who were the priestly class, descended from Targitaos's eldest son, Lipoxais; 6870:) and supposedly living from Gaul in the west to the Pontic steppe in the east. 6158:

during the 490s BC fortifications were built in many Pontic Greek cities, whose

5352:

in the east, and from Transcaucasia in the north to the northern borders of the

4959: 4932: 4896:, built several fortresses in the east of Urartu's territory, including that of 3925:

in the east, and from Transcaucasia in the north to the northern borders of the

3347: 27088: 27023: 26913: 26651: 26614: 26366: 26336: 26277: 26074: 25947: 25208: 25174: 24898: 24851: 24411: 23940: 23924: 23882: 23860: 23807: 23401: 23343: 22767: 22734: 22698: 22680: 22658: 22615: 22593: 22573: 22330: 22262: 21938: 21671: 21659: 21651: 21604: 21470: 21450: 21369: 21302: 21251: 21181: 21165: 21115: 21058: 21007: 20886: 20718: 20696: 20548: 20426: 20396: 20258:

Decayed Gods: Origin and Development of Georges Dumézil's "Idéologie Tripartie"

20097: 20063: 19963: 19873: 19722: 19664: 19525: 13491: 9940:

helmets replaced the Caucasian-made "Kuban type" helmets in the 6th century BC;

9874:

made of scales of bone, bronze, and iron sewn onto leather along the top edge;

9851: 9838: 9658:

The Scythians coated their arrows with a potent poison referred to in Greek as

9647: 9391: 9324: 9029: 8822: 8656:

century BC, and they had largely become settled farmers by the 3rd century BC.

8640:

The peoples of Scythian consisted of a mix of sedentary farmer populations and

8232: 7625: 7608: 7544: 7343: 7336: 7332: 7286: 7144: 6964: 6937: 6929: 6874: 6863: 6671: 6248: 5508: 5364: 5349: 5302: 5297:, under their king Kōbos and in alliance with Sandakšatru's Cimmerians and the 5256: 5220: 5180: 4803:

and belonging to the eastern group of the Hallstatt culture, including that of

4673: 4657: 4502: 4470: 4441: 3922: 3909: 3643: 3587: 3031: 2982: 2422: 2289: 2164: 1722: 1676: 1644: 1580: 1071: 92: 22152:"The Myth of Scythian Origin and the Cult of Attila in the Nineteenth Century" 21205:"Scalping and Similar Warfare Customs in America" with a critical introduction 20341: 19790: 19434: 19409: 15405: 15380: 14382: 14357: 13895: 9574:

since the foreshafts were detachable from the main arrow body, they could be:

9541:

an inner socket was added to these arrowheads during the later 7th century BC;

9096:

bone was also used as fuel because it produced higher temperatures when burnt.

7133: 5276: 309: 27103: 26450: 26181: 26086: 25595: 25334: 24925: 24642: 24541: 23852: 23815: 23811: 23706: 23611: 23497: 23493: 23279: 23166: 23130: 23126: 23072: 23044: 23040: 22905: 22895: 22873: 22627: 22585: 22581: 22561: 22553: 22493: 22475: 22453: 22396: 22296: 22083: 22016: 22012: 21930: 21926: 21922: 21744:[The Dog Warriors: Werewolves and Scythian invasions in Asia Minor]. 21478: 21474: 21458: 21338: 21095: 21035:

The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus

20989: 20926: 20922: 20822: 20517: 20280: 20016: 19955: 19533: 19443: 19371: 19336: 15975:"Bronze statuette of a Scythian mounted archer Etruscan, Campanian Classical" 15414: 14391: 13770: 10592: 10552: 10244: 9906: 9486: 9447: 9273: 9270: 9216: 8772: 8665: 8516: 8306: 7757: 7720: 7644: 7616: 7589: 7531: 7527: 7407: 7391: 7376: 7362: 7346:

started occupying the Pontic steppe in the 18th century: in 1718 the Russian

7306:

that the Irish descended from the Scythians in his history of Ireland titled

7227: 7183: 7171: 6913: 6221: 5996: 5864: 5723: 5714: 5500: 5444: 4828:

As part of the Scythians' expansion into Europe, one section of the Scythian

4818: 4815: 4800: 4770: 4567: 4433: 4023: 3999:

The territory of the Scythian kingdom of the Pontic steppe extended from the

3719: 3572: 3516: 3437: 3086: 3043: 3039: 3001: 2970: 2924: 2682: 2146: 2062: 1779: 1637: 1499: 1253: 819: 805: 623: 272: 219: 23556: 23030: 21362:

Beyond Greece and Rome: Reading the Ancient Near East in Early Modern Europe

20679:(1985). "The Rise of the Achaemenids and Establishment of Their Empire". In 15302: 13689: 7685:

Early Scythian – from the mid-8th or the late 7th century BC to about 500 BC

7353:

issued decrees overseeing the collection of "right old and rare" objects to

5920: 5466:

largely without any incident, although some stragglers looted the temple of

5348:

river in Anatolia in the west to the Caspian Sea and the eastern borders of

4266:, possibly around the 9th century BC, as a section of the population of the 4184:

any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against

3978: 3921:

river in Anatolia in the west to the Caspian Sea and the western borders of

3299: 3289: 3267: 1469: 25962: 24947: 24937: 24599: 24524: 24391: 24154: 24062: 22135: 20988:(1999). "The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (1,500 – 221 BC)". In 19911: 19704: 19541: 19451: 19389: 19363: 15544: 15526: 15485: 15422: 14528: 14399: 14338: 13476: 11430: 10132: 10112: 9925: 9880:

scale armour was also used to protect horses, especially in the chest area;

9871: 9750:

In addition to the bow and arrow, the Scythians also used weapons such as:

9357: 9241: 9240:

The art of the Scythians was part of specific zoomorphic style called the "

9228: 9152: 9001: 8776: 8278: 8180: 8094: 7575: 7388: 7328: 7266: 6972: 6828: 6719: 6647: 6516: 6368: 6323: 6229: 6065: 5955: 5950: 5896: 5707: 5649: 5393: 5216: 5117: 5047: 4829: 4730: 4710: 4697: 4669: 4596: 4585: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4410: 4380: 4292:

Based on more recent archaeological evidence, eastern Central Asia and the

4279: 4263: 4145: 4126: 4042: 3974: 3905: 3889: 3885: 3760: 3617: 3501: 3051: 3035: 3009: 2301: 2139: 1613: 1484: 1283: 1278: 1268: 861: 207: 22788:"The Cimmerian Problem Re-Examined: the Evidence of the Classical Sources" 21858: 21761: 21715: 21575:

Hawkins, J. D. (1991). "The Neo-Hittite States in Syria and Anatolia". In

20599: 15442:"Diverse origin of mitochondrial lineages in Iron Age Black Sea Scythians" 6487: 5226:

By 657 BC the Assyrian divinatory records were calling the Cimmerian king

4876:

were allied with the Cimmerians, and the two groups, in alliance with the

4809: 4791: 4785:. Among the sites in Central Europe attacked by the Scythians was that of 4339:, who were also a nomadic Iranic people closely related to the Scythians. 26262: 25157: 24964: 24841: 24561: 24427: 23975: 23603: 23461: 23292: 22865: 22720: 22684: 22557: 22318: 22052: 21888: 21804: 21742:"LES GUERRIERS-CHIENS: Loups-garous et invasions scythes en Asie Mineure" 21554:

The Archaeology of Power and Politics in Eurasia: Regimes and Revolutions

20752: 20633: 20600:"On the (Middle) Iranian borrowings in Qur'ānic (and pre-Islamic) Arabic" 20296: 20119: 20085: 19811: 19642: 14775: 14758: 13501: 12709: 12513: 12235: 10969: 10965: 10807: 10775: 10728: 10446: 10423: 10419: 10411: 10136: 10124: 10011: 9795:

had bar-shaped terminals and heart-shaped or butterfly- or kidney-shaped

9684: 9679: 9616:

was made of leather or bark and was decorated with gold or bronze plates;

9483: 9455: 9137:

cast bronze bronze and iron were used to produce weapons and heavy tools;

9037: 8706: 8456: 7257:

During the early modern period itself, Hungarian scholars identified the

7242: 7238: 7214: 6889: 6885: 6768: 6675: 6643: 6380: 6256: 6140: 6107: 6096: 6077: 6035: 6021: 5876: 5814: 5734:

the practice of ironworking soon spread to the neighbouring populations.

5635: 5459: 5367:, during this period in the 7th century BC, after which they merged with 5360: 5007: 4897: 4889: 4857: 4774: 4665: 4646: 4631: 4618:

Among the many peoples displaced by the Scythian expansion were also the

4520: 4498: 4490: 4466: 4402: 4331:, migrated westwards, forcing the early Scythians to the west across the 4061: 4000: 3897: 3873: 3796: 3745: 3428:

Although the Scythians, Saka and Cimmerians were closely related nomadic

3295: 3005: 2277: 2263: 2227: 1935: 488: 476: 452: 24172:

Johnson, James William (April 1959). "The Scythian: His Rise and Fall".

23255: 23231: 22372: 22356: 21866: 21830: 21769: 21741: 21080: 16142: 16140: 14759:"The Saka 'Animal Style' in Context: Material, Technology, Form and Use" 14320: 11217: 10613: 10147:

The most important of these export goods was grain, and most especially

10080:

the skin and fingernails from the enemies' right hands was used to make

8142:

lived in the valley of the lower Dnipro river, in the wooded country of

6959: 5729:

It was at this time that the Scythians brought the knowledge of working

5275:

again, but he fell ill and died in 640 BC, and was succeeded by his son

4908: 4873: 4440:

During this early migratory period, some groups of Scythians settled in

3834:

to designate the Cimmerians and referred to the Scythians proper as the

3767:. Cultures sharing these characteristics have often been referred to as 1464: 368: 304: 27028: 27018: 26953: 26418: 26267: 26252: 25186: 24846: 24836: 24477: 24447: 24418: 24406: 24369: 24349: 24199: 24016: 23660: 23634: 23308: 23274: 22943: 22104: 21419: 21395: 20626:

Arabic in Context: Celebrating 400 Years of Arabic at Leiden University

20333: 19780: 16729: 16727: 16575: 16573: 16571: 16569: 16138: 16136: 16134: 16132: 16130: 16128: 16126: 16124: 16122: 16120: 14902: 14900: 12548: 12126: 11248: 10532: 10520: 10431: 10415: 9796: 9266: 8292: 8184: 7724: 7648: 7258: 6909: 6798: 6787: 6779: 6715: 6679: 6617: 6565: 6542: 6512: 6500: 6376: 6298: 6175: 6167: 6038:, the son of Ariapeithes by the daughter of the Thracian Odrysian king 5892: 5888: 5699: 5639: 5448: 5212: 4963: 4924: 4865: 4782: 4726: 4681: 4677: 4543: 4486: 4336: 4324: 3970: 3955:("beyond the sea", presumably the Scythians between the Greeks and the 3893: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3531: 3433: 2966: 2947: 2240: 2154: 2032: 1797: 942: 875: 750: 707: 596: 24040:

Warrior Women: An Archaeologist's Search for History's Hidden Heroines

23897:

Mark P. Witton's Blog: Palaeontological artist, consultant, and author

23775: 23215: 23189: 22986: 22962: 15957: 15955: 15953: 15940: 15938: 15936: 15934: 15932: 15930: 15928: 15926: 15924: 15706: 15704: 15702: 15700: 15698: 15696: 15611: 15609: 15607: 15605: 15592: 15590: 15588: 15586: 15584: 15582: 15467: 15132: 15130: 14898: 14896: 14894: 14892: 14890: 14888: 14886: 14884: 14882: 14880: 10469:, who often followed Polemon, describes the Scythians as fair-haired. 10386:

formation than present-day people living in their former territories.

7688:

Classical Scythian or Mid-Scythian – from about 500 BC to about 300 BC

7383:

had been deported by the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 721 BC and became the

7250:

hypotheses were finally discredited by early-19th-century advances in

3884:

In West Asia, the Scythians initially settled in the area between the

26388: 24730: 24514: 24457: 24452: 24442: 24401: 24386: 24334: 23936: 23397: 23339: 23247: 22730: 22694: 22654: 22392: 22352: 22167: 21600: 21490: 21391: 21298: 21177: 21127: 21003: 20882: 20692: 20513: 20392: 20093: 20059: 19919: 19766: 16204: 14787: 12736: 10937: 10458: 10427: 10334: 10315: 10284: 10277: 10269: 10216: 10186: 10155: 10082: 10060: 10043: 9972: 9817: 9790: 9781: 9772: 9762: 9727: 9718: 9709: 9703: 9659: 9637: 9628: 9619: 9611: 9600: 9527:

during the earlier periods, the arrowheads possessed an outer socket;

9060: 9017: 8937: 8929: 8690: 8478: 8463: 8342: 8250: 8239: 8213: 8137: 8122: 8103: 8053: 8038: 8022: 8002: 7996: 7957: 7941: 7894: 7858: 7833: 7819: 7274: 7251: 7104: 7089: 6979: 6897: 6791: 6778:

making a mythical Scythian named Teutarus into a herdsman who served

6775: 6764: 6756: 6723: 6691: 6651: 6538: 6528: 6447: 6443: 6413: 6267: 6207: 6168: 6160: 6084: 6073: 5930: 5884: 5779: 5770: 5764: 5739: 5678: 5618: 5607: 5452: 5433: 5429: 5368: 5329: 5325: 5306: 5301:, attacked Lydia during the seventh year of the reign of Gyges's son 5283: 5172: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5081: 5037: 4881: 4841: 4642: 4638: 4623: 4619: 4528: 4328: 4300:-like groups. The Saka themself arose from admixture between earlier 4216: 4008: 3960: 3956: 3274: 3132: 3104: 3090: 3027: 3013: 2955: 2943: 2443: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2184: 2052: 764: 213: 24191: 23678:

Urartian Art: Its Distinctive Traits in the Light of New Excavations

23652: 23300: 22834: 22822: 22799: 22123: 22096: 21655: 21411: 21062: 20806: 18262: 17763: 17715: 16724: 16697: 16566: 16117: 14730:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDavis-KimballBashilovYablonsky1995 (

13852:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDavis-KimballBashilovYablonsky1995 (

13623:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFDavis-KimballBashilovYablonsky1995 (

8855: 8719:

Scythian women tended the herds while men were engaged in fighting.

7809:

The Scythians were composed of a number of tribal units, including:

7691:

Late Scythian – from about 200 BC to the mid-3rd century AD, in the

7611:

hypothesised over the course of 1993 to 2011 that the legend of the

6726:

wisdom", due to which the ancient Greeks included him as one of the

5689:

Red-figured amphora with a Scythian warrior, 480–470 BC, from Athens

5334: 5243:

In 644 BC, the Cimmerians, led by Tugdammi, attacked the kingdom of

4861: 4481:

rivers before further expanding into the region to the south of the

3278: 26192: 24687: 24652: 24462: 24364: 24354: 23963: 23682: 23635:"Over All Asia? The Extent of the Scythian Domination in Herodotus" 23454:

Testen, David (1997). "Ossetic Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.).

23207: 22787: 22759:

Problem of Archaism and Innovation in the Eastern Iranian Languages

22757: 22387:

Lomazoff, Amanda; Ralby, Aaron (2013). "Scythians and Sarmatians".

22194: 22151: 21711: 20997: 20783:

The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art

20475: 19239: 19237: 18918: 18916: 17291: 17289: 17287: 16787: 16785: 16783: 16781: 15950: 15921: 15858: 15693: 15602: 15579: 15127: 14877: 14795: 14783: 13654:, p. 181: "oth Cimmerians and Scythians were Iranian peoples." 12535: 11391: 10874: 10862: 10629: 10524: 10407: 10268: 10237: 10054:), literally meaning 'to Scythianise away', as a name for scalping; 10030: 9761: 9692: 9489:

bow that was easy to use for mounted warriors. Scythian bows were:

9399: 9301: 9156: 9045: 8967: 8955: 8902: 8865: 8705:

The society of the Scythians was therefore highly based on nomadic

8538: 8474: 8460: 7585: 7517: 6814: 6783: 6774:

The Ancient Greeks included the Scythians in their mythology, with

6625: 6620:, Crimea. It served as the capital of the Crimean Scythian kingdom. 6476: 6439: 6339: 6319: 6303: 6179: 6102:

However, at some point in the 5th century BC, the Agathyrsian king

6061: 5919:

unclear, with the Persian inscriptions themselves referring to the

5847: 5822: 5749: 5624: 5606: 5425: 5397: 5321: 5294: 5290: 5227: 5036: 4975: 4944: 4833: 4738: 4661: 4608: 4527: 4274:. The population of the Srubnaya culture was among the first truly 4221: 4048: 4036: 3992: 3751:

and while the Cimmerians were often described by contemporaries as

3244: 2386: 2377: 2268: 2069: 2044: 1948: 1439: 1015: 934: 535: 380: 24769: 24068:

Early Riders: The Beginnings of Mounted Warfare in Asia and Europe

21878: 21788: 21226: 19585: 19583: 16924: 16830: 16828: 15733: 15731: 15569: 15567: 15211: 15209: 15165: 15163: 15161: 15159: 15157: 10324:

representing Scythian life which had been done by Greek artisans.

8007:

were themselves in turn the northern neighbours of the Callipidae.

7402:

or adhere to the antisemitic conspiracy theory claiming that Jews

7347: 6790:

as a Scythian king, and, by extension, described Prometheus's son

6646:. The Scythians and Sarmatians played an instrumental role in the 6159: 3121:, meaning 'archers'. Due to a sound change from /δ/ to /l/ in the 26948: 26943: 26928: 26923: 26223: 25309:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

25191: 24546: 24504: 24487: 24472: 24344: 24315: 23526: 23429:

Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka

22939: 22171: 21552:

Hartley, Charles W.; Yazicioğlu, G. Bike; Smith, Adam T. (2012).

21273:

Grayson, A. K. (1991). "Assyria: Sennacherib and Esarhaddon". In

21039: 20367:

Brinkman, J. A. (1991). "Babylonia in the Shadow of Assyria". In

20329: 17693: 17691: 17689: 16953: 16951: 16714: 16712: 16687: 16685: 16235: 16233: 15990: 15988: 13466: 12318: 10890: 10866: 10564: 10256: 10081: 10074:

either stretch them on wooden frames and carried by the warriors;

9816: 9696: 9599: 9571:

small in size, and likely fitted on foreshafts made of hardwood:

9224: 8993: 8951: 8869: 8614:

had united all the Scythian tribes under his personal authority.

8512: 8501: 8243: 8224: 7874: 7704: 7612: 7414: 7246: 7223: 7162:'s painting of the Roman poet, Ovid, in exile among the Scythians 7121: 7117: 7016: 6953: 6925: 6862:, into a single grouping whom they called the "Celto-Scythians" ( 6748: 6492: 6372: 6273: 6199: 6129: 6118: 6092: 6069: 6039: 5980: 5614: 5582: 5570: 5467: 5463: 5455:

met them and convinced them to turn back by offering them gifts.

5298: 5271: 5248: 5168: 5089: 5028: 5019: 4912: 4893: 4757:; these activities of the Scythians were not unlike those of the 4734: 4706: 4417: 4388: 4283: 4141: 4102: 4015: 3938: 3350: 3318: 2928: 2436: 2400: 2393: 2191: 1811: 1444: 938: 930: 926: 922: 914: 792: 333: 191:

Maximum extent of the Scythian kingdom in the Pontic steppe (600–

23522: 23190:"The Date of the Death of Gyges and Its Historical Implications" 23159:

From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire

21913:(2006). Aruz, Joan; Farkas, Ann; Fino, Elisabetta Valtz (eds.). 19234: 18928: 18913: 18204: 17787: 17284: 17199: 17197: 17141: 16778: 16542: 16361: 16303: 16301: 16299: 16297: 16284: 16282: 16280: 16220: 16218: 16216: 16164: 15779: 15777: 15656: 15654: 15641: 15639: 15358: 15356: 15354: 15317:

p.24 "Figure.2. Royal barrow Arzhan 1: funeral artifacts. 36-39"

14993: 14991: 10247:

in 428 BC, it also bought a similar force of Scythian warriors.

9521:

largely made of bronze, and iron and bone were more rarely used;

8923:

that could be pleated or have furbelows on the lower edges; and

7670: 7021: 6635:

and the Sarmatians, were conquered in the 3rd century AD by the

6113: 6080:, as an attempt to secure themselves from Persian encroachment. 5511:

in 610 BC, which permanently destroyed the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

3147:, was the self-designation of the tribe of the Royal Scythians. 562:• Scythian migration from Central Asia to Caucasian Steppe 179:

Maximum extent of the Scythian kingdom in West Asia (680–600 BC)

26938: 26272: 24800: 24662: 24647: 24551: 24482: 24467: 24359: 24339: 24329: 23971: 23929:

Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, c. 525 to 479 B.C

23893:

almost certainly wasn't the inspiration for the griffin legend"

23856: 23788:"Sarmatism or the Enlightenment: The Dilemma of Polish Culture" 23686: 23607: 23599: 23288: 22935: 22869: 22861: 22763: 22589: 22326: 22131: 22048: 21934: 21884: 21800: 21494: 21486: 21466: 21365: 21247: 21170:

Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, c. 525 to 479 B.C

21120:

Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, c. 525 to 479 B.C

20762: 20726: 20629: 20544: 20325: 20292: 20156:. History of the Caucasus. Vol. 1. Bloomsbury Publishing. 20127: 19959: 19718:

Galeni pergamensis de temperamentis, et de inaequali intemperie

19580: 19568: 18114: 18112: 16825: 16005: 16003: 15870: 15801: 15789: 15728: 15564: 15206: 15154: 14963: 14961: 14959: 14957: 14955: 14953: 14951: 14949: 14947: 14945: 14943: 14941: 14939: 14937: 14935: 12675: 11543: 10791: 10661: 10403: 10287:, perfumes, ointments, and other luxury goods from the Greeks. 10128: 9949: 9459: 9212: 9208: 8997: 8979: 8963: 8959: 8928: 8898: 8872: 8826: 8803: 8764: 8760: 8752: 8748: 8744: 8676: 8553: 8505: 8322: 8220: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7696: 7692: 7509: 7422: 7282: 7278: 7219: 7218:

were completely unrelated to the Scythians, such as the Irish,

7125: 7109:, the Scythians fled from Egypt when the pharaoh drowned after 6553: 6292:

The Scythian kingdom in the Pontic steppe at its maximum extent

6244: 6195: 6190: 6057: 6026: 5880: 5703: 5566: 5472: 5437: 5410: 5317: 5264: 5252: 5152: 5148: 5133: 5093: 4990: 4951: 4885: 4650: 4552: 4425: 4384: 4270:

containing a significant element originating from the Siberian

4030: 4004: 3544: 3050:. These objects survive mainly in metal, forming a distinctive 2978: 2159: 2113: 1632: 1449: 950: 918: 778: 619: 464: 392: 42: 20419:"What do false beards, weed saunas and cheese have in common?" 19796:. Translated by De Selincourt, Aubrey. London: Penguin Books. 19249: 18805: 18581: 18579: 18320: 18318: 18005: 18003: 18001: 17974: 17962: 17901: 17899: 17897: 17895: 17893: 17835: 17751: 17703: 17686: 17009: 16948: 16912: 16900: 16888: 16876: 16864: 16852: 16766: 16739: 16709: 16682: 16332: 16330: 16328: 16245: 16230: 16095: 16093: 16091: 16089: 15985: 15024: 15022: 15020: 15018: 15016: 15014: 15012: 15010: 15008: 15006: 14933: 14931: 14929: 14927: 14925: 14923: 14921: 14919: 14917: 14915: 14725: 14449: 13847: 13801: 13799: 13797: 13618: 10531:

or "Steppe_MLBA"). The (Western or Pontic) Scythians (such as

9735:

Another poison used by the Scythians to coat their arrows was

9203: 9093:

bone was easily worked into many types of tools and ornaments;

8832:

In addition to these, the Scythians consumed large amounts of

8541:

was practised among the Scythian upper classes, and kings had

5440:

when the Scythian raid did not affect Jerusalem and or Judah.

4352: 3364: 3334: 26257: 24571: 24556: 24529: 24519: 24437: 24432: 24379: 24374: 22481:

In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language Archeology and Myth

21482: 20484:

Aristaeus: Journal of Classical Philology and Ancient History

19712: 19266: 19264: 19212: 19210: 19208: 18903: 18901: 18899: 18897: 18895: 18826: 18824: 18822: 18820: 18783: 18781: 18754: 18720: 18718: 18716: 18624: 18622: 18620: 18618: 18252: 18250: 18248: 18246: 18076: 18074: 18072: 18032: 18030: 18028: 18026: 18024: 18022: 18020: 18018: 17986: 17950: 17811: 17727: 17448: 17400: 17388: 17376: 17328: 17194: 16974: 16972: 16970: 16968: 16966: 16631: 16621: 16619: 16617: 16615: 16294: 16277: 16213: 15909: 15774: 15651: 15636: 15351: 15329: 15327: 15325: 15115: 14988: 13167: 10839: 10454: 10442: 10402:, the 5th-century BC Greek historian Herodotus describes the 10276: 10148: 10116: 10108: 10061:

fashion the tops of their enemies' skulls into drinking bowls

10049: 9844: 9832: 9683:

effects of the snake poison, including the disintegration of

9671: 9665: 9451: 9023: 8920: 8912: 8876: 8807: 8756: 8740: 8641: 8611: 8542: 8446: 8436: 8257: 8202: 8198: 8173: 8098: 8057: 7980: 7976: 7926: 7840: 7826: 7769: 7761: 7418: 7361:'s collection of Scythian gold. This resulted in significant 7301: 7179: 7178:, whom they believed were descended from Japheth's other son 7175: 7137: 7110: 7100: 7073: 7072:

in the 8th century itself invented a Scythian origin for the

6921: 6905: 6859: 6838: 6752: 6731: 6636: 6632: 6573: 6549: 6531: 6524: 6468: 6435: 6425: 6409: 6243:

At the same time, the Scythians sent a diplomatic mission to

6183: 5904: 5900: 5578: 5443:

The Scythian expedition instead reached up to the borders of

5286: 5260: 5244: 5187: 5176: 4920: 4877: 4332: 4122: 3984: 3800: 3630: 3459: 3390: 3239: 3138: 3110: 3096: 3017: 2993: 2962: 2920: 2258: 2132: 2126: 2108: 1479: 1454: 689: 685: 583: 500: 22323:

War Bows: Longbow, crossbow, composite bow and Japanese yumi

20661:

Critical Dictionary of Apocalyptic and Millenarian Movements

20541:

The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life

18109: 18047: 18045: 17940: 17938: 17936: 17934: 17932: 17930: 17928: 17926: 17676: 17674: 17672: 17670: 17668: 17666: 17301: 17245: 17160: 17158: 17156: 17107: 17105: 16756: 16754: 16152: 16020: 16018: 16000: 15671: 15669: 15272: 15270: 15268: 15266: 15264: 15262: 15260: 15258: 15256: 15196: 15194: 15192: 15190: 15066: 15064: 15062: 14978: 14976: 9577:

abandoned while recovering the arrows during hunting or war;

8176:, who lived to the west of Scythia, across the Danube river. 7925:, who lived to the west of the Royal Scythians, between the 6965: 5341:, would ritually take on the role of wolf- or dog-warriors. 4821:

models into Western Eurasia, where they were adopted by the

4121:

in Dobruja, the Scythian kingdom's territory stretched from

2895: 2868: 2800: 24566: 24499: 24396: 24012:

The History of Central Asia: The Age of the Steppe Warriors

22546:

The Frenzied Poets: Andrey Biely and the Russian Symbolists

20124:

Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity

19837: 19222: 19183: 19181: 19168: 19166: 19164: 19162: 18870: 18868: 18853: 18843: 18841: 18839: 18730: 18676: 18674: 18576: 18376: 18374: 18361: 18359: 18357: 18342: 18315: 18281: 18279: 18277: 18233: 18231: 18153: 18151: 18099: 18097: 18095: 18093: 18091: 18089: 17998: 17890: 17868: 17866: 17864: 17862: 17739: 17624: 17622: 17620: 17412: 16999: 16997: 16995: 16993: 16991: 16989: 16987: 16373: 16325: 16086: 16074: 15899: 15897: 15254: 15252: 15250: 15248: 15246: 15244: 15242: 15240: 15238: 15236: 15003: 14912: 13794: 13644:: "Scythians, a nomadic people of Iranian origin ...." 10527:

population of the Pontic-Caspian and Central Asian Steppe (

10516: 10367: 10344: 10295: 10264: 9427:

The Scythians used weapons made from cast iron and bronze.

9078:

wool, hide, and fur was used to make clothing and blankets;

8986: 8971: 8944: 8890: 8833: 8818: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8689:

leather, and felt, as well as wooden carvings decorated in

8419: 8395: 8368: 8285: 8088: 7756:: "Scytho-Sarmatian" in the west and "Scytho-Khotanese" or 7712: 7708: 7399: 7315:, in which he identified Fénius Farsaid with the figure of 7262: 7195: 7069: 6901: 6878: 6463: 6042:. Octamasadas deposed Scyles and replaced him on the throne 5926: 5730: 5726:'s middle course, where they reared large herds of horses. 5596: 5574: 5416:

This Scythian raid into the Levant reached as far south as

5198: 4998: 4892:, who reigned from 714 to 680 BC. Argishti II's successor, 4758: 4750: 4611:, who were displaced westward into the eastern part of the 4297: 4089: 4019: 3864: 3784: 3737: 3703: 3266: 2892: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2806: 2803: 2650: 954: 24284: 20480:Аристей: вестник классической филологии и античной истории 19619: 19293: 19291: 19261: 19205: 19039: 19029: 19027: 19000: 18988: 18976: 18964: 18952: 18892: 18817: 18778: 18713: 18615: 18330: 18291: 18243: 18182: 18180: 18178: 18176: 18174: 18172: 18170: 18168: 18166: 18124: 18069: 18057: 18015: 17847: 17823: 17799: 17117: 17092: 17090: 17053: 17051: 16963: 16840: 16612: 16590: 16588: 16469: 16467: 16351: 16349: 16347: 16345: 15716: 15322: 15142: 13527: 13525: 13523: 13521: 11001: Consanguineous members of the Scythian royal dynasty 9257:

the Scythians absorbed many West Asian motifs and themes.

9159:

ores obtained from the swampy regions on the lower Dnipro.

8595:

Bartatua, that of Spargapeithes, and that of Ariapeithes.

8231:

populations living in the eastern forest steppe until the

5151:, who soon expanded the Scythian hegemony to the state of 4907:, is from between 680/679 and 678/677 BC, when their king 4884:, were threatening the eastern frontier of the kingdom of 4409:

the 9th century BC. The Scythians were already skilled at

3987:

drinkers", furthest East). Soldiers in the service of the

2898: 23722:[The Scythian Language: Attempt at Description]. 19914:; Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan; Adalı, Selim Ferruh (eds.). 19595: 19193: 19135: 18793: 18766: 18686: 18603: 18564: 18552: 18042: 17923: 17775: 17663: 17472: 17364: 17352: 17153: 17102: 16751: 16600: 16530: 16479: 16428: 16416: 16313: 16030: 16015: 15666: 15339: 15187: 15059: 14973: 14867: 14865: 14863: 14861: 14859: 14857: 14855: 14853: 14851: 14849: 14847: 14845: 14596: 14594: 14592: 14590: 14588: 14586: 14584: 14582: 14070: 14068: 14066: 14064: 14062: 14060: 14058: 14056: 14054: 14052: 14050: 14048: 14046: 14044: 14042: 14040: 14038: 14036: 14034: 14032: 14030: 14028: 14026: 14024: 14022: 14020: 14018: 14016: 14014: 14012: 14010: 14008: 14006: 14004: 14002: 14000: 13998: 13996: 13994: 13992: 13990: 13988: 13986: 13984: 13982: 13980: 13978: 13976: 13974: 13972: 13970: 13968: 13966: 13964: 13962: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13954: 13919: 10299: 10120: 9760:

50 to 70 centimetre-short iron swords and daggers called

8768: 8535:

children spent most of their time indoors in the wagons.

6624:

Around 200 BC, after their final defeat by the Sarmatian

6318:

was also favourable for the Scythians under the rules of

6307:

whom were Scythians, during this time increased by 600%.

4986: 4969: 4923:. These allied forces were defeated by the Assyrian king 4473:

steppes, from where they settled in the area between the

2969:. In the late 2nd century BC, the capital of the largely 2865: 2829: 2797: 24266:

Mounted Archers: The Beginnings of Central Asian History

23845:

Ireland's Immortals: A History of the Gods of Irish Myth

23570:

North Pontic Archaeology: Recent Discoveries and Studies

23457:

Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus)

21463:

From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D

20289:

North Pontic Archaeology: Recent Discoveries and Studies

19178: 19159: 18880: 18865: 18836: 18703: 18701: 18671: 18542: 18540: 18386: 18371: 18354: 18303: 18274: 18228: 18148: 18136: 18086: 17878: 17859: 17651: 17641: 17639: 17637: 17617: 17272: 17262: 17260: 17221: 17209: 17182: 16984: 15894: 15882: 15848: 15846: 15844: 15842: 15840: 15233: 14843: 14841: 14839: 14837: 14835: 14833: 14831: 14829: 14827: 14825: 13952: 13950: 13948: 13946: 13944: 13942: 13940: 13938: 13936: 13934: 13571: 13569: 13567: 13565: 13563: 13561: 10494:

Genetic makeup of Bronze and Iron Age Steppe populations

9670:). To prepare this poison, the Scythians captured small 9646:

Scythian bows and arrows might have required the use of

9328: 6408:

The most famous Scythian king of the 4th century BC was

6232:, where, although they were initially able to take over 5447:, where their advance was stopped by the marshes of the 4725:

plains, and in the regions corresponding to present-day

2906:) in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the 23437:

Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften

21203:

Frederici, Georg (2008) . Griffin, Anastasia M. (ed.).

20321:

Environment and Habitation around the Ancient Black Sea

19288: 19063: 19024: 18742: 18649: 18647: 18645: 18643: 18641: 18639: 18637: 18591: 18527: 18525: 18523: 18521: 18508: 18506: 18491: 18455: 18445: 18443: 18430: 18428: 18415: 18413: 18163: 17583: 17581: 17318: 17316: 17087: 17075: 17063: 17048: 17038: 17036: 16585: 16518: 16506: 16496: 16494: 16464: 16440: 16342: 16105: 15813: 15764: 15762: 15760: 15758: 15743: 15681: 15626: 15624: 15295:

Impact of the environment on human migration in Eurasia

15288: 15221: 15175: 15081: 15079: 15049: 15047: 15045: 15043: 15041: 15039: 15037: 14812: 14810: 13518: 10036:

decorative handkerchiefs tied to the bridles of horses;

8897:

The clothing of Scythian men consisted of long-sleeved

8767:; and an oven used to dry grains of wheat, barley, and 8546:

married Opoea, who had been one of his father's wives.

8227:

river, were either a Scythic tribe, or one of the many

7715:, and animal sacrifices, in places also with suspected 7681:

Scythian archaeology can be divided into three stages:

7379:

according to which, after population of the historical

7342:

Large scale robbery of Scythian tombs started when the

6738:, who ascribed to him a 3rd-century BC work titled the 5202:

An Assyrian relief depicting Cimmerian mounted warriors

4840:, where they formed a ruling class over the indigenous 22289:

Irish Orientalism: A Literary and Intellectual History

21551: 19147: 19075: 19012: 18192: 17605: 17436: 17424: 17129: 16815: 16797: 16452: 16198: 15825: 14738: 14675: 14579: 10898: 10882: 10831: 10815: 10799: 10783: 10757: 10736: 10708: 10692: 10643: 10637: 10621: 10410:

and grey-eyed. In the 5th century BC, Greek physician

9771:

although considered "typically Scythian" weapons, the

9107:

wood was a light, important, and accessible material:

8906: 8554: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7868: 7443:

In the later 19th century, a cultural movement called

6936:

Constantinople in 860 AD in contemporary accounts as "

6654:, who are considered direct descendants of the Alans. 5473: 5231: 5147:

Bartatua was succeeded by his son with Šērūʾa-ēṭirat,

4844:, the latter of whom were of native Caucasian origin. 3340: 3225: 3211: 3197: 3183: 3169: 3155: 3126: 3116: 648:• Expulsion of Scythians from West Asia by Medes 572:• Scythian alliance with the Neo-Assyrian Empire 157: 150: 21227:"You Are What You Wear: Scythian Costume as Identity" 21056: 19607: 19406: 18940: 18698: 18537: 18467: 18216: 17911: 17634: 17496: 17484: 17460: 17257: 17021: 16936: 16579: 15837: 15615: 15596: 15552: 15377: 14822: 14641: 13931: 13751: 13558: 13548: 13546: 13544: 13542: 13540: 10267:, and the pottery used to consume said wine, such as 10033:, and the scalps themselves were tanned and used as: 9466:

and subsequently other nations, including the Greeks.

9318: 9269:, and also introduced metalwork types which followed 8808: 8806:

and an alcoholic drink made from milk similar to the

8223:, to the east of the Neuroi and in the valley of the 7877: 7569: 7548: 7538: 7521: 7499: 7474: 7445: 6985: 6739: 3858: 3265:

The ancient Persians meanwhile called the Scythians "

3080: 3074: 2889: 2862: 2841: 2826: 2809: 2794: 21330:

The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia

20445: 19276: 19123: 19051: 18659: 18634: 18518: 18503: 18479: 18440: 18425: 18410: 18398: 17578: 17340: 17313: 17233: 17170: 17033: 16554: 16491: 16390: 16388: 15755: 15621: 15076: 15034: 14807: 14460:

Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age

14164:, T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 2006 pp.148, 149 n.57. 13817: 10669: 9921:

in the 6th and early 5th centuries BC for Scythians;

9478:

The main Scythian armament were the bow and arrows:

8684: 6839: 6832: 6815: 6802: 6568:

tribes sought shelter from the allied forces of the

5863:

Persian soldiers (left) fighting against Scythians.

5590: 5335: 5014: 3000:, the Scythians and the Sarmatians had been largely 23888: 20848:

Indo-European Origins: The Anthropological Evidence

19520:(4). Springer Science and Business Media: 411–423. 17508: 15289:Chugunov, K. V.; Parzinger, H.; Nagler, A. (2004). 14288: 14286: 14284: 14282: 14280: 14278: 10349: 10257: 8216:

lived to the west of the Aroteres and of the Neuri.

8148:, and they may have been sedendaty or semi-nomadic. 8143: 7617: 7590: 7078: 7063: 7057: 7051: 7009: 7002: 6996: 6585: 6577: 6371:region on the lower Dnipro, where were located the 6017:Danube and Pontic Olbia or over all the Scythians: 5600: 4069: 3374: 2886: 2859: 2823: 2791: 23152: 21718:, Germany: Editions Universitaires (Switzerland); 21390: 21102:(1988). "Persia in Europe, Apart from Greece". In 19789: 19747:: Second series. Translated by Wilson, Rev. H. A. 19648:Callimachus, Hymns and Epigrams. Lycophron. Aratus 16930: 16834: 16643: 14431: 13843: 13841: 13537: 9714:poisoning would have been incapacitated for life. 8992:Scythian women used a paste made from the wood of 8242:, to the east of the Dnipro, in the valley of the 8136:) were another population of Thracian origin. The 7273:" from aggression from the East, such as from the 6767:referred to the Scythian ancestry of his opponent 5949:, beginning with the territory to the east of the 24089: 23689:: Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut. 20659:. In Crossley, James; Lockhart, Alastair (eds.). 20610:Centre pour la communication scientifique directe 20446:Brzezinski, Richard; Mielczarek, Mariusz (2002). 20090:The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture 16385: 10422:described the Arismapes (Arimaspi) of Scythia as 9482:the typical weapon of the Scythians was the very 8814:still widely consumed by Eurasian steppe nomads. 8617: 7234:, as being alleged descendants of the Scythians. 6928:. For example, Byzantine sources referred to the 6394:kurgans. Rich burials, such as, for example, the 27101: 23364: 23236:Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 22901:The Lost Tribes of Israel: The History of a Myth 22217: 19589: 19574: 19243: 18934: 18922: 18268: 18210: 17793: 17769: 17721: 17538: 17295: 17147: 16791: 16733: 16703: 16548: 16367: 16170: 16146: 15961: 15944: 15876: 15864: 15807: 15795: 15737: 15710: 15573: 15215: 15169: 15136: 14906: 14801: 14275: 14220: 13728:"History of Central Asia: Early Western Peoples" 13718: 13716: 10358:relations with the populations neighbouring it. 9695:of the wound starting the next day, followed by 9103:ornaments, as well as certain types of weapons: 8901:made of embroidered leather with fur trim. Long 8794:from the horses, cattle, and sheep they reared. 8652:kitchen refuse dating from the Scythian period. 8056:. Their neighbours to the north were the Baltic 7741:The Scythians spoke a language belonging to the 7703:Archaeological remains of the Scythians include 7494:'Scythians'). Closely affiliated to the 6884:In Late Antiquity itself, as well as in and the 5617:, while the country was called the "Land of the 4994:was likely the mother of Bartatua's son Madyes. 4547:Scythian horse-mounted warrior (reconstruction). 14421: 14419: 14417: 14184: 14182: 14180: 13838: 10014:of their enemies and bring them to their king; 10003:The Scythians had several war-related customs: 9560:sometimes made with a single barb on one side: 9235: 8919:Scythian women wore shoes or short boots; long 8253:lived on the eastern coast of the Lake Maeotis. 7793:warrior-aristocracy became further entrenched. 7674:Scythian defence line 339 BC reconstruction in 6763:In the 4th century BC, the Athenian politician 6029:, the son of Ariapeithes by a Greek woman from 5458:The Scythians retreated by passing through the 4559:in scholarship as the "Late Srubnaya" culture. 4538: 3696: 3373:, from which was derived the Graeco-Roman name 637:Medo-Babylonian conquest of the Assyrian Empire 23478: 22361:Archives of the Chinese Art Society of America 20654: 20417: 17418: 16336: 15333: 14671: 14524:The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies 13866: 13864: 10907: 9867:commoner warriors used leather or hide armour; 9199:Scytho-Siberian art § Pontic Scythian art 9016:A group of Scythian shaman-priests called the 7905:, formed by the addition of the plural suffix 5971:Scythian Gold Vessel from Crimea, 4th Cent. BC 4026:. Other important rivers of Scythia were the: 3708: 3238:). These terms also reflect the origin of the 3231: 3217: 3203: 3189: 3175: 3161: 3026:The Scythians played an important part in the 26208: 24785: 24300: 24033: 22386: 21518:Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 20236:Journal of Clinical Research and Case Studies 20088:(2012). "Asia". In Rzhevsky, Nicholas (ed.). 17307: 16197:: "In approximately 672 BC the Scythian king 13713: 10852: 8864:Scythian warriors, drawn after figures on an 7883: 7019:, and consequently the 8th century text, the 6068:in the area corresponding to the present-day 5589:former West Asian Scythian realm, was called 5557:, which became the centre of Scythian power. 5371:who had a matriarchal culture and formed the 2762: 91:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 24761:Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia 24121: 23563: 23533: 22492: 22357:"The Stag Image in Scythia and the Far East" 21152:(1988). "Central Asia and Eastern Iran". In 20779: 17561: 17550: 16668:. University of Michigan Press. p. 61. 14757:Amir, Saltanat; Roberts, Rebecca C. (2023). 14726:Davis-Kimball, Bashilov & Yablonsky 1995 14701: 14414: 14355: 14177: 13848:Davis-Kimball, Bashilov & Yablonsky 1995 13832: 13619:Davis-Kimball, Bashilov & Yablonsky 1995 10678: 9823:, made of an iron blade and a bronze socket; 9504:capable of delivering military draw weights; 8927:. women belonging to the upper classes wore 6995:In this context, the similarity of the name 6846: 6822: 6808: 3131:. This designation was recorded in Greek as 3016:, who are believed to be descended from the 2985:and their territories incorporated into the 24234: 23699:The Russian Attack on Constantinople in 860 23093: 22683:(1990). "The Scythians and Sarmatians". In 22524: 21359: 20723:The Scythians: Nomad Warriors of the Steppe 19832: 19810: 19641: 19499: 19475: 17334: 16064: 14756: 14659: 14486: 14292: 13861: 13671: 10607: 9140:Scythian bronze-working products included: 8626: 8579: 8561: 8163: 7699:, by which time the population was settled. 7308: 7032: 6429: 5533: 5206: 5195:through the intermediary of the Scythians. 4508:The earliest Scythians had belonged to the 4379:Some of the earliest Scythian artefacts in 3394: 2961:After being expelled from West Asia by the 26215: 26201: 24792: 24778: 24307: 24293: 24206: 23512: 23422: 23322: 23269: 23229: 23187: 22543: 22192: 21825: 21783: 21736: 21692: 21094: 21028: 20747: 20509:Rome and the Barbarians, 100 B.C.–A.D. 400 19984: 19601: 19270: 19255: 19216: 19199: 18994: 18907: 18874: 18830: 18811: 18787: 18724: 18628: 18336: 18130: 18080: 18036: 17980: 17968: 17853: 17841: 17829: 17757: 17709: 17697: 17478: 17123: 17015: 16957: 16918: 16906: 16894: 16882: 16870: 16858: 16846: 16772: 16745: 16718: 16691: 16625: 16524: 16512: 16446: 16355: 16307: 16251: 16239: 16158: 16036: 16024: 16009: 15994: 15915: 15783: 15660: 15645: 15498: 15492: 15362: 15345: 15200: 15121: 15070: 14997: 14982: 14214: 14190: 14096:. Kevaeler: Butzon & Bercker. p. 14085: 14083: 13876: 13763: 13656: 13646: 13603: 13507:Crimea – Gold and Secrets of the Black Sea 10366:Although the Scythians adopted the use of 9287: 9090:bone was a light and accessible material: 8911:in the Scythian language) were also worn. 8168:The neighbours of the Scythians included: 7899:is the Greek form of the Scythian endonym 7434:Battle between the Scythians and the Slavs 7310:Ogygia: Seu Rerum Hibernicarum Chronologia 6896:literature for various groups of nomadic " 6714:tradition transformed the Scythian prince 5655: 4489:, where they settled around what is today 3896:, where they settled around what is today 2769: 2755: 2733:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 41:"Scyth" redirects here. For the tool, see 27:Nomadic Iranic people of the Pontic Steppe 22922: 22820: 22785: 22690:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia 22679: 22367:. Chinese Art Society of America: 63–76. 22261: 22146: 21997: 21963: 21909: 21873: 21650: 21202: 21148: 20907: 20865: 20226: 20006: 19995:ArchaeoSciences - Journal of Archaeometry 19787: 19765: 19433: 19379: 19320: 19318: 19316: 19314: 19312: 19310: 19308: 19306: 19228: 19187: 19172: 19141: 18886: 18859: 18847: 18799: 18772: 18760: 18736: 18585: 18558: 18392: 18380: 18365: 18348: 18324: 18309: 18285: 18157: 18142: 18103: 18051: 18009: 17992: 17956: 17944: 17905: 17884: 17872: 17817: 17781: 17745: 17733: 17680: 17657: 17628: 17454: 17406: 17394: 17382: 17370: 17358: 17203: 17164: 17111: 17003: 16803: 16760: 16637: 16606: 16536: 16485: 16458: 16434: 16422: 16379: 16288: 16224: 16194: 15819: 15749: 15558: 15534: 15475: 15404: 15227: 15181: 15148: 15028: 14967: 14871: 14774: 14647: 14381: 14328: 14208: 14202: 14074: 13828: 13826: 13682: 13641: 13613: 13608: 9231:was especially focused on animal figures. 7752:The Scythian languages may have formed a 7526:therefore used this image to distinguish 7413:In the 19th century, Scythian kurgans in 4451: 4204:Learn how and when to remove this message 3810:Within this broad definition of the term 3008:. The Scythians were instrumental in the 24580: 23964:"Alcman and the Image of Scythian Steed" 23842: 23693: 23674: 23632: 23591: 23195:Journal of the American Oriental Society 22960: 22855: 22648: 22417: 22118: 22038: 21511: 21433: 21323: 20984: 20751:(1994). "Media and Achaemenid Iran". In 20717: 20569: 20538: 20470: 20366: 20198: 20170: 19625: 18680: 18297: 18237: 18186: 18118: 18063: 17805: 17599: 17572: 17278: 17251: 17227: 17188: 17096: 17081: 17069: 17057: 16978: 16594: 16473: 16406: 16319: 16263: 16182: 15831: 15675: 15085: 15053: 14816: 14744: 14707: 14600: 14425: 14238: 14232: 14196: 13925: 13882: 13805: 13757: 13651: 13631: 13587: 13575: 10856: 10418:. In the 3rd century BC, the Greek poet 10202: 9900: 9888: 9512:were between 76 and 78 centimetres long; 9469: 9441: 9202: 8839: 7669: 7639: 7598: 7580: 7428: 7188: 7154: 6958: 6607: 6486: 6333: 6287: 6215: 6139:at Taganrog on the lower reaches of the 6112: 5990: 5974: 5966: 5858: 5846: 5684: 5664: 5537: 5197: 5061:in what is presently Ukraine and in the 5018: 4851: 4847: 4741:. Multiple fortified settlements of the 4691: 4542: 4455: 4215: 3942: 27155:Tribes described primarily by Herodotus 25445:Collective Security Treaty Organization 24171: 24146: 24122:Humbach, Helmut; Faiss, Klauss (2012). 23717: 23111: 22894: 22831:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia 22796:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia 22651:History and Geography in Late Antiquity 22474: 22443: 22073: 21574: 21400:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 21272: 20956:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity 20948: 20030: 19940: 19872: 19733: 19677: 18597: 17587: 17442: 17430: 16500: 16111: 16099: 16080: 15852: 15768: 15722: 15097: 14551: 14466:. Berkeley: Zinat Press. p. IX, Map 1. 14152: 14089: 14080: 13870: 13531: 10570: 10542: 10327: 9633:were hanged from belts at the left hip; 9474:Scythian bronze arrowheads, c700-300 BC 9066: 8735:used to till the land and rear cattle. 7772:and eventually gave rise to the modern 7543:was the famous poem written in 1918 by 7087:The Irish mythological text titled the 6992:records of their own ancient cultures. 6678:, lasting till the 18th century in the 6106:treacherously killed the Scythian king 5995:Scythian sword with golden sheath from 5836: 5211:During the 7th century BC, the bulk of 5167:, who had succeeded him as the king of 4915:and the Cimmerians in an attack on the 3951:, there were three types of Sakas: the 3932: 608:• Median revolt against Scythians 168:c. 9th–8th century BC–c. 3rd century BC 136:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 27102: 24693:Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea 24262: 24005: 23961: 23881: 23744: 23453: 23275:"Scythian Antiquities in Western Asia" 23028: 22317: 22286: 21625: 20780:David, Bruno; McNiven, Ian J. (2018). 20623: 20597: 20317: 20279: 20254: 20148: 20084: 19879:A View of the Present State of Ireland 19663: 19303: 19153: 19081: 19045: 19018: 19006: 18982: 18970: 18958: 18473: 18256: 17611: 17526: 17514: 17502: 17490: 17466: 17346: 17322: 17266: 17239: 17215: 17135: 16942: 16661: 16048: 15687: 15630: 14695: 14689: 14618:"Central Asian Arts: Nomadic Cultures" 14437: 14250:"Central Asian arts: Nomadic cultures" 13823: 10373: 9952:were imported from the 5th century BC. 9691:, and respiratory paralysis, with the 9515:had shafts made of reed or birch wood; 8268: 8060:, and to the south were the Alazones. 7779: 7635: 7080:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum 6718:into a legendary figure as a kind of " 5518:These contingents participated in the 5486: 4970:Bartatua and the alliance with Assyria 4588:valley being largely destroyed around 4278:groups, who themselves emerged in the 3656: 3154:rendered the name of the Scythians as 26196: 25003:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 24773: 24288: 24061: 23910: 23782: 23295:: Artibus Asiae Publishers: 282–318. 23100:Iranians & Greeks In South Russia 23059: 23000: 22755: 22719: 22614: 22572: 22503:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 22351: 21514:"Alexander the Great in Central Asia" 21221: 20502: 20118: 19991:ArchéoSciences - Revue d'Archéométrie 19909: 19854: 19824:]. Translated by Jones, W. H. S. 19711: 19681:(1885). "The Instructor: Book 1". In 19613: 19487: 19297: 19282: 19129: 19069: 19057: 19033: 18946: 18748: 18707: 18692: 18665: 18653: 18609: 18570: 18546: 18531: 18512: 18497: 18485: 18461: 18449: 18434: 18419: 18404: 18222: 18198: 17917: 17645: 17176: 17042: 17027: 16649: 16560: 15903: 15888: 15439: 15433: 15373: 15371: 15276: 14612: 14520: 13888: 13811: 13676: 13666: 13636: 13552: 13497:Pre-Achaemenid Scythian kings of Iran 13448: 13446: 13444: 13442: 13440: 13438: 13436: 13434: 13432: 13430: 13428: 13426: 13424: 13422: 13420: 13418: 13416: 13414: 13412: 13410: 13404: 13402: 13400: 13398: 13396: 13394: 13383: 13381: 13379: 13377: 13375: 13373: 13371: 13369: 13367: 13365: 13363: 13361: 13359: 13357: 13355: 13353: 13351: 13349: 13343: 13341: 13339: 13337: 13335: 13333: 13331: 13329: 13327: 13321: 13319: 13317: 13315: 13313: 13311: 13309: 13307: 13305: 13303: 13301: 13299: 13297: 13295: 13293: 13291: 13289: 13287: 13281: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13270: 13268: 13266: 13264: 13262: 13260: 13258: 13256: 13254: 13252: 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12905: 12903: 12901: 12899: 12897: 12895: 12893: 12891: 12885: 12883: 12881: 12879: 12877: 12875: 12873: 12871: 12869: 12867: 12865: 12863: 12861: 12859: 12857: 12855: 12853: 12851: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12827: 12825: 12823: 12821: 12819: 12817: 12815: 12813: 12811: 12809: 12803: 12801: 12795: 12793: 12791: 12789: 12787: 12781: 12779: 12777: 12775: 12773: 12771: 12769: 12767: 12765: 12763: 12761: 12759: 12734: 12732: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12724: 12722: 12720: 12718: 12707: 12705: 12703: 12688: 12673: 12671: 12669: 12667: 12657: 12655: 12653: 12651: 12649: 12647: 12645: 12643: 12641: 12639: 12633: 12631: 12629: 12623: 12621: 12619: 12617: 12615: 12613: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12557: 12546: 12544: 12533: 12531: 12529: 12524: 12511: 12482: 12426: 12424: 12422: 12416: 12414: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12390: 12388: 12386: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 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11965: 11963: 11961: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11953: 11951: 11945: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11929: 11927: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11915: 11913: 11911: 11909: 11907: 11905: 11903: 11901: 11899: 11897: 11895: 11889: 11887: 11885: 11883: 11881: 11870: 11868: 11866: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11858: 11856: 11854: 11852: 11850: 11848: 11846: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11838: 11836: 11830: 11828: 11826: 11824: 11822: 11820: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11804: 11802: 11800: 11798: 11796: 11794: 11792: 11790: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11782: 11780: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11768: 11766: 11755: 11753: 11751: 11749: 11747: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11731: 11729: 11727: 11725: 11723: 11721: 11715: 11713: 11711: 11709: 11707: 11701: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11689: 11687: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11679: 11677: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11661: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11648: 11646: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11638: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11624: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11612: 11610: 11608: 11606: 11604: 11598: 11596: 11594: 11592: 11590: 11588: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11572: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11564: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11552: 11541: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11533: 11531: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11501: 11499: 11497: 11495: 11493: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11479: 11477: 11475: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11467: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11459: 11457: 11455: 11453: 11439: 11428: 11426: 11415: 11413: 11406: 11389: 11387: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11367: 11365: 11363: 11361: 11333: 11331: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11299: 11297: 11291: 11289: 11287: 11285: 11283: 11281: 11279: 11277: 11275: 11273: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11265: 11263: 11257: 11246: 11244: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11203: 11201: 11199: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11181: 11179: 11173: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11157: 11155: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11147: 11145: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11131: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11119: 11114: 11112: 11110: 11108: 11106: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11098: 11096: 11094: 11092: 11090: 11088: 11086: 11084: 11082: 11080: 11078: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11066: 11060: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11024: 11022: 11020: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11012: 11010: 11008: 11006: 10479:Scytho-Siberian world § Genetics 9419:authors who drew on him as a source. 9356:The tripe of the Callipidae lived in 9211:, or neckpiece, from an aristocratic 7394:peoples of Northern Europe; being an 6786:. Herodorus also portrayed the Titan 5111: 4653:on the north coast of the Black Sea. 3671: 3641: 3628: 3600: 3585: 3570: 3555: 3542: 3529: 3514: 3499: 3488: 3475: 3457: 3413:The Scythians were part of the wider 3402: 3115:), derived from the Scythian endonym 2740:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 2712:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 26222: 26142:Unified Sports Classification System 23806: 22525:Manoledakis, Manolis (20 May 2021). 22229:[Eminakes, King of Scythia] 21465:. History of Humanity. Vol. 3. 21437:(1996). "10.4.1. The Scythians". In 20804: 20675: 19562: 19511: 19338:Samashev, Zainolla (26 March 2021). 16816:Hartley, Yazicioğlu & Smith 2012 16394: 14713: 14226: 13661: 10449:. The 2nd-century Greek philosopher 9959: 9624:could each contain up to 300 arrows; 8508:were recruited from the serf class. 7800: 7603:Ancient Greek sculpture of a griffin 7516:'s view that Europe had always seen 7213:During the early modern era itself, 7182:. It therefore became popular among 7174:, and that they were related to the 6956:became the normative historiography. 6747:The 4th century BC Greek historian, 5158: 4668:, as well as more places, including 4156: 3763:, which has been referred to as the 3615: 3466: 3253: 848:Scythian kingdom on the lower Danube 233:(from c. 6th century BC – c. 200 BC) 51: 24799: 21394:; Godolphin, Francis R. B. (1973). 20844: 19324: 16580:Dugaw, Lipschits & Stiebel 2020 15616:Dugaw, Lipschits & Stiebel 2020 15597:Dugaw, Lipschits & Stiebel 2020 15499:Krzewińska, Maja (3 October 2018). 10457:writes that Scythians, Sarmatians, 10292:carved semi-precious and gem stones 10250: 9992:'horse-archers') in Greek. 9636:arrows were usually taken from the 9498:around 115 centimetres when strung; 9040:for medicinal purposes. During the 7368:In the 18th to 20th centuries, the 6982:", whereby these peoples, who were 6943: 6888:, the name "Scythians" was used in 6847: 6823: 6809: 6446:and his threat of conquest against 5530:of the kingdom of Judah in 586 BC. 4749:, and, from there, until as far as 3791:and various obscure peoples of the 2697:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 24: 26347:Revolution and War of Independence 25440:Commonwealth of Independent States 23998: 23695:Vasilʹev, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich 23675:van Loon, Maurits Nanning (1966). 23332:The Median and Achaemenian Periods 22428:Proceedings of the British Academy 22420:"Scythian Elements In Old Iranian" 22193:Kramberger, Anja Hellmuth (2014). 21750:Review of the History of Religions 20875:The Median and Achaemenian Periods 20851:. Institute for the Study of Man. 20685:The Median and Achaemenian Periods 20229:"Women and the Ancient Roman Army" 15368: 14606: 14142:"Asguzayu [SCYTHIAN] (EN)" 14112:"Iškuzaya [SCYTHIAN] (EN)" 13722: 10968:belonged to the same dynasty, and 10198: 10142: 9501:capable of being drawn to the ear; 9036:) was knowledgeable in the use of 8329: 7784: 7232:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 7001:with the Latin name of the Irish, 6593: 6482: 6220:Scythians on a gold pectoral from 5907:refused to support the Scythians. 5403: 5392:in 626 BC under the leadership of 5383: 5289:tribe who had migrated across the 5267:on the western coast of Anatolia. 4460:Scythian warriors (reconstruction) 3859:Early phase in the western steppes 3125:, the term evolved into the form * 3030:, a vast trade network connecting 2719:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 25: 27166: 23232:"Psammetichus, King of Egypt: II" 22076:"Metallurgy in the Early Steppes" 21746:Revue de l'histoire des religions 21632:Human Sacrifice in Ancient Greece 20539:Campbell, Gordon Lindsay (2014). 19902: 14356:Järve, Mari; et al. (2019). 10602: 10583:, characteristic of the Northern 9396:Indo-Iranic religious development 7890:), meaning 'placed at the front'. 7323:was believed to have created the 7296:The 17th-century Irish historian 7285:in the Middle Ages, and from the 6280:during the early 4th century BC. 5251:and captured the Lydian capital, 5015:West Asian influence on Scythians 138: instead of cuneiform script. 27150:Near East in classical antiquity 26664:Ukraine–European Union relations 26520:Seven Natural Wonders of Ukraine 26362:West Ukrainian People's Republic 24585:Scythian and related populations 24184:University of Pennsylvania Press 23966:. In Tuplin, Christopher (ed.). 21333:. Translated by Walford, Naomi. 20227:Belfiglio, Valentine J. (2023). 19634: 19556: 19505: 19493: 19481: 19469: 19400: 19330: 19105: 19087: 17593: 17566: 17555: 17544: 17532: 17520: 16655: 16400: 16188: 16176: 14244: 13818:Brzezinski & Mielczarek 2002 10501: 10487: 10441:says that the Scythians and the 9757:long swords in the early period; 9745: 8854: 8659: 8097:river to the area of modern-day 7745:, most probably a branch of the 7150: 7050:Drawing on the confusion of the 7027:, claimed that a Scythian named 6584:" (European Sarmatia) replaced " 5940: 5396:; and the next year, in 625 BC, 4391:, dated to 8th–7th centuries BC. 4369: 4360: 4351: 4345:Arzhan kurgan (8–7th century BC) 4314: 4161: 4112: 3451: 3445: 3281:𐎿𐎣𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎹𐎡𐎹 𐏐 𐎱𐎼𐎭𐎼𐎹 2882: 2855: 2819: 2787: 2726:Journal of Indo-European Studies 1490:Bible translations into Armenian 981: 894: 880: 866: 852: 838: 824: 810: 785: 771: 757: 743: 618:• Scythian raid across the 185: 173: 116: 71:to read and navigate comfortably 56: 27120:Ancient history of the Caucasus 24175:Journal of the History of Ideas 23502:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 23188:Spalinger, Anthony J. (1978a). 23135:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 23049:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 22529:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. 22021:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 21704:The Cimmerians in the Near East 21699:Les Cimmériens au Proche-Orient 20931:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 19864:. Translated by Bostock, John. 15967: 15282: 15091: 14750: 14719: 14683: 14665: 14653: 14545: 14514: 14480: 14443: 14349: 14167: 14134: 14104: 10649: 10563:people, as well as the ancient 10414:argued that the Scythians were 9388:Pre-Zoroastrian Iranic religion 9174: 9164:expelled from West Asia around 9122: 8529: 8138: 8123: 8104: 8039: 8023: 8003: 7997: 7958: 7942: 7834: 7820: 6813:), and this name, corrupted to 6548:During the 3rd century BC, the 4947:, who might have been his son. 4432:cultures), as well as from the 3879: 3233: 3219: 3205: 3191: 3177: 3163: 1001:List of Indo-European languages 158: 151: 73:. When this tag was added, its 26446:Annexation of Crimea by Russia 26303:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 24150:Steppenkind: Ein Skythen-Roman 23821:Brill's Companion to Herodotus 23720:"Скифский язык: опыт описания" 23640:Journal of Biblical Literature 23171:University of California Press 23077:University of California Press 22566:University of California Press 22444:MacLeod, Sharon Paice (2013). 21943:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 20999:The Cambridge History of China 20953:. In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). 20655:Cottrell-Boyce, Aidan (2021). 20522:Johns Hopkins University Press 19745:Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers 16931:Sherwin-White & Kuhrt 1993 16835:Herodotus & Godolphin 1973 15979:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 14623:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 14493:Concise Atlas of World History 14255:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 13901:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 13776:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 13733:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 13695:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 13597: 10215:(a police force in Athens) by 9998: 9308: 9247: 8725: 8696: 8618:Popular and warrior assemblies 7659: 7496:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 6851:), that is to the Cimmerians. 6840: 6833: 6590:" as the name for the region. 5829:ruling alongside Idanthyrsus. 5660: 5390:revolted against the Assyrians 5108:for the Snake-Legged Goddess. 13: 1: 25350:Political abuse of psychiatry 24735:Iranian origin hypotheses of 24721:History of the western steppe 23933:The Cambridge Ancient History 23768:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979528 23633:Vaggione, Richard P. (1973). 23540:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 23394:The Cambridge Ancient History 23336:The Cambridge History of Iran 22979:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979527 22821:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000b). 22786:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000a). 22227:"Эминак в ряду владык Скифии" 21974:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 21676:Cambridge Scholars Publishing 21597:The Cambridge Ancient History 21396:"Herodotus: On the Scythians" 21295:The Cambridge Ancient History 21174:The Cambridge Ancient History 21124:The Cambridge Ancient History 20879:The Cambridge History of Iran 20689:The Cambridge History of Iran 20472:Bukharin, Mikhail Dmitrievich 20389:The Cambridge Ancient History 20056:The Cambridge Ancient History 19697:Ante-Nicene Christian Library 16665:Dining in a Classical Context 14490:; et al., eds. (2007) . 14293:Unterländer, Martina (2017). 13906:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 13781:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 13738:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 13700:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 13512: 11224: 10653: 10519:) primarily emerged from the 9165: 7508:religious mysticists who saw 7200: 7132:while Nel's and Scota's son, 6771:to attempt discrediting him. 6283: 6260: 5853:Scythian campaign of Darius I 5843:Scythian campaign of Darius I 5547: 4888:during the reign of its king 4589: 4225: 4220:Curled-up feline animal from 2942:, the Scythians replaced the 2327:Proto-Indo-European mythology 1596:Paleolithic continuity theory 300:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 192: 26976:Intangible Cultural Heritage 26394:Eastern Front (World War II) 26379:Ukrainian National Committee 25995:Traditions and superstitions 23711:Mediaeval Academy of America 23372:(1991). "The Scythians". In 23230:Spalinger, Anthony (1978b). 22856:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2021). 22544:Maslenikov, Oleg A. (1952). 22418:Lubotsky, Alexander (2002). 21979:Dialogues of Ancient History 21797:Ancient Greeks West and East 21237:; Munkholt, Cherine (eds.). 20449:The Sarmatians 600 BC–AD 450 20154:At the Crossroads of Empires 19985:Armbruster, Barbara (2009). 19590:Kullanda & Raevskiy 2004 19575:Kullanda & Raevskiy 2004 19244:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 18935:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 18923:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 18269:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 18211:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 17794:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 17770:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 17722:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 17539:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 17296:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 17148:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 16792:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 16734:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 16704:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 16549:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 16368:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 16205: 16199: 16171:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 16147:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 15962:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 15945:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 15877:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 15865:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 15808:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 15796:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 15738:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 15711:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 15574:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 15440:Juras, Anna (7 March 2017). 15216:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 15170:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 15137:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 14907:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 14802:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 14676: 14221:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 10950: 10899: 10883: 10832: 10816: 10800: 10784: 10758: 10737: 10709: 10693: 10670: 10644: 10638: 10622: 10316: 10283:. The Scythians also bought 10278: 10270: 10187: 10156: 10083: 10044: 9973: 9818: 9815:bimetallic pickaxes, called 9791: 9782: 9773: 9763: 9728: 9719: 9710: 9704: 9660: 9638: 9629: 9620: 9612: 9601: 9329: 9319: 9018: 8978:of various shapes; and gold 8938: 8930: 8907: 8635: 8555: 8479: 8420: 8396: 8369: 8288:of Central Asia, including: 8089: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7895: 7869: 7859: 7105: 7090: 7022: 6690:The ancient Greek historian 6685: 6552:and Bastarnae displaced the 6268: 6208: 6169: 6161: 5962: 5921: 5780: 5771: 5765: 5740: 5619: 5608: 5591: 5474: 5232: 5038: 4911:joined an alliance with the 4777:, and they were recorded in 4539:Arrival in the Pontic steppe 4529: 4420:(more specifically from the 4186:Knowledge's inclusion policy 4090: 3979: 3365: 3335: 3300: 3290: 3268: 3226: 3212: 3198: 3184: 3170: 3156: 3133: 3127: 3117: 3105: 3091: 3068: 2015:Northern Black Polished Ware 1214:Proto-Indo-European language 582:• Scythian conquest of 7: 26352:Ukrainian People's Republic 25661:Water supply and sanitation 24314: 23889: 23388:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). 21530:10.1556/aant.39.1999.1-4.11 21289:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). 21030:Dolukhanov, Pavel Markovich 20383:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). 20008:10.4000/archeosciences.2193 16662:Slater, William J. (1991). 14344:branch of Turkic languages. 13460: 10992:The Scythian royal dynasty 10908:Kings of Danubian Scythians 10472: 10391:hypermobility of the joints 10350: 10258: 9829:other sorts of battle-axes; 9446:Scythian archers using the 9371: 9183: 9011: 8809: 8771:was located at the site of 8685: 8584: 8144: 7878: 7730: 7618: 7591: 7570: 7549: 7539: 7522: 7500: 7475: 7446: 7406:. According to the scholar 7300:continued the claim of the 7079: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7010: 7003: 6997: 6986: 6966: 6816: 6803: 6740: 6586: 6578: 6095:marrying the Scythian king 5601: 4070: 3959:on the Western side of the 3853: 3793:East European Forest Steppe 3375: 3081: 3075: 2958:along with the Cimmerians. 2332:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 83:content into sub-articles, 10: 27171: 27140:Historical Iranian peoples 27125:Ancient peoples of Ukraine 26374:Reichskommissariat Ukraine 24244:(in German). Vol. 2. 24147:Jaedtke, Wolfgang (2008). 23945:Cambridge University Press 23865:Princeton University Press 23406:Cambridge University Press 23348:Cambridge University Press 23065:The World of the Scythians 23012:Cambridge University Press 22739:Cambridge University Press 22703:Cambridge University Press 22663:Cambridge University Press 22632:Princeton University Press 22242:Journal of Ancient History 22045:Handbuch der Orientalistik 21720:Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 21609:Cambridge University Press 21558:Cambridge University Press 21307:Cambridge University Press 21186:Cambridge University Press 21132:Cambridge University Press 21068:Israel Exploration Journal 21061:; Stiebel, Guy D. (2020). 21012:Cambridge University Press 20891:Cambridge University Press 20701:Cambridge University Press 20401:Cambridge University Press 20255:Belier, Wouter W. (1991). 20210:Princeton University Press 20182:Princeton University Press 20102:Cambridge University Press 20068:Cambridge University Press 19968:Princeton University Press 19924:Cambridge University Press 19727:Cambridge University Press 19721:(in Latin). Translated by 19526:10.1007/s00439-019-02002-y 10853:Kings of Crimean Scythians 10476: 10361: 10228:had defeated the Persians 10050: 10039:as towels to be shown off; 10029:the heads of enemies were 9982: 9666: 9653: 9518:Scythian arrowheads were: 9430: 9422: 9409: 9375: 9196: 9126: 9024: 8843: 8488: 8447: 8437: 8409: 8385: 8358: 8333: 8133: 8078: 8049: 8033: 7968: 7952: 7841: 7827: 7734: 7663: 6692:Herodotus of Halicarnassus 6597: 6421: 6198:issued at Niconium in the 6174:. Between 450 and 400 BC, 5840: 5451:, after which the pharaoh 5420:, and was foretold by the 5378: 5336: 5326:Herodotus of Halicarnassus 5027:and other artifacts, from 4974:Išpakaia was succeeded by 4856:Gold Scythian belt title, 4243: 4239: 4152: 4079: 3995:tomb detail, circa 480 BC. 3936: 3406: 3384: 3341: 3309: 3279: 3232: 3218: 3204: 3190: 3176: 3162: 3145:Herodotus of Halicarnassus 3139: 3111: 3097: 3061: 1628:Domestication of the horse 834:Scythian kingdom in Crimea 595:• Scythian defeat of 527:(from c. 672 to c. 625 BC) 40: 29: 27130:Ancient peoples of Russia 27068: 27009: 26867: 26756: 26747: 26690: 26681: 26590: 26581: 26505: 26496: 26466: 26240: 26231: 26161: 25918: 25682: 25673: 25506: 25497: 25250: 25241: 25049: 25040: 24975: 24817: 24808: 24754: 24708: 24635: 24592: 24578: 24322: 24269:. Durham Academic Press. 24241:Skythien und der Bosporus 23818:; van Wees, Hans (eds.). 23326:(1985). "The Scyths". In 23153:Sherwin-White, Susan M.; 22301:Syracuse University Press 22039:Jacobson, Esther (1995). 21843:Revue des Études Grecques 20342:10.1515/9783110715972-010 19817:Περί αέρων, υδάτων, τόπων 19435:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019 19119:. State Hermitage Museum. 19101:. State Hermitage Museum. 17308:Lomazoff & Ralby 2013 15406:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019 14453:; Bashilov, Vladimir A.; 14383:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.019 13325: 13323: 13230: 13228: 13107: 13105: 13012: 13010: 12889: 12887: 12799: 12797: 12785: 12783: 12753: 12747: 12745: 12743: 12701: 12697: 12695: 12693: 12686: 12684: 12661: 12659: 12637: 12635: 12627: 12625: 12605: 12603: 12583: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12569: 12567: 12561: 12522: 12509: 12507: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12499: 12497: 12495: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12487: 12476: 12474: 12472: 12466: 12464: 12462: 12460: 12452: 12448: 12446: 12444: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12420: 12418: 12380: 12378: 12300: 12298: 12260: 12258: 12176: 12174: 12076: 12074: 12072: 12056: 12052: 12046: 11933: 11931: 11818: 11816: 11705: 11703: 11602: 11600: 11491: 11489: 11449: 11443: 11404: 11402: 11400: 11355: 11353: 11351: 11345: 11343: 11341: 11329: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11295: 11293: 11177: 11175: 10679:Kings of Pontic Scythians 10626:), reigned unknown–679 BC 10012:collect the severed heads 9858: 9398:than the Zoroastrian and 9384:religion of the Scythians 9113:it was also used as fuel; 8281:of the Volga-Ural region; 8118:Scythian Agriculturalists 7884: 7558: 7484: 7463: 7309: 7208:Johann Heinrich Schönfeld 7194:Scythians at the Tomb of 6657: 6511:in 309 BC on the side of 5698:formed the tribes of the 5497:their war against Assyria 5142: 4696:Scythian mounted archer, 3771:, and its peoples called 3254: 2337:Historical Vedic religion 1614:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 910: 722: 718: 704: 682: 669: 656: 646: 633: 616: 606: 593: 580: 570: 560: 556: 531: 522: 518: 506: 494: 482: 470: 458: 446: 434: 422: 410: 398: 386: 374: 362: 358: 350: 342: 332: 290: 237: 226: 203: 184: 172: 167: 145: 36:Scythian (disambiguation) 26806:hybrid variant (2020-22) 26595:Administrative divisions 26298:Grand Duchy of Lithuania 25435:Prime Minister of Russia 24045:Grand Central Publishing 23810:(2002). "Scythians". In 23592:Ustinova, Yulia (1999). 23029:Rogers, Michael (2001). 22961:Phillips, E. D. (1972). 22649:Merrills, A. H. (2005). 22478:(1991). "The Iranians". 21512:Harmatta, János (1999). 21461:; Zhou, Yiliang (eds.). 21343:Rutgers University Press 20823:10.1515/kadmos-2015-0008 20805:Dale, Alexander (2015). 20753:Harmatta, János Harmatta 20576:The Scythians 700–300 BC 20200:Beckwith, Christopher I. 20172:Beckwith, Christopher I. 19826:Harvard University Press 19772:The History of Herodotus 14702:David & McNiven 2018 14563:Barnes & Noble Books 13833:Mallory & Adams 1997 10741:), r. c. 530 – c. 510 BC 10608:Kings of Early Scythians 10591:. One Scythian from the 10098: 9893:The Kostroma deer, from 9063:, and constant warfare. 8627:Administrative divisions 8580:Administrative structure 8336:Trifunctional hypothesis 8164:Neighbouring populations 7911:to the Scythian endonym 7747:Eastern Iranic languages 7404:descend from the Khazars 7136:, became the eponym the 5671:red-figure vase-painting 5534:Expulsion from West Asia 5207:Defeat of the Cimmerians 5186:During this period, the 4753:, and possibly even the 4645:on the eastern shore of 4641:in the western regions, 3417:, stretching across the 3057: 3002:assimilated and absorbed 2342:Ancient Iranian religion 1705:Novotitarovskaya culture 1552:Indo-European migrations 26441:2014 pro-Russian unrest 25873:Social entrepreneurship 25762:Forced public apologies 25697:Anti-American sentiment 24263:Torday, Laszlo (1998). 24035:Davis-Kimball, Jeannine 23843:Williams, Mark (2016). 23800:Oxford University Press 23718:Vitchak, K. T. (1999). 23557:10.1111/1468-0092.00051 22829:; Fear, Andrew (eds.). 22794:; Fear, Andrew (eds.). 22756:Novák, Ľubomír (2013). 22437:Oxford University Press 22287:Lennon, Joseph (2008). 22236:Вестник древней истории 22162:; Gecser, Ottó (eds.). 21847:Review of Greek Studies 21374:Oxford University Press 20961:Oxford University Press 20788:Oxford University Press 20731:Oxford University Press 20598:Cheung, Johnny (2016). 20553:Oxford University Press 20132:Oxford University Press 15303:10.1007/1-4020-2656-0_1 14498:Oxford University Press 14451:Davis-Kimball, Jeannine 10887:), r. c. 2nd century BC 10107:The Scythians exported 9288:Industrial organisation 9000:, ground together with 8785: 7426:contained within them. 7331:, as well as the early 7302: 6794:as a Scythian as well. 6604:Scythia Minor (Dobruja) 6491:Scythian warrior, from 5755:founded by the Persian 5656:Pontic Scythian kingdom 5100:for Artimpasa and from 4700:, early 5th century BC. 4485:in what is present-day 4302:Eastern Iranian peoples 3143:), which, according to 1843:Northern/Eastern Steppe 388:• c. 659/8–625 BC 376:• 679–c. 659/8 BC 315:Ancient Iranic religion 47:Scythe (disambiguation) 27046:Immigration to Ukraine 26720:Science and technology 26669:Ukraine–NATO relations 25621:Social security system 25604:Science and technology 25270:Classified information 25096:Central Russian Upland 24658:Parama Kamboja Kingdom 24586: 24091:Gamkrelidze, Thomas V. 23962:Zaikov, A. V. (2004). 23565:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. 23535:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. 22074:Jettmar, Karl (1971). 21919:New Haven, Connecticut 20994:Shaughnessy, Edward L. 20963:. pp. 1346–1347. 20949:Dickens, Mark (2018). 20429:. 2017. Archived from 19364:10.1126/sciadv.abe4414 16847:Fol & Hammond 1988 15527:10.1126/sciadv.aat4457 14558:Atlas of World History 14521:Fauve, Jeroen (2021). 14268:the 1st millennium bc. 14146:oracc.museum.upenn.edu 14116:oracc.museum.upenn.edu 14090:Parpola, Simo (1970). 10946:, r. c. 2nd century BC 10940:, r. c. 2nd century BC 10934:, r. c. 2nd century BC 10928:, r. c. 2nd century BC 10922:, r. c. 2nd century BC 10916:, r. c. 2nd century BC 10870: 10529:Western Steppe Herders 10234:Scythian slave archers 10220: 9910: 9898: 9786:were richly decorated; 9524:composed of a socket; 9475: 9467: 9232: 9192: 9033: 8790:The Scythians ate the 8511:A rudimentary form of 7678: 7652: 7604: 7596: 7520:as being Asiatic. The 7440: 7359:State Hermitage Museum 7271:Christian civilisation 7210: 7163: 6975: 6867: 6782:and taught archery to 6621: 6600:Scythia Minor (Crimea) 6558:Protogenes inscription 6496: 6430: 6347: 6293: 6225: 6122: 6121:, early 4th century BC 6000: 5999:kurgan, 4th century BC 5988: 5972: 5868: 5856: 5799:, son of Spargapeithes 5690: 5682: 5543: 5479:(meaning 'unmanly' in 5203: 5032: 4869: 4701: 4603:where they introduced 4548: 4461: 4452:Arrival into West Asia 4413:at these early dates. 4232: 3996: 3395: 3064:Names of the Scythians 2954:and frequently raided 2314:Religion and mythology 2273:Medieval Scandinavians 1564:Alternative and fringe 496:• c. 360s–339 BC 364:• unknown–679 BC 326:Ancient Greek religion 222:(6th–3rd centuries BC) 216:(7th–6th centuries BC) 210:(9th–7th centuries BC) 124:This article contains 45:. For other uses, see 34:. For other uses, see 26456:2022 Russian invasion 26424:Revolution of Dignity 26082:Russian tsars regalia 25415:Intelligence agencies 25138:Great Russian Regions 24882:Expansion (1500-1800) 24700:Pontic–Caspian steppe 24584: 23970:. Colloquia Pontica. 23480:Tokhtas'ev, Sergei R. 22839:Księgarnia Akademicka 22804:Księgarnia Akademicka 21947:Yale University Press 21859:10.3406/reg.1999.4355 21762:10.3406/rhr.1993.1478 21658:. In Grage, Joachim; 21150:Francfort, Henri-Paul 20845:Day, John V. (2001). 20581:Bloomsbury Publishing 20034:(1991). "Urartu". In 19834:Marcellinus, Ammianus 19420:(14): 2430–2441.e10. 17529:, pp. 64–65, 118 15447:Nature Communications 15391:(14): 2430–2441.e10. 14300:Nature Communications 14093:Neo-Assyrian Toponyms 10860: 10674:), r. c. 659/8–625 BC 10585:Pontic-Caspian steppe 10439:Clement of Alexandria 10426:. The 2nd-century BC 10206: 10077:or made into saddles; 9904: 9897:, 7th-6th century BC. 9892: 9699:after around a week. 9473: 9445: 9386:was a variant of the 9206: 9042:Third Mithridatic War 8840:Clothing and grooming 8798:, especially that of 7873:) corresponds to the 7673: 7643: 7602: 7584: 7432: 7375:movement developed a 7192: 7158: 7042:Irishman the Pharisee 6962: 6837:is closely linked to 6801:called the Scythians 6776:Herodorus of Heraclea 6741:Letters of Anacharsis 6728:Seven Sages of Greece 6611: 6490: 6338:Scythian vessel from 6337: 6291: 6219: 6116: 6083:The emergence of the 5994: 5978: 5970: 5922:Sakā tayaiy paradraya 5862: 5850: 5688: 5668: 5541: 5528:Babylonian annexation 5201: 5022: 4855: 4848:Presence in West Asia 4695: 4658:island of Borysthenes 4605:Novocherkassk culture 4546: 4501:, and turned eastern 4459: 4258:Scytho-Siberian world 4219: 3946: 3694:Map of the Scythian ( 3415:Scytho-Siberian world 3409:Scytho-Siberian world 3291:Sakā tayaiy paradraya 3048:Scythian metalworking 2664:Indo-European studies 2027:Peoples and societies 566:c. 9th–8th century BC 484:• c. 460–450 BC 472:• c. 490–460 BC 448:• c. 530–510 BC 278:Proto-Slavic language 238:Common languages 26827:Freedom of the press 26564:World Heritage Sites 26559:Islands and sandbars 26332:Pereiaslav Agreement 26315:Zaporozhian Cossacks 26283:Principality of Kiev 26149:World Heritage sites 25526:Droughts and famines 25079:Environmental issues 24827:Proto-Indo-Europeans 24246:Franz Steiner Verlag 24236:Rostovtzeff, Michael 24208:Lebedynsky, Iaroslav 24095:Ivanov, Vjaceslav V. 24073:Taylor & Francis 23828:. pp. 437–456. 23816:de Jong, Irene J. F. 23760:Taylor & Francis 23489:Encyclopædia Iranica 23464:. pp. 707–733. 23408:. pp. 547–590. 23350:. pp. 149–199. 23122:Encyclopædia Iranica 23095:Rostovtzeff, Michael 23036:Encyclopædia Iranica 22841:. pp. 101–140. 22827:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga 22792:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga 22508:Taylor & Francis 22245:] (in Russian). 22199:Mediterranean Review 22178:. pp. 183–210. 22008:Encyclopædia Iranica 21965:Ivantchik, Askold I. 21949:. pp. 146–153. 21895:. pp. 497–520. 21827:Ivantchik, Askold I. 21811:. pp. 497–520. 21678:. pp. 174–218. 21635:. Psychology Press. 21611:. pp. 372–441. 21309:. pp. 103–141. 21188:. pp. 165–193. 21134:. pp. 234–253. 21014:. pp. 885–996. 20918:Encyclopædia Iranica 20869:(1985). "Media". In 20749:Dandamayev, Muhammad 20703:. pp. 200–291. 20640:. pp. 317–334. 20486:] (in Russian). 20336:. pp. 177–194. 20070:. pp. 314–371. 19866:Taylor & Francis 19822:Airs, Waters, Places 19751:. pp. 101–135. 19095:"Эрмитаж.ОМП.Статья" 15108:Encyclopædia Iranica 14776:10.3390/arts12010023 14496:(Revised ed.). 14455:Yablonsky, Leonid T. 14158:Russell E. Gmirkin, 14122:on 21 September 2022 11397:c. 679 – c. 659/8 BC 10577:paternal haplogroups 10571:Paternal haplogroups 10549:maternal haplogroups 10543:Maternal haplogroups 10436:Christian theologian 10328:The gold trade route 10230:at Salamis in 480 BC 10059:the Scythians would 10010:the Scythians would 9826:shaft-hole war-axes; 9402:systems. The use of 9390:which differed from 9067:Crafts and materials 7630:Orientalising period 6507:participated in the 5871:In 513 BC, the king 5837:The Persian invasion 5520:battle of Carchemish 5238:King of the Universe 5086:Snake-Legged Goddess 5025:Snake-Legged Goddess 4868:, 7th–4th century BC 4264:western Central Asia 3953:Sakā tayai paradraya 3933:In the Pontic steppe 3690:class=notpageimage| 3085:is derived from the 1571:Anatolian hypothesis 1523:Proto-Indo-Europeans 1430:Hittite inscriptions 975:Indo-European topics 710:invasion of Scythia 696:invasion of Scythia 27135:Classical antiquity 26431:Russo-Ukrainian War 26000:Forms of addressing 25609:Academy of Sciences 25566:Financial districts 25430:President of Russia 25355:Political divisions 25315:Freedom of assembly 25197:West Siberian Plain 24943:Great Patriotic War 24904:February Revolution 23725:Вопросы языкознания 23366:Sulimirski, Tadeusz 23117:"Scythian language" 22934:] (in German). 22806:. pp. 71–100. 22721:Minns, Ellis Hovell 22705:. pp. 97–117. 22486:Thames & Hudson 22267:"Scythians / Sacae" 21981:] (in French). 21668:Newcastle upon Tyne 21235:Nosch, Marie-Louise 20657:"British Israelism" 20423:British Museum Blog 19997:] (in French). 19861:The Natural History 19844:Yonge, Charles Duke 19737:(1995). "Book II". 19426:2019CBio...29E2430J 19356:2021SciA....7.4414G 18121:, pp. 191–192. 17995:, pp. 105–106. 17820:, pp. 104–105. 17736:, pp. 101–104. 17419:Cottrell-Boyce 2021 17018:, pp. 149–199. 16960:, pp. 197–199. 16921:, pp. 153–154. 16909:, pp. 194–197. 16897:, pp. 174–181. 16885:, pp. 156–160. 16873:, pp. 194–196. 16861:, pp. 190–191. 16775:, pp. 181–182. 16748:, pp. 168–171. 16721:, pp. 180–181. 16694:, pp. 174–179. 16254:, pp. 160–162. 16242:, pp. 169–171. 16102:, pp. 356–365. 16083:, pp. 333–365. 15997:, pp. 191–193. 15918:, pp. 150–153. 15786:, pp. 155–156. 15725:, pp. 333–356. 15648:, pp. 173–174. 15519:2018SciA....4.4457K 15460:2017NatSR...743950J 15397:2019CBio...29E2430J 15365:, pp. 168–169. 15334:British Museum 2007 15124:, pp. 149–150. 14488:O'Brien, Patrick K. 14374:2019CBio...29E2430J 14321:10.1038/ncomms14615 14313:2017NatCo...814615U 14246:Rice, Tamara Talbot 13808:, pp. 181–182. 10842:, r. c. 360s–339 BC 10820:), r. c. 450–430 BC 10804:), r. c. 460–450 BC 10788:), r. c. 490–460 BC 10772:?, r. c. 510–490 BC 10374:Physical appearance 9678:In addition to the 9298:Kamianka-Dniprovska 9129:Scythian metallurgy 8269:Related populations 8018:Scythian Husbandmen 7780:Social organisation 7636:Culture and society 7537:The culmination of 7506:Russian nationalist 7504:were a movement of 7325:Phoenician alphabet 7298:Roderick O'Flaherty 7245:, British works on 7103:. According to the 7023:Auraicept na n-Éces 6722:" who represented " 6322:, Spartocus II and 6117:Scythian comb from 6074:Thracian Chersonese 5487:War against Assyria 5354:Neo-Assyrian Empire 5120:, sent his general 4917:Neo-Assyrian Empire 4905:Neo-Assyrian Empire 4575:Sabatynivka culture 4469:and arrived in the 4276:nomadic pastoralist 4003:in the east to the 3927:Neo-Assyrian Empire 3816:Classical Scythians 3805:Finno-Ugric peoples 3753:culturally Scythian 1827:Multi-cordoned ware 1698:Mikhaylovka culture 1586:Indigenous Aryanism 1576:Armenian hypothesis 1435:Hieroglyphic Luwian 525:Neo-Assyrian Empire 75:readable prose size 26791:Swine flu pandemic 26725:Telecommunications 26515:Biosphere reserves 26404:Chernobyl disaster 26050:Russian given name 25636:Telecommunications 25586:Petroleum industry 25450:State of emergency 25295:Far-right politics 25260:Capital punishment 25106:Meshchera Lowlands 24960:Russian Federation 24916:October Revolution 24587: 23982:. pp. 69–84. 23514:Tokhtasyev, Sergey 23424:Szemerényi, Oswald 22924:Parzinger, Hermann 22772:Charles University 22598:Overlook Duckworth 21793:Tsetskhladze, G.R. 21376:. pp. 70–92. 21258:. pp. 13–28. 20951:"Scythians (Saka)" 20765:. pp. 35–64. 20303:. pp. 33–44. 20285:Tsetskhladze, G.R. 20152:(26 August 2021). 20104:. pp. 57–84. 19926:. pp. 60–82. 19788:Herodotus (2003). 19683:Roberts, Alexander 19670:Camden's Britannia 19258:, p. 157-158. 19113:"Kelermes panther" 19048:, p. 223-224. 19009:, p. 219-220. 18985:, p. 222-223. 18973:, p. 217-219. 18961:, p. 162-163. 18814:, p. 156-157. 18763:, p. 105-106. 18695:, p. 174-175. 18612:, p. 178-179. 18573:, p. 176-177. 18271:, p. 577-578. 18259:, p. 224-225. 17983:, p. 148-151. 17971:, p. 161-164. 17959:, p. 104-105. 17844:, p. 165-168. 17772:, p. 589-590. 17760:, p. 181-182. 17724:, p. 573-586. 17712:, p. 173-174. 17700:, p. 150-153. 17602:, pp. 189–202 17541:, pp. 547–591 17457:, p. 111-112. 17409:, p. 111–112. 17397:, p. 180-181. 17385:, p. 196-198. 17254:, p. 283-286. 17206:, p. 178-179. 16736:, p. 573-577. 16706:, p. 586-589. 16640:, p. 125-126. 16291:, p. 117-118. 16227:, p. 110-119. 16149:, p. 564-568. 15964:, p. 580-586. 15947:, p. 568-573. 15906:, p. 202-203. 15891:, p. 200-202. 15867:, p. 560-554. 15713:, p. 560-564. 15663:, p. 187-188. 15279:, p. 204-214. 15139:, p. 577-580. 15000:, p. 127-154. 14970:, pp. 97–110. 14909:, p. 560-590. 14804:, p. 552-555. 14716:, pp. 437–440 13482:Scythian languages 12554:c. 450 – c. 431 BC 10871: 10221: 9911: 9899: 9726:The stench of the 9476: 9468: 9236:The "Animal Style" 9233: 8716:petroglyphic art. 8431:, also called the 8014:Scythian Ploughmen 7875:Young Avestan name 7817:, also called the 7743:Scythian languages 7737:Scythian languages 7679: 7653: 7605: 7597: 7441: 7303:Lebor Gabála Érenn 7211: 7164: 7106:Lebor Gabála Érenn 7091:Lebor Gabála Érenn 7011:Historia Brittonum 6976: 6827:), appears in the 6674:Antiquity and the 6622: 6509:Bosporan Civil War 6497: 6348: 6342:, 4th century BC. 6294: 6230:Cimmerian Bosporus 6226: 6123: 6001: 5989: 5973: 5869: 5857: 5691: 5683: 5599:under the form of 5544: 5313:Central Anatolia. 5255:; the Lydian king 5204: 5112:Conquest of Mannai 5033: 4870: 4702: 4549: 4462: 4446:Caucasus Mountains 4233: 3997: 3870:Caucasus Mountains 3824:European Scythians 3722:remains uncertain. 3403:Modern terminology 2952:Caucasus Mountains 1407:Proto-Indo-Iranian 1393:Proto-Balto-Slavic 1374:Proto-Italo-Celtic 523:Dependency of the 328:(in Pontic Steppe) 322:(in Pontic Steppe) 286:(in Pontic Steppe) 280:(in Pontic Steppe) 275:(in Pontic Steppe) 270:(in Pontic Steppe) 27115:1st millennium BC 27097: 27096: 27064: 27063: 26839:Human trafficking 26797:COVID-19 pandemic 26771:Gender inequality 26743: 26742: 26677: 26676: 26635:Political parties 26625:Foreign relations 26577: 26576: 26492: 26491: 26414:Orange Revolution 26399:Volhynia massacre 26190: 26189: 26157: 26156: 25737:Domestic violence 25669: 25668: 25591:Russian oligarchs 25516:Aircraft industry 25493: 25492: 25470:Mass surveillance 25460:Search and rescue 25425:Political parties 25305:Foreign relations 25237: 25236: 25036: 25035: 25028:Historical cities 24887:Tsardom of Russia 24767: 24766: 24164:978-3-492-25146-4 24139:978-3-89500-887-0 24114:978-3-11-081503-0 24105:Walter de Gruyter 24026:978-1-78076-060-5 24007:Baumer, Christoph 23989:978-9-004-12154-6 23954:978-0-521-22804-6 23947:. pp. 1–52. 23917:Hammond, N. G. L. 23874:978-1-400-88332-5 23835:978-90-04-21758-4 23812:Bakker, Egbert J. 23762:, Ltd.: 139–149. 23751:World Archaeology 23625:978-9-004-11231-5 23415:978-1-139-05429-4 23382:Hammond, N. G. L. 23378:Edwards, I. E. S. 23357:978-1-139-05493-5 23180:978-0-520-08183-3 23086:978-0-520-06864-3 22967:World Archaeology 22953:978-3-406-50842-4 22887:978-9-004-46076-8 22848:978-8-371-88337-8 22813:978-8-371-88337-8 22748:978-1-108-02487-7 22712:978-0-521-24304-9 22672:978-1-139-44616-7 22641:978-0-691-21118-3 22607:978-0-715-63257-4 22536:978-1-78969-868-8 22498:Adams, Douglas Q. 22488:. pp. 48–56. 22467:978-1-476-61392-5 22410:978-1-60710-985-3 22401:Thunder Bay Press 22344:978-1-472-82553-7 22335:Osprey Publishing 22310:978-0-815-63164-4 22185:978-3-593-39101-4 22120:Khazanov, Anatoly 22066:978-9-004-09856-5 21999:Ivantchik, Askold 21956:978-1-588-39205-3 21911:Ivantchik, Askold 21902:978-9-004-11190-5 21875:Ivantchik, Askold 21818:978-9-004-11190-5 21785:Ivantchik, Askold 21738:Ivantchik, Askold 21729:978-3-727-80876-0 21694:Ivantchik, Askold 21685:978-1-527-50043-3 21652:Irslinger, Britta 21627:Hughes, Dennis D. 21618:978-1-139-05428-7 21585:Hammond, N. G. L. 21581:Edwards, I. E. S. 21567:978-1-107-01652-1 21504:978-9-231-02812-0 21449:; Litvak, J. K.; 21383:978-0-198-76711-4 21352:978-0-813-51304-1 21316:978-1-139-05429-4 21283:Hammond, N. G. L. 21279:Edwards, I. E. S. 21265:978-1-782-97472-7 21240:Dressing the Past 21195:978-0-521-22804-6 21158:Hammond, N. G. L. 21141:978-0-521-22804-6 21108:Hammond, N. G. L. 21100:Hammond, N. G. L. 20970:978-0-19-174445-7 20900:978-0-521-20091-2 20871:Gershevitch, Ilya 20797:978-0-19-060735-7 20740:978-0-198-82012-3 20710:978-0-521-20091-2 20681:Gershevitch, Ilya 20647:978-9-004-34303-0 20590:978-1-78096-773-8 20562:978-0-199-58942-5 20531:978-0-801-87306-5 20410:978-1-139-05429-4 20403:. pp. 1–70. 20377:Hammond, N. G. L. 20373:Edwards, I. E. S. 20351:978-3-110-71570-5 20310:978-9-004-12041-9 20219:978-0-691-24053-4 20191:978-1-4008-2994-1 20163:978-0-7556-3969-4 20150:Baumer, Christoph 20141:978-0-198-14936-1 20111:978-1-139-03035-9 20077:978-1-139-05428-7 20044:Hammond, N. G. L. 20040:Edwards, I. E. S. 19977:978-0-691-14818-2 19942:Anthony, David W. 19933:978-1-107-19041-2 19893:978-0-19-812408-5 19777:Rawlinson, George 17562:Tsetskhladze 2010 17551:Tsetskhladze 2002 16675:978-0-472-10194-8 16310:, p. 95-125. 15468:10.1038/srep43950 15031:, p. 89-109. 14614:Kramrisch, Stella 14572:978-0-7607-0687-9 14538:978-3-8382-1518-1 14507:978-0-19-521921-0 14473:978-1-885979-00-1 14368:(14): 2430–2441. 13472:Andronovo culture 13458: 13457: 13454: 13453: 13392: 13174: 12956: 12716: 12682: 12555: 12542: 12520: 12325: 12242: 12121: 11994: 11879: 11764: 11550: 11437: 11424: 11398: 11255: 11230: 10167:Peloponnesian War 9991: 9960:Command structure 9919:Caucasian peoples 9909:. 7th century BC. 9870:aristocrats used 9378:Scythian religion 9284:Greek sculptors. 9278:Hallstatt culture 8947:over their head. 8943:-shaped hats; or 8846:Scythian clothing 8497: 8418: 8394: 8367: 8262:Crimean Mountains 8087: 7886:𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀𐬜𐬁𐬙𐬀‎ 7801:Tribal structures 7774:Ossetian language 7754:dialect continuum 7647:of a Scythian at 7567: 7493: 7472: 7381:kingdom of Israel 7373:British Israelist 6614:Scythian Neapolis 6572:and the Germanic 6396:Chortomlyk mohyla 6328:Peloponnesian War 6312:Spartocid dynasty 5929:who dwell beyond 5753:Achaemenid Empire 5373:Sauromatian tribe 5291:Thracian Bosporus 5159:Conquest of Media 5078:Scythian religion 5063:Witaszkowo kurgan 4823:Hallstatt culture 4755:Iberian Peninsula 4747:southern Germania 4517:Andronovo culture 4387:kurgan, Southern 4272:Andronovo culture 4254:Andronovo culture 4246:Sintashta culture 4214: 4213: 4206: 4129:in the north, to 4100: 4088: 3836:Eastern Scythians 3832:Western Scythians 3820:Western Scythians 3769:Scythian cultures 3713: 3701: 3363: 3333: 3288: 3123:Scythian language 3073:The English name 2998:early Middle Ages 2975:Scythian Neapolis 2779: 2778: 2040:Anatolian peoples 2010:Painted Grey Ware 1898:Nordic Bronze Age 1547:Kurgan hypothesis 1500:Old Irish glosses 1465:Gaulish epigraphy 960: 959: 906: 905: 902: 901: 890:Kingdom of Pontus 798: 797: 714:c. 3rd century BC 700:c. 4th century BC 508:• c. 310 BC 460:• c. 430 BC 436:• c. 550 BC 424:• c. 575 BC 412:• c. 600 BC 400:• c. 610 BC 320:Thracian religion 310:Phrygian religion 305:Urartian religion 295:Scythian religion 132:rendering support 110: 109: 77:was 20,000 words. 32:Scythian cultures 16:(Redirected from 27162: 27077: 27019:Ukrainian people 26754: 26753: 26700: 26688: 26687: 26588: 26587: 26532:Populated places 26503: 26502: 26308:Kiev Voivodeship 26293:Galicia–Volhynia 26238: 26237: 26217: 26210: 26203: 26194: 26193: 26170: 26117:Russian language 26060:National symbols 25680: 25679: 25599: 25556:Fishing industry 25546:Economic regions 25541:Defence industry 25504: 25503: 25248: 25247: 25202:Russian Far East 25101:Northwest Russia 25059:Cities and towns 25047: 25046: 24909:Russian Republic 24815: 24814: 24794: 24787: 24780: 24771: 24770: 24757:Category:Scythia 24746:Scythian archers 24726:Bosporan Kingdom 24681:Bosporan Kingdom 24309: 24302: 24295: 24286: 24285: 24280: 24259: 24231: 24203: 24168: 24143: 24118: 24086: 24058: 24030: 23993: 23980:Brill Publishers 23958: 23907: 23905: 23903: 23892: 23878: 23839: 23803: 23792:Sarmatian Review 23779: 23741: 23739: 23737: 23714: 23690: 23671: 23669: 23667: 23629: 23588: 23560: 23530: 23509: 23506:Brill Publishers 23475: 23450: 23434: 23419: 23361: 23319: 23317: 23315: 23266: 23264: 23262: 23248:10.2307/40000130 23226: 23224: 23222: 23184: 23149: 23147: 23145: 23139:Brill Publishers 23113:Schmitt, Rüdiger 23108: 23090: 23056: 23053:Brill Publishers 23031:"Gibbon, Edward" 23025: 23002:Potts, Daniel T. 22997: 22995: 22993: 22957: 22919: 22891: 22852: 22817: 22782: 22780: 22778: 22752: 22716: 22681:Melyukova, A. I. 22676: 22645: 22611: 22569: 22540: 22521: 22489: 22471: 22440: 22424: 22414: 22383: 22381: 22379: 22348: 22314: 22283: 22281: 22279: 22258: 22256: 22254: 22232: 22214: 22212: 22210: 22189: 22156:Klaniczay, Gábor 22148:Klaniczay, Gábor 22143: 22115: 22113: 22111: 22080: 22070: 22057:Brill Publishers 22035: 22033: 22031: 22025:Brill Publishers 21994: 21992: 21990: 21960: 21906: 21870: 21822: 21780: 21778: 21776: 21733: 21709: 21689: 21646: 21622: 21571: 21548: 21546: 21544: 21524:(1–4): 129–136. 21508: 21439:Hermann, Joachim 21430: 21428: 21426: 21387: 21356: 21320: 21269: 21245: 21231:Gleba, Margarita 21223:Gleba, Margarita 21218: 21199: 21145: 21091: 21089: 21087: 21053: 21025: 20986:Di Cosmo, Nicola 20981: 20979: 20977: 20945: 20943: 20941: 20935:Brill Publishers 20909:Diakonoff, I. M. 20904: 20867:Diakonoff, I. M. 20862: 20841: 20839: 20837: 20801: 20776: 20744: 20714: 20672: 20670: 20668: 20651: 20638:Brill Publishers 20620: 20618: 20616: 20605:HAL open science 20594: 20566: 20535: 20504:Burns, Thomas S. 20499: 20497: 20495: 20467: 20442: 20440: 20438: 20414: 20363: 20314: 20301:Brill Publishers 20276: 20251: 20249: 20247: 20233: 20223: 20195: 20167: 20145: 20115: 20081: 20027: 20025: 20023: 20010: 19981: 19937: 19897: 19869: 19851: 19842:. Translated by 19829: 19807: 19795: 19784: 19775:. Translated by 19762: 19740:Against Eunomius 19730: 19708: 19699:. Translated by 19687:Donaldson, James 19674: 19660: 19651:. Translated by 19629: 19628:, p. 33-34. 19623: 19617: 19611: 19605: 19599: 19593: 19587: 19578: 19572: 19566: 19560: 19554: 19553: 19509: 19503: 19500:Unterländer 2017 19497: 19491: 19485: 19479: 19476:Unterländer 2017 19473: 19467: 19466: 19437: 19404: 19398: 19397: 19383: 19344:Science Advances 19334: 19328: 19327:, pp. 55–57 19322: 19301: 19300:, p. 55-56. 19295: 19286: 19280: 19274: 19268: 19259: 19253: 19247: 19241: 19232: 19231:, p. 86-87. 19226: 19220: 19214: 19203: 19197: 19191: 19185: 19176: 19170: 19157: 19151: 19145: 19139: 19133: 19127: 19121: 19120: 19117:edu.hermitage.ru 19109: 19103: 19102: 19099:edu.hermitage.ru 19091: 19085: 19079: 19073: 19072:, p. 73-74. 19067: 19061: 19055: 19049: 19043: 19037: 19036:, p. 71-72. 19031: 19022: 19016: 19010: 19004: 18998: 18992: 18986: 18980: 18974: 18968: 18962: 18956: 18950: 18944: 18938: 18932: 18926: 18920: 18911: 18905: 18890: 18884: 18878: 18872: 18863: 18862:, p. 78-79. 18857: 18851: 18845: 18834: 18828: 18815: 18809: 18803: 18797: 18791: 18785: 18776: 18770: 18764: 18758: 18752: 18751:, p. 26-27. 18746: 18740: 18739:, p. 84-85. 18734: 18728: 18722: 18711: 18705: 18696: 18690: 18684: 18678: 18669: 18663: 18657: 18651: 18632: 18626: 18613: 18607: 18601: 18595: 18589: 18588:, p. 87-88. 18583: 18574: 18568: 18562: 18556: 18550: 18544: 18535: 18529: 18516: 18510: 18501: 18500:, p. 60-61. 18495: 18489: 18483: 18477: 18471: 18465: 18464:, p. 25-26. 18459: 18453: 18447: 18438: 18432: 18423: 18417: 18408: 18402: 18396: 18390: 18384: 18378: 18369: 18363: 18352: 18351:, p. 83-84. 18346: 18340: 18334: 18328: 18327:, p. 82-83. 18322: 18313: 18307: 18301: 18300:, p. 30-31. 18295: 18289: 18283: 18272: 18266: 18260: 18254: 18241: 18235: 18226: 18220: 18214: 18208: 18202: 18196: 18190: 18184: 18161: 18155: 18146: 18140: 18134: 18128: 18122: 18116: 18107: 18101: 18084: 18078: 18067: 18066:, p. 76-78. 18061: 18055: 18049: 18040: 18034: 18013: 18012:, p. 94-95. 18007: 17996: 17990: 17984: 17978: 17972: 17966: 17960: 17954: 17948: 17942: 17921: 17915: 17909: 17908:, p. 92-93. 17903: 17888: 17882: 17876: 17870: 17857: 17851: 17845: 17839: 17833: 17827: 17821: 17815: 17809: 17808:, p. 29-30. 17803: 17797: 17791: 17785: 17779: 17773: 17767: 17761: 17755: 17749: 17748:, p. 70-73. 17743: 17737: 17731: 17725: 17719: 17713: 17707: 17701: 17695: 17684: 17678: 17661: 17655: 17649: 17643: 17632: 17626: 17615: 17609: 17603: 17597: 17591: 17585: 17576: 17570: 17564: 17559: 17553: 17548: 17542: 17536: 17530: 17524: 17518: 17512: 17506: 17500: 17494: 17488: 17482: 17476: 17470: 17464: 17458: 17452: 17446: 17440: 17434: 17428: 17422: 17416: 17410: 17404: 17398: 17392: 17386: 17380: 17374: 17368: 17362: 17356: 17350: 17344: 17338: 17337:, p. 71-73. 17335:Hashhozheva 2020 17332: 17326: 17320: 17311: 17305: 17299: 17293: 17282: 17276: 17270: 17264: 17255: 17249: 17243: 17237: 17231: 17225: 17219: 17218:, p. 13-15. 17213: 17207: 17201: 17192: 17186: 17180: 17174: 17168: 17162: 17151: 17145: 17139: 17133: 17127: 17121: 17115: 17109: 17100: 17094: 17085: 17079: 17073: 17067: 17061: 17055: 17046: 17040: 17031: 17025: 17019: 17013: 17007: 17001: 16982: 16981:, p. 38-39. 16976: 16961: 16955: 16946: 16940: 16934: 16928: 16922: 16916: 16910: 16904: 16898: 16892: 16886: 16880: 16874: 16868: 16862: 16856: 16850: 16844: 16838: 16832: 16823: 16813: 16807: 16801: 16795: 16789: 16776: 16770: 16764: 16758: 16749: 16743: 16737: 16731: 16722: 16716: 16707: 16701: 16695: 16689: 16680: 16679: 16659: 16653: 16647: 16641: 16635: 16629: 16623: 16610: 16604: 16598: 16592: 16583: 16577: 16564: 16558: 16552: 16546: 16540: 16534: 16528: 16522: 16516: 16510: 16504: 16498: 16489: 16483: 16477: 16471: 16462: 16456: 16450: 16444: 16438: 16432: 16426: 16420: 16414: 16404: 16398: 16392: 16383: 16382:, p. 94-55. 16377: 16371: 16365: 16359: 16353: 16340: 16334: 16323: 16322:, pp. 1–70. 16317: 16311: 16305: 16292: 16286: 16275: 16261: 16255: 16249: 16243: 16237: 16228: 16222: 16211: 16210:being ...." 16208: 16202: 16192: 16186: 16180: 16174: 16168: 16162: 16161:, p. 57-94. 16156: 16150: 16144: 16115: 16109: 16103: 16097: 16084: 16078: 16072: 16065:Manoledakis 2021 16062: 16056: 16046: 16040: 16034: 16028: 16022: 16013: 16012:, p. 15-16. 16007: 15998: 15992: 15983: 15982: 15971: 15965: 15959: 15948: 15942: 15919: 15913: 15907: 15901: 15892: 15886: 15880: 15874: 15868: 15862: 15856: 15850: 15835: 15829: 15823: 15817: 15811: 15805: 15799: 15793: 15787: 15781: 15772: 15766: 15753: 15747: 15741: 15735: 15726: 15720: 15714: 15708: 15691: 15690:, p. 42-44. 15685: 15679: 15678:, p. 35-37. 15673: 15664: 15658: 15649: 15643: 15634: 15628: 15619: 15613: 15600: 15594: 15577: 15571: 15562: 15556: 15550: 15548: 15538: 15513:(10): eaat4457. 15506:Science Advances 15496: 15490: 15489: 15479: 15437: 15431: 15430: 15408: 15375: 15366: 15360: 15349: 15343: 15337: 15331: 15320: 15319: 15286: 15280: 15274: 15231: 15225: 15219: 15213: 15204: 15198: 15185: 15179: 15173: 15167: 15152: 15151:, p. 68-69. 15146: 15140: 15134: 15125: 15119: 15113: 15112: 15099:Schmitt, Rüdiger 15095: 15089: 15083: 15074: 15068: 15057: 15051: 15032: 15026: 15001: 14995: 14986: 14980: 14971: 14965: 14910: 14904: 14875: 14869: 14820: 14814: 14805: 14799: 14793: 14792: 14778: 14754: 14748: 14742: 14736: 14735: 14723: 14717: 14711: 14705: 14699: 14693: 14687: 14681: 14679: 14669: 14663: 14660:Unterländer 2017 14657: 14651: 14645: 14639: 14638: 14632: 14630: 14610: 14604: 14598: 14577: 14576: 14549: 14543: 14542: 14518: 14512: 14511: 14484: 14478: 14477: 14465: 14447: 14441: 14435: 14429: 14423: 14412: 14411: 14385: 14353: 14347: 14346: 14332: 14290: 14273: 14270: 14264: 14262: 14186: 14175: 14171: 14165: 14156: 14150: 14149: 14138: 14132: 14131: 14129: 14127: 14118:. Archived from 14108: 14102: 14101: 14087: 14078: 14072: 13929: 13928:, p. 25-26. 13923: 13917: 13916: 13914: 13912: 13892: 13886: 13885:, pp. 58–70 13880: 13874: 13868: 13859: 13857: 13845: 13836: 13830: 13821: 13815: 13809: 13803: 13792: 13791: 13789: 13787: 13767: 13761: 13755: 13749: 13748: 13746: 13744: 13720: 13711: 13710: 13708: 13706: 13686: 13680: 13672:Rostovtzeff 1922 13628: 13601: 13595: 13585: 13579: 13573: 13556: 13550: 13535: 13534:, p. 52-53. 13529: 13390: 13172: 12954: 12714: 12680: 12553: 12540: 12518: 12323: 12240: 12194:Odrysian dynasty 12119: 11992: 11877: 11762: 11548: 11435: 11422: 11396: 11253: 11229: 11226: 11222: 11116:Sargonid dynasty 11004: 11003: 11000: 10989: 10988: 10982: 10974:Mikhail Bukharin 10957:Anatoly Khazanov 10902: 10886: 10835: 10819: 10803: 10787: 10761: 10740: 10712: 10696: 10673: 10658: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10641: 10625: 10505: 10491: 10463:Gregory of Nyssa 10353: 10319: 10281: 10273: 10261: 10251:Scythian imports 10232:, it bought 300 10190: 10159: 10086: 10053: 10052: 10047: 9986: 9984: 9976: 9821: 9794: 9785: 9776: 9766: 9731: 9722: 9713: 9707: 9669: 9668: 9663: 9641: 9632: 9623: 9615: 9604: 9335:Mongolic peoples 9332: 9322: 9170: 9167: 9027: 9026: 9021: 8941: 8933: 8910: 8858: 8823:steppe antelopes 8812: 8688: 8592:Anatoly Khazanov 8575: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8563: 8558: 8492: 8490: 8482: 8450: 8449: 8440: 8439: 8423: 8413: 8411: 8399: 8389: 8387: 8372: 8362: 8360: 8314:Chandman culture 8207:Milograd culture 8147: 8141: 8140: 8135: 8126: 8125: 8107: 8106: 8092: 8082: 8080: 8051: 8042: 8041: 8035: 8026: 8025: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7999: 7970: 7961: 7960: 7954: 7945: 7944: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7898: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7881: 7872: 7862: 7844: 7843: 7837: 7836: 7830: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7766:Turkic expansion 7717:human sacrifices 7666:Scythian culture 7621: 7594: 7586:Life restoration 7573: 7562: 7560: 7552: 7542: 7525: 7503: 7488: 7486: 7478: 7467: 7465: 7457: 7449: 7438:Viktor Vasnetsov 7355:Saint Petersburg 7312: 7311: 7305: 7205: 7202: 7184:pseudohistorians 7160:Eugène Delacroix 7108: 7093: 7082: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7046: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7025: 7013: 7006: 7000: 6989: 6969: 6950:Christianisation 6944:Mediaeval period 6850: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6836: 6835: 6826: 6825: 6819: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6743: 6616:near modern-day 6589: 6583: 6580:Sarmatia Europea 6433: 6423: 6404: 6393: 6361: 6353:Yelizavetovskaya 6344:Hermitage Museum 6316:Bosporan Kingdom 6310:The rule of the 6271: 6265: 6262: 6238:Bosporan Kingdom 6211: 6172: 6164: 6153: 6145:Yelizavetovskaya 6138: 6088:Odrysian kingdom 5985:Melitopol kurgan 5979:Scythian golden 5924: 5817:, son of Saulios 5811:, son of Gnouros 5783: 5774: 5768: 5743: 5622: 5611: 5604: 5594: 5552: 5549: 5477: 5339: 5338: 5235: 5230:by the title of 5071: 5060: 5041: 4862:Scythian kingdom 4813: 4805:Smolenice-Molpír 4795: 4787:Smolenice-Molpír 4767:Migration Period 4743:Lusatian culture 4649:, and later the 4594: 4591: 4583: 4532: 4510:Srubnaya culture 4373: 4364: 4355: 4309:Srubnaya culture 4268:Srubnaya culture 4250:Srubnaya culture 4230: 4227: 4209: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4189: 4165: 4164: 4157: 4144:, and the lower 4095: 4093: 4083: 4081: 4073: 3982: 3843:Askold Ivantchik 3828:Pontic Scythians 3736:while the name " 3712: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3684: 3682: 3669: 3667: 3654: 3652: 3639: 3637: 3626: 3624: 3613: 3611: 3598: 3596: 3583: 3581: 3568: 3566: 3553: 3551: 3540: 3538: 3527: 3525: 3512: 3510: 3497: 3495: 3486: 3484: 3473: 3471: 3464: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3419:Eurasian Steppes 3398: 3388: 3378: 3371:Ancient Egyptian 3368: 3361: 3359: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3338: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3306:Ancient Egyptian 3303: 3293: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3273:who live beyond 3271: 3258: 3256: 3237: 3236: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3142: 3141: 3136: 3130: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3084: 3078: 2987:Bosporan Kingdom 2981:was captured by 2908:Pontic Scythians 2905: 2904: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2816: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2771: 2764: 2757: 2612: 2605: 2591: 2584: 2577: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2460: 2446: 2439: 2425: 2403: 2396: 2389: 2380: 2215: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2187: 2170:Germanic peoples 2160:Hellenic peoples 2149: 2142: 2135: 2058:Mycenaean Greeks 2047: 1975:Thraco-Cimmerian 1873:Globular Amphora 1850:Abashevo culture 1789: 1782: 1752: 1707: 1700: 1693: 1686: 1679: 1672: 1665: 1658: 1495:Tocharian script 1198: 1191: 1184: 1177: 1170: 1163: 1156: 1149: 1116: 1102: 1095: 1088: 1074: 1050: 1043: 1024: 985: 962: 961: 898: 897: 884: 883: 870: 869: 856: 855: 842: 841: 828: 827: 814: 813: 802: 801: 789: 788: 775: 774: 761: 760: 747: 746: 740: 739: 724: 723: 671:• War with 660:Persian invasion 548:Scythian culture 542:Srubnaya culture 197: 194: 189: 177: 161: 160: 154: 153: 143: 142: 126:cuneiform script 120: 119: 105: 102: 96: 60: 59: 52: 21: 27170: 27169: 27165: 27164: 27163: 27161: 27160: 27159: 27100: 27099: 27098: 27093: 27080: 27073: 27060: 27005: 26920:Cultural icons 26863: 26739: 26710:Stock exchanges 26698: 26673: 26657:Law enforcement 26573: 26527:Nature reserves 26488: 26462: 26357:Ukrainian State 26288:Mongol invasion 26227: 26221: 26191: 26186: 26173: 26166: 26153: 26112:Public holidays 26107:Political jokes 26092:Personification 26045:Names of Russia 25914: 25833:Life expectancy 25665: 25597: 25489: 25340:Law enforcement 25233: 25219:Protected areas 25116:Smolensk Upland 25111:Oka–Don Lowland 25091:European Russia 25032: 24971: 24857:Mongol invasion 24804: 24798: 24768: 24763: 24750: 24716:Iranian peoples 24704: 24631: 24588: 24576: 24537:Pazyryk culture 24318: 24313: 24283: 24277: 24256: 24228: 24192:10.2307/2707822 24165: 24140: 24130:Reichert Verlag 24115: 24083: 24055: 24027: 24001: 23999:Further reading 23996: 23990: 23955: 23935:. Vol. 4. 23901: 23899: 23883:Witton, Mark P. 23875: 23836: 23808:West, Stephanie 23746:Watson, William 23735: 23733: 23665: 23663: 23653:10.2307/3263121 23626: 23585: 23472: 23460:. Vol. 2. 23447: 23432: 23416: 23396:. Vol. 3. 23358: 23338:. Vol. 2. 23328:Gershevitch, I. 23313: 23311: 23301:10.2307/3249059 23260: 23258: 23220: 23218: 23181: 23143: 23141: 23105:Clarendon Press 23087: 23022: 22991: 22989: 22954: 22944:Verlag C.H.Beck 22916: 22888: 22849: 22814: 22776: 22774: 22749: 22713: 22673: 22642: 22616:Mayor, Adrienne 22608: 22574:Mayor, Adrienne 22537: 22518: 22468: 22422: 22411: 22377: 22375: 22345: 22311: 22277: 22275: 22263:Lendering, Jona 22252: 22250: 22230: 22223:Raevskiy, D. S. 22219:Kullanda, S. V. 22208: 22206: 22186: 22160:Werner, Michael 22109: 22107: 22097:10.2307/3249786 22078: 22067: 22029: 22027: 21988: 21986: 21957: 21903: 21833:Scythicos logos 21819: 21774: 21772: 21730: 21714:, Switzerland; 21707: 21686: 21660:Mohnike, Thomas 21643: 21619: 21599:. Vol. 3. 21568: 21542: 21540: 21505: 21447:Harmatta, János 21435:Harmatta, János 21424: 21422: 21412:10.2307/3269235 21384: 21353: 21317: 21297:. Vol. 3. 21266: 21243: 21215: 21196: 21176:. Vol. 4. 21142: 21126:. Vol. 4. 21085: 21083: 21059:Lipschits, Oded 21050: 21022: 20975: 20973: 20971: 20939: 20937: 20901: 20881:. Vol. 2. 20859: 20835: 20833: 20798: 20773: 20761:. Vol. 1. 20741: 20719:Cunliffe, Barry 20711: 20691:. Vol. 2. 20666: 20664: 20648: 20614: 20612: 20591: 20571:Cernenko, E. V. 20563: 20532: 20493: 20491: 20464: 20436: 20434: 20433:on 21 June 2021 20411: 20391:. Vol. 3. 20352: 20311: 20273: 20245: 20243: 20231: 20220: 20192: 20164: 20142: 20112: 20078: 20058:. Vol. 3. 20021: 20019: 20001:(33): 187–193. 19978: 19934: 19905: 19900: 19894: 19884:Clarendon Press 19874:Spenser, Edmund 19804: 19759: 19723:Linacre, Thomas 19701:Wilson, William 19665:Camden, William 19637: 19632: 19624: 19620: 19612: 19608: 19602:Tokhtasyev 2005 19600: 19596: 19588: 19581: 19573: 19569: 19561: 19557: 19510: 19506: 19498: 19494: 19486: 19482: 19474: 19470: 19414:Current Biology 19405: 19401: 19335: 19331: 19323: 19304: 19296: 19289: 19281: 19277: 19271:Sulimirski 1985 19269: 19262: 19256:Sulimirski 1985 19254: 19250: 19242: 19235: 19227: 19223: 19217:Sulimirski 1985 19215: 19206: 19200:Kramberger 2014 19198: 19194: 19186: 19179: 19171: 19160: 19152: 19148: 19140: 19136: 19128: 19124: 19111: 19110: 19106: 19093: 19092: 19088: 19080: 19076: 19068: 19064: 19056: 19052: 19044: 19040: 19032: 19025: 19017: 19013: 19005: 19001: 18995:Kramberger 2014 18993: 18989: 18981: 18977: 18969: 18965: 18957: 18953: 18945: 18941: 18933: 18929: 18921: 18914: 18908:Sulimirski 1985 18906: 18893: 18885: 18881: 18875:Kramberger 2014 18873: 18866: 18858: 18854: 18846: 18837: 18831:Sulimirski 1985 18829: 18818: 18812:Sulimirski 1985 18810: 18806: 18798: 18794: 18788:Sulimirski 1985 18786: 18779: 18771: 18767: 18759: 18755: 18747: 18743: 18735: 18731: 18725:Sulimirski 1985 18723: 18714: 18706: 18699: 18691: 18687: 18679: 18672: 18664: 18660: 18652: 18635: 18629:Sulimirski 1985 18627: 18616: 18608: 18604: 18596: 18592: 18584: 18577: 18569: 18565: 18557: 18553: 18545: 18538: 18530: 18519: 18511: 18504: 18496: 18492: 18484: 18480: 18472: 18468: 18460: 18456: 18448: 18441: 18433: 18426: 18418: 18411: 18403: 18399: 18391: 18387: 18379: 18372: 18364: 18355: 18347: 18343: 18337:Sulimirski 1985 18335: 18331: 18323: 18316: 18308: 18304: 18296: 18292: 18284: 18275: 18267: 18263: 18255: 18244: 18236: 18229: 18221: 18217: 18209: 18205: 18201:, p. 2005. 18197: 18193: 18185: 18164: 18156: 18149: 18141: 18137: 18131:Sulimirski 1985 18129: 18125: 18117: 18110: 18102: 18087: 18081:Sulimirski 1985 18079: 18070: 18062: 18058: 18050: 18043: 18037:Sulimirski 1985 18035: 18016: 18008: 17999: 17991: 17987: 17981:Ivantchik 1999b 17979: 17975: 17969:Ivantchik 1999b 17967: 17963: 17955: 17951: 17943: 17924: 17916: 17912: 17904: 17891: 17883: 17879: 17871: 17860: 17854:Ivantchik 1999b 17852: 17848: 17842:Sulimirski 1985 17840: 17836: 17830:Sulimirski 1985 17828: 17824: 17816: 17812: 17804: 17800: 17792: 17788: 17784:, pp. 103. 17780: 17776: 17768: 17764: 17758:Sulimirski 1985 17756: 17752: 17744: 17740: 17732: 17728: 17720: 17716: 17710:Sulimirski 1985 17708: 17704: 17698:Sulimirski 1985 17696: 17687: 17679: 17664: 17656: 17652: 17644: 17635: 17627: 17618: 17610: 17606: 17598: 17594: 17586: 17579: 17571: 17567: 17560: 17556: 17549: 17545: 17537: 17533: 17525: 17521: 17513: 17509: 17501: 17497: 17489: 17485: 17479:Maslenikov 1952 17477: 17473: 17465: 17461: 17453: 17449: 17441: 17437: 17429: 17425: 17417: 17413: 17405: 17401: 17393: 17389: 17381: 17377: 17369: 17365: 17357: 17353: 17345: 17341: 17333: 17329: 17321: 17314: 17306: 17302: 17294: 17285: 17277: 17273: 17265: 17258: 17250: 17246: 17238: 17234: 17226: 17222: 17214: 17210: 17202: 17195: 17187: 17183: 17175: 17171: 17163: 17154: 17146: 17142: 17134: 17130: 17124:Ivantchik 1999a 17122: 17118: 17110: 17103: 17095: 17088: 17080: 17076: 17068: 17064: 17056: 17049: 17041: 17034: 17026: 17022: 17016:Sulimirski 1985 17014: 17010: 17002: 16985: 16977: 16964: 16958:Sulimirski 1985 16956: 16949: 16941: 16937: 16929: 16925: 16919:Sulimirski 1985 16917: 16913: 16907:Sulimirski 1985 16905: 16901: 16895:Sulimirski 1985 16893: 16889: 16883:Sulimirski 1985 16881: 16877: 16871:Sulimirski 1985 16869: 16865: 16859:Sulimirski 1985 16857: 16853: 16845: 16841: 16833: 16826: 16814: 16810: 16802: 16798: 16790: 16779: 16773:Sulimirski 1985 16771: 16767: 16759: 16752: 16746:Sulimirski 1985 16744: 16740: 16732: 16725: 16719:Sulimirski 1985 16717: 16710: 16702: 16698: 16692:Sulimirski 1985 16690: 16683: 16676: 16660: 16656: 16648: 16644: 16636: 16632: 16626:Sulimirski 1985 16624: 16613: 16605: 16601: 16593: 16586: 16578: 16567: 16559: 16555: 16547: 16543: 16535: 16531: 16525:Spalinger 1978b 16523: 16519: 16513:Ivantchik 1999a 16511: 16507: 16499: 16492: 16484: 16480: 16472: 16465: 16457: 16453: 16447:Ivantchik 1993b 16445: 16441: 16433: 16429: 16421: 16417: 16405: 16401: 16393: 16386: 16378: 16374: 16366: 16362: 16356:Spalinger 1978a 16354: 16343: 16337:Tokhtas'ev 1991 16335: 16326: 16318: 16314: 16308:Ivantchik 1993a 16306: 16295: 16287: 16278: 16262: 16258: 16252:Sulimirski 1985 16250: 16246: 16240:Sulimirski 1985 16238: 16231: 16223: 16214: 16193: 16189: 16181: 16177: 16169: 16165: 16159:Ivantchik 1993a 16157: 16153: 16145: 16118: 16110: 16106: 16098: 16087: 16079: 16075: 16063: 16059: 16047: 16043: 16037:Kramberger 2014 16035: 16031: 16025:Kramberger 2014 16023: 16016: 16010:Kramberger 2014 16008: 16001: 15995:Sulimirski 1985 15993: 15986: 15973: 15972: 15968: 15960: 15951: 15943: 15922: 15916:Sulimirski 1985 15914: 15910: 15902: 15895: 15887: 15883: 15875: 15871: 15863: 15859: 15851: 15838: 15830: 15826: 15818: 15814: 15806: 15802: 15794: 15790: 15784:Sulimirski 1985 15782: 15775: 15767: 15756: 15748: 15744: 15736: 15729: 15721: 15717: 15709: 15694: 15686: 15682: 15674: 15667: 15661:Armbruster 2009 15659: 15652: 15646:Sulimirski 1985 15644: 15637: 15629: 15622: 15614: 15603: 15595: 15580: 15572: 15565: 15557: 15553: 15497: 15493: 15438: 15434: 15385:Current Biology 15376: 15369: 15363:Sulimirski 1985 15361: 15352: 15346:Dolukhanov 1996 15344: 15340: 15332: 15323: 15313: 15287: 15283: 15275: 15234: 15226: 15222: 15214: 15207: 15201:Sulimirski 1985 15199: 15188: 15180: 15176: 15168: 15155: 15147: 15143: 15135: 15128: 15122:Sulimirski 1985 15120: 15116: 15096: 15092: 15084: 15077: 15071:Sulimirski 1954 15069: 15060: 15052: 15035: 15027: 15004: 14998:Ivantchik 1993a 14996: 14989: 14983:Sulimirski 1954 14981: 14974: 14966: 14913: 14905: 14878: 14870: 14823: 14815: 14808: 14800: 14796: 14755: 14751: 14743: 14739: 14729: 14724: 14720: 14712: 14708: 14700: 14696: 14688: 14684: 14672:Tokhtas'ev 1991 14670: 14666: 14658: 14654: 14646: 14642: 14628: 14626: 14611: 14607: 14599: 14580: 14573: 14550: 14546: 14539: 14531:. p. 403. 14519: 14515: 14508: 14485: 14481: 14474: 14463: 14457:, eds. (1995). 14448: 14444: 14436: 14432: 14424: 14415: 14362:Current Biology 14354: 14350: 14291: 14276: 14260: 14258: 14215:Sulimirski 1985 14191:Dandamayev 1994 14187: 14178: 14172: 14168: 14157: 14153: 14140: 14139: 14135: 14125: 14123: 14110: 14109: 14105: 14088: 14081: 14073: 13932: 13924: 13920: 13910: 13908: 13894: 13893: 13889: 13881: 13877: 13869: 13862: 13851: 13846: 13839: 13831: 13824: 13816: 13812: 13804: 13795: 13785: 13783: 13769: 13768: 13764: 13756: 13752: 13742: 13740: 13721: 13714: 13704: 13702: 13688: 13687: 13683: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13657:Sulimirski 1985 13655: 13650: 13647:Dandamayev 1994 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13604:Sulimirski 1985 13602: 13598: 13586: 13582: 13574: 13559: 13551: 13538: 13530: 13519: 13515: 13487:Eurasian nomads 13463: 13389: 13171: 12953: 12713: 12679: 12552: 12539: 12517: 12322: 12239: 12118: 11991: 11876: 11761: 11549:c. 659/8–625 BC 11547: 11434: 11421: 11418:Šamaš-šuma-ukin 11395: 11252: 11227: 11221: 11002: 10998: 10976: 10953: 10910: 10903:), r. c. 120 BC 10855: 10836:), r. c. 420 BC 10762:), r. c. 513 BC 10713:), r. c. 600 BC 10697:), r. c. 610 BC 10681: 10657: 659/8 BC 10656: 10610: 10605: 10595:region carried 10573: 10557:European Russia 10545: 10537:Pazyryk culture 10513: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10509: 10506: 10497: 10496: 10495: 10492: 10481: 10475: 10376: 10364: 10339:Altai Mountains 10330: 10253: 10213:Scythian archer 10201: 10199:The slave trade 10145: 10143:The grain trade 10101: 10001: 9962: 9861: 9748: 9656: 9436:Mounted archery 9433: 9425: 9412: 9380: 9374: 9311: 9290: 9250: 9238: 9221:Pokrov, Ukraine 9201: 9195: 9186: 9177: 9168: 9131: 9125: 9069: 9014: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8880: 8861: 8860: 8859: 8848: 8842: 8788: 8728: 8699: 8662: 8638: 8629: 8620: 8587: 8582: 8573: 8570: 8567: 8564: 8532: 8429:Royal Scythians 8338: 8332: 8330:Class structure 8300:Pazyryk culture 8271: 8166: 7923:Nomad Scythians 7885: 7815:Royal Scythians 7803: 7787: 7785:Clan structures 7782: 7739: 7733: 7723:techniques and 7676:Polgár, Hungary 7668: 7662: 7638: 7451: 7385:Ten Lost Tribes 7335:from which the 7321:Greek mythology 7203: 7153: 7044: 7041: 7038: 7035: 6946: 6918:Pannonian Avars 6749:Ephorus of Cyme 6688: 6660: 6606: 6598:Main articles: 6596: 6556:Scythians. The 6485: 6483:Decline and end 6442:and the Dacian 6398: 6387: 6355: 6286: 6263: 6147: 6132: 5965: 5943: 5931:the (Black) Sea 5845: 5839: 5675:Scythian archer 5663: 5658: 5550: 5536: 5507:in 612 BC, and 5489: 5406: 5404:Raid till Egypt 5386: 5384:Revolt of Media 5381: 5282:In 637 BC, the 5247:, defeated the 5209: 5165:Šamaš-šuma-ukin 5161: 5145: 5114: 5065: 5054: 5052:Melhuniv kurhan 5017: 4972: 4850: 4838:Taman peninsula 4807: 4789: 4715:Hungarian Plain 4613:Pannonian Basin 4601:Hungarian Plain 4592: 4577: 4564:Karasuk culture 4541: 4454: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4392: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4366: 4365: 4357: 4356: 4347: 4346: 4321:Eurasian Steppe 4317: 4260: 4242: 4236:burial mounds. 4228: 4210: 4199: 4193: 4190: 4176:Please help by 4175: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4115: 4045:(Southern Buh), 3989:Achaemenid army 3980:Sakā haumavargā 3966:Sakā tigraxaudā 3941: 3935: 3882: 3861: 3856: 3848:Nicola Di Cosmo 3742:Eurasian Steppe 3726: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3716:Subeshi culture 3709: 3697: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3678: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3663: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3648: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3607: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3592: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3562: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3521: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3481: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3469: 3467: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3423:Eurasian nomads 3411: 3405: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3342: 3313: 3312: 3311: 3310: 3275:the (Black) Sea 3250:Biblical Hebrew 3071: 3066: 3060: 2940:mounted warfare 2933:Southern Russia 2885: 2881: 2858: 2854: 2822: 2818: 2790: 2786: 2775: 2746: 2745: 2678:Marija Gimbutas 2666: 2656: 2655: 2647:Winter solstice 2637:Horse sacrifice 2608: 2601: 2587: 2580: 2573: 2559: 2552: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2484: 2469: 2456: 2442: 2435: 2421: 2412: 2399: 2392: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2346: 2315: 2307: 2306: 2249: 2236: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2190: 2183: 2145: 2138: 2131: 2122: 2104: 2091: 2078: 2049: 2043: 2028: 2020: 2019: 1993: 1970: 1957: 1945: 1926: 1868: 1845: 1807: 1800: 1794: 1785: 1778: 1769: 1767:Northern Europe 1748: 1744: 1731: 1718: 1703: 1696: 1689: 1682: 1675: 1668: 1661: 1654: 1650:Steppe cultures 1623: 1616: 1609: 1601: 1600: 1591:Baltic homeland 1565: 1561: 1557:Eurasian nomads 1541: 1537: 1513: 1505: 1504: 1475:Runic epigraphy 1470:Latin epigraphy 1425: 1417: 1416: 1354:Proto-Anatolian 1338: 1293: 1289:Thraco-Illyrian 1274:Graeco-Phrygian 1264:Graeco-Armenian 1259:Graeco-Albanian 1238: 1216: 1203: 1194: 1187: 1180: 1173: 1166: 1159: 1152: 1145: 1112: 1098: 1091: 1084: 1070: 1046: 1039: 1020: 1005: 997: 995: 895: 881: 867: 853: 839: 825: 811: 786: 772: 758: 744: 711: 697: 675: 662: 649: 639: 626: 609: 599: 586: 573: 563: 509: 497: 485: 473: 461: 449: 437: 425: 413: 401: 389: 377: 365: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 297: 281: 276: 271: 264:(in West Asia) 260: 255: 250: 244: 217: 211: 199: 195: 180: 163: 156: 148: 141: 140: 139: 130:Without proper 121: 117: 106: 100: 97: 78: 61: 57: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 27168: 27158: 27157: 27152: 27147: 27145:Iranian nomads 27142: 27137: 27132: 27127: 27122: 27117: 27112: 27095: 27094: 27092: 27091: 27086: 27079: 27078: 27070: 27069: 27066: 27065: 27062: 27061: 27059: 27058: 27053: 27048: 27043: 27042: 27041: 27036: 27031: 27026: 27015: 27013: 27007: 27006: 27004: 27003: 26998: 26993: 26988: 26983: 26978: 26973: 26968: 26963: 26958: 26957: 26956: 26951: 26946: 26941: 26936: 26931: 26926: 26918: 26917: 26916: 26906: 26901: 26896: 26895: 26894: 26889: 26879: 26873: 26871: 26865: 26864: 26862: 26861: 26856: 26851: 26846: 26841: 26836: 26835: 26834: 26829: 26819: 26818: 26817: 26807: 26794: 26788: 26783: 26773: 26768: 26763: 26757: 26751: 26745: 26744: 26741: 26740: 26738: 26737: 26732: 26727: 26722: 26717: 26712: 26707: 26702: 26691: 26685: 26679: 26678: 26675: 26674: 26672: 26671: 26666: 26661: 26660: 26659: 26654: 26644: 26643: 26642: 26637: 26632: 26627: 26617: 26612: 26607: 26602: 26597: 26591: 26585: 26579: 26578: 26575: 26574: 26572: 26571: 26566: 26561: 26556: 26551: 26546: 26541: 26540: 26539: 26529: 26524: 26523: 26522: 26512: 26510:National parks 26506: 26500: 26494: 26493: 26490: 26489: 26487: 26486: 26481: 26476: 26470: 26468: 26464: 26463: 26461: 26460: 26459: 26458: 26453: 26448: 26443: 26438: 26428: 26427: 26426: 26416: 26411: 26406: 26401: 26396: 26391: 26386: 26381: 26376: 26371: 26370: 26369: 26367:Makhnovshchina 26364: 26359: 26354: 26344: 26339: 26337:Russian Empire 26334: 26329: 26328: 26327: 26322: 26312: 26311: 26310: 26300: 26295: 26290: 26285: 26280: 26275: 26270: 26265: 26260: 26255: 26250: 26244: 26242: 26235: 26229: 26228: 26226: articles 26220: 26219: 26212: 26205: 26197: 26188: 26187: 26185: 26184: 26179: 26172: 26171: 26163: 26162: 26159: 26158: 26155: 26154: 26152: 26151: 26146: 26145: 26144: 26134: 26129: 26124: 26119: 26114: 26109: 26104: 26099: 26094: 26089: 26084: 26079: 26078: 26077: 26072: 26067: 26057: 26052: 26047: 26042: 26037: 26032: 26027: 26022: 26017: 26012: 26007: 26002: 25997: 25992: 25987: 25982: 25977: 25972: 25967: 25966: 25965: 25955: 25950: 25945: 25940: 25935: 25930: 25924: 25922: 25916: 25915: 25913: 25912: 25911: 25910: 25900: 25895: 25890: 25885: 25880: 25875: 25870: 25865: 25860: 25855: 25850: 25845: 25840: 25835: 25830: 25825: 25824: 25823: 25818: 25808: 25807: 25806: 25796: 25795: 25794: 25789: 25784: 25774: 25769: 25764: 25759: 25754: 25749: 25744: 25739: 25734: 25729: 25724: 25719: 25714: 25709: 25704: 25699: 25694: 25689: 25683: 25677: 25671: 25670: 25667: 25666: 25664: 25663: 25658: 25653: 25648: 25643: 25638: 25633: 25628: 25626:Space industry 25623: 25618: 25613: 25612: 25611: 25601: 25593: 25588: 25583: 25578: 25573: 25568: 25563: 25558: 25553: 25548: 25543: 25538: 25533: 25528: 25523: 25518: 25513: 25507: 25501: 25495: 25494: 25491: 25490: 25488: 25487: 25482: 25477: 25472: 25467: 25465:Urban planning 25462: 25457: 25452: 25447: 25442: 25437: 25432: 25427: 25422: 25417: 25412: 25407: 25402: 25397: 25392: 25387: 25382: 25377: 25372: 25367: 25362: 25357: 25352: 25347: 25337: 25332: 25327: 25317: 25312: 25302: 25300:Federal budget 25297: 25292: 25287: 25282: 25277: 25272: 25267: 25262: 25257: 25251: 25245: 25239: 25238: 25235: 25234: 25232: 25231: 25226: 25221: 25216: 25211: 25209:North Caucasus 25206: 25205: 25204: 25199: 25194: 25184: 25183: 25182: 25177: 25172: 25162: 25161: 25160: 25150: 25145: 25143:Highest points 25140: 25135: 25130: 25125: 25120: 25119: 25118: 25113: 25108: 25103: 25098: 25088: 25086:Extreme points 25083: 25082: 25081: 25071: 25066: 25061: 25056: 25050: 25044: 25038: 25037: 25034: 25033: 25031: 25030: 25025: 25020: 25015: 25010: 25005: 25000: 24995: 24990: 24985: 24979: 24977: 24973: 24972: 24970: 24969: 24968: 24967: 24957: 24956: 24955: 24950: 24945: 24935: 24934: 24933: 24928: 24918: 24913: 24912: 24911: 24901: 24899:Russian Empire 24896: 24895: 24894: 24884: 24879: 24878: 24877: 24872: 24867: 24859: 24854: 24849: 24844: 24839: 24834: 24829: 24823: 24821: 24812: 24806: 24805: 24803: articles 24797: 24796: 24789: 24782: 24774: 24765: 24764: 24755: 24752: 24751: 24749: 24748: 24743: 24733: 24728: 24723: 24718: 24712: 24710: 24706: 24705: 24703: 24702: 24697: 24696: 24695: 24685: 24684: 24683: 24678: 24673: 24667:Scythia Minor 24665: 24660: 24655: 24650: 24645: 24639: 24637: 24633: 24632: 24630: 24629: 24624: 24619: 24614: 24609: 24608: 24607: 24596: 24594: 24590: 24589: 24579: 24577: 24575: 24574: 24569: 24564: 24559: 24554: 24549: 24544: 24539: 24534: 24533: 24532: 24527: 24522: 24517: 24512: 24507: 24502: 24492: 24491: 24490: 24485: 24480: 24475: 24470: 24465: 24460: 24455: 24450: 24445: 24440: 24435: 24430: 24416: 24415: 24414: 24412:Indo-Scythians 24409: 24404: 24394: 24389: 24384: 24383: 24382: 24372: 24367: 24362: 24357: 24352: 24347: 24342: 24337: 24332: 24326: 24324: 24320: 24319: 24312: 24311: 24304: 24297: 24289: 24282: 24281: 24275: 24260: 24254: 24232: 24226: 24204: 24169: 24163: 24144: 24138: 24119: 24113: 24087: 24081: 24059: 24053: 24031: 24025: 24002: 24000: 23997: 23995: 23994: 23988: 23959: 23953: 23941:United Kingdom 23913:Boardman, John 23908: 23879: 23873: 23861:United Kingdom 23840: 23834: 23804: 23786:(April 1997). 23784:Waśko, Andrzej 23780: 23742: 23728:(in Russian). 23715: 23691: 23672: 23647:(4): 523–530. 23630: 23624: 23589: 23584:978-9004120419 23583: 23561: 23531: 23510: 23476: 23470: 23451: 23445: 23420: 23414: 23402:United Kingdom 23386:Sollberger, E. 23374:Boardman, John 23362: 23356: 23344:United Kingdom 23324:Sulimirski, T. 23320: 23271:Sulimirski, T. 23267: 23227: 23208:10.2307/599752 23202:(4): 400–409. 23185: 23179: 23150: 23109: 23091: 23085: 23057: 23026: 23020: 22998: 22973:(2): 129–138. 22958: 22952: 22920: 22914: 22896:Parfitt, Tudor 22892: 22886: 22853: 22847: 22818: 22812: 22783: 22768:Czech Republic 22753: 22747: 22735:United Kingdom 22717: 22711: 22699:United Kingdom 22677: 22671: 22659:United Kingdom 22646: 22640: 22612: 22606: 22594:United Kingdom 22570: 22541: 22535: 22522: 22516: 22494:Mallory, J. P. 22490: 22476:Mallory, J. P. 22472: 22466: 22441: 22415: 22409: 22384: 22349: 22343: 22331:United Kingdom 22315: 22309: 22284: 22259: 22215: 22190: 22184: 22144: 22130:(in Russian). 22116: 22071: 22065: 22036: 21995: 21961: 21955: 21939:United Kingdom 21907: 21901: 21871: 21839:Scythicos logo 21823: 21817: 21781: 21756:(3): 305–330. 21734: 21728: 21690: 21684: 21672:United Kingdom 21648: 21641: 21623: 21617: 21605:United Kingdom 21589:Sollberger, E. 21577:Boardman, John 21572: 21566: 21549: 21509: 21503: 21471:United Kingdom 21431: 21406:(5): 129–149. 21388: 21382: 21370:United Kingdom 21357: 21351: 21325:Grousset, René 21321: 21315: 21303:United Kingdom 21287:Sollberger, E. 21275:Boardman, John 21270: 21264: 21252:United Kingdom 21219: 21213: 21200: 21194: 21182:United Kingdom 21154:Boardman, John 21146: 21140: 21104:Boardman, John 21096:Fol, Alexander 21092: 21054: 21048: 21026: 21020: 21008:United Kingdom 20990:Loewe, Michael 20982: 20969: 20946: 20905: 20899: 20887:United Kingdom 20863: 20857: 20842: 20802: 20796: 20777: 20771: 20745: 20739: 20715: 20709: 20697:United Kingdom 20673: 20652: 20646: 20621: 20595: 20589: 20567: 20561: 20549:United Kingdom 20536: 20530: 20500: 20468: 20462: 20454:Bloomsbury USA 20443: 20427:British Museum 20415: 20409: 20397:United Kingdom 20381:Sollberger, E. 20369:Boardman, John 20364: 20350: 20315: 20309: 20277: 20271: 20252: 20224: 20218: 20196: 20190: 20168: 20162: 20146: 20140: 20116: 20110: 20098:United Kingdom 20082: 20076: 20064:United Kingdom 20048:Sollberger, E. 20036:Boardman, John 20032:Barnett, R. D. 20028: 19982: 19976: 19964:United Kingdom 19938: 19932: 19906: 19904: 19903:Modern sources 19901: 19899: 19898: 19892: 19870: 19852: 19830: 19808: 19802: 19785: 19763: 19757: 19731: 19709: 19692:The Instructor 19675: 19661: 19655:; Mair, G. W. 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19630: 19618: 19616:, p. 116. 19606: 19594: 19579: 19567: 19555: 19514:Human Genetics 19504: 19492: 19480: 19468: 19399: 19329: 19302: 19287: 19275: 19273:, p. 181. 19260: 19248: 19246:, p. 583. 19233: 19229:Parzinger 2004 19221: 19219:, p. 158. 19204: 19192: 19188:Parzinger 2004 19177: 19173:Parzinger 2004 19158: 19156:, p. 219. 19146: 19144:, p. 105. 19142:Parzinger 2004 19134: 19122: 19104: 19086: 19084:, p. 223. 19074: 19062: 19050: 19038: 19023: 19021:, p. 221. 19011: 18999: 18997:, p. 5-9. 18987: 18975: 18963: 18951: 18949:, p. 345. 18939: 18937:, p. 581. 18927: 18925:, p. 580. 18912: 18910:, p. 180. 18891: 18887:Parzinger 2004 18879: 18864: 18860:Parzinger 2004 18852: 18848:Parzinger 2004 18835: 18833:, p. 157. 18816: 18804: 18802:, p. 109. 18800:Melyukova 1990 18792: 18790:, p. 173. 18777: 18775:, p. 100. 18773:Melyukova 1990 18765: 18761:Melyukova 1990 18753: 18741: 18737:Parzinger 2004 18729: 18727:, p. 156. 18712: 18710:, p. 178. 18697: 18685: 18683:, p. 285. 18670: 18658: 18633: 18631:, p. 155. 18614: 18602: 18600:, p. 123. 18590: 18586:Parzinger 2004 18575: 18563: 18561:, p. 110. 18559:Parzinger 2004 18551: 18549:, p. 176. 18536: 18517: 18502: 18490: 18478: 18466: 18454: 18439: 18424: 18409: 18397: 18393:Parzinger 2004 18385: 18381:Parzinger 2004 18370: 18366:Parzinger 2004 18353: 18349:Parzinger 2004 18341: 18339:, p. 152. 18329: 18325:Parzinger 2004 18314: 18310:Parzinger 2004 18302: 18290: 18286:Parzinger 2004 18273: 18261: 18242: 18240:, p. 232. 18227: 18225:, p. 214. 18215: 18213:, p. 577. 18203: 18191: 18162: 18158:Parzinger 2004 18147: 18143:Parzinger 2004 18135: 18133:, p. 172. 18123: 18108: 18104:Parzinger 2004 18085: 18083:, p. 154. 18068: 18056: 18054:, p. 106. 18052:Melyukova 1990 18041: 18039:, p. 153. 18014: 18010:Parzinger 2004 17997: 17993:Melyukova 1990 17985: 17973: 17961: 17957:Melyukova 1990 17949: 17947:, p. 105. 17945:Melyukova 1990 17922: 17920:, p. 205. 17910: 17906:Parzinger 2004 17889: 17885:Parzinger 2004 17877: 17873:Parzinger 2004 17858: 17856:, p. 159. 17846: 17834: 17832:, p. 167. 17822: 17818:Melyukova 1990 17810: 17798: 17796:, p. 588. 17786: 17782:Melyukova 1990 17774: 17762: 17750: 17746:Parzinger 2004 17738: 17734:Melyukova 1990 17726: 17714: 17702: 17685: 17683:, p. 104. 17681:Melyukova 1990 17662: 17658:Parzinger 2004 17650: 17648:, p. 206. 17633: 17629:Parzinger 2004 17616: 17614:, p. 707. 17604: 17592: 17577: 17565: 17554: 17543: 17531: 17519: 17507: 17495: 17483: 17471: 17459: 17455:Parzinger 2004 17447: 17435: 17423: 17411: 17407:Parzinger 2004 17399: 17395:Irslinger 2017 17387: 17383:Klaniczay 2011 17375: 17373:, p. 192. 17371:Klaniczay 2011 17363: 17361:, p. 183. 17359:Klaniczay 2011 17351: 17339: 17327: 17312: 17300: 17298:, p. 550. 17283: 17281:, p. 135. 17271: 17256: 17244: 17232: 17230:, p. 139. 17220: 17208: 17204:Irslinger 2017 17193: 17191:, p. 187. 17181: 17169: 17167:, p. 111. 17165:Parzinger 2004 17152: 17150:, p. 551. 17140: 17138:, p. 179. 17128: 17126:, p. 498. 17116: 17114:, p. 314. 17112:Ivantchik 2016 17101: 17086: 17074: 17062: 17047: 17032: 17030:, p. 204. 17020: 17008: 17004:Parzinger 2004 16983: 16962: 16947: 16935: 16933:, p. 145. 16923: 16911: 16899: 16887: 16875: 16863: 16851: 16849:, p. 241. 16839: 16824: 16808: 16804:Melyukova 1990 16796: 16794:, p. 584. 16777: 16765: 16763:, p. 147. 16761:Ivantchik 2006 16750: 16738: 16723: 16708: 16696: 16681: 16674: 16654: 16642: 16638:Diakonoff 1985 16630: 16628:, p. 161. 16611: 16609:, p. 100. 16607:Diakonoff 1985 16599: 16584: 16565: 16553: 16551:, p. 567. 16541: 16539:, p. 152. 16537:Ivantchik 2006 16529: 16517: 16505: 16490: 16488:, p. 119. 16486:Diakonoff 1985 16478: 16463: 16459:Diakonoff 1993 16451: 16439: 16437:, p. 151. 16435:Ivantchik 2006 16427: 16425:, p. 126. 16423:Diakonoff 1985 16415: 16399: 16384: 16380:Diakonoff 1985 16372: 16370:, p. 559. 16360: 16341: 16324: 16312: 16293: 16289:Diakonoff 1985 16276: 16256: 16244: 16229: 16225:Diakonoff 1985 16212: 16195:Ivantchik 2018 16187: 16175: 16173:, p. 564. 16163: 16151: 16116: 16114:, p. 128. 16104: 16085: 16073: 16057: 16041: 16029: 16014: 15999: 15984: 15966: 15949: 15920: 15908: 15893: 15881: 15879:, p. 562. 15869: 15857: 15836: 15824: 15822:, pp. 98. 15820:Melyukova 1990 15812: 15810:, p. 576. 15800: 15798:, p. 558. 15788: 15773: 15754: 15750:Diakonoff 1985 15742: 15740:, p. 561. 15727: 15715: 15692: 15680: 15665: 15650: 15635: 15620: 15601: 15578: 15576:, p. 553. 15563: 15559:Olbrycht 2000a 15551: 15491: 15432: 15367: 15350: 15348:, p. 125. 15338: 15321: 15311: 15281: 15232: 15228:Parzinger 2004 15220: 15218:, p. 578. 15205: 15203:, p. 150. 15186: 15182:Parzinger 2004 15174: 15172:, p. 552. 15153: 15149:Parzinger 2004 15141: 15126: 15114: 15090: 15075: 15073:, p. 294. 15058: 15033: 15029:Diakonoff 1985 15002: 14987: 14985:, p. 282. 14972: 14968:Melyukova 1990 14911: 14876: 14872:Olbrycht 2000b 14821: 14806: 14794: 14749: 14737: 14718: 14706: 14694: 14682: 14664: 14652: 14648:Lendering 1996 14640: 14605: 14578: 14571: 14544: 14537: 14513: 14506: 14500:. p. 51. 14479: 14472: 14442: 14430: 14413: 14348: 14274: 14272: 14271: 14242: 14236: 14230: 14224: 14218: 14212: 14209:Ivantchik 2018 14206: 14203:Melyukova 1990 14200: 14194: 14176: 14166: 14151: 14133: 14103: 14079: 14075:Ivantchik 2018 13930: 13918: 13896:"Scythian art" 13887: 13875: 13860: 13837: 13822: 13810: 13793: 13762: 13750: 13712: 13681: 13642:Ivantchik 2018 13614:Melyukova 1990 13609:Melyukova 1990 13596: 13580: 13557: 13536: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13510: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13492:Nomadic empire 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13462: 13459: 13456: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13449: 13447: 13445: 13443: 13441: 13439: 13437: 13435: 13433: 13431: 13429: 13427: 13425: 13423: 13421: 13419: 13417: 13415: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13405: 13403: 13401: 13399: 13397: 13395: 13393: 13382: 13380: 13378: 13376: 13374: 13372: 13370: 13368: 13366: 13364: 13362: 13360: 13358: 13356: 13354: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13340: 13338: 13336: 13334: 13332: 13330: 13328: 13326: 13324: 13322: 13320: 13318: 13316: 13314: 13312: 13310: 13308: 13306: 13304: 13302: 13300: 13298: 13296: 13294: 13292: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13282: 13280: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13269: 13267: 13265: 13263: 13261: 13259: 13257: 13255: 13253: 13251: 13249: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13235: 13233: 13231: 13229: 13227: 13225: 13223: 13221: 13219: 13217: 13215: 13213: 13211: 13209: 13207: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13199: 13197: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13183: 13181: 13179: 13177: 13175: 13173:c. 360s–339 BC 13164: 13162: 13160: 13158: 13156: 13154: 13152: 13150: 13148: 13146: 13144: 13142: 13140: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13126: 13124: 13122: 13120: 13118: 13116: 13114: 13112: 13110: 13108: 13106: 13104: 13102: 13100: 13098: 13096: 13094: 13092: 13090: 13088: 13086: 13084: 13082: 13080: 13078: 13076: 13074: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13051: 13049: 13047: 13045: 13043: 13041: 13039: 13037: 13035: 13033: 13031: 13029: 13027: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13017: 13015: 13013: 13011: 13009: 13007: 13005: 13003: 13001: 12999: 12997: 12995: 12993: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12985: 12983: 12981: 12979: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12969: 12967: 12965: 12963: 12961: 12959: 12957: 12946: 12944: 12942: 12940: 12938: 12936: 12934: 12932: 12930: 12928: 12926: 12924: 12922: 12920: 12918: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12908: 12906: 12904: 12902: 12900: 12898: 12896: 12894: 12892: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12884: 12882: 12880: 12878: 12876: 12874: 12872: 12870: 12868: 12866: 12864: 12862: 12860: 12858: 12856: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12846: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12826: 12824: 12822: 12820: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12794: 12792: 12790: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12782: 12780: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12772: 12770: 12768: 12766: 12764: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12750: 12748: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12740: 12733: 12731: 12729: 12727: 12725: 12723: 12721: 12719: 12717: 12706: 12704: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12696: 12694: 12692: 12687: 12685: 12683: 12672: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12662: 12660: 12658: 12656: 12654: 12652: 12650: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12642: 12640: 12638: 12636: 12634: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12624: 12622: 12620: 12618: 12616: 12614: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12592: 12590: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12566: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12545: 12543: 12532: 12530: 12528: 12523: 12521: 12510: 12508: 12506: 12504: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12496: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12488: 12486: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12469: 12467: 12465: 12463: 12461: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12453: 12451: 12449: 12447: 12445: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12437: 12435: 12433: 12431: 12429: 12427: 12425: 12423: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12415: 12413: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12403: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12393: 12391: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12356: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12346: 12344: 12342: 12340: 12338: 12336: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12326: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12301: 12299: 12297: 12295: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12287: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12279: 12277: 12275: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12251: 12249: 12247: 12245: 12243: 12232: 12230: 12228: 12226: 12224: 12222: 12220: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12191: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12183: 12181: 12179: 12177: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12165: 12163: 12161: 12159: 12157: 12155: 12153: 12151: 12149: 12147: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12137: 12135: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12124: 12122: 12111: 12109: 12107: 12105: 12103: 12101: 12099: 12097: 12095: 12093: 12091: 12089: 12087: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12043: 12041: 12039: 12037: 12035: 12033: 12031: 12029: 12027: 12025: 12023: 12021: 12019: 12017: 12015: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12001: 11999: 11997: 11995: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11966: 11964: 11962: 11960: 11958: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11946: 11944: 11942: 11940: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11922: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11914: 11912: 11910: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11900: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11886: 11884: 11882: 11880: 11869: 11867: 11865: 11863: 11861: 11859: 11857: 11855: 11853: 11851: 11849: 11847: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11827: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11819: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11811: 11809: 11807: 11805: 11803: 11801: 11799: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11769: 11767: 11765: 11754: 11752: 11750: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11742: 11740: 11738: 11736: 11734: 11732: 11730: 11728: 11726: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11712: 11710: 11708: 11706: 11704: 11702: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11694: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11686: 11684: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11674: 11672: 11670: 11668: 11665: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11647: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11609: 11607: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11593: 11591: 11589: 11587: 11585: 11583: 11581: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11569: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11551: 11540: 11538: 11536: 11534: 11532: 11530: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11522: 11520: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11498: 11496: 11494: 11492: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11478: 11476: 11474: 11472: 11470: 11468: 11466: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11427: 11425: 11414: 11412: 11405: 11403: 11401: 11399: 11388: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11374: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11350: 11348: 11346: 11344: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11334: 11332: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11314: 11312: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11300: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11292: 11290: 11288: 11286: 11284: 11282: 11280: 11278: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11266: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11258: 11256: 11245: 11243: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11214: 11212: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11176: 11174: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11164: 11162: 11160: 11158: 11156: 11154: 11152: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11142: 11140: 11138: 11136: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11113: 11111: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11097: 11095: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11087: 11085: 11083: 11081: 11079: 11077: 11075: 11073: 11071: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11061: 11059: 11057: 11055: 11053: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11045: 11043: 11041: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11033: 11031: 11029: 11027: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11015: 11013: 11011: 11009: 11007: 10997: 10994: 10993: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10947: 10941: 10935: 10929: 10923: 10917: 10909: 10906: 10905: 10904: 10888: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10848:, r. c. 310 BC 10843: 10837: 10821: 10805: 10789: 10773: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10763: 10750: 10743: 10742: 10726: 10725:, r. c. 550 BC 10720: 10719:, r. c. 575 BC 10714: 10698: 10680: 10677: 10676: 10675: 10659: 10627: 10609: 10606: 10604: 10603:List of rulers 10601: 10589:haplogroup R1a 10581:haplogroup R1b 10572: 10569: 10544: 10541: 10507: 10500: 10499: 10498: 10493: 10486: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10482: 10477:Main article: 10474: 10471: 10406:of Scythia as 10375: 10372: 10363: 10360: 10329: 10326: 10252: 10249: 10200: 10197: 10144: 10141: 10100: 10097: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10089: 10078: 10075: 10069: 10068: 10067: 10057: 10056: 10055: 10040: 10037: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10018: 10008: 10000: 9997: 9961: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9941: 9922: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9881: 9878: 9868: 9860: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9830: 9827: 9824: 9813: 9812: 9811: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9800: 9787: 9778: 9758: 9755: 9747: 9744: 9655: 9652: 9644: 9643: 9634: 9625: 9617: 9596: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9584: 9581: 9578: 9569: 9568: 9567: 9564: 9558: 9555: 9554: 9553: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9536: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9522: 9516: 9513: 9507: 9506: 9505: 9502: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9432: 9429: 9424: 9421: 9411: 9408: 9376:Main article: 9373: 9370: 9325:Turkic peoples 9310: 9307: 9289: 9286: 9249: 9246: 9237: 9234: 9197:Main article: 9194: 9191: 9185: 9182: 9176: 9173: 9161: 9160: 9149: 9148: 9147: 9144: 9138: 9127:Main article: 9124: 9121: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9097: 9094: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9079: 9076: 9068: 9065: 9013: 9010: 8863: 8862: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8849: 8844:Main article: 8841: 8838: 8787: 8784: 8727: 8724: 8698: 8695: 8661: 8658: 8637: 8634: 8628: 8625: 8619: 8616: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8531: 8528: 8517:dairy products 8468:landed estates 8466:who possessed 8453: 8452: 8425: 8374: 8331: 8328: 8327: 8326: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8282: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8254: 8247: 8236: 8233:Ural Mountains 8217: 8210: 8195: 8188: 8177: 8165: 8162: 8153: 8152: 8149: 8114: 8113: 8112: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8010: 8009: 8008: 7937: 7934:Free Scythians 7930: 7919: 7918: 7917: 7891: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7802: 7799: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7735:Main article: 7732: 7729: 7701: 7700: 7695:and the Lower 7689: 7686: 7664:Main article: 7661: 7658: 7637: 7634: 7626:Mark P. Witton 7609:Adrienne Mayor 7545:Aleksandr Blok 7344:Russian Empire 7337:Latin alphabet 7333:Greek alphabet 7152: 7149: 7029:Fénius Farsaid 6967:Scotichronicon 6948:Following the 6945: 6942: 6938:Tauroscythians 6875:Late Antiquity 6704: 6703: 6700: 6687: 6684: 6659: 6656: 6595: 6592: 6484: 6481: 6475:'s lieutenant 6285: 6282: 6044: 6043: 6033: 6024: 5964: 5961: 5942: 5939: 5841:Main article: 5838: 5835: 5819: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5805:, son of Lykos 5800: 5794: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5551: 600s BC 5535: 5532: 5488: 5485: 5405: 5402: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5365:North Caucasus 5356:in the south. 5208: 5205: 5160: 5157: 5144: 5141: 5113: 5110: 5080:, the goddess 5016: 5013: 4971: 4968: 4849: 4846: 4540: 4537: 4453: 4450: 4378: 4377: 4368: 4367: 4359: 4358: 4350: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4343: 4342: 4341: 4316: 4313: 4241: 4238: 4212: 4211: 4169: 4167: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4134: 4114: 4111: 4066: 4065: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 3937:Main article: 3934: 3931: 3929:in the south. 3881: 3878: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3765:Scythian triad 3757: 3756: 3749: 3734: 3693: 3688: 3687: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3404: 3401: 3185:awīlū Iškuzaya 3070: 3067: 3062:Main article: 3059: 3056: 2983:Mithridates VI 2927:in modern-day 2915:Eastern Iranic 2777: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2766: 2759: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2743: 2736: 2729: 2722: 2715: 2707: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2693: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2667: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2654: 2653: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2632:Fire sacrifice 2628: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2614: 2613: 2606: 2594: 2593: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2566: 2565: 2564: 2557: 2550: 2543: 2536: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2477: 2476: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2449: 2448: 2447: 2440: 2428: 2427: 2426: 2423:Zoroastrianism 2405: 2404: 2397: 2390: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2345: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2316: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2293: 2292: 2290:Medieval India 2281: 2280: 2275: 2266: 2261: 2256: 2244: 2243: 2231: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2202: 2195: 2188: 2172: 2167: 2165:Italic peoples 2162: 2157: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2117: 2116: 2111: 2099: 2098: 2086: 2085: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2036: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2012: 2001: 2000: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1965: 1964: 1952: 1951: 1944: 1943: 1941:Gandhara grave 1938: 1933: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1802: 1801: 1793: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1787:Middle Dnieper 1783: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1742:Eastern Europe 1739: 1738: 1726: 1725: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1701: 1687: 1680: 1673: 1670:Dnieper–Donets 1666: 1659: 1647: 1645:Kurgan culture 1642: 1641: 1640: 1630: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1581:Beech argument 1578: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1536: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1404: 1390: 1385: 1371: 1364:Proto-Germanic 1361: 1359:Proto-Armenian 1356: 1351: 1349:Proto-Albanian 1345: 1344: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1185: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1157: 1150: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1096: 1089: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1044: 1032: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1012: 1011: 1004: 1003: 996: 991: 990: 987: 986: 978: 977: 971: 970: 958: 957: 912: 908: 907: 904: 903: 900: 899: 892: 886: 885: 878: 872: 871: 864: 858: 857: 850: 844: 843: 836: 830: 829: 822: 816: 815: 808: 799: 796: 795: 790: 782: 781: 776: 768: 767: 762: 754: 753: 748: 736: 735: 730: 720: 719: 716: 715: 712: 705: 702: 701: 698: 683: 680: 679: 676: 670: 667: 666: 663: 657: 654: 653: 650: 647: 644: 643: 640: 634: 631: 630: 627: 617: 614: 613: 610: 607: 604: 603: 600: 594: 591: 590: 587: 581: 578: 577: 574: 571: 568: 567: 564: 561: 558: 557: 554: 553: 552: 551: 545: 533: 532:Historical era 529: 528: 520: 519: 516: 515: 510: 507: 504: 503: 498: 495: 492: 491: 486: 483: 480: 479: 474: 471: 468: 467: 462: 459: 456: 455: 450: 447: 444: 443: 438: 435: 432: 431: 426: 423: 420: 419: 414: 411: 408: 407: 402: 399: 396: 395: 390: 387: 384: 383: 378: 375: 372: 371: 366: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 348: 347: 344: 340: 339: 336: 330: 329: 317:(in West Asia) 312:(in West Asia) 307:(in West Asia) 302:(in West Asia) 292: 288: 287: 259:(in West Asia) 254:(in West Asia) 249:(in West Asia) 239: 235: 234: 228: 224: 223: 205: 201: 200: 190: 182: 181: 178: 170: 169: 165: 164: 149: 146: 134:, you may see 122: 115: 114: 113: 108: 107: 87:it, or adding 64: 62: 55: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 27167: 27156: 27153: 27151: 27148: 27146: 27143: 27141: 27138: 27136: 27133: 27131: 27128: 27126: 27123: 27121: 27118: 27116: 27113: 27111: 27108: 27107: 27105: 27090: 27087: 27085: 27082: 27081: 27076: 27072: 27071: 27067: 27057: 27054: 27052: 27049: 27047: 27044: 27040: 27037: 27035: 27032: 27030: 27027: 27025: 27022: 27021: 27020: 27017: 27016: 27014: 27012: 27008: 27002: 26999: 26997: 26994: 26992: 26989: 26987: 26984: 26982: 26979: 26977: 26974: 26972: 26969: 26967: 26964: 26962: 26959: 26955: 26952: 26950: 26947: 26945: 26942: 26940: 26937: 26935: 26932: 26930: 26927: 26925: 26922: 26921: 26919: 26915: 26912: 26911: 26910: 26907: 26905: 26902: 26900: 26897: 26893: 26890: 26888: 26885: 26884: 26883: 26880: 26878: 26875: 26874: 26872: 26870: 26866: 26860: 26857: 26855: 26852: 26850: 26847: 26845: 26842: 26840: 26837: 26833: 26830: 26828: 26825: 26824: 26823: 26820: 26815: 26811: 26808: 26805: 26802: 26798: 26795: 26792: 26789: 26787: 26784: 26782: 26779: 26778: 26777: 26774: 26772: 26769: 26767: 26764: 26762: 26759: 26758: 26755: 26752: 26750: 26746: 26736: 26733: 26731: 26728: 26726: 26723: 26721: 26718: 26716: 26713: 26711: 26708: 26706: 26703: 26701: 26697: 26693: 26692: 26689: 26686: 26684: 26680: 26670: 26667: 26665: 26662: 26658: 26655: 26653: 26650: 26649: 26648: 26645: 26641: 26638: 26636: 26633: 26631: 26628: 26626: 26623: 26622: 26621: 26618: 26616: 26613: 26611: 26608: 26606: 26603: 26601: 26598: 26596: 26593: 26592: 26589: 26586: 26584: 26580: 26570: 26567: 26565: 26562: 26560: 26557: 26555: 26552: 26550: 26547: 26545: 26542: 26538: 26535: 26534: 26533: 26530: 26528: 26525: 26521: 26518: 26517: 26516: 26513: 26511: 26508: 26507: 26504: 26501: 26499: 26495: 26485: 26482: 26480: 26477: 26475: 26472: 26471: 26469: 26465: 26457: 26454: 26452: 26451:War in Donbas 26449: 26447: 26444: 26442: 26439: 26437: 26434: 26433: 26432: 26429: 26425: 26422: 26421: 26420: 26417: 26415: 26412: 26410: 26407: 26405: 26402: 26400: 26397: 26395: 26392: 26390: 26387: 26385: 26384:Ukrainian SSR 26382: 26380: 26377: 26375: 26372: 26368: 26365: 26363: 26360: 26358: 26355: 26353: 26350: 26349: 26348: 26345: 26343: 26340: 26338: 26335: 26333: 26330: 26326: 26323: 26321: 26318: 26317: 26316: 26313: 26309: 26306: 26305: 26304: 26301: 26299: 26296: 26294: 26291: 26289: 26286: 26284: 26281: 26279: 26276: 26274: 26271: 26269: 26266: 26264: 26261: 26259: 26256: 26254: 26251: 26249: 26246: 26245: 26243: 26239: 26236: 26234: 26230: 26225: 26218: 26213: 26211: 26206: 26204: 26199: 26198: 26195: 26183: 26180: 26178: 26175: 26174: 26169: 26165: 26164: 26160: 26150: 26147: 26143: 26140: 26139: 26138: 26135: 26133: 26132:Seven Wonders 26130: 26128: 26125: 26123: 26120: 26118: 26115: 26113: 26110: 26108: 26105: 26103: 26100: 26098: 26097:Playing cards 26095: 26093: 26090: 26088: 26085: 26083: 26080: 26076: 26073: 26071: 26068: 26066: 26063: 26062: 26061: 26058: 26056: 26053: 26051: 26048: 26046: 26043: 26041: 26038: 26036: 26033: 26031: 26028: 26026: 26023: 26021: 26018: 26016: 26013: 26011: 26008: 26006: 26003: 26001: 25998: 25996: 25993: 25991: 25988: 25986: 25983: 25981: 25978: 25976: 25973: 25971: 25968: 25964: 25961: 25960: 25959: 25956: 25954: 25951: 25949: 25946: 25944: 25941: 25939: 25936: 25934: 25931: 25929: 25926: 25925: 25923: 25921: 25917: 25909: 25906: 25905: 25904: 25901: 25899: 25896: 25894: 25891: 25889: 25886: 25884: 25881: 25879: 25876: 25874: 25871: 25869: 25866: 25864: 25861: 25859: 25856: 25854: 25851: 25849: 25846: 25844: 25841: 25839: 25836: 25834: 25831: 25829: 25826: 25822: 25819: 25817: 25814: 25813: 25812: 25809: 25805: 25802: 25801: 25800: 25797: 25793: 25792:Mental health 25790: 25788: 25785: 25783: 25780: 25779: 25778: 25775: 25773: 25770: 25768: 25765: 25763: 25760: 25758: 25755: 25753: 25752:Ethnic groups 25750: 25748: 25745: 25743: 25740: 25738: 25735: 25733: 25730: 25728: 25725: 25723: 25720: 25718: 25715: 25713: 25710: 25708: 25705: 25703: 25700: 25698: 25695: 25693: 25690: 25688: 25685: 25684: 25681: 25678: 25676: 25672: 25662: 25659: 25657: 25654: 25652: 25649: 25647: 25644: 25642: 25639: 25637: 25634: 25632: 25629: 25627: 25624: 25622: 25619: 25617: 25614: 25610: 25607: 25606: 25605: 25602: 25600: 25594: 25592: 25589: 25587: 25584: 25582: 25579: 25577: 25574: 25572: 25569: 25567: 25564: 25562: 25559: 25557: 25554: 25552: 25549: 25547: 25544: 25542: 25539: 25537: 25534: 25532: 25529: 25527: 25524: 25522: 25519: 25517: 25514: 25512: 25509: 25508: 25505: 25502: 25500: 25496: 25486: 25483: 25481: 25478: 25476: 25473: 25471: 25468: 25466: 25463: 25461: 25458: 25456: 25455:Civil defense 25453: 25451: 25448: 25446: 25443: 25441: 25438: 25436: 25433: 25431: 25428: 25426: 25423: 25421: 25418: 25416: 25413: 25411: 25408: 25406: 25403: 25401: 25400:Media freedom 25398: 25396: 25393: 25391: 25388: 25386: 25383: 25381: 25378: 25376: 25373: 25371: 25368: 25366: 25363: 25361: 25358: 25356: 25353: 25351: 25348: 25345: 25341: 25338: 25336: 25333: 25331: 25328: 25325: 25321: 25318: 25316: 25313: 25310: 25306: 25303: 25301: 25298: 25296: 25293: 25291: 25288: 25286: 25285:Criminal code 25283: 25281: 25278: 25276: 25273: 25271: 25268: 25266: 25265:Civil Service 25263: 25261: 25258: 25256: 25253: 25252: 25249: 25246: 25244: 25240: 25230: 25227: 25225: 25222: 25220: 25217: 25215: 25212: 25210: 25207: 25203: 25200: 25198: 25195: 25193: 25190: 25189: 25188: 25185: 25181: 25178: 25176: 25173: 25171: 25168: 25167: 25166: 25163: 25159: 25156: 25155: 25154: 25151: 25149: 25146: 25144: 25141: 25139: 25136: 25134: 25131: 25129: 25126: 25124: 25121: 25117: 25114: 25112: 25109: 25107: 25104: 25102: 25099: 25097: 25094: 25093: 25092: 25089: 25087: 25084: 25080: 25077: 25076: 25075: 25072: 25070: 25067: 25065: 25062: 25060: 25057: 25055: 25052: 25051: 25048: 25045: 25043: 25039: 25029: 25026: 25024: 25021: 25019: 25016: 25014: 25011: 25009: 25006: 25004: 25001: 24999: 24996: 24994: 24991: 24989: 24986: 24984: 24981: 24980: 24978: 24974: 24966: 24963: 24962: 24961: 24958: 24954: 24951: 24949: 24946: 24944: 24941: 24940: 24939: 24936: 24932: 24929: 24927: 24926:Russian state 24924: 24923: 24922: 24919: 24917: 24914: 24910: 24907: 24906: 24905: 24902: 24900: 24897: 24893: 24890: 24889: 24888: 24885: 24883: 24880: 24876: 24873: 24871: 24868: 24866: 24863: 24862: 24860: 24858: 24855: 24853: 24850: 24848: 24845: 24843: 24840: 24838: 24835: 24833: 24830: 24828: 24825: 24824: 24822: 24820: 24816: 24813: 24811: 24807: 24802: 24795: 24790: 24788: 24783: 24781: 24776: 24775: 24772: 24762: 24758: 24753: 24747: 24744: 24742: 24738: 24734: 24732: 24729: 24727: 24724: 24722: 24719: 24717: 24714: 24713: 24711: 24707: 24701: 24698: 24694: 24691: 24690: 24689: 24686: 24682: 24679: 24677: 24674: 24672: 24669: 24668: 24666: 24664: 24661: 24659: 24656: 24654: 24651: 24649: 24646: 24644: 24643:Kazakh Steppe 24641: 24640: 24638: 24634: 24628: 24625: 24623: 24620: 24618: 24615: 24613: 24610: 24606: 24603: 24602: 24601: 24598: 24597: 24595: 24591: 24583: 24573: 24570: 24568: 24565: 24563: 24560: 24558: 24555: 24553: 24550: 24548: 24545: 24543: 24542:Tagar culture 24540: 24538: 24535: 24531: 24528: 24526: 24523: 24521: 24518: 24516: 24513: 24511: 24508: 24506: 24503: 24501: 24498: 24497: 24496: 24493: 24489: 24486: 24484: 24481: 24479: 24476: 24474: 24471: 24469: 24466: 24464: 24461: 24459: 24456: 24454: 24451: 24449: 24446: 24444: 24441: 24439: 24436: 24434: 24431: 24429: 24426: 24425: 24424: 24420: 24417: 24413: 24410: 24408: 24405: 24403: 24400: 24399: 24398: 24395: 24393: 24390: 24388: 24385: 24381: 24378: 24377: 24376: 24373: 24371: 24368: 24366: 24363: 24361: 24358: 24356: 24353: 24351: 24348: 24346: 24343: 24341: 24338: 24336: 24333: 24331: 24328: 24327: 24325: 24321: 24317: 24310: 24305: 24303: 24298: 24296: 24291: 24290: 24287: 24278: 24276:1-900838-03-6 24272: 24268: 24267: 24261: 24257: 24255:3-515-06399-4 24251: 24247: 24243: 24242: 24237: 24233: 24229: 24223: 24219: 24216:(in French). 24215: 24214: 24209: 24205: 24201: 24197: 24193: 24189: 24185: 24181: 24177: 24176: 24170: 24166: 24160: 24156: 24153:(in German). 24152: 24151: 24145: 24141: 24135: 24131: 24127: 24126: 24120: 24116: 24110: 24106: 24102: 24101: 24096: 24092: 24088: 24084: 24082:0-203-07107-7 24078: 24074: 24070: 24069: 24064: 24063:Drews, Robert 24060: 24056: 24054:0-446-67983-6 24050: 24046: 24042: 24041: 24036: 24032: 24028: 24022: 24018: 24014: 24013: 24008: 24004: 24003: 23991: 23985: 23981: 23977: 23973: 23969: 23965: 23960: 23956: 23950: 23946: 23942: 23938: 23934: 23930: 23926: 23922: 23918: 23914: 23909: 23898: 23894: 23891: 23890:Protoceratops 23884: 23880: 23876: 23870: 23866: 23862: 23858: 23854: 23853:United States 23850: 23846: 23841: 23837: 23831: 23827: 23823: 23822: 23817: 23813: 23809: 23805: 23801: 23797: 23793: 23789: 23785: 23781: 23777: 23773: 23769: 23765: 23761: 23757: 23753: 23752: 23747: 23743: 23731: 23727: 23726: 23721: 23716: 23712: 23708: 23707:United States 23704: 23700: 23696: 23692: 23688: 23684: 23680: 23679: 23673: 23662: 23658: 23654: 23650: 23646: 23642: 23641: 23636: 23631: 23627: 23621: 23617: 23613: 23612:United States 23609: 23605: 23601: 23597: 23596: 23590: 23586: 23580: 23576: 23572: 23571: 23566: 23562: 23558: 23554: 23550: 23546: 23542: 23541: 23536: 23532: 23528: 23524: 23520: 23515: 23511: 23507: 23503: 23499: 23498:United States 23495: 23494:New York City 23491: 23490: 23485: 23481: 23477: 23473: 23471:1-57506-019-1 23467: 23463: 23459: 23458: 23452: 23448: 23446:0-520-06864-5 23442: 23438: 23431: 23430: 23425: 23421: 23417: 23411: 23407: 23403: 23399: 23395: 23391: 23387: 23383: 23379: 23375: 23371: 23370:Taylor, T. F. 23367: 23363: 23359: 23353: 23349: 23345: 23341: 23337: 23333: 23329: 23325: 23321: 23310: 23306: 23302: 23298: 23294: 23290: 23286: 23282: 23281: 23280:Artibus Asiae 23276: 23272: 23268: 23257: 23253: 23249: 23245: 23241: 23237: 23233: 23228: 23217: 23213: 23209: 23205: 23201: 23197: 23196: 23191: 23186: 23182: 23176: 23172: 23168: 23167:United States 23164: 23160: 23156: 23155:Kuhrt, Amélie 23151: 23140: 23136: 23132: 23131:United States 23128: 23127:New York City 23124: 23123: 23118: 23114: 23110: 23106: 23102: 23101: 23096: 23092: 23088: 23082: 23078: 23074: 23073:United States 23070: 23066: 23062: 23061:Rolle, Renate 23058: 23054: 23050: 23046: 23045:United States 23042: 23041:New York City 23038: 23037: 23032: 23027: 23023: 23021:0-521-56496-4 23017: 23013: 23009: 23008: 23003: 22999: 22988: 22984: 22980: 22976: 22972: 22968: 22964: 22959: 22955: 22949: 22945: 22941: 22937: 22933: 22932:The Scythians 22929: 22925: 22921: 22917: 22915:1-84212-665-2 22911: 22907: 22903: 22902: 22897: 22893: 22889: 22883: 22879: 22875: 22874:United States 22871: 22867: 22863: 22859: 22854: 22850: 22844: 22840: 22836: 22832: 22828: 22824: 22819: 22815: 22809: 22805: 22801: 22797: 22793: 22789: 22784: 22773: 22769: 22765: 22761: 22760: 22754: 22750: 22744: 22740: 22736: 22732: 22728: 22727: 22722: 22718: 22714: 22708: 22704: 22700: 22696: 22692: 22691: 22686: 22682: 22678: 22674: 22668: 22664: 22660: 22656: 22652: 22647: 22643: 22637: 22633: 22629: 22628:United States 22625: 22621: 22617: 22613: 22609: 22603: 22599: 22595: 22591: 22587: 22586:United States 22583: 22582:New York City 22579: 22575: 22571: 22567: 22563: 22562:United States 22559: 22555: 22554:United States 22551: 22547: 22542: 22538: 22532: 22528: 22523: 22519: 22517:1-884964-98-2 22513: 22509: 22505: 22504: 22499: 22495: 22491: 22487: 22483: 22482: 22477: 22473: 22469: 22463: 22459: 22455: 22454:United States 22451: 22447: 22442: 22438: 22434: 22430: 22429: 22421: 22416: 22412: 22406: 22402: 22398: 22397:United States 22394: 22390: 22385: 22374: 22370: 22366: 22362: 22358: 22354: 22350: 22346: 22340: 22336: 22332: 22328: 22324: 22320: 22316: 22312: 22306: 22302: 22298: 22297:United States 22294: 22290: 22285: 22274: 22273: 22268: 22264: 22260: 22248: 22244: 22243: 22238: 22237: 22228: 22224: 22220: 22216: 22204: 22200: 22196: 22191: 22187: 22181: 22177: 22176:Campus-Verlag 22173: 22169: 22165: 22161: 22157: 22153: 22149: 22145: 22141: 22137: 22133: 22129: 22125: 22121: 22117: 22106: 22102: 22098: 22094: 22090: 22086: 22085: 22084:Artibus Asiae 22077: 22072: 22068: 22062: 22058: 22054: 22050: 22046: 22042: 22037: 22026: 22022: 22018: 22017:United States 22014: 22013:New York City 22010: 22009: 22004: 22000: 21996: 21984: 21980: 21976: 21975: 21970: 21966: 21962: 21958: 21952: 21948: 21944: 21940: 21936: 21932: 21931:United States 21928: 21927:New York City 21924: 21923:United States 21920: 21916: 21912: 21908: 21904: 21898: 21894: 21890: 21886: 21882: 21881: 21876: 21872: 21868: 21864: 21860: 21856: 21853:(1): 141–92. 21852: 21848: 21844: 21840: 21836: 21834: 21828: 21824: 21820: 21814: 21810: 21806: 21802: 21798: 21794: 21790: 21786: 21782: 21771: 21767: 21763: 21759: 21755: 21751: 21747: 21743: 21739: 21735: 21731: 21725: 21721: 21717: 21713: 21710:(in French). 21705: 21701: 21700: 21695: 21691: 21687: 21681: 21677: 21673: 21669: 21665: 21661: 21657: 21653: 21649: 21644: 21642:0-415-03483-3 21638: 21634: 21633: 21628: 21624: 21620: 21614: 21610: 21606: 21602: 21598: 21594: 21590: 21586: 21582: 21578: 21573: 21569: 21563: 21559: 21555: 21550: 21539: 21535: 21531: 21527: 21523: 21519: 21515: 21510: 21506: 21500: 21496: 21492: 21488: 21484: 21480: 21479:United States 21476: 21475:New York City 21472: 21468: 21464: 21460: 21456: 21452: 21448: 21444: 21443:Zürcher, Erik 21440: 21436: 21432: 21421: 21417: 21413: 21409: 21405: 21401: 21397: 21393: 21389: 21385: 21379: 21375: 21371: 21367: 21363: 21358: 21354: 21348: 21344: 21340: 21339:United States 21336: 21335:New Brunswick 21332: 21331: 21326: 21322: 21318: 21312: 21308: 21304: 21300: 21296: 21292: 21288: 21284: 21280: 21276: 21271: 21267: 21261: 21257: 21253: 21249: 21242: 21241: 21236: 21232: 21228: 21224: 21220: 21216: 21214:9780549562092 21210: 21206: 21201: 21197: 21191: 21187: 21183: 21179: 21175: 21171: 21167: 21163: 21159: 21155: 21151: 21147: 21143: 21137: 21133: 21129: 21125: 21121: 21117: 21113: 21109: 21105: 21101: 21097: 21093: 21082: 21078: 21074: 21070: 21069: 21064: 21060: 21057:Dugaw, Sean; 21055: 21051: 21049:0-582-23618-5 21045: 21041: 21037: 21036: 21031: 21027: 21023: 21021:0-521-47030-7 21017: 21013: 21009: 21005: 21001: 21000: 20995: 20991: 20987: 20983: 20972: 20966: 20962: 20958: 20957: 20952: 20947: 20936: 20932: 20928: 20927:United States 20924: 20923:New York City 20920: 20919: 20914: 20910: 20906: 20902: 20896: 20892: 20888: 20884: 20880: 20876: 20872: 20868: 20864: 20860: 20858:0-941694-75-5 20854: 20850: 20849: 20843: 20832: 20828: 20824: 20820: 20816: 20812: 20808: 20803: 20799: 20793: 20789: 20785: 20784: 20778: 20774: 20768: 20764: 20760: 20759: 20754: 20750: 20746: 20742: 20736: 20732: 20728: 20724: 20720: 20716: 20712: 20706: 20702: 20698: 20694: 20690: 20686: 20682: 20678: 20674: 20662: 20658: 20653: 20649: 20643: 20639: 20635: 20631: 20627: 20622: 20611: 20607: 20606: 20601: 20596: 20592: 20586: 20582: 20578: 20577: 20572: 20568: 20564: 20558: 20554: 20550: 20546: 20542: 20537: 20533: 20527: 20523: 20519: 20518:United States 20515: 20511: 20510: 20505: 20501: 20489: 20485: 20481: 20477: 20473: 20469: 20465: 20463:1-84176-485-X 20459: 20455: 20451: 20450: 20444: 20432: 20428: 20424: 20420: 20416: 20412: 20406: 20402: 20398: 20394: 20390: 20386: 20382: 20378: 20374: 20370: 20365: 20361: 20357: 20353: 20347: 20343: 20339: 20335: 20331: 20327: 20323: 20322: 20316: 20312: 20306: 20302: 20298: 20294: 20290: 20286: 20282: 20278: 20274: 20268: 20264: 20260: 20259: 20253: 20241: 20237: 20230: 20225: 20221: 20215: 20211: 20208:. Princeton: 20207: 20206: 20201: 20197: 20193: 20187: 20183: 20179: 20178: 20173: 20169: 20165: 20159: 20155: 20151: 20147: 20143: 20137: 20133: 20129: 20125: 20121: 20117: 20113: 20107: 20103: 20099: 20095: 20091: 20087: 20083: 20079: 20073: 20069: 20065: 20061: 20057: 20053: 20049: 20045: 20041: 20037: 20033: 20029: 20018: 20014: 20009: 20004: 20000: 19996: 19992: 19988: 19983: 19979: 19973: 19969: 19965: 19961: 19957: 19956:United States 19953: 19949: 19948: 19943: 19939: 19935: 19929: 19925: 19921: 19917: 19913: 19912:Kim, Hyun Jin 19908: 19907: 19895: 19889: 19885: 19881: 19880: 19875: 19871: 19867: 19863: 19862: 19857: 19853: 19849: 19845: 19841: 19840: 19839:Roman History 19835: 19831: 19827: 19823: 19819: 19818: 19813: 19809: 19805: 19803:9780140449082 19799: 19794: 19793: 19792:The Histories 19786: 19782: 19778: 19774: 19773: 19768: 19764: 19760: 19758:1-56563-121-8 19754: 19750: 19746: 19742: 19741: 19736: 19732: 19728: 19724: 19720: 19719: 19714: 19710: 19706: 19705:T&T Clark 19702: 19698: 19694: 19693: 19688: 19684: 19680: 19676: 19672: 19671: 19666: 19662: 19658: 19654: 19650: 19649: 19644: 19640: 19639: 19635:Early sources 19627: 19626:Bukharin 2013 19622: 19615: 19610: 19604:, p. 88. 19603: 19598: 19592:, p. 93. 19591: 19586: 19584: 19577:, p. 94. 19576: 19571: 19564: 19559: 19551: 19547: 19543: 19539: 19535: 19531: 19527: 19523: 19519: 19515: 19508: 19501: 19496: 19489: 19484: 19477: 19472: 19465: 19461: 19457: 19453: 19449: 19445: 19441: 19436: 19431: 19427: 19423: 19419: 19415: 19411: 19403: 19396: 19391: 19387: 19382: 19377: 19373: 19369: 19365: 19361: 19357: 19353: 19349: 19345: 19341: 19333: 19326: 19321: 19319: 19317: 19315: 19313: 19311: 19309: 19307: 19299: 19294: 19292: 19285:, p. 56. 19284: 19279: 19272: 19267: 19265: 19257: 19252: 19245: 19240: 19238: 19230: 19225: 19218: 19213: 19211: 19209: 19202:, p. 28. 19201: 19196: 19190:, p. 86. 19189: 19184: 19182: 19175:, p. 85. 19174: 19169: 19167: 19165: 19163: 19155: 19150: 19143: 19138: 19132:, p. 82. 19131: 19126: 19118: 19114: 19108: 19100: 19096: 19090: 19083: 19078: 19071: 19066: 19060:, p. 74. 19059: 19054: 19047: 19042: 19035: 19030: 19028: 19020: 19015: 19008: 19003: 18996: 18991: 18984: 18979: 18972: 18967: 18960: 18955: 18948: 18943: 18936: 18931: 18924: 18919: 18917: 18909: 18904: 18902: 18900: 18898: 18896: 18889:, p. 79. 18888: 18883: 18876: 18871: 18869: 18861: 18856: 18850:, p. 81. 18849: 18844: 18842: 18840: 18832: 18827: 18825: 18823: 18821: 18813: 18808: 18801: 18796: 18789: 18784: 18782: 18774: 18769: 18762: 18757: 18750: 18745: 18738: 18733: 18726: 18721: 18719: 18717: 18709: 18704: 18702: 18694: 18689: 18682: 18681:Campbell 2014 18677: 18675: 18668:, p. 62. 18667: 18662: 18656:, p. 65. 18655: 18650: 18648: 18646: 18644: 18642: 18640: 18638: 18630: 18625: 18623: 18621: 18619: 18611: 18606: 18599: 18594: 18587: 18582: 18580: 18572: 18567: 18560: 18555: 18548: 18543: 18541: 18534:, p. 61. 18533: 18528: 18526: 18524: 18522: 18515:, p. 19. 18514: 18509: 18507: 18499: 18494: 18488:, p. 14. 18487: 18482: 18476:, p. 25. 18475: 18470: 18463: 18458: 18452:, p. 59. 18451: 18446: 18444: 18437:, p. 26. 18436: 18431: 18429: 18422:, p. 25. 18421: 18416: 18414: 18407:, p. 21. 18406: 18401: 18395:, p. 99. 18394: 18389: 18383:, p. 87. 18382: 18377: 18375: 18368:, p. 84. 18367: 18362: 18360: 18358: 18350: 18345: 18338: 18333: 18326: 18321: 18319: 18312:, p. 70. 18311: 18306: 18299: 18298:Jacobson 1995 18294: 18288:, p. 83. 18287: 18282: 18280: 18278: 18270: 18265: 18258: 18253: 18251: 18249: 18247: 18239: 18238:Cunliffe 2019 18234: 18232: 18224: 18219: 18212: 18207: 18200: 18195: 18189:, p. 30. 18188: 18187:Jacobson 1995 18183: 18181: 18179: 18177: 18175: 18173: 18171: 18169: 18167: 18160:, p. 90. 18159: 18154: 18152: 18145:, p. 92. 18144: 18139: 18132: 18127: 18120: 18119:Khazanov 1975 18115: 18113: 18106:, p. 91. 18105: 18100: 18098: 18096: 18094: 18092: 18090: 18082: 18077: 18075: 18073: 18065: 18064:Ustinova 1999 18060: 18053: 18048: 18046: 18038: 18033: 18031: 18029: 18027: 18025: 18023: 18021: 18019: 18011: 18006: 18004: 18002: 17994: 17989: 17982: 17977: 17970: 17965: 17958: 17953: 17946: 17941: 17939: 17937: 17935: 17933: 17931: 17929: 17927: 17919: 17914: 17907: 17902: 17900: 17898: 17896: 17894: 17887:, p. 94. 17886: 17881: 17875:, p. 93. 17874: 17869: 17867: 17865: 17863: 17855: 17850: 17843: 17838: 17831: 17826: 17819: 17814: 17807: 17806:Jacobson 1995 17802: 17795: 17790: 17783: 17778: 17771: 17766: 17759: 17754: 17747: 17742: 17735: 17730: 17723: 17718: 17711: 17706: 17699: 17694: 17692: 17690: 17682: 17677: 17675: 17673: 17671: 17669: 17667: 17660:, p. 89. 17659: 17654: 17647: 17642: 17640: 17638: 17631:, p. 88. 17630: 17625: 17623: 17621: 17613: 17608: 17601: 17600:Lubotsky 2002 17596: 17589: 17584: 17582: 17575:, p. 190 17574: 17573:Lubotsky 2002 17569: 17563: 17558: 17552: 17547: 17540: 17535: 17528: 17523: 17516: 17511: 17505:, p. 77. 17504: 17499: 17493:, p. 76. 17492: 17487: 17481:, p. 88. 17480: 17475: 17469:, p. 75. 17468: 17463: 17456: 17451: 17445:, p. 61. 17444: 17439: 17433:, p. 54. 17432: 17427: 17420: 17415: 17408: 17403: 17396: 17391: 17384: 17379: 17372: 17367: 17360: 17355: 17348: 17343: 17336: 17331: 17324: 17319: 17317: 17310:, p. 63. 17309: 17304: 17297: 17292: 17290: 17288: 17280: 17279:Williams 2016 17275: 17269:, p. 11. 17268: 17263: 17261: 17253: 17252:Merrills 2005 17248: 17241: 17236: 17229: 17228:Williams 2016 17224: 17217: 17212: 17205: 17200: 17198: 17190: 17189:Vasilʹev 1946 17185: 17179:, p. 65. 17178: 17173: 17166: 17161: 17159: 17157: 17149: 17144: 17137: 17132: 17125: 17120: 17113: 17108: 17106: 17099:, p. 54. 17098: 17097:Cunliffe 2019 17093: 17091: 17084:, p. 52. 17083: 17082:Cunliffe 2019 17078: 17072:, p. 30. 17071: 17070:Cunliffe 2019 17066: 17060:, p. 31. 17059: 17058:Cunliffe 2019 17054: 17052: 17045:, p. 60. 17044: 17039: 17037: 17029: 17024: 17017: 17012: 17006:, p. 82. 17005: 17000: 16998: 16996: 16994: 16992: 16990: 16988: 16980: 16979:Jacobson 1995 16975: 16973: 16971: 16969: 16967: 16959: 16954: 16952: 16945:, p. 69. 16944: 16939: 16932: 16927: 16920: 16915: 16908: 16903: 16896: 16891: 16884: 16879: 16872: 16867: 16860: 16855: 16848: 16843: 16836: 16831: 16829: 16821: 16817: 16812: 16805: 16800: 16793: 16788: 16786: 16784: 16782: 16774: 16769: 16762: 16757: 16755: 16747: 16742: 16735: 16730: 16728: 16720: 16715: 16713: 16705: 16700: 16693: 16688: 16686: 16677: 16671: 16667: 16666: 16658: 16651: 16646: 16639: 16634: 16627: 16622: 16620: 16618: 16616: 16608: 16603: 16597:, p. 38. 16596: 16595:Jacobson 1995 16591: 16589: 16582:, p. 81. 16581: 16576: 16574: 16572: 16570: 16563:, p. 63. 16562: 16557: 16550: 16545: 16538: 16533: 16526: 16521: 16514: 16509: 16502: 16497: 16495: 16487: 16482: 16476:, p. 33. 16475: 16474:Jacobson 1995 16470: 16468: 16460: 16455: 16448: 16443: 16436: 16431: 16424: 16419: 16412: 16408: 16407:Grousset 1970 16403: 16396: 16391: 16389: 16381: 16376: 16369: 16364: 16357: 16352: 16350: 16348: 16346: 16338: 16333: 16331: 16329: 16321: 16320:Brinkman 1991 16316: 16309: 16304: 16302: 16300: 16298: 16290: 16285: 16283: 16281: 16273: 16269: 16265: 16264:Ustinova 1999 16260: 16253: 16248: 16241: 16236: 16234: 16226: 16221: 16219: 16217: 16207: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16184: 16183:Bukharin 2013 16179: 16172: 16167: 16160: 16155: 16148: 16143: 16141: 16139: 16137: 16135: 16133: 16131: 16129: 16127: 16125: 16123: 16121: 16113: 16108: 16101: 16096: 16094: 16092: 16090: 16082: 16077: 16070: 16066: 16061: 16054: 16050: 16045: 16039:, p. 25. 16038: 16033: 16027:, p. 30. 16026: 16021: 16019: 16011: 16006: 16004: 15996: 15991: 15989: 15980: 15976: 15970: 15963: 15958: 15956: 15954: 15946: 15941: 15939: 15937: 15935: 15933: 15931: 15929: 15927: 15925: 15917: 15912: 15905: 15900: 15898: 15890: 15885: 15878: 15873: 15866: 15861: 15855:, p. 13. 15854: 15849: 15847: 15845: 15843: 15841: 15834:, p. 35. 15833: 15832:Jacobson 1995 15828: 15821: 15816: 15809: 15804: 15797: 15792: 15785: 15780: 15778: 15770: 15765: 15763: 15761: 15759: 15752:, p. 92. 15751: 15746: 15739: 15734: 15732: 15724: 15719: 15712: 15707: 15705: 15703: 15701: 15699: 15697: 15689: 15684: 15677: 15676:Jacobson 1995 15672: 15670: 15662: 15657: 15655: 15647: 15642: 15640: 15633:, p. 44. 15632: 15627: 15625: 15618:, p. 72. 15617: 15612: 15610: 15608: 15606: 15599:, p. 65. 15598: 15593: 15591: 15589: 15587: 15585: 15583: 15575: 15570: 15568: 15560: 15555: 15546: 15542: 15537: 15532: 15528: 15524: 15520: 15516: 15512: 15508: 15507: 15502: 15495: 15487: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15469: 15465: 15461: 15457: 15453: 15449: 15448: 15443: 15436: 15429: 15424: 15420: 15416: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15398: 15394: 15390: 15386: 15382: 15374: 15372: 15364: 15359: 15357: 15355: 15347: 15342: 15335: 15330: 15328: 15326: 15318: 15314: 15312:1-4020-2655-2 15308: 15304: 15300: 15296: 15292: 15285: 15278: 15273: 15271: 15269: 15267: 15265: 15263: 15261: 15259: 15257: 15255: 15253: 15251: 15249: 15247: 15245: 15243: 15241: 15239: 15237: 15230:, p. 68. 15229: 15224: 15217: 15212: 15210: 15202: 15197: 15195: 15193: 15191: 15184:, p. 69. 15183: 15178: 15171: 15166: 15164: 15162: 15160: 15158: 15150: 15145: 15138: 15133: 15131: 15123: 15118: 15110: 15109: 15104: 15100: 15094: 15087: 15086:Vaggione 1973 15082: 15080: 15072: 15067: 15065: 15063: 15055: 15054:Phillips 1972 15050: 15048: 15046: 15044: 15042: 15040: 15038: 15030: 15025: 15023: 15021: 15019: 15017: 15015: 15013: 15011: 15009: 15007: 14999: 14994: 14992: 14984: 14979: 14977: 14969: 14964: 14962: 14960: 14958: 14956: 14954: 14952: 14950: 14948: 14946: 14944: 14942: 14940: 14938: 14936: 14934: 14932: 14930: 14928: 14926: 14924: 14922: 14920: 14918: 14916: 14908: 14903: 14901: 14899: 14897: 14895: 14893: 14891: 14889: 14887: 14885: 14883: 14881: 14873: 14868: 14866: 14864: 14862: 14860: 14858: 14856: 14854: 14852: 14850: 14848: 14846: 14844: 14842: 14840: 14838: 14836: 14834: 14832: 14830: 14828: 14826: 14818: 14817:Harmatta 1996 14813: 14811: 14803: 14798: 14791: 14789: 14785: 14777: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14760: 14753: 14747:, p. 16. 14746: 14745:van Loon 1966 14741: 14733: 14727: 14722: 14715: 14710: 14703: 14698: 14691: 14686: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14661: 14656: 14649: 14644: 14637: 14625: 14624: 14619: 14615: 14609: 14603:, p. 31. 14602: 14601:Jacobson 1995 14597: 14595: 14593: 14591: 14589: 14587: 14585: 14583: 14574: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14559: 14554: 14553:Haywood, John 14548: 14540: 14534: 14530: 14526: 14525: 14517: 14509: 14503: 14499: 14495: 14494: 14489: 14483: 14475: 14469: 14462: 14461: 14456: 14452: 14446: 14439: 14434: 14427: 14426:Di Cosmo 1999 14422: 14420: 14418: 14409: 14405: 14401: 14397: 14393: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14363: 14359: 14352: 14345: 14340: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14322: 14318: 14314: 14310: 14306: 14302: 14301: 14296: 14289: 14287: 14285: 14283: 14281: 14279: 14269: 14257: 14256: 14251: 14247: 14243: 14240: 14239:Di Cosmo 1999 14237: 14234: 14233:Jacobson 1995 14231: 14228: 14225: 14222: 14219: 14216: 14213: 14210: 14207: 14204: 14201: 14198: 14197:Cernenko 2012 14195: 14192: 14189: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14181: 14170: 14163: 14162: 14155: 14147: 14143: 14137: 14121: 14117: 14113: 14107: 14099: 14095: 14094: 14086: 14084: 14076: 14071: 14069: 14067: 14065: 14063: 14061: 14059: 14057: 14055: 14053: 14051: 14049: 14047: 14045: 14043: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14035: 14033: 14031: 14029: 14027: 14025: 14023: 14021: 14019: 14017: 14015: 14013: 14011: 14009: 14007: 14005: 14003: 14001: 13999: 13997: 13995: 13993: 13991: 13989: 13987: 13985: 13983: 13981: 13979: 13977: 13975: 13973: 13971: 13969: 13967: 13965: 13963: 13961: 13959: 13957: 13955: 13953: 13951: 13949: 13947: 13945: 13943: 13941: 13939: 13937: 13935: 13927: 13926:Bukharin 2013 13922: 13907: 13903: 13902: 13897: 13891: 13884: 13883:Beckwith 2009 13879: 13872: 13867: 13865: 13855: 13850:, p. 165 13849: 13844: 13842: 13834: 13829: 13827: 13819: 13814: 13807: 13806:Harmatta 1996 13802: 13800: 13798: 13782: 13778: 13777: 13772: 13766: 13760:, p. 11. 13759: 13758:Beckwith 2009 13754: 13739: 13735: 13734: 13729: 13725: 13724:Hambly, Gavin 13719: 13717: 13701: 13697: 13696: 13691: 13685: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13652:Harmatta 1996 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13632:Jacobson 1995 13626: 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13600: 13593: 13589: 13588:Cunliffe 2019 13584: 13578:, p. 32. 13577: 13576:Jacobson 1995 13572: 13570: 13568: 13566: 13564: 13562: 13555:, p. 10. 13554: 13549: 13547: 13545: 13543: 13541: 13533: 13528: 13526: 13524: 13522: 13517: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13464: 13451: 13409: 13407: 13388: 13387: 13348: 13346: 13286: 13284: 13239: 13237: 13191: 13189: 13170: 13169: 13130: 13128: 13068: 13066: 13021: 13019: 12973: 12971: 12952: 12951: 12912: 12910: 12850: 12848: 12808: 12806: 12758: 12755: 12751: 12749: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12715:c. 450–430 BC 12712: 12711: 12699: 12691: 12681:c. 460–450 BC 12678: 12677: 12666: 12664: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12587: 12585: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12551: 12550: 12538: 12537: 12527: 12519:c. 490–460 BC 12516: 12515: 12485: 12481: 12478: 12470: 12468: 12458: 12456: 12455: 12450: 12442: 12440: 12430: 12428: 12385: 12383: 12330: 12328: 12321: 12320: 12265: 12263: 12241:c. 530–510 BC 12238: 12237: 12202: 12200: 12195: 12141: 12139: 12128: 12117: 12116: 12081: 12078: 12070: 12068: 12067: 12054: 12050: 12048: 12044: 12042: 12009: 12007: 11990: 11989: 11950: 11948: 11894: 11892: 11875: 11874: 11835: 11833: 11779: 11777: 11760: 11759: 11758:Spargapeithes 11720: 11718: 11666: 11664: 11617: 11615: 11563: 11561: 11546: 11545: 11506: 11504: 11452: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11433: 11432: 11420: 11419: 11411: 11410: 11409:Šērūʾa-ēṭirat 11394: 11393: 11360: 11357: 11349: 11347: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11327: 11319: 11317: 11309: 11307: 11262: 11260: 11251: 11250: 11228: 679 BC 11220: 11219: 11186: 11184: 11124: 11122: 11117: 11065: 11063: 11005: 10996: 10995: 10991: 10990: 10987: 10984: 10980: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10963: 10962:Spargapeithes 10958: 10945: 10942: 10939: 10936: 10933: 10930: 10927: 10924: 10921: 10918: 10915: 10912: 10911: 10901: 10896: 10892: 10889: 10885: 10880: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10859: 10847: 10844: 10841: 10838: 10834: 10829: 10825: 10822: 10818: 10813: 10809: 10806: 10802: 10797: 10793: 10790: 10786: 10781: 10777: 10774: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10760: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10745: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10730: 10727: 10724: 10721: 10718: 10715: 10711: 10706: 10702: 10699: 10695: 10690: 10686: 10685:Spargapeithes 10683: 10682: 10672: 10667: 10663: 10660: 10646: 10640: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10619: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10600: 10598: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10582: 10578: 10568: 10566: 10562: 10558: 10554: 10553:Rostov-on-Don 10550: 10540: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10518: 10504: 10490: 10480: 10470: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10421: 10417: 10416:light skinned 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10400: 10394: 10392: 10387: 10383: 10380: 10371: 10369: 10359: 10355: 10352: 10346: 10342: 10340: 10336: 10325: 10321: 10318: 10312: 10308: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10288: 10286: 10282: 10280: 10274: 10272: 10266: 10262: 10260: 10248: 10246: 10245:Delian League 10242: 10239: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10209:vase-painting 10205: 10196: 10194: 10189: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10168: 10162: 10158: 10152: 10150: 10140: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10105: 10096: 10087: 10085: 10079: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10058: 10046: 10045:aposkuthizein 10041: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10015: 10013: 10009: 10006: 10005: 10004: 9996: 9993: 9989: 9980: 9979:Ancient Greek 9975: 9969: 9966: 9957: 9951: 9947: 9942: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9920: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9912: 9908: 9907:Kelermesskaya 9903: 9896: 9891: 9884: 9879: 9876: 9875: 9873: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9853: 9849: 9846: 9843: 9840: 9837: 9834: 9831: 9828: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9814: 9807: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9793: 9789:the hilts of 9788: 9784: 9780:the hafts of 9779: 9775: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9759: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9751: 9746:Other weapons 9743: 9740: 9738: 9733: 9730: 9724: 9721: 9715: 9712: 9706: 9700: 9698: 9694: 9690: 9686: 9681: 9680:snakes' venom 9676: 9673: 9662: 9651: 9649: 9640: 9635: 9631: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9609: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9593: 9582: 9579: 9576: 9575: 9573: 9572: 9570: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9551: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9540: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9531: 9526: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9503: 9500: 9497: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9481: 9480: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9444: 9440: 9437: 9428: 9420: 9416: 9407: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9379: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9359: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9343: 9339: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9315: 9306: 9303: 9299: 9294: 9285: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9245: 9243: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9217:Tovsta Mohyla 9214: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9190: 9181: 9172: 9169: 600 BC 9158: 9154: 9150: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9130: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9105: 9104: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9083: 9080: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9072: 9064: 9062: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9047: 9046:haemorrhaging 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9020: 9009: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8990: 8988: 8983: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8940: 8934: 8932: 8926: 8922: 8917: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8900: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8878: 8874: 8871: 8868:cup from the 8867: 8857: 8847: 8837: 8835: 8830: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8815: 8813: 8811: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8774: 8773:Shyroka Balka 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8736: 8732: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8703: 8694: 8692: 8687: 8681: 8678: 8673: 8669: 8667: 8660:Equestrianism 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8643: 8633: 8624: 8615: 8613: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8577: 8559: 8557: 8550: 8547: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8527: 8524: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8509: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8486: 8485:Ancient Greek 8481: 8476: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8458: 8455:The Scythian 8444: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8416: 8407: 8406:Ancient Greek 8403: 8398: 8392: 8383: 8382:Ancient Greek 8379: 8375: 8371: 8365: 8356: 8355:Ancient Greek 8352: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8337: 8324: 8320: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8307:Tagar culture 8304: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8263: 8260:lived in the 8259: 8255: 8252: 8248: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8201:, who were a 8200: 8196: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8172:the Thracian 8171: 8170: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8150: 8146: 8131: 8130:Ancient Greek 8127: 8119: 8115: 8110: 8109: 8100: 8096: 8091: 8085: 8076: 8075:Ancient Greek 8072: 8068: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8055: 8047: 8046:Ancient Greek 8043: 8031: 8030:Ancient Greek 8027: 8019: 8015: 8011: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7978: 7973: 7972: 7966: 7965:Ancient Greek 7962: 7950: 7949:Ancient Greek 7946: 7938: 7935: 7931: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7892: 7880: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7846: 7838: 7824: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7810: 7807: 7798: 7794: 7790: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7750: 7748: 7744: 7738: 7728: 7726: 7722: 7721:Mummification 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7657: 7650: 7646: 7645:Kurgan stelae 7642: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7622: 7620: 7619:Protoceratops 7614: 7610: 7601: 7595: 7593: 7592:Protoceratops 7587: 7583: 7579: 7577: 7572: 7565: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7535: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7491: 7482: 7477: 7470: 7461: 7455: 7450: 7448: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7411: 7409: 7408:Tudor Parfitt 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7377:pseudohistory 7374: 7371: 7366: 7364: 7363:grave robbery 7360: 7356: 7352: 7349: 7345: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7267:noble savages 7264: 7260: 7255: 7253: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7209: 7198: 7197: 7191: 7187: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7161: 7157: 7151:Modern period 7148: 7146: 7145:Turkic tribes 7141: 7139: 7138:Gaelic people 7135: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7092: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7075: 7071: 7066: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7030: 7026: 7024: 7018: 7014: 7012: 7005: 6999: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6970: 6968: 6961: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6941: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6844: 6830: 6820: 6818: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6742: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6683: 6681: 6680:Modern Period 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6655: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6601: 6594:Scythia Minor 6591: 6588: 6582: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6546: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6494: 6489: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6473:Alexander III 6470: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6432: 6431:Scythia Minor 6427: 6419: 6418:Ancient Greek 6415: 6411: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6391: 6386: 6385:Oleksandropil 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6354: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6308: 6305: 6300: 6290: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6270: 6264: 400 BC 6258: 6253: 6250: 6249:Greece proper 6246: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6222:Tovsta Mohyla 6218: 6214: 6210: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6146: 6142: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6115: 6111: 6109: 6105: 6104:Spargapeithes 6100: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6086: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6054: 6050: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6007: 5998: 5997:Tovsta Mohyla 5993: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5969: 5960: 5957: 5952: 5948: 5941:Early decline 5938: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5866: 5865:Cylinder seal 5861: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5834: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5813: 5810: 5807: 5804: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5792:Spargapeithes 5790: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5767: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5732: 5727: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5711: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5687: 5681:, 520–500 BC. 5680: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5653: 5651: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5632:Argištiḫinili 5628: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5610: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5586: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5556: 5555:Pontic Steppe 5540: 5531: 5529: 5524: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5491:According to 5484: 5482: 5478: 5476: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5414: 5412: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5342: 5340: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5285: 5280: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5200: 5196: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5122:Nabû-šar-uṣur 5119: 5109: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5058: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5030: 5026: 5023:The Scythian 5021: 5012: 5009: 5003: 5000: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4983:Šērūʾa-ēṭirat 4979: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4801:Moravian Gate 4797: 4793: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4775:mediaeval era 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4687: 4686:forest steppe 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4633: 4629: 4628:Pontic Steppe 4625: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4593: 800 BC 4587: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4560: 4556: 4554: 4545: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4513: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4503:Transcaucasia 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4438: 4435: 4434:Kuban culture 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4406: 4404: 4398: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4363: 4354: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4315:Early history 4312: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4280:Central Asian 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4237: 4229: 800 BC 4223: 4218: 4208: 4205: 4197: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4170:This section 4168: 4159: 4158: 4147: 4143: 4142:Dnieper River 4139: 4135: 4133:in the south; 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4119: 4118: 4113:Scythia Minor 4110: 4106: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4077: 4076:Ancient Greek 4072: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3910:Transcaucasia 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3841:Scythologist 3839: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3732: 3731:Iranic people 3728: 3727: 3721: 3720:Ordos culture 3717: 3705: 3691: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3668: 3666: 3665: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3597: 3595: 3594: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3539: 3537: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3511: 3509: 3508: 3496: 3494: 3485: 3483: 3472: 3463: 3454: 3448: 3441: 3439: 3438:Edward Gibbon 3435: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3400: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3381:Ancient Greek 3377: 3372: 3367: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3337: 3331: 3321: 3320: 3317: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3282: 3276: 3272: 3270: 3263: 3261: 3251: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3228: 3214: 3200: 3186: 3172: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3146: 3135: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3107: 3100: 3093: 3088: 3087:Ancient Greek 3083: 3077: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2996:, and by the 2995: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2973:Scythians at 2972: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2925:Pontic Steppe 2922: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2879: 2873: 2852: 2846: 2814: 2784: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2753: 2752: 2750: 2749: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2716: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2683:J. P. Mallory 2681: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2599: 2598: 2595: 2590: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2576: 2572: 2571: 2570: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2475: 2472: 2471: 2470: 2468: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2320:Reconstructed 2318: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2267: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2200: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2147:Insular Celts 2144: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2079: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2063:Indo-Iranians 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2006: 2005: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1805:Pontic Steppe 1799: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1639: 1638:Kurgan stelae 1636: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1621:Pontic Steppe 1615: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1562: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1412: 1411:Proto-Iranian 1408: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1254:Daco-Thracian 1252: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207:Reconstructed 1205: 1204: 1197: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1002: 999: 998: 994: 989: 988: 984: 980: 979: 976: 973: 972: 968: 964: 963: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 913: 911:Today part of 909: 893: 891: 888: 887: 879: 877: 874: 873: 865: 863: 860: 859: 851: 849: 846: 845: 837: 835: 832: 831: 823: 821: 820:Lydian Empire 818: 817: 809: 807: 806:Median Empire 804: 803: 800: 794: 791: 784: 783: 780: 777: 770: 769: 766: 763: 756: 755: 752: 749: 742: 741: 738: 737: 734: 731: 729: 726: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 681: 677: 674: 668: 664: 661: 655: 651: 645: 642:c. 614–612 BC 641: 638: 632: 628: 625: 621: 615: 611: 605: 601: 598: 592: 588: 585: 579: 575: 569: 565: 559: 555: 549: 546: 543: 540: 539: 537: 534: 530: 526: 521: 517: 514: 511: 505: 502: 499: 493: 490: 487: 481: 478: 475: 469: 466: 463: 457: 454: 451: 445: 442: 439: 433: 430: 427: 421: 418: 415: 409: 406: 405:Spargapeithes 403: 397: 394: 391: 385: 382: 379: 373: 370: 367: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 335: 331: 327: 324: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 293: 289: 285: 282: 279: 274: 273:Ancient Greek 269: 265: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 240: 236: 232: 229: 225: 221: 220:Pontic Steppe 218: 215: 209: 206: 202: 196: 200 BC 188: 183: 176: 171: 166: 144: 137: 133: 129: 127: 112: 104: 94: 90: 86: 82: 76: 72: 70: 65:This article 63: 54: 53: 48: 44: 37: 33: 19: 27011:Demographics 26882:Architecture 26854:Prostitution 26822:Human rights 26695: 26600:Constitution 26474:Christianity 26409:Independence 26247: 26070:Coat of arms 26030:Martial arts 25938:Army culture 25928:Architecture 25898:Witch trials 25853:Prostitution 25799:Human rights 25732:Demographics 25646:Trade unions 25616:Shipbuilding 25576:Homelessness 25536:Central Bank 25531:Car industry 25370:Conservatism 25280:Constitution 25275:Conscription 24948:Eastern Bloc 24938:Soviet Union 24931:Russian SFSR 24861:Feudal Rus' 24831: 24676:Lower Danube 24494: 24423:Sauromatians 24392:Melanchlaeni 24265: 24240: 24212: 24179: 24173: 24149: 24124: 24099: 24067: 24039: 24011: 23967: 23928: 23921:Lewis, D. M. 23900:. Retrieved 23896: 23844: 23820: 23795: 23791: 23755: 23749: 23734:. Retrieved 23729: 23723: 23698: 23677: 23664:. Retrieved 23644: 23638: 23594: 23569: 23544: 23538: 23517: 23487: 23484:"Cimmerians" 23456: 23428: 23389: 23331: 23312:. Retrieved 23284: 23278: 23259:. Retrieved 23239: 23235: 23219:. Retrieved 23199: 23193: 23158: 23142:. Retrieved 23120: 23099: 23064: 23034: 23006: 22990:. Retrieved 22970: 22966: 22931: 22927: 22900: 22857: 22830: 22795: 22775:. Retrieved 22758: 22725: 22689: 22685:Sinor, Denis 22650: 22619: 22577: 22545: 22526: 22502: 22480: 22445: 22432: 22426: 22388: 22376:. Retrieved 22364: 22360: 22322: 22319:Loades, Mike 22288: 22276:. Retrieved 22270: 22251:. Retrieved 22246: 22240: 22234: 22207:. Retrieved 22202: 22198: 22163: 22136:Soviet Union 22127: 22108:. Retrieved 22088: 22082: 22040: 22028:. Retrieved 22006: 21987:. Retrieved 21985:(1): 305–329 21982: 21978: 21972: 21914: 21879: 21850: 21846: 21842: 21838: 21832: 21796: 21773:. 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Retrieved 19998: 19994: 19990: 19946: 19915: 19878: 19860: 19838: 19821: 19816: 19791: 19771: 19739: 19717: 19691: 19669: 19647: 19621: 19609: 19597: 19570: 19558: 19517: 19513: 19507: 19495: 19483: 19471: 19463: 19417: 19413: 19402: 19393: 19347: 19343: 19332: 19278: 19251: 19224: 19195: 19149: 19137: 19125: 19116: 19107: 19098: 19089: 19077: 19065: 19053: 19041: 19014: 19002: 18990: 18978: 18966: 18954: 18942: 18930: 18882: 18877:, p. 2. 18855: 18807: 18795: 18768: 18756: 18744: 18732: 18688: 18661: 18605: 18598:MacLeod 2013 18593: 18566: 18554: 18493: 18481: 18469: 18457: 18400: 18388: 18344: 18332: 18305: 18293: 18264: 18218: 18206: 18194: 18138: 18126: 18059: 17988: 17976: 17964: 17952: 17913: 17880: 17849: 17837: 17825: 17813: 17801: 17789: 17777: 17765: 17753: 17741: 17729: 17717: 17705: 17653: 17607: 17595: 17588:Schmitt 2018 17568: 17557: 17546: 17534: 17522: 17510: 17498: 17486: 17474: 17462: 17450: 17443:Parfitt 2003 17438: 17431:Parfitt 2003 17426: 17414: 17402: 17390: 17378: 17366: 17354: 17349:, p. 8. 17342: 17330: 17325:, p. 9. 17303: 17274: 17247: 17242:, p. 7. 17235: 17223: 17211: 17184: 17172: 17143: 17131: 17119: 17077: 17065: 17023: 17011: 16938: 16926: 16914: 16902: 16890: 16878: 16866: 16854: 16842: 16811: 16799: 16768: 16741: 16699: 16664: 16657: 16645: 16633: 16602: 16556: 16544: 16532: 16520: 16508: 16501:Hawkins 1991 16481: 16454: 16442: 16430: 16418: 16402: 16375: 16363: 16315: 16259: 16247: 16190: 16178: 16166: 16154: 16112:Grayson 1991 16107: 16100:Barnett 1991 16081:Barnett 1991 16076: 16060: 16044: 16032: 15978: 15969: 15911: 15884: 15872: 15860: 15853:Jettmar 1971 15827: 15815: 15803: 15791: 15771:, p. 8. 15769:Jettmar 1971 15745: 15723:Barnett 1991 15718: 15683: 15554: 15510: 15504: 15494: 15451: 15445: 15435: 15426: 15388: 15384: 15341: 15316: 15294: 15284: 15223: 15177: 15144: 15117: 15106: 15103:"HAUMAVARGĀ" 15093: 14797: 14780: 14766: 14762: 14752: 14740: 14728:, p. 33 14721: 14709: 14697: 14685: 14667: 14655: 14643: 14634: 14627:. Retrieved 14621: 14608: 14561:. New York: 14557: 14547: 14529:Ibidem Press 14523: 14516: 14492: 14482: 14459: 14445: 14433: 14365: 14361: 14351: 14342: 14304: 14298: 14266: 14259:. Retrieved 14253: 14169: 14160: 14154: 14145: 14136: 14124:. Retrieved 14120:the original 14115: 14106: 14092: 13921: 13899: 13890: 13878: 13871:Dickens 2018 13813: 13774: 13765: 13753: 13731: 13693: 13684: 13621:, p. 91 13599: 13583: 13532:Vitchak 1999 13477:Scythian art 13384: 13166: 12948: 12735: 12708: 12689: 12674: 12547: 12534: 12525: 12512: 12483: 12317: 12234: 12113: 11986: 11871: 11756: 11542: 11431:Ashurbanipal 11429: 11416: 11407: 11390: 11247: 11216: 10985: 10954: 10694:Spargapaiϑah 10575:In terms of 10574: 10546: 10514: 10397: 10395: 10388: 10384: 10381: 10377: 10365: 10356: 10351:Pax Scythica 10343: 10331: 10322: 10304: 10289: 10254: 10222: 10219:, 520–500 BC 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10163: 10153: 10146: 10106: 10102: 10093: 10051:αποσκυθιζειν 10002: 9994: 9974:hippotoxotai 9970: 9967: 9963: 9955: 9895:Kostromskaya 9872:scale armour 9862: 9749: 9741: 9734: 9725: 9716: 9701: 9677: 9657: 9645: 9597: 9477: 9448:Scythian bow 9434: 9426: 9417: 9413: 9381: 9366: 9362: 9358:rammed earth 9355: 9351: 9347: 9344: 9340: 9316: 9312: 9295: 9291: 9282: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9242:Animal Style 9239: 9229:Scythian art 9187: 9178: 9175:Goldsmithing 9162: 9153:Donets Ridge 9132: 9123:Metalworking 9101: 9070: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9015: 9006: 9002:frankincense 8991: 8984: 8949: 8918: 8896: 8884: 8875:burial near 8831: 8816: 8789: 8781: 8777:Pontic Olbia 8737: 8733: 8729: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8704: 8700: 8682: 8674: 8670: 8663: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8639: 8630: 8621: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8588: 8551: 8548: 8537: 8533: 8530:Gender roles 8525: 8521: 8510: 8500: 8472: 8454: 8442: 8432: 8428: 8401: 8377: 8350: 8339: 8279:Sauromatians 8272: 8192:Sauromatians 8181:Melanchlaeni 8167: 8158: 8154: 8121: 8117: 8095:Southern Buh 8070: 8037: 8021: 8017: 8013: 7956: 7940: 7933: 7922: 7832: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7751: 7740: 7702: 7680: 7654: 7607:The scholar 7606: 7576:Yellow Peril 7536: 7442: 7433: 7412: 7367: 7341: 7329:Ogham script 7307: 7295: 7256: 7236: 7212: 7193: 7168:early modern 7165: 7142: 7086: 7049: 6994: 6977: 6973:Walter Bower 6947: 6932:raiders who 6883: 6872: 6868:Celtoscythae 6857: 6853: 6829:Hebrew Bible 6797:The ancient 6796: 6773: 6762: 6746: 6720:noble savage 6712:Graeco-Roman 6709: 6705: 6689: 6664:Graeco-Roman 6661: 6648:ethnogenesis 6641: 6630: 6623: 6547: 6521: 6517:Paerisades I 6498: 6460: 6422:Μικρα Σκυθια 6407: 6369:Zaporizhzhia 6349: 6324:Paerisades I 6309: 6295: 6254: 6242: 6227: 6188: 6156: 6127: 6124: 6101: 6082: 6066:Dionysupolis 6045: 6015: 6011: 6002: 5987:(340–320 BC) 5947:Sauromatians 5944: 5935: 5913: 5909: 5897:Melanchlaeni 5870: 5831: 5820: 5786: 5777: 5761: 5747: 5736: 5728: 5720: 5712: 5708:Melanchlaeni 5696: 5692: 5650:Kuban Steppe 5647: 5644: 5629: 5597:Titus Livius 5587: 5559: 5545: 5525: 5523:Carchemish. 5517: 5513: 5490: 5457: 5442: 5415: 5407: 5394:Nabopolassar 5387: 5358: 5343: 5333:rite of the 5315: 5311: 5293:and invaded 5281: 5269: 5242: 5225: 5217:Ashurbanipal 5210: 5185: 5162: 5146: 5138: 5118:Ashurbanipal 5115: 5075: 5048:Ziwiye hoard 5045: 5034: 5008:Mesopotamian 5004: 4996: 4980: 4973: 4949: 4929: 4902: 4871: 4827: 4798: 4731:Transylvania 4711:Transylvania 4703: 4698:Etruscan art 4674:Pontic Olbia 4670:Panticapaeum 4666:Lake Maeotis 4655: 4647:Lake Maeotis 4636: 4632:Lake Maeotis 4617: 4597:Transylvania 4572: 4561: 4557: 4550: 4525: 4514: 4507: 4471:Ciscaucasian 4463: 4439: 4415: 4411:goldsmithing 4407: 4403:Lake Maeotis 4399: 4396: 4381:Animal style 4318: 4306: 4291: 4261: 4234: 4200: 4191: 4178:spinning off 4171: 4146:Southern Bug 4140:, the lower 4127:Pontic Olbia 4116: 4107: 4067: 4013: 4005:Danube river 3998: 3977:"), and the 3975:pointed caps 3964: 3952: 3915: 3906:Mughan plain 3883: 3880:In West Asia 3874:Lake Maeotis 3862: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3809: 3772: 3764: 3761:Scythian art 3758: 3676: 3675: 3661: 3660: 3646: 3645: 3633: 3632: 3621:Sauromatians 3620: 3619: 3605: 3604: 3590: 3589: 3575: 3574: 3560: 3559: 3547: 3546: 3534: 3533: 3519: 3518: 3504: 3503: 3492: 3479: 3468: 3427: 3412: 3346: 3314: 3264: 3259: 3243: 3234:𒆳𒀾𒄖𒍝𒀀𒀀 3227:māt Ašguzaya 3220:𒆳𒊍𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀 3213:māt Askuzaya 3206:𒌷𒊍𒄖𒍝𒀀𒀀 3199:ālu Asguzaya 3192:𒇽𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀 3178:𒆳𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀 3171:māt Iškuzaya 3149: 3072: 3052:Scythian art 3025: 3022: 3010:ethnogenesis 2991: 2960: 2937: 2907: 2877: 2850: 2782: 2780: 2738: 2731: 2724: 2717: 2710: 2704:Publications 2703: 2689: 2670: 2624: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489:Paleo-Balkan 2479: 2478: 2466: 2465: 2407: 2406: 2362: 2361: 2349: 2319: 2302:Greater Iran 2295: 2294: 2283: 2282: 2246: 2245: 2233: 2232: 2220: 2175:Paleo-Balkan 2140:Celtiberians 2119: 2118: 2101: 2100: 2088: 2087: 2075: 2074: 2003: 2002: 1990: 1989: 1967: 1966: 1954: 1953: 1923: 1922: 1865: 1864: 1842: 1841: 1804: 1803: 1766: 1765: 1741: 1740: 1728: 1727: 1715: 1714: 1656:Bug–Dniester 1620: 1619: 1485:Gothic Bible 1401:Proto-Baltic 1397:Proto-Slavic 1382:Proto-Italic 1378:Proto-Celtic 1341: 1296: 1284:Italo-Celtic 1279:Indo-Hittite 1269:Graeco-Aryan 1242:Hypothetical 1241: 1206: 1141:Paleo-Balkan 1123: 1080:Indo-Iranian 1035:Balto-Slavic 1008: 733:Succeeded by 732: 727: 298: 266: 245: 212: 208:Central Asia 123: 111: 98: 66: 27024:Rus' people 26887:Kievan Rus' 26278:Kievan Rus' 26263:Early Slavs 26122:tea culture 25975:Fairy tales 25838:Open access 25811:Immigration 25772:Gun control 25511:Agriculture 25480:Term limits 25390:Martial law 25385:Nationalism 25380:Irredentism 25375:Imperialism 25158:Caspian Sea 25074:Environment 25069:Earthquakes 24965:Union State 24953:Dissolution 24852:Kievan Rus' 24842:Early Slavs 24562:Thyssagetae 24428:Agaragantes 24218:Ed. Errance 24213:Les Scythes 24186:: 250–257. 23976:Netherlands 23925:Ostwald, M. 23604:Netherlands 23529:: Trinitas. 23462:Eisenbrauns 23293:Switzerland 22928:Die Skythen 22866:Netherlands 22558:Los Angeles 22091:(1): 5–16. 22053:Netherlands 22003:"Scythians" 21889:Netherlands 21835:d'Hérodote" 21805:Netherlands 21722:(Germany). 21425:26 November 21256:Oxbow Books 21166:Ostwald, M. 21116:Ostwald, M. 20836:10 November 20817:: 151–166. 20677:Cook, J. M. 20634:Netherlands 20297:Netherlands 20281:Bouzek, Jan 19812:Hippocrates 19749:Hendrickson 19653:Mair, A. W. 19643:Callimachus 19154:Loades 2019 19082:Loades 2019 19046:Loades 2019 19019:Loades 2019 19007:Loades 2019 18983:Loades 2019 18971:Loades 2019 18959:Loades 2019 18474:Cheung 2016 18257:Loades 2019 17612:Testen 1997 17527:Hughes 1991 17515:Witton 2016 17503:Bassin 2012 17491:Bassin 2012 17467:Bassin 2012 17347:Lennon 2008 17323:Lennon 2008 17267:Lennon 2008 17240:Lennon 2008 17216:Lennon 2008 17136:Braund 2021 16943:Zaikov 2004 16266:, pp. 16049:Baumer 2021 15688:Bouzek 2001 15631:Bouzek 2001 14786:and 2, and 14690:Watson 1972 14629:1 September 14438:Rogers 2001 13771:"Sarmatian" 13502:Early Slavs 12710:Octamasadas 12514:Ariapeithes 12484:Greek woman 12236:Idanthyrsus 10977: [ 10970:Ellis Minns 10966:Ariapeithes 10808:Octamasadas 10785:Ariyapaiϑah 10776:Ariapeithes 10746:Sub-kings: 10738:Hiϑāmϑrauša 10729:Idanthyrsus 10447:auburn hair 10428:Han Chinese 10424:fair-haired 10420:Callimachus 10412:Hippocrates 10137:Thyssagetae 9999:War customs 9983:ιπποτοξοται 9948:Greek-made 9924:Greek-made 9797:crossguards 9685:blood cells 9648:thumb rings 9456:Panticapeum 9392:Zoroastrian 9309:Habitations 9248:Development 9038:snake venom 8726:Agriculture 8707:pastoralism 8697:Pastoralism 8457:aristocracy 8229:Finno-Ugric 7660:Archaeology 7452: [ 7396:antisemitic 7291:Finno-Ugric 7243:Renaissance 7239:Reformation 7204: 1640 7134:Goídel Glas 6890:Greco-Roman 6886:Middle Ages 6769:Demosthenes 6676:Middle Ages 6644:early Slavs 6612:Remains of 6399: [ 6388: [ 6381:Krasnokutsk 6356: [ 6257:Octamasadas 6170:nekropoleis 6148: [ 6133: [ 6108:Ariapeithes 6097:Ariapeithes 6036:Octamasadas 6022:Ariapeithes 5877:Idanthyrsus 5867:impression. 5851:Map of the 5815:Idanthyrsus 5741:nekropoleis 5724:Kuban river 5661:Early phase 5581:and of the 5503:in 614 BC, 5361:Sea of Azov 5277:Sandakšatru 5233:šar-kiššati 5076:Within the 5066: [ 5055: [ 4898:Teishebaini 4890:Argishti II 4808: [ 4790: [ 4769:and of the 4765:during the 4578: [ 4521:Mesopotamia 4499:Muğan plain 4483:Kuros river 4467:Caspian Sea 4442:Ciscaucasia 4051:(Inhulets), 4016:Borysthenes 3949:Achaemenids 3898:Mingachevir 3865:Early Sakas 3797:early Slavs 3746:Tarim Basin 3298:and simply 3296:Old Persian 3255:אַשְׁכְּנָז 3006:early Slavs 2938:Skilled in 2876:, but note 2582:Continental 2575:Anglo-Saxon 2278:Middle Ages 2228:Middle Ages 2083:Indo-Aryans 2076:Indo-Aryans 1883:Bell Beaker 1878:Corded ware 1774:Corded ware 1663:Sredny Stog 1608:Archaeology 1388:Proto-Greek 1368:Proto-Norse 728:Preceded by 489:Octamasadas 477:Ariapeithes 453:Idanthyrsus 89:subheadings 27104:Categories 27029:Ruthenians 26981:Literature 26954:Vyshyvanka 26849:Minorities 26766:Corruption 26699:(currency) 26620:Government 26615:Parliament 26554:Waterfalls 26419:Euromaidan 26268:East Slavs 26253:Sarmatians 26241:Chronology 26127:Television 26102:Philosophy 26035:Mass media 26025:Literature 26020:Inventions 25782:Healthcare 25717:Corruption 25707:Censorship 25598:(currency) 25475:Separatism 25420:Opposition 25405:Neo-Nazism 25395:Monarchism 25365:Liberalism 25360:Propaganda 25320:Government 25187:North Asia 24988:Journalism 24847:East Slavs 24837:Sarmatians 24478:Spondolici 24448:Limigantes 24419:Sarmatians 24407:Massagetae 24370:Cimmerians 24350:Androphagi 24227:2877722155 24017:I.B.Tauris 23261:2 November 23221:25 October 22992:5 November 22439:: 189–202. 22353:Loehr, Max 22272:Livius.org 22249:(1): 79–95 21459:Thapar, R. 21455:Obenga, T. 20913:"Cyaxares" 20772:9231028464 20334:De Gruyter 20272:9004094873 19781:J. M. Dent 19614:Minns 1913 19488:Juras 2017 19298:Rolle 1989 19283:Rolle 1989 19130:Rolle 1989 19070:Mayor 2003 19058:Mayor 2003 19034:Mayor 2003 18947:Potts 1999 18749:Gleba 2008 18708:Mayor 2022 18693:Mayor 2022 18666:Mayor 2003 18654:Rolle 1989 18610:Mayor 2022 18571:Mayor 2022 18547:Mayor 2022 18532:Rolle 1989 18513:Gleba 2008 18498:Rolle 1989 18486:Gleba 2008 18462:Gleba 2008 18450:Rolle 1989 18435:Gleba 2008 18420:Gleba 2008 18405:Gleba 2008 18223:Batty 2007 18199:Batty 2007 17918:Batty 2007 17646:Batty 2007 17177:Burns 2003 17043:Adalı 2017 17028:Batty 2007 16818:, p. 16650:Young 1988 16561:Loehr 1955 16409:, p. 16206:Protothýēs 16067:, p. 16051:, p. 15904:Batty 2007 15889:Batty 2007 15277:Batty 2007 14565:. Map 22. 14126:14 October 13909:Retrieved 13784:Retrieved 13741:Retrieved 13703:Retrieved 13690:"Scythian" 13677:Minns 1913 13667:Rolle 1989 13637:Batty 2007 13590:, p. 13553:Novák 2013 13513:References 13391:c. 310s BC 12549:Sparatocos 12541:431–424 BC 12324:460–445 BC 12127:Anacharsis 11436:669–631 BC 11423:668–648 BC 11254:681–669 BC 11249:Esarhaddon 10861:Relief of 10817:Uxtamazatā 10639:Pr̥ϑutavah 10533:Sarmatians 10467:Adamantius 10445:have long 10432:Zhang Qian 10408:red-haired 10307:Corinthian 10241:broke away 10021:one enemy; 9930:Corinthian 9693:gangrening 9267:Celtic art 8666:equestrian 8441:) and the 8334:See also: 8293:Massagetae 8185:Androphagi 8090:Kallipidai 8079:Καλλιπιδαι 8071:Callipidae 7831:) and the 7725:permafrost 7649:Khortytsia 7514:Dostoevsky 7436:(1881) by 7392:Protestant 7313:& etc. 7259:Hungarians 7056:with both 6980:Barbarians 6910:Ostrogoths 6898:barbarians 6799:Israelites 6788:Prometheus 6780:Amphitryon 6716:Anacharsis 6618:Simferopol 6566:Saudaratae 6562:Thisamatae 6543:Sarmatians 6534:, and the 6513:Satyros II 6501:Lysimachus 6377:Chortomlyk 6284:Golden Age 6176:Kerkinitis 6078:Hellespont 6049:Wallachian 5893:Androphagi 5889:Sarmatians 5700:Androphagi 5640:Azerbaijan 5592:Sakašayana 5493:Babylonian 5460:Philistine 5449:Nile Delta 5213:Cimmerians 4964:Kashtariti 4956:Bīt Ḫamban 4937:Šarru-iqbi 4925:Esarhaddon 4866:Azerbaijan 4858:Mingəçevir 4783:Celtic art 4727:Bessarabia 4713:, and the 4682:Hermonassa 4678:Phanagoria 4570:artisans. 4491:Mingəçevir 4487:Azerbaijan 4337:Cimmerians 4325:Massagetae 4244:See also: 4182:relocating 4125:, or even 4054:Hypacyris, 4049:Panticapes 4039:(Dnister), 3971:Massagetae 3894:Azerbaijan 3795:, such as 3789:Sarmatians 3781:Massagetae 3777:Cimmerians 3535:Massagetae 3407:See also: 3362:romanized: 3287:romanized: 3164:𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀 2971:Hellenized 2967:Sarmatians 2948:Cimmerians 2918:equestrian 2910:, were an 2690:Institutes 2610:Lithuanian 2364:Indo-Aryan 2350:Historical 2284:Indo-Aryan 2241:Tocharians 2155:Cimmerians 2033:Bronze Age 1924:South Asia 1798:Bronze Age 1736:Afanasievo 1540:Mainstream 1304:Vocabulary 1224:Sound laws 1086:Indo-Aryan 943:Azerbaijan 876:Sarmatians 751:Cimmerians 678:340–339 BC 622:as far as 602:c. 630s BC 597:Cimmerians 343:Government 334:Demonym(s) 85:condensing 27110:Scythians 26877:Animation 26844:Languages 26793:(2009-10) 26761:Education 26735:Transport 26647:Judiciary 26640:Elections 26610:President 26549:Mountains 26498:Geography 26389:Holodomor 26325:Hetmanate 26248:Scythians 25985:Festivals 25878:Sociology 25828:Languages 25747:Education 25651:Transport 25485:Terrorism 25330:Judiciary 25324:Apparatus 25290:Elections 25255:Anarchism 25229:Far North 25180:Volcanoes 25165:Mountains 25042:Geography 24921:Civil war 24832:Scythians 24731:Sarmatism 24622:Languages 24605:Jewellery 24515:Hamaxobii 24495:Scythians 24458:Rimphaces 24453:Phoristae 24443:Cissianti 24402:Amyrgians 24387:Gelonians 24335:Agathyrsi 23937:Cambridge 23849:Princeton 23736:27 August 23703:Cambridge 23666:22 August 23551:: 55–92. 23398:Cambridge 23340:Cambridge 23242:: 49–57. 22777:14 August 22731:Cambridge 22695:Cambridge 22655:Cambridge 22624:Princeton 22458:McFarland 22450:Jefferson 22393:San Diego 22278:4 October 22205:(1): 1–38 22168:Frankfurt 21829:(1999b). 21787:(1999a). 21740:(1993b). 21716:Göttingen 21696:(1993a). 21601:Cambridge 21538:162246561 21491:Routledge 21451:Lonis, R. 21392:Herodotus 21299:Cambridge 21178:Cambridge 21128:Cambridge 21004:Cambridge 20883:Cambridge 20831:165043567 20693:Cambridge 20514:Baltimore 20393:Cambridge 20360:236581183 20094:Cambridge 20060:Cambridge 20017:1960-1360 19952:Princeton 19920:Cambridge 19767:Herodotus 19657:Heinemann 19563:Mary 2019 19550:253977564 19534:0340-6717 19460:195887262 19444:0960-9822 19372:2375-2548 16395:Dale 2015 15454:: 43950. 15415:0960-9822 14788:Baigetobe 14714:West 2002 14408:195887262 14392:0960-9822 14307:: 14615. 14261:4 October 14227:West 2002 13911:4 October 13786:4 October 13743:4 October 13705:4 October 13662:West 2002 12955:c. 420 BC 12737:Seuthes I 12120:c. 550 BC 11993:c. 575 BC 11878:c. 600 BC 11763:c. 610 BC 10951:Genealogy 10938:Kharaspos 10932:Akrosakos 10914:Tanusakos 10752:Taxacis ( 10645:Pṛtatavah 10567:culture. 10459:Illyrians 10399:Histories 10335:Gelonians 10285:olive oil 10271:oinokhoai 10243:from the 10217:Epiktetos 10207:An Attic 9934:Chalcidic 9914:helmets: 9729:Skythikon 9720:Skythikon 9711:Skythikon 9705:Skythikon 9661:Skythikon 9487:composite 9454:(ancient 9061:arthritis 8968:necklaces 8956:bracelets 8691:gold leaf 8636:Lifestyle 8489:οκταποδες 8480:oktapodes 8475:commoners 8448:Παραλαται 8443:Paralatae 8415:romanized 8391:romanized 8364:romanized 8343:Targitaos 8251:Maeotians 8240:Gelonians 8214:Agathyrsi 8084:romanized 8054:Vinnytsia 7893:the name 7860:Paralatai 7857:the name 7842:Παραλαται 7835:Paralatai 7651:, Ukraine 7547:, titled 7370:racialist 7339:evolved. 7319:, who in 7275:Pechenegs 7261:with the 7252:philology 6894:Byzantine 6792:Deucalion 6765:Aeschines 6757:Sesostris 6724:Barbarian 6686:Antiquity 6668:Classical 6652:Ossetians 6539:Bastarnae 6515:, son of 6456:Macedonia 6452:Philip II 6448:Byzantium 6444:Histriani 6414:Ludogorie 6234:Nymphaeum 6141:Don river 6053:Moldavian 5963:Expansion 5885:Gelonians 5679:Epiktetos 5669:An Attic 5636:Teišebani 5620:Skythēnoi 5605:, and as 5602:Sacassani 5453:Psamtik I 5434:Jerusalem 5430:Zephaniah 5424:prophets 5418:Palestine 5369:Maeotians 5330:Polyaenus 5307:Sadyattes 5173:Phraortes 5102:Atargatis 5098:Aphrodite 5082:Artimpasa 4941:Dūr-Ellil 4913:Mannaeans 4882:Mannaeans 4860:(ancient 4842:Maeotians 4723:Hungarian 4643:Maeotians 4639:Thracians 4624:Agathyrsi 4620:Gelonians 4329:Issedones 4194:June 2024 4085:romanized 4033:(Danube), 4009:Black Sea 4001:Don river 3961:Black Sea 3957:Thracians 3773:Scythians 3649:Scythians 3470:SCYTHIANS 3434:Cimmerian 3330:romanized 3152:Assyrians 3076:Scythians 3069:Etymology 3028:Silk Road 3014:Ossetians 2956:West Asia 2944:Agathyrsi 2783:Scythians 2625:Practices 2444:Yarsanism 2254:Albanians 2234:East Asia 2221:Scythians 2213:Phrygians 2206:Paeonians 2199:Illyrians 2185:Thracians 2102:East Asia 2053:Armenians 1980:Hallstatt 1962:Chernoles 1903:Terramare 1893:Trzciniec 1860:Sintashta 1855:Andronovo 1756:Cernavodă 1729:East Asia 1684:Khvalynsk 1424:Philology 1334:Particles 1220:Phonology 1161:Liburnian 1136:Tocharian 1131:Anatolian 1100:Nuristani 993:Languages 765:Agathyrsi 708:Sarmatian 673:Macedonia 652:c. 600 BC 629:c. 620 BC 612:c. 625 BC 589:c. 652 BC 576:c. 672 BC 544:(earlier) 338:Scythians 291:Religion 214:West Asia 155:(earlier) 147:Scythians 101:June 2023 93:talk page 81:splitting 79:Consider 27084:Category 27051:Censuses 27039:Refugees 27034:Diaspora 26971:Holidays 26966:Folklore 26859:Religion 26816:problems 26786:HIV/AIDS 26781:Abortion 26630:Military 26583:Politics 26569:Wildlife 26484:Military 26479:Economic 26467:By topic 26177:Category 26055:Nobility 26015:Internet 26010:Heraldry 26005:Graffiti 25990:Folklore 25933:Armorial 25863:Religion 25848:Polygamy 25787:HIV/AIDS 25767:Funerals 25757:Feminism 25727:Deafness 25712:Citizens 25702:Cannabis 25687:Abortion 25631:Taxation 25571:Gambling 25561:Forestry 25410:Military 25243:Politics 25224:Wildlife 25170:Caucasus 25133:Glaciers 25013:Military 24998:Internet 24976:By topic 24870:Vladimir 24865:Novgorod 24819:Timeline 24688:Sarmatia 24653:Sakasene 24627:Religion 24463:Roxolani 24365:Cercetae 24355:Arimaspi 24238:(1993). 24210:(2001). 24097:(2010). 24065:(2004). 24037:(2003). 24009:(2012). 23927:(eds.). 23885:(2016). 23697:(1946). 23683:Istanbul 23567:(2010). 23482:(1991). 23426:(1980). 23273:(1954). 23256:40000130 23163:Berkeley 23157:(1993). 23144:9 August 23115:(2018). 23097:(1922). 23069:Berkeley 23063:(1989). 23004:(1999). 22926:(2004). 22898:(2003). 22723:(1913). 22618:(2022). 22576:(2003). 22550:Berkeley 22500:(1997). 22373:20066973 22355:(1955). 22321:(2019). 22293:Syracuse 22265:(1996). 22225:(2004). 22150:(2011). 22122:(1975). 22030:8 August 22001:(2018). 21967:(2016). 21877:(1999). 21867:44260011 21841:s]. 21775:26 April 21770:23671794 21712:Fribourg 21662:(eds.). 21654:(2017). 21629:(1991). 21591:(eds.). 21327:(1970). 21225:(2008). 21168:(eds.). 21118:(eds.). 21081:27100276 21032:(1996). 20996:(eds.). 20976:27 April 20940:8 August 20911:(1993). 20721:(2019). 20573:(2012). 20506:(2003). 20474:(2013). 20202:(2023). 20174:(2009). 20122:(2007). 20050:(eds.). 19944:(2007). 19876:(1970). 19858:(1855). 19836:(1862). 19814:(1886). 19769:(1910). 19715:(1881). 19689:(eds.). 19667:(1701). 19645:(1921). 19542:30923892 19452:31303491 19390:33771866 19325:Day 2001 16200:Partatua 15545:30417088 15486:28266657 15423:31303491 15101:(2003). 14784:Arzhan-1 14555:(1997). 14400:31303491 14339:28256537 13461:See also 12950:Eminakes 12536:Sitalces 12526:daughter 11392:Bartatua 11218:Išpakaia 10926:Sariakos 10895:Scythian 10879:Scythian 10875:Skilurus 10863:Skilurus 10828:Scythian 10824:Eminakes 10812:Scythian 10796:Scythian 10780:Scythian 10754:Scythian 10749:Scopasis 10733:Scythian 10705:Scythian 10689:Scythian 10634:Scythian 10630:Bartatua 10618:Scythian 10614:Išpakaia 10561:Nganasan 10525:Iron Age 10473:Genetics 10311:Athenian 10259:amphorae 10238:Mytilene 9938:Thracian 9792:akīnakai 9783:akīnakai 9774:akīnakai 9764:akīnakēs 9667:Σκυθικον 9484:recurved 9464:Persians 9404:cannabis 9372:Religion 9327:and the 9302:bog iron 9300:, where 9225:griffins 9209:pectoral 9184:Textiles 9157:bog iron 9012:Medicine 8958:made of 8952:earrings 8939:kalathoi 8908:šarabāra 8905:(called 8903:trousers 8866:electrum 8686:appliqué 8585:Kingship 8539:Polygamy 8461:property 8438:Σκωλοτοι 8421:Traspies 8410:Τρασπιες 8402:Traspies 8397:Katiaroi 8386:Κατιαροι 8370:Aukhatai 8351:Auchatae 8183:and the 8105:Alazones 8034:Αροτηρες 8024:Arotēres 8004:Alazones 7998:Alazones 7969:Αλιζωνες 7959:Alizōnes 7953:Αλαζονες 7943:Alazones 7896:Skōlotoi 7879:Paraδāta 7870:Paralāta 7865:Scythian 7828:Σκωλοτοι 7821:Skōlotoi 7731:Language 7540:Skifstvo 7532:the West 7518:Russians 7464:Скифство 7447:Skifstvo 7400:Edomites 7293:people. 7287:Ottomans 7215:colonial 7062:and the 6934:attacked 6914:Gokturks 6834:ʾAškənāz 6831:, where 6817:ʾAškənāz 6784:Heracles 6626:Roxolani 6536:Germanic 6529:Thracian 6477:Zopyrion 6440:Triballi 6340:Voronezh 6320:Leukon I 6304:Boryspil 6278:Agighiol 6180:Niconium 6085:Thracian 6062:Kallatis 6006:Kamianka 5916:partisan 5873:Darius I 5823:Skōpasis 5757:Cyrus II 5625:Xenophon 5609:Sakasēnē 5481:Scythian 5462:city of 5426:Jeremiah 5422:Judahite 5398:Cyaxares 5322:Alyattes 5295:Anatolia 5284:Thracian 5228:Tugdammi 5136:itself. 5084:and the 5039:akīnakēs 4976:Bartatua 4960:Ḫubuškia 4952:Parsumaš 4945:Bartatua 4933:Ḫubuškia 4909:Išpakaia 4874:Išpakaia 4834:Sigynnae 4779:Etruscan 4761:and the 4739:Slovakia 4719:Thracian 4662:Taganrog 4622:and the 4609:Sigynnae 4599:and the 4530:akīnakēs 4497:and the 4444:and the 4284:Siberian 4222:Arzhan-1 4057:Gerrhus, 3993:Xerxes I 3973:, "with 3947:For the 3904:and the 3872:and the 3854:Location 3812:Scythian 3744:and the 3706:realms ( 3677:Northern 3260:ʾAškənāz 3245:Ashkenaz 3240:Biblical 3157:Iškuzaya 3140:Σκωλοτοι 3134:Skōlotoi 2946:and the 2671:Scholars 2569:Germanic 2540:Scottish 2505:Thracian 2499:Illyrian 2493:Albanian 2481:European 2474:Armenian 2458:Ossetian 2452:Scythian 2437:Yazidism 2387:Buddhism 2378:Hinduism 2269:Norsemen 2179:Anatolia 2096:Iranians 2089:Iranians 2070:Iron Age 2045:Hittites 1998:Colchian 1991:Caucasus 1949:Iron Age 1918:Lusatian 1913:Urnfield 1837:Srubnaya 1832:Poltavka 1822:Catacomb 1761:Cucuteni 1716:Caucasus 1533:Religion 1518:Homeland 1460:Behistun 1440:Linear B 1329:Numerals 1324:Pronouns 1249:Balkanic 1196:Thracian 1189:Phrygian 1182:Paeonian 1168:Messapic 1154:Illyrian 1066:Hellenic 1061:Germanic 1030:Armenian 1022:Albanian 1016:Albanoid 967:a series 965:Part of 935:Bulgaria 694:Germanic 536:Iron Age 381:Bartatua 369:Išpakaia 346:Monarchy 284:Maeotian 268:Thracian 262:Urartian 257:Phrygian 247:Akkadian 242:Scythian 231:Kamianka 204:Location 69:too long 18:Scythian 27075:Outline 26949:Rushnyk 26944:Pysanka 26929:Borscht 26924:Bandura 26909:Cuisine 26892:Baroque 26869:Culture 26814:suicide 26749:Society 26730:Tourism 26705:Banking 26696:Hryvnia 26683:Economy 26436:Outline 26342:Galicia 26233:History 26224:Ukraine 26168:Outline 25980:Fashion 25970:Fashion 25958:Cuisine 25920:Culture 25908:in army 25893:Wedding 25888:Suicide 25883:Smoking 25868:Slavery 25843:Orphans 25816:Illegal 25692:Alcohol 25675:Society 25641:Tourism 25521:Banking 25499:Economy 25344:Prisons 25192:Siberia 25148:Islands 25128:Geology 25064:Climate 25054:Borders 25018:Outline 24993:Judaism 24983:Economy 24810:History 24709:Related 24636:Regions 24617:Horizon 24612:Culture 24593:Culture 24547:Tapurei 24505:Cadusii 24488:Iazyges 24473:Siraces 24345:Amazons 24323:Peoples 24316:Scythia 24200:2707822 23732:: 50–59 23661:3263121 23527:Romania 23330:(ed.). 23314:4 April 23309:3249059 22940:Germany 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8134:Γεωργοι 8124:Geōrgoi 8086:: 8040:Gerrhoi 7989:lentils 7902:Skulatā 7613:griffin 7566: 7555:Russian 7492: 7481:Russian 7471: 7460:Russian 7415:Ukraine 7351:Peter I 7317:Phoenix 7247:Ireland 7224:Mongols 7122:Ireland 7118:Red Sea 7097:pharaoh 7076:in his 7059:Scythia 7036: 7017:Nennius 6998:Scythia 6954:Japheth 6926:Khazars 6879:Hunnish 6873:During 6848:גֹּמֶר‎ 6650:of the 6587:Scythia 6493:Kul-Oba 6373:Solokha 6365:Nikopol 6314:in the 6274:Dobruja 6200:Dnister 6130:Kremnoi 6119:Solokha 6093:Tērēs I 6076:on the 6070:Dobruja 6040:Teres I 6031:Histria 5981:gorytos 5827:Taxakis 5809:Saulios 5803:Gnouros 5781:Gerrhos 5772:Gerrhos 5766:Gerrhos 5750:Persian 5615:Ptolemy 5583:Lydians 5571:Mannaea 5563:Assyria 5505:Nineveh 5468:ʿAštart 5464:Ascalon 5379:Decline 5363:in the 5324:, whom 5299:Lycians 5272:Cilicia 5249:Lydians 5169:Babylon 5106:Derceto 5090:Astarte 5029:Kul-Oba 4894:Rusa II 4819:Chinese 4773:in the 4771:Mongols 4735:Hungary 4707:Podolia 4660:, near 4584:in the 4422:Karasuk 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162:(later) 159:Skulatā 152:Skuδatā 67:may be 27089:Portal 26939:Kobzar 26904:Cinema 26810:Murder 26776:Health 26715:Energy 26544:Rivers 26537:Cities 26273:Kuyaba 26182:Portal 26137:Sports 26065:Anthem 25953:Cinema 25948:Ballet 25858:Racism 25821:Labour 25777:Health 25742:Doping 25596:Ruble 25581:Mining 25551:Energy 25214:Rivers 25123:Fjords 25023:Postal 24875:Moscow 24801:Russia 24737:Croats 24671:Crimea 24663:Alania 24648:Sistan 24552:Tapuri 24483:Yancai 24468:Serboi 24360:Budini 24340:Amardi 24330:Achaei 24273: 24252: 24224: 24198: 24161: 24136: 24111: 24079: 24051: 24023: 23986: 23972:Leiden 23951: 23902:6 June 23871: 23857:Oxford 23832: 23776:123972 23774: 23687:Turkey 23659: 23622: 23608:Boston 23600:Leiden 23581: 23468: 23443: 23412: 23354: 23307: 23289:Ascona 23254: 23216:599752 23214: 23177: 23083: 23018: 22987:123971 22985: 22950: 22936:Munich 22912: 22884: 22870:Boston 22862:Leiden 22845: 22835:Kraków 22810: 22800:Kraków 22764:Prague 22745: 22709: 22669: 22638: 22604: 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