Scythian religion - Knowledge

16238: 4040: 4026: 2908:, a large mound in a kurgan necropolis served as a Saka cultic structure: this mound did not contain any human burial, but instead was initially built as a mock burial pit with an accompanying ceremonial walkway, after which a mound was built over it while three passages led to an open space at the centre of the mound where religious rituals were performed. Finally, a stone platform was placed on the surface of the mound, and a cone made from a mixture of clay and sand and coloured red by passing it through fire was placed on the platform. This might have been a shrine to the Scythian "Ares." 2922:

strangling it to death using a rope tied around the animal's neck and tightened using a stick. The sacrificed animal was then cut up, its flesh was boiled in a cauldron, or, for those who did not have a cauldron, in the animal's own skin, while the bones were added to the fire on which the animal's flesh was cooked so they could be consumed following the approved ritual. Once the meat was cooked, the person who initiated the sacrifice would throw some of cooked meat and entrails into the ground as an offering for the god. This method of sacrifice was typical of the more nomadic Scythians.

1828: 3772:, and who might have been the armsbearer or bodyguard of the noble buried in this kurgan. The noble himself was buried in an east-facing side alcove, and he wore various status symbols of Scythian rulers, such as a gold necklace, gold bracelets, a gilded akinakes, a sceptre in the right hand, gold plates decorated with figures sewn into his clothing, bronze vessels, and Greek drinking vessels. A dozen amphorae of wine were also located in a small side chamber. 14332: 3527:, Achaemenid kings were not supposed to come in direct contact with ordinary people, and all interactions between members of the ordinary population and the king had to be made through special intermediates appointed by the king himself. Similarly, the Scythian kings avoided direct contact with members of the populace, and instead communicated with them through the means of royally-appointed messengers who were buried with the kings after their deaths. 14342: 20: 2135: 3428:

inherited this ring. The ring did not feature any image of the male partner of the goddess because the kings were themselves considered to be these partners, with the Scythian royal investiture having been considered both a communion between man and the goddess as well as a marital union which elevated the king to the status of spouse of the goddess and granted him power through sexual intercourse with the goddess.

4005: 1199:'water'); the name of Api's father, the aquatic god Borysthenēs, might have meant "place of beavers," thus possibly connecting him to the mantle of beaver skins worn by the latter goddess in Avestan scripture, and in turn establishing another connection between Api and Arəduuī Sūrā Anāhitā. Being a goddess of water and earth, Api was also similar to the Zoroastrian Earth goddess 3599:

following which he would be allowed to live for one year until he would be sacrificed when the time for the next ritual sleep festival would arrive and a successor of the ritual king was chosen. This ceremony also represented the death and rebirth of the Scythian king and was conducted at the Holy Ways, where the great bronze cauldron representing the centre of the world was located.

2760:, was located the residence of the Snake-Legged Goddess, and where she and Targī̆tavah became the ancestors of the Scythians; the deities to whom the altars of the shrine were dedicated to were all present in the Scythian genealogical myth. The altars at the shrine of Hylaea were located in open air, and were not placed within any larger structure or building. 2727:

to the Scythian "Ares" was thus a model of the universe as conceptualised within Scythian cosmology, most and represented especially its central zone, the air space. The square shape of the platform might therefore have formed a representation of Scythian religion's conceptualisation of the universe as being four-sided while the sword-idol might have been a

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connected to water, which was itself held to have fertilising, nourishing, and healing properties. The name Api was also linked to a child-talk endearing word meaning "mommy," with these various connections of Api and her name painting the consistent picture of her as a primordial deity from whom was born the world's first inhabitants.

2194:, we learn of a creature who, though Herodotus does not name as Echidna, is called an echidna ("she-viper") and resembles the Hesiodic Echidna in several respects. She was half woman half snake, lived in a cave, and was known as a mother figure, in this case, as the progenitor of the Scythians (rather than of monsters). 1333:

coordinates as a structural aspect of space. Each side of this quadrangular earthly plane had a symbol, and was thus associated to one of the four deities of the third rank, who were the collective personification of the four-sided "middle world," with a similar concept being found in Indic mythology in the form of the

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everlasting, and the soil was always fertile. The inhabitants of these lands lived like gods, knowing neither suffering nor hardship, nor disease, and were given everything they needed by the earth, so that they enjoyed unusual longetivy, and their lives were like an eternal feast accompanied by song and music.

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represented by the tree (similarly to Artimpasa, the Bosporan Aphrodite Urania was sometimes represented with tree-shaped limbs or head, with her palm shaped like large leaves on stele, and her head shaped like a tree top and her hands shaped like branches on a stamp), while the altar sanctifies the ceremony.

4088:. The upper frieze instead represents humans interacting with their domesticated animals to counterpose the harmony of the human world with the conflict of the supernatural realm, as well as to equate the humans with the predators with respect to their relationship with the productive power of the earth. 3906:

After this, the men would ritually clean themselves in a steam bath in a small tipi-like tent made of woolen mats laid over three wooden poles. At the centre of the tent was laid a pit containing red-hot stones on which the Scythians threw the flower buds of cannabis so as to induce intoxication. The

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of wine were poured over the prisoners who were to be sacrificed, following which their throats were cut over a vessel to catch their blood. This vessel was carried to the top of the brushwood high place of the god and the prisoners' blood was poured as libations on the sword functioning as the god's

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The Scythian "Arēs" was also propitiated using human sacrifice, which involved cutting the throat of one man out of every hundred prisoners and pouring his blood on the sword-idol of the god, and then cutting the sacrificed man's right arm and throwing it into the air and leaving it wherever it fell.

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Five variants of the Scythian genealogical myth have been retold by Greco-Roman authors, which traced the origin of the Scythians to the god Targī̆tavah and to the Snake-Legged Goddess affiliated to Artimpasa, and represented the threefold division of the universe into the Heavens, the Earth, and the

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Among the Scythians and the Sindo-Maeotians was present the cult of a solar god depicted as a mounted deified ancestor. This deity was believed to be a fighter against evil, and was popular from the late first millennium BC to the first centuries of the Common Era on the Black Sea coast, Central Asia

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Api was the consort of Papaios, with the two of them initially existing together into an inseparable unity and their union representing the joining together of opposite principles such as above and below, male and female, warmth and moisture, and therefore reflecting the Indo-Iranian tradition of the

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populations of the western Pontic steppe. Due to this, many of the Scythian male deities had equivalents in the pantheon of the Thracian peoples, including those living in Anatolia, and some of the names of these deities were of Thracian origin; the Scythian female deities, and especially their links

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The ancient Greeks in southern Scythia also promoted the worship of their own god Apollo in Scythia, which resulted in the myth of Apollo's connection with the northern limits of the world from where the Hyperboreans sent gifts to the sanctuary of this god at Delos, as well as the myth of Abaris and

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Once the mourning procession was complete, it went to the country of Gerrhos where the king was buried by being placed on a mat and placed in the grave; one of the king's wives, as well as his cupbearer, cook, groom, servant, messenger, as well as horses and cattle were strangled and buried with him

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over Scythian tombs were usually built using unburnt bricks, which were then covered with a coat of clay, and then a stone covering. The Scythian burial mounds were not too different across class lines, with their structures and rituals being largely the same, and the upper class mounds being simply

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The image of the Artimpasa on the ring was therefore a representation of her as a granter of sovereignty, with the ring having been inherited from generation to generation of the Scythian royal dynasty as a token of royal power, and Argotas being a former Scythian king from whom his descendant Skula

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According to Herodotus, animal sacrifices among the Scythians to all gods except to the Scythian "Ares" were carried out by tying a rope around the front legs of the sacrificial animal, then the offerer of the sacrifice standing behind the animal and pulling the rope to throw the animal forward, and

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ordered every one of his subjects to bring him a single arrowhead so he could know the exact number of his subjects. The great bronze cauldron at Hexampaeus was made out of the heap of arrowheads which accumulated from this census. This cauldron located at the Holy Ways was believed to be the centre

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Scythian religion was largely aniconic, and the Scythians did not make statues of their deities for worship, with the one notable exception being the war-god, the Scythian "Ares," who was worshipped in the form of a sword. Nevertheless, the Scythians did make smaller scale images of certain of their

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The Olbiopolitan Greeks also worshipped Achilles in his form identified with Targī̆tavah at Hylaea. The cult of Achilles Pontarkhēs very popular in Pontic Olbia, with the large number of dedications to him by priests and archons having been offered at this city suggesting that he enjoyed state cult

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The 18 metre-high Solokha kurgan consisted of two burial chambers located to the left and right of a walkway: in one of the chambers was located the deceased, whose clothes were decorated with gold sheets sewn into them; the other chamber contained a bronze cauldron, wooden cups with gold fittings,

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The kurgans of the Pontic Scythians all followed the same basic structure, with monumental mounds covering underground tombs containing the burial of Scythian nobles, their wife, entourage, horses, jewellery, most valuable clothes, and other precious possessions and household items. The building of

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The square shape of the altar of the Scythian "Ares" represented the four-sided "middle world," that is the air space, and the sword placed at its top represented the world axis which represented the vertical structure of the universe and connected its cosmic, central, and chthonic zones; the altar

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The divine twins' position in Scythian religion was inferior to that of the gods, likely belonging to the rank of heroes, and might possibly have been the same as the two brothers and first Scythian kings born of Targī̆tavah and the Snake-Legged Goddess in the genealogical myth. The Scythian divine

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Papaios was the son of Tabiti, the primordial fire. Papaios and Api initially existed together into an inseparable unity, with their union representing the joining together of opposite principles such as above and below, male and female, warmth and moisture, and therefore reflecting the Indo-Iranic

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A tent-like structure was then erected over the grave using poles and wickerwork, and the burial chamber was covered with brushwood and mats over which the mound of unburnt bricks was built: these unburnt bricks were themselves made from the soil of the king's pastures, which were his property, so

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Deceased Scythians were buried in wooden structures resembling log cabins, floored with dark felt, and with rooves covered with layers of larch, birch bark and moss. Within these structures, the bodies of the deceased were placed in log trunk coffins together with some of their prized possessions,

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of which all the free men of the city were members, including both the rank-and-file citizens and the aristocracy of Tanais. These worshippers' associations belonged to the same institution and organised the whole citizenry of Tanais into distinct groups which each had a very strict hierarchy, and

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The only god to whom Scythians built shrines was the war-god, the Scythian "Ares," to whom a high place was made out of a pile of brushwood, of which the three sides were upright and vertical and the fourth side formed a slope on which worshippers could walk to the top of the high place, which was

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The equation of Thagimasadas with Poseidon might also be due to his possible role as a fashioner of the sky and hence was connected to sky-waters and thunderbolts just like the Greek Poseidon was. Alternatively, Thagimasadas might have been a god of the rivers of Scythia, which played an important

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art represented the threefold division of the universe into the heavens, in which were depicted birds of prey; the airspace, within which were represented hoofed animals; and finally the earthly realm, where were images of snakes, fish, and predatory animals. This division of the universe is also

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The use of horses and of the blood and right arms of prisoners in the cult of the Scythian "Ares" was a symbolic devotion of the swiftness of horses and the strength of men to this god of kingship who had similar powers, and the tall brushwood altar on which the blood was offered to the god was a

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The Scythian genealogical myth was a myth of the Scythian religion detailing the origin of the Scythians. This myth held an important position in the worldview of Scythian society, and was popular among both the Scythians of the northern Pontic region and the Greeks who had colonised the northern

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The Scythian deity known in modern day as the "Snake-Legged Goddess," also referred to as the "Anguipede Goddess," so called because several representations of her depict her as a goddess with snakes or tendrils as legs, was associated to the life-giving principle. The Snake-Legged Goddess was a

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might have originated from the Scythian "Ares." In the sagas, Batyraʒ appears as a brave but uncontrolled warrior living in the air space and sometimes took the form of a whirlwind, who often protected his peoples from multiple enemies, and who was made of steel and connected to his sword, which

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The identification of Api as a goddess of both Earth and water rested upon the conceptualisation in ancient cosmologies of Earth and water as being two aspects of the same birth-giving chthonic principle; and, within Iranian tradition, the earth was a life-giving principle which was inextricably

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These motifs represented the perspectives of hunters, and this imagery was used to decorate only movable items such as weapons, clothing, accessories, and horse harnesses and equipment, with the stylised animals representing supernatural forces which were appropriated by the ones who wore them.

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Commoners were also embalmed and their bodies were also displayed in a 40 day-long funeral procession to the relatives and friends of the deceased, and a farewell feast for the clan was held where fiid was served to both the living people who drove the procession and the corpse of the deceased.

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similar to the one from Chortomlyk, and both were likely made at the same workshop in one of the Greek colonies on the northern shore of the Black Sea. To the north was the burial chamber of the noble's wife, which contained thousands of decorative gold sheet trimmings; a servant wearing simple

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for a single night, possibly as a symbolical ritual impregnation of the earth. This substitute king would receive as much land as he could ride around in one day: this land belonged to the real king and was given to the substitute king to complete his symbolic identification with the real king,

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The Rhipaean Mountains were a central part of this myth, and they separated the known world from a fantastical land beyond the reach of the North Wind, who dwelled on the mountains themselves. Therefore, the Hyperborean lands were blessed with a prosperous climate where sunshine and warmth were

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In the land of the Hyperboreans, the sun would rise on the spring equinox, and would set on the autumn equinox, thus causing six months of day and six months of night. The Hyperboreans were believed to live in paradisal conditions where their fertile lands were warmed by the sun and would yield

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in his right hand, with a blazing altar in front of him and a tree behind the altar. This scene is consistent with the depictions of the horsemen facing Artimpasa in Scythian art, and represents the communion of the Most High God with the Bosporan Aphrodite Urania evolved from Artimpasa, and is

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This pantheon was a reflection of the Scythian cosmology, headed by the primeval fire which was the basic essence and the source of all creation, following which came the Earth-Mother and Sky-Father who created the gods, the latter of whom were the four custodians of the four sides of the world

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The deities of the third rank of the Scythian pantheon were associated to the "middle world" inhabited by humans and physical living beings, and which the Scythian cosmology, like all ancient cosmologies, conceptualised as a square plane with four sides each corresponding to one of the radical

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The union of Papaios and Api gave birth to the "middle world," that is the air space, which is the part of the cosmos where humanity and all physical beings lived. From the union of Api and Papaios were also born the gods of the third rank of the Scythian pantheon, who were associated with the

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The union of Api and Papaios gave birth to the "middle world," that is the air space, which is the part of the cosmos where humanity and all physical beings lived. From the union of Api and Papaios were also born the gods of the third rank of the Scythian pantheon, who were associated with the

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The kurgans where were buried Scythian aristocrats were decorated on their surface with stelae consisting of large slabs of rocks whose surfaces had been carved into crude human figures in relief and which represented armed men whose dress, swords and weapons had been sculpted in detail. This

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located at the northern edge of the world in a place dominated by extreme cold and ice, around which the celestial bodies revolved, where dwelt divine beings, and where was located the sources of gold-bearing rivers, with the mountain itself being inaccessible to mortals because of mountains.

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The tallness of the mound which acted as the altar to the Scythian "Ares," as well as the practice of throwing the right arms of prisoners sacrificed to him in the sky, are evidence of the celestial nature of the Scythian "Ares" as a god of the airspace, that is the practice of throwing these

1488:, and might possibly have been an offspring of Tabiti. The Scythian "Ares" was also a god of kingship, and the use of horses and of the blood and right arms of prisoners in his cult was a symbolic devotion of the swiftness of horses and the strength of men to this god who had similar powers. 3671:

Scythian funeral customs recorded by Graeco-Roman authors have been archaeologically attested, and, although there were certain established rules in carrying them out, the more minutious details were not always the same, and Scythian burials exhibit variations from individual to individual.

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The Scythians held an annual ceremony where everyone who had killed at least one enemy was acknowledged by being allowed to drink from a communal bowl of wine in front of the assembled company, although it is unknown whether or not this festivity was performed at the same time as the yearly

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sword planted upwards at the top of a tall square altar made of brushwood of which three sides were vertical and the fourth was inclined to allow access to it. The Scythian "Ares" was given blood sacrifices and his representation in the form of a sword are evidence of his military function.

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buried their priestesses with mirrors, which were symbols of feminine principle, eroticism and fertility that played an important role in the wedding rites of Iranic peoples, and were believed to be magical objects used for prophecy and shamanic rites. The Sarmatian citizens of the city of

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The Scythians would annually bring more brushwood to the high place of the Scythian "Ares" to maintain its structure. This ceremony also symbolised a recommitment and created a consciousness of the continuity of worship at the high place, and was also a reaffirmation of tribal identity.

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The cult of Apollo in Scythia was largely limited to the city of Olbia, although a red-figure kylix in which was inscribed a dedication to two epithets of Apollo was found in a Scythian kurgan at Zhurivka, which suggests the adoption of the cult of Apollo from Olbia by the Scythians.

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belonged to the most powerful Scythian aristocracy and wore women's clothing as well performed women's jobs and spoke like women, and were affiliated to an orgiastic cult of Artimpasa and the Snake-Legged Goddess in their form strongly influenced by Near Eastern fertility goddesses.

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burial mound contained another tomb with a long corridor running north from the entrance shaft of the burial chamber, where were located the bodies of two young warriors. A side niche on the northern wall contained another dead warrior who was equipped with a sword, spears, and a

1313:, the Scythians considered Papaeus to be a supreme god, hence why the ancient Greeks were able to identify him with their own god Zeus, who was conceptualised as a cosmic force who ruled over and was the father of all peoples and gods throughout the world, including in Scythia. 1014:

Tabiti the most venerated of all Scythian deities, is associated with Indo-Iranian concept of fire. She was not, however, depicted in Scythian art, and was instead represented by the fireplace, which constituted the sacral centre of any community, from the family to the tribe.

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As a goddess of the hearth, Tabiti was the patron of society, the state, and families, and she thus protected the family and the clan, and was a symbol of supreme authority. The king's hearth was hence connected with Tabiti, and Tabiti herself was connected with royal power.

7629: 1011:, which meant "the Burning One" or "the Flaming One," was the goddess of the primordial fire which alone existed before the creation of the universe and was the basic essence and the source of all creation, and from her were born Api (the Earth) and Papaeus (Heaven). 3688:

When Scythian kings died, they were embalmed and their funeral processions were driven throughout their kingdom. All those who met the dead king would cut off one of their earlobes, cut their nose open, cut their foreheads, and pierce their left hands with an arrow.

1548:, who recorded that the Scythians worshipped the Wind and the Sword as gods, referring to the dual nature of the Scythian "Ares" as a god of both the Wind, which brings gives life, and the Sword, which brings death; the dual nature of this god is also visible in the 3693:

to follow him in the afterlife. Thus, the king's wealth, entourage and wealth were all his property that he took with him in the afterlife. Gold objects were also buried along with the king: due to the belief that gold was the physical manifestation of the royal

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who were identified by the Scythians with the divine twins, together with a terracotta sculpture in the shape of a goddess's head were discovered in an ash altar near a wall of a temple where was worshipped a fertility goddess to whom was associated images of

2224:, who had horse-names. In Indo-European mythology, the divine twins were companions of the Mother-Goddess who flanked her symbol of the Tree of Life, especially in depictions of them as two horses or horsemen who stand symmetrically near a goddess or a tree. 1927:), who was a patron of fertility and marriage and a guardian of laws who represented material wealth in its various forms, including domestic animals, precious objects, and a plentiful descendance. Artimpasa had also been influenced by the Iranian goddess 3680:

larger and more monumental and containing more lavish grave goods than those of the lower classes. The mounds of the poorer members of the population were usually 1 metre high, while those of the upper classes could reach up to 12 to 15 metres in height.

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Additionally, from the 4th century BC onwards, depictions of Scythian deities, sometimes represented under the guise of Greek deities, became commonplace in Scythian art. These images were not only decorative, but also acted as protective talismans.

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By the 1st centuries AD in the Bosporus, the chariot-riding Scythian solar god Gaiϑāsūra had been syncretised with the horse-riding Persian god Mithra, imported from the southern and eastern shores of the Pontus Euxinus, to become the Most High God

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Due to the connections of Gaiϑāsūra's and his identification with the Greek god Apollo, he has been identified with Miϑra, although this identification is largely tentative, with the multiple functions of Apollo contributing to this uncertainty.

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The rich furnishings of Scythian tombs demonstrate that Scythians devoted significant resources to ensuring the proper burial of their members, especially of nobles. This attested that the afterlife was extremely important in Scythian religion.

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The Thracian neighbours of the Scythians also represented their war god with an iron sword and offered him bloody sacrificed and wine libations, although it is unknown whether the Thracians adopted this custom from the Scythians or vice versa.

3997:, which were represented competing with each other for the herbivores, thus creating an interlocking style of tension. These compositions featuring predator and prey were present throughout the Scythian cultures, from the Pontic Steppe to the 2822:

At Exampaios was located a large bronze cauldron, which Herodotus described as "six fingers breadth in thickness" and capable of containing the volume of six hundred amphorae. According to Scythian legend, this cauldron was made when the king

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This was also a reflection of Levantine influence on Artimpasa, since Mesopotamian equivalents of Aphrodite Urania were sometimes represented together with the king in scenes represented sacred marriages, and the stability of royal power in

3941:, the deceased were often depicted as mounted horsemen on murals in their funerary vaults and tombstones at the same time as the horseman became a recurring motif in Late Scythian and Sarmatian art in the first centuries of the Common Era. 7962: 7954: 8082: 6810: 6746: 3888:

Remains of funeral feasts, such as remains of consumed animals, imported amphorae of Greek wine, and local tableware, have been found in commoner burials. The tombs of men were furnished with warrior equipment such as swords, spears,

2327:) was worshipped by the Scythians as a god. Borysthenēs was the father of the Earth-and-Water goddess, Api. although this role of his as the father of the primordial Earth-and-Water Mother suggests that he was not a mere river deity. 8469: 8423: 8116: 8074: 8004: 7950: 1783:

Depictions of a solar god with a radiate head and riding a carriage pulled by two or four horses on numerous pieces of art found in Scythian burials from the 3rd century BC and later might have been representations of Gaiϑāsūra.

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which functioned as symbols of fire, while their graves were accompanied by burial constructions shaped as circular stone fences. These, along with horse harnesses being present in pit graves, as well as the burial of horses in

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As a primordial goddess who gave birth to the first inhabitants of the world, Api remained aloof from worldly affairs and did not interfere with them after the creation of the world and the establishment of the proper order.

7966: 6923: 2247:. Their duality represented the contrast of death against fertility and resurrection, and were related to royalty and warrior society, which thus made them companions of Artimpasa, as depicted in the Karagodeuashkh plate. 4182:

These Greek colonists borrowed the cult of Targī̆tavah and Hellenised it into a cult of Hēraklēs at an early date, during the 7th to 6th centuries BC, due to which the cult of Hēraklēs enjoyed significant importance at

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pearly jewellery was buried at the entrance of the queen's chamber along with eleven wine amphorae, and the remains of a wooden wagon which was used for the queen's funeral procession was located in the entrance shaft.

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these large tombs was itself a communal action for which large numbers of people had to come together for a large period of time and had to be organised, housed and fed, even when those building the mounds were slaves.

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of Tabiti. Among Indo-Iranian peoples, the king had a charisma which took the physical form of gold, held to be a royal metal, and therefore the king displayed his visible extraordinary powers by controlling the gold

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and gold with the king represented its connection to the warrior-aristocracy to which the kings belonged. In consequence, Iranic kings surrounded themselves with gold, which was supposed to help them preserve their

7957:(1984). "Об ираноязычном и "индоарийском" населении Северного Причерноморья в античную эпоху" [On the Iranian-speaking and "Indo-Aryan" Population of the Northern Black Sea region in the Ancient Epoch]. In 2016:) was a god worshipped only by the tribe of the Royal Scythians. Thagimasadas was thus not a member of the pan-Scythian heptatheistic pantheon and was likely the tribal- and ancestor- deity of the Royal Scythians. 4137:, which corresponded to the southern limits of Scythia, had adopted Scythian cultic practices and myths. These Greeks held the site at Hylaea as a shrine common to both Greeks and Scythians where they worshipped: 3798:

the northwestern chamber contained the skeleton of a queen covered with gold plates decorated with figures, and alongside whom was the skeleton of her female servant and 15 wine amphorae, of which one was made of

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Some figures of lions and rams on handles of Greek-made bronze mirrors found across Eurasia attests of the existence of Greek cults in these regions of the world, suggesting that Greek cults had spread there.

8515: 8478: 3235:, that is male societies of young warriors, which were present among both the Persians and the Scythians. These male societies had been Hellenised when they were incorporated into the social structure of the 2250:

Depictions of the divine twins among Scythian peoples included some Sarmatian royal brands depicting the theme of the two horsemen standing symmetrically near a tree, a small figure from a Scythian burial at

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worshipped only the Sun-god, to whom they sacrificed horses, which referred to the cult of the Iranian supreme Sun-god Miϑra, who was associated with the worship of fire and horses. When the Persian king

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Like among the other Indo-Iranian peoples, a class of professional priests existed among the Scythians. Scythian shaman-priests were important figures of the community who acted as keepers of knowledge.

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The common use of arrows by Scythians also led to the practice of offering arrowhead-shaped coins as votive gifts in the cult of Apollo Iētros in the cities of the northwestern shores of the Black Sea.

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The motifs of the Scythian cultures' animal style art also reflected the cosmological notion of the ever-present struggle of life which was held to be the essence of being. These motifs consisted of

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Commoner tombs were usually oriented in an east-west direction, and the dead were laid on their backs in the same direction in the burial chambers which were accessible through ceremonial walkways.

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religion of the more southern Iranian peoples, which had significantly transformed the concepts of the Indo-Iranian religion while also inheriting several features of it; the leading deities of the

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kurgan, of similar dimensions as the Solokha kurgan, contained a 10 metre-long entrance shaft at the end of which were located four burial chambers branching out of it similarly to a clover leaf:

1306:"middle world." The completion of this process of cosmogenesis created an ordered universe made up of three zones - a cosmic one, a central one, and a chthonic one - located each above the other. 1219:"middle world." The completion of this process of cosmogenesis created an ordered universe made up of three zones - a cosmic one, a central one, and a chthonic one - located each above the other. 2632:

The so-called "Polar Cycle" is a myth recorded by ancient Greek authors which is connected with the origin of the Scythians from Central Asia, and is itself of Central Asian and Siberian origin.

3934:, and water on a stone until it acquired a thick consistency. The women then applied this paste over themselves and removed it after a day, leaving their skin clean, glossy, and sweet-smelling. 2949:

custom of eating the men of their tribe who had grown old might have reflected among Scythian peoples the presence of age classes, which were a distinguishing aspect of Iranian male societies.

4207:

the arrow of Apollo. The introduction of the cult of Apollo Boreas at Olbia was itself under the influence of this myth, according to which Apollo travelled to the northern edge of the world.

3705: 2896:

Many altars with ash receptacles were found at the Scythian city of Kamianka. These were used for domestic cults, although it is uncertain whether they were connected to the cult of Tabiti.

1439:), appears in the Greek recollections of Scythian genealogical myth where he was called the "Scythian Hēraklēs" by Herodotus of Halicarnassus, although he was not the same as the Greek hero 5954: 7640:

Iranian World 2nd - 1st millennium BC. Proceedings of the International Scientific conference Dedicated to the Memory of Edwin Arvidovich Grantovsky and Dmitry Sergeevich Raevsky. Issue VI

3714:

that part of them would accompany him in the afterlife. A stone base sometimes ran beneath the edges of these burial mounts, and a cone was sometimes placed inside them to stabilise them.

3660:

When Scythians died, the brain and intestines of the deceased were removed, their bodies were filled with fragrant herbs and sewn up, and wax was rubbed on their bodies, after which the

3895:

filled with arrows, and bows; women tombs contained beads, earrings, spindle whorls, and mirrors; gold rings, pearls, and trimmings decorated with gold leaf were rare in these burials.

2987:, that is the royal splendour, which was believed to transform the king into a sacred figure and a kind of deity who was sometimes believed to be the brother of the Sun and the Moon. 2220:

and the twins from the Dacian tablets - these divine twins had in earlier Indo-European mythology been horses before later evolving into horsemen such as the Aśvins and the English

1296:

tradition of the marriage between Heaven and Earth as the basis for the creation of the world, - and paralleling the union between Ahurā Mazdā and the Earth goddess Ārmaⁱti in the

7651: 2734:

These brushwood high places could be found throughout all regions inhabited by the Scythians, and every year more brushwood was added to the high place to maintain its structure.

3436:

was believed to be derived from intimate relations between Aphrodite, with whom the queen of Paphos was identified, and the king, who claimed descent from Aphroditē's lover

1324:

that the Scythians did not worship Ahura Mazdā thus had no basis and was a political statement resulting from the hostilities between the Persian Empire and the Scythians.

5279: 4076:, although the central theme of the struggle between predator and prey remained the same. This Greek-influenced Scythian animal art is visible in the lower frieze of the 141:

The Scythian religion was connected to the Indo-Iranian traditions, and was influenced by that of the populations whom the Scythians had conquered, such as the sedentary

7635:Иранский Мир II – I тыс. до н.э. Материалы международной научной конференции, посвященной памяти Эдвина Арвидовича Грантовского и Дмитрия Сергеевича Раевского. Выпуск VI 8240: 3262:

in the form of the fire cult's presence among the funerary rituals of the inhabitants of Tanais. The cult of the dead of the male societies was visible in the numerous

4194:

The Hellenised variant of the Scythian genealogical myth also functioned for the north Pontic Greeks as an origin myth for the cult of Targī̆tavah-Hēraklēs at Hylaea.

2585:

A stele from 104 AD which commemorates the celebration of the Day of Tanais depicts the Most High God as a mounted horseman dressed in Sarmatian costume and holding a

5414:

is sometimes identified with the Hesiodic Echidna (e.g. Grimal, s.vv. Echidna, Scythes, Ogden 2013b describes the Scythian as "seemingly calqued upon" the Hesiodic (

3521:

was believed to have a solar nature, and therefore to be dangerous and capable of harming ordinary humans. As a result of the perceived dangerous nature of the royal

16237: 4264:

recorded that the Spartans in Greece had adopted the worship of the "Scythian Artemis." The Spartans appear to have adopted this Scythian cult at a very early date.

2783:, where the various peoples of Scythia, such as the Scythians, the Getic tribes, and the Greek colonists, believed that Targī̆tavah-Hēraklēs had left his footprint. 2768: 927:

With the omission of Thagimasadas who was worshipped only by the Royal Scythians, the Scythian pantheon was composed of seven gods, with the Sarmatian tribe of the

14644: 14493: 3668:

while slaughtered horses were placed in the grave shaft, all with the goal of equipping the deceased with what was considered necessary for them in the afterlife.

2235:), the Iranian inflection of the divine twins, were connected with Anāhitā and were her companions. The cult of the divine twins existed among the Scythians, with 1207:

marriage between Heaven and Earth as the basis for the creation of the world, - and paralleling the union between Ahurā Mazdā and the Earth goddess Ārmaⁱti in the

1712:

as the "Lord of Cattle-Land," that is a deity of cattle culture widely worshipped by the common people in Scythian society. The first term composing this name,

3608:

with rich sacrifices. The ceremony might have been held at the moment of the Scythian calendar corresponding to the fall of the gold objects from the heavens.

14917: 9046: 924:

This list of the Scythian deities by Herodotus might have been a translation of a Scythian hymn to the gods which was chanted during sacrifices and rituals.

3717:

A year after the funeral, the people came at the tomb, increased its height, and placed 50 horses each with a killed warrior placed on them over the mound.

2881:

The Greek identification of Targī̆tavah with Achilles was connected to a myth already established in archaic times, according to which he was buried on the

173:

The Scythian cosmology corresponded to the typically Indo-Iranian tripartite structure of the universe of Scythian cosmology, which is also present in the

14740: 1903:

Artimpasa was a goddess of warfare, sovereignty, priestly force, fecundity, vegetation and fertility, and was the Scythian variant of the Iranian goddess

14755: 3317:

Every year, the Scythians held a ceremony to honour their "Ares" during which they sacrificed cattle, horses and every hundredth prisoner of war to him.

1776:), and is connected to the Scythians' association of Gaiϑāsūra with the goddess Artimpasa, who had absorbed many of the traits of Arəduuī Sūrā Anāhitā. 14954: 14937: 14932: 14902: 14545: 10799: 6809:

Braund, David (2007). "Greater Olbia: Ethnic, Religious, Economic, and Political Interactions in the Region of Olbia, c.600–100 BC". In Braund, David;

2164:, and her representations in art with a beard suggests that she was an androgynous goddess just like the goddess Artimpasa to whom she was affiliated. 3795:

the southwestern chamber contained the skeletons of two servants or guards laid side by side, and whose weapons and clothing were decorated with gold;

3628:

for divination. This method of divination involved placing a bundle of willow sticks on the ground, untying it, and laying out the individual sticks.

14912: 14468: 3376:, whose bezel was decorated with the image of a woman seated on a throne and holding a mirror in her right hand and a sceptre in her left hand, with 1900:) due to a scribal corruption, was a complex androgynous Scythian goddess of fertility who possessed power over sovereignty and the priestly force. 14942: 13285: 3242:

The typical functions of these Iranian male societies, such as the worship of Miϑra, the performing of ecstatic cults involving the consumption of

3119:

also acted as seers and performed a particular form of divination which, unlike the methods of traditional Scythian soothsayers, used linden bark.

3736:, and which the Scythians in turn introduced into the Steppe. These customs were however not adopted by the other Scythians of the Pontic steppe. 2885:. The Greek poet Eumelus mentioned Borysthenis, that is the Earth-and-Water goddess Api who was Targī̆tavah's mother, in connection to this myth. 2547:. This Most High God, who was depicted as a horseman, enjoyed wide popularity and was raised to the status of divine patron of the royal dynasty. 13134: 8709: 4236:) recorded the dedication of "paternal honey" to this god by a Scythian named Anaperrēs, who may have been the son of the famous Scythian prince 1288:, meaning "father." Papaios was the consort of the Earth goddess Api, hence why he was equated by Herodotus of Halicarnassus with the Greek god 14624: 14191: 8964: 4064:

Later, under Greek influence, the art of the Pontic Scythians underwent an evolution, with the majestic stags being replaced by docile deer or

3283:

officials being among the Bosporan synods' leading magistrates -, and were closely connected to royal power, hence the close connection of the

2153:, likely through a river-god, and belonged to a younger generation of deities of "lower status" who were more actively involved in human life. 2110:, whom the Athenians considered their mythical ancestor, similarly to how Thagimasadas was believed to be the ancestor of the Royal Scythians. 6895: 2742:

A Greek language inscription from the later 6th century BC nevertheless recorded the existence of a shrine at which were located altars to:

2381:'water') was connected to the name of the god Borysthenēs's daughter, the Earth-and-Water goddess Api, whose own name meant "water." 2187:

on Greek-manufactured Scythian decorative plates might have been connected to this identification of the Snake-Legged Goddess with Demeter.

16416: 15190: 14143: 11496: 3836:

tradition had already existed in the region of the Pontic Steppe since the 3rd millennium BC, and had later been adopted by the Scythians.

2819:

rivers, where was located a spring whose water was bitter and flowed into the Hypanis, thus making this latter river's water undrinkable.

3250:, and fire worship were reflected in the syncretised Bosporan cult of the Most High God, such as the depiction of the deity holding of a 3592:

The ritual sleep was a ceremony during which a substitute ritual king would ceremonially sleep in an open air field along with the gold

13179: 13106: 10324: 9425: 8989: 7520:[The Royal Ideology of the Scythians and its Expression in Greek Literature and Iconography: the Contribution of Numismatics]. 5395: 4187:

from a very early period despite Hēraklēs not featuring prominently in the religious traditions of the homeland of Olbia's founders at

3700: 2659:

fruitful harvests without human activity, while unfavourable winds were completely absent, and the people would live very long lives.

12984: 9403: 8793: 3602:

The ceremony of the ritual sleep was the main event of the Scythian calendar, during which the Scythian kings would worship the gold

2831:

This cauldron was the represented the unity of all Scythians into a single unit which was able to defend itself against its enemies.

13430: 7974: 2707:

deities for use as decorations, although Tabiti, Papaios and Api seem to have never been represented in any anthropomorphised form.

970:

regulating the universe. The world inhabited by humans existed between this celestial realm and the chthonic realm below the earth.

13270: 13144: 13129: 8120: 2283:, are another reflection of the Indo-European mytheme of the divine twins as the progenitors of royal dynasties, also found in the 216:. He mentioned eight deities divided into three ranks, with this structure of the Scythian pantheon being typically Indo-Iranian: 3295:

were divided into age classes, and required initiations so members could join an ideal community of alive and deceased warriors.

2723:

itself a square-shaped platform on which the god himself was ritually represented in the form of a sword placed pointing upward.

16392: 16348: 16396: 8589:

Scythians and Greeks: Cultural Interaction in Scythia, Athens and the Early Roman Empire (sixth Century BC - First Century AD)

7518:"L'idéologie royale des Scythes et son expression dans la littérature et l'iconographie grecques: l'apport de la numismatique" 15909: 15666: 13290: 8677: 8642: 8608: 8573: 8413: 8355: 8190: 8147: 8106: 8064: 8030: 7898: 7860: 7829: 7795: 7753: 7722: 7659: 7611: 7412: 7376: 7298: 7251: 7197: 7096: 7054: 7020: 6989: 6958: 6877: 6834: 6770: 6699: 4402: 2714:

built sanctuaries to their gods (whom he claimed were Greek gods), although this has not been archaeologically verified yet.

2600:

In addition to these deities, there might have several more minor Scythian nature deities of whom no records have survived.

2358:

this name was linked to the mantle of beaver skins worn by the Iranian water goddess Arəduuī Sūrā Anāhitā, whose epithet of

15528: 15240: 14540: 13755: 10794: 8834: 3699:, the cups representing the priestly role of royal power that were placed in the burials of the earliest Scythian kings at 1532:), and more especially the wind, since the wind-god Vāiiu was the first incarnation of Vərᵊϑraγna and a special carrier of 1282:), who, like Ahura Mazdā, was also a divine father. This is reflected in the original Scythian name of this god, which was 5234: 2731:

which united the human and divine worlds. This tall brushwood high place was thus a representation of the world mountain.

2489:. This goddess might be connected to the "Scythian Artemis" whose existence is recorded by the later Graeco-Roman authors 13873: 13154: 12755: 9340: 8702: 7522: 3289:

and their Most High God with the Bosporan royal family and its cults. And, like the Iranian male societies, the Bosporan

9016: 15513: 15081: 14378: 14083: 13813: 13695: 13149: 11734: 9688: 9365: 9227: 8957: 4077: 4009: 3916: 2834:

Exampaeus was the site of a Scythian cult centre, with Targī̆tavah possibly being one of the deities worshipped there.

1032:

and of which the king was the trustee while Tabiti herself in turn was the protector of the king and the royal hearth.

8304: 8270: 7569: 3256:

and facing a blazing altar on the Day of Tanais commemoration stele; fire worship was also present among the Bosporan

2106:) were horse-tamer deities, but also because, among the Athenians who were his audience, Poseidon was identified with 15962: 15503: 14133: 12959: 10209: 3803:

This chamber led to the main burial chamber of the complex, where was buried the king along with gold sheets, a gold

4171:. Connected to these Greek identifications of the Snake-Legged goddess was a temple of the Greek goddess Demeter on 14186: 11744: 9335: 8808: 8174: 7312: 5427: 2639:

dwelt to the east of the Scythians when they still lived in Central Asia. Beyond the Issedones lived the one-eyed

27:

of the 6th and 5th centuries BC. Many of them depict warriors, apparently representing the deceased buried in the

16260: 14148: 14043: 13169: 13164: 13120: 12750: 11594: 10853: 9843: 8390:

The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C

1735:), meaning "cow pasture," and reflects the nature of "Apollo Goetosyrus" as a Hellenization of the Iranian deity 1443:. Targī̆tavah-Skuδa was born from the union of Papaeus and Api, and he was the divine ancestor of the Scythians. 16476: 15681: 15396: 15125: 14745: 14003: 13828: 13101: 12120: 12061: 11948: 11827: 11759: 10187: 9825: 9744: 8803: 8752: 8695: 8369: 8056: 7113:[The Footprint of Heracles: Trails, Landmarks, and Bookmarks in Herodotus' Scythian Narrative (4:82)]. 7111:"Der Fußabdruck des Herakles: Wegspuren, Landmarken und Lesezeichen in der Skythenerzählung des Herodot (4,82)" 5188: 5046: 3444: 3155:, these Scythian priests used used snake venom to stop a thigh wound received by Mithridates VI of Pontus from 2624:

Underworld, as well as the division of Scythian society into the warrior, priest, and agriculturalist classes.

12240: 12115: 1611:

provided him with immortality so long as it remained unbroken, thus being the incarnation of Batyraʒ himself.

16376: 15270: 15103: 14153: 13568: 13305: 12969: 12818: 12740: 12162: 11204: 10757: 9396: 9255: 9245: 8950: 8393: 8373: 8335: 6930:[Kolaxais and his Brothers (Classical Tradition on the Origin of the Royal Power of the Scythians)]. 5139: 3414: 3203: 3090: 3070: 2981:

The Massagetaean practice of sacrificing horses to the Sun-god was also linked to the Iranian concept of the

2801: 2533: 2006: 1982: 1890: 1858: 1641: 1504:

sacrificed arms in the air indicate that the Scythian "Ares" was associated to the gods of the sky and wind,

1421: 1393: 1272: 1095: 1063: 158: 2828:

of the world, and the legend of the arrowheads reflected that all Scythians had collective ownership of it.

1567:

The Sarmatians similarly represented their "Ares" in the form of a sword planted upright, and, according to

903:, a more complex goddess who was a patron of fertility and had power over sovereignty and the priestly force 15508: 14211: 14013: 11226: 9976: 8783: 8585:"Snake-Limbed and Tendril-Limbed Goddesses in the Art and Mythology of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea" 8427: 7981:

Ethnogenesis of the Peoples of the Balkans and Northern Black Sea Region: Linguistics, History, Archaeology

7810:

Flying Snakes and Griffin Claws: And Other Classical Myths, Historical Oddities, and Scientific Curiosities

4091:

In the eastern regions, the predator-prey motif could be found depicted on the Saka saddle covers from the

3652:

performed this form of divination by splitting the linden bark and twining the strands among open fingers.

12250: 7435:[A Legend on the Origin of the Scythians (Hdt. IV 5-7) and the problems of the sources of Herodotus's 16456: 15205: 15149: 14221: 13933: 13928: 13700: 12223: 12184: 11739: 11653: 11221: 9593: 9064: 8916: 7030: 5244: 3470:

and its material incarnation, as well as the metal of the warrior-aristocracy, with the ownership of the

3162:

The Agaroi also knew how to use snake venom to make a powerful poison known by the ancient Greeks as the

2694:

The worship of many of the Scythian deities were characteristic of the sedentary Thracian populations of

931:

also being attested as worshipping seven deities, and traces of a similar tradition being recorded among

110: 12255: 12245: 7852: 7211: 6845: 3820:

was located a 12 metre-deep kurgan where the central burial chamber of a noble contained a large golden

3732:, which were practices adopted by the Scythians from the native West Asian peoples of Transcaucasia and 2478:) was mentioned in a Greek language dedication by the Crimean princess Senamōtis in the 2nd century BC. 16461: 12999: 12944: 12640: 11380: 10897: 9588: 9530: 8921: 8600: 8521: 8484: 8405: 8347: 7821: 7404: 7181: 4282: 4277: 3903:

After funerals, the members of the community would cleanse themselves by washing their head with soap.

3783:

the southeastern chamber contained wine amphorae, a bronze cauldron, and clothes decorated with sheets;

2757: 2614: 1466:), in which role he was associated with the Snake-Legged Goddess and was the father of her three sons. 1029: 201: 10978: 1353:, the guardian of the East, being the king of the gods and the personification of the "middle world." 16466: 16355: 15904: 15310: 15091: 14893: 14599: 14246: 14035: 13893: 13345: 12233: 12012: 11643: 11273: 10838: 9970: 9722: 9559: 9514: 9310: 9235: 7737: 7670: 7110: 7106: 6846:"Heracles' Footprint by the River Tyras: Immortality and Acculturation on the Geto-Scythian Frontier" 2214: 955: 174: 72: 56: 12351: 7221: 5418:), and asserts that "there is no particular reason to infer" that the two are "fully identifiable" ( 3489:, hence why Scythian kings only used gold cups, which represented the priestly role of royal power. 2239:

recording the veneration of two twin deities in a Scythian temple whom he identified with the Greek

1587:," and which he believed made him powerful in war and made of him the "prince of the entire world." 1341:, the four guardian-gods of the directions, who each also had their own "sphere of action," such as 15120: 14981: 14503: 13750: 13710: 13665: 13455: 13445: 13250: 13004: 12829: 12765: 12735: 12625: 12390: 12299: 12267: 12228: 12140: 11047: 10304: 10240: 9710: 9695: 9389: 9300: 9240: 8813: 8798: 7698: 7235: 6675: 4348: 4313: 4295: 3222:

around half of their memberships was ethnically Greek while the other half was ethnically Iranian.

3214: 10747: 6907: 4080:, where two griffins attack a horse in its centre, while the rest of the frieze depicts lions and 4039: 4025: 204:, the Scythians worshipped a pantheon of seven gods and goddesses (heptad), which he equates with 16331: 15593: 14577: 14535: 14201: 14138: 14088: 14048: 13993: 13628: 13623: 13513: 13460: 13350: 13280: 13076: 12887: 12802: 12007: 11985: 11784: 11606: 11131: 10789: 10716: 10400: 9771: 9571: 9480: 9082: 9021: 8787: 8634: 8139: 8098: 7734:

The Divine Feminine in Ancient Europe: Goddesses, Sacred Women and the Origins of Western Culture

7115: 7088: 6981: 6826: 6762: 2296: 8291: 8257: 8128:

The cauldron of Ariantas: studies presented to A.N. Ščeglov on the occasion of his 70th birthday

7556: 3476:

in the form of gold being necessary for a warrior to be victorious. Thus, the connection of the

2888:

Due to the religious importance of the island of Leuke, spending the night there was forbidden.

16326: 16313: 16165: 15812: 15738: 15718: 15588: 15523: 15452: 15220: 15028: 14959: 14863: 14508: 14371: 14068: 13963: 13923: 13903: 13760: 13735: 13640: 13613: 13563: 13533: 13523: 13440: 13405: 13390: 13375: 13330: 13265: 12939: 12870: 12775: 12770: 12511: 12434: 12196: 12078: 12002: 11799: 11789: 11648: 11616: 11554: 11525: 11042: 11037: 10734: 10694: 10479: 9820: 9815: 9795: 9791: 9295: 9278: 9183: 9171: 9163: 8999: 8778: 8618: 7745: 7479:[A Fragment of the Scythian Epic: "the Horse of Colaxais" in a Partheneion of Alcman]. 7476: 6781: 4318: 3500:

kings kept large numbers of gold objects in their palaces which would help them preserve their

3405: 3194: 3081: 3061: 2957:

The flagellation of boys was a ritual performed as part of the cult of the "Scythian Artemis."

2882: 2859: 2847: 2792: 2561: 2524: 2471: 2438: 2316: 2207: 2107: 1997: 1973: 1881: 1849: 1794: 1632: 1412: 1384: 1263: 1158: 1133:), and through her equation by Herodotus of Halicarnassus with the Greek goddess of the Earth, 1086: 1054: 998: 5296: 5292: 5198: 5063: 16272: 15955: 15481: 15459: 15200: 14878: 14735: 14674: 14594: 14562: 14309: 14254: 14171: 14123: 14098: 13898: 13720: 13715: 13583: 13573: 13395: 13071: 13014: 12834: 12780: 12201: 12179: 12098: 12039: 11705: 11144: 11005: 10167: 9766: 9678: 9330: 8732: 8718: 7813: 7517: 7396: 7161: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5158: 3970:

the vision of a vulture in the sky, a stallion on the earth, and the Kara fish in the water.

3322:

idol, and their right arms were severed and thrown into the sky and left wherever they fell.

3152: 11025: 10973: 7591:

The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World

4147:

and the Snake-Legged Goddess, whom the Greeks identified with their own mother of the gods,

4052:

In the western regions, the Scythians during their stay in West Asia adopted motifs such as

3277:

Iranian male societies also maintained justice and punished law-breakers - reflected in the

2756:

The inscription located this shrine in the wooded region of Hylaea, where, according to the

15849: 15578: 15518: 15215: 15195: 15038: 14991: 14922: 14907: 14883: 14868: 14841: 14782: 14299: 14289: 14274: 14181: 14108: 14078: 14053: 14018: 13978: 13973: 13948: 13818: 13740: 13690: 13670: 13660: 13548: 13495: 13470: 13320: 13315: 13295: 13260: 13245: 13189: 12964: 12897: 12865: 12745: 12680: 12546: 12424: 12277: 12157: 12056: 11968: 11936: 11931: 11779: 11511: 10806: 10390: 10150: 9761: 9705: 9656: 9641: 9494: 9217: 9209: 9074: 9036: 8984: 8885: 8773: 8747: 8742: 8658:

Pontus and the Outside World: Studies in Black Sea History, Historiography, and Archaeology

8048: 7910:"The Scythian Domination in Western Asia: Its Record in History, Scripture and Archaeology" 7714: 2851: 2420: 2143: 1321: 535: 209: 154: 10003: 8087:

Classical Olbia and the Scythian World: From the Sixth Century BC to the Second Century AD

7768:

Greek Fire, Poison Arrows, and Scorpion Bombs: Unconventional Warfare in the Ancient World

6815:

Classical Olbia and the Scythian World: From the Sixth Century BC to the Second Century AD

6751:

Classical Olbia and the Scythian World: From the Sixth Century BC to the Second Century AD

3424:), represented communion with Artimpasa as guaranteeing sovereignty in Scythian religion. 1474:

The Scythian "Ares," that is the Scythian war god equated by Herodotus with the Greek god

8: 16471: 16078: 15914: 15641: 15636: 15583: 15553: 15548: 15432: 15108: 15033: 14996: 14797: 14694: 14478: 14304: 14279: 14259: 14236: 14163: 14113: 14093: 14008: 13998: 13953: 13913: 13868: 13863: 13853: 13843: 13838: 13833: 13823: 13808: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13765: 13675: 13650: 13528: 13518: 13480: 13450: 13435: 13420: 13410: 13400: 13365: 13360: 13310: 13255: 13230: 13174: 13031: 13019: 12907: 12902: 12892: 12760: 12561: 12474: 12419: 12395: 12282: 12167: 12125: 11920: 11769: 11397: 11189: 11074: 10870: 10672: 10557: 10485: 10375: 10296: 10123: 9776: 9600: 9446: 9350: 9188: 9115: 9110: 9008: 8973: 4300: 4291: 4261: 3016:

The king of the Royal Scythians performed the duties of a priest during the pan-Scythian

2868: 2494: 2481:

Dithagoia might have been a chthonic goddess who was identified with the Greek goddesses

2376: 2255:

depicting two men embracing one another, as well as two Greek-made bronze figurines from

1583:

had obtained the sacred Scythian sword which had fallen from the sky that he called the "

1194: 126: 64: 8212: 7328: 4639: 3346:

Herodotus of Halicarnassus mentioned that, every three years, the Scythian tribe of the

2160:

as the Scythian fore-mother who sires the ancestor and first king of the Scythians with

1819:," which would connect him with the Scythian practice of divination using willow rods. 1659:), might have been a solar deity, due to which Herodotus equated him with the Greek god 853:

In the second rank were the binary opposites and the father and mother of the universe:

16451: 16277: 15854: 15758: 15573: 15486: 15464: 15347: 15295: 15235: 15130: 14888: 14856: 14846: 14807: 14802: 14772: 14762: 14619: 14284: 14264: 14231: 14128: 14118: 14063: 14058: 13988: 13968: 13958: 13943: 13938: 13918: 13888: 13883: 13858: 13848: 13780: 13745: 13730: 13635: 13608: 13598: 13558: 13543: 13538: 13490: 13485: 13425: 13380: 13340: 13235: 13222: 13009: 12934: 12807: 12630: 12304: 12262: 12103: 12071: 12046: 11973: 11953: 11774: 11722: 11710: 11688: 11280: 11238: 11111: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10767: 10551: 10527: 9906: 9830: 9578: 9524: 9345: 9148: 9125: 9120: 8890: 8737: 8543: 8365: 8323: 8286: 8196: 7931: 7460: 7257: 7128: 6883: 6730: 6662:

Abetekov, A.; Yusupov, H. (1994). "Ancient Iranian Nomads in Western Central Asia". In

5936: 4130: 3786:

the northeastern chamber contained six amphorae and the skeleton of a cupbearer with a

2667: 2651:

that were inaccessible because of perpetual snow, and beyond these mountains lived the

1667: 1568: 1560:, thus being a deadly weapon which was also shaped in the form of a life-giving organ. 952: 729: 712: 695: 521: 408: 391: 288: 271: 162: 118: 68: 11392: 10951: 10579: 10309: 8282: 8248: 8208: 7477:"Un fragment de l'épopée scythe: "le cheval de Colaxaïs" dans un partheneion d'Alcman" 7390: 7173: 3873:, attested of the importance of the solar and fire cults in Sarmatian funerary rites. 3350:

performed a Bacchic-type festival which he interpreted as a festival to the Greek god

15474: 15337: 15317: 15225: 15142: 15137: 15113: 15006: 14974: 14969: 14836: 14831: 14819: 14777: 14639: 14609: 14364: 14341: 14335: 14269: 14226: 14216: 14206: 14196: 14103: 14023: 13983: 13908: 13878: 13770: 13725: 13705: 13680: 13655: 13618: 13603: 13578: 13553: 13465: 13415: 13370: 13355: 13335: 13325: 13300: 13240: 13184: 12949: 12725: 12292: 12216: 12211: 12172: 12110: 12066: 12051: 12034: 12029: 12024: 11963: 11698: 11584: 11350: 11320: 11300: 11121: 10926: 10907: 10902: 10848: 10811: 10532: 10447: 10370: 10268: 10258: 10226: 10214: 10182: 10159: 10141: 10037: 9892: 9800: 9786: 9749: 9737: 9566: 9485: 9437: 9273: 9268: 9135: 9087: 8757: 8673: 8638: 8604: 8569: 8409: 8385: 8351: 8200: 8186: 8143: 8102: 8060: 8026: 7996: 7914: 7894: 7870: 7856: 7825: 7791: 7749: 7718: 7655: 7607: 7408: 7372: 7294: 7261: 7247: 7193: 7132: 7092: 7050: 7016: 6985: 6954: 6887: 6873: 6830: 6766: 6734: 6695: 5928: 4398: 4394: 4328: 4061:

combining the powers of humans, bulls, and eagles, and who flanked the Tree of Life.

3497: 2771:, for having offered sacrifices to the Snake-Legged Goddess at the shrine of Hylaea. 2752:

the Snake-Legged Goddess, referred to in the inscription as the "Mother of the Gods."

2648: 2292: 2288: 2260: 2256: 2221: 2210: 874:

The third and final rank was composed of four deities with specific characteristics:

147: 75: 44: 15230: 11804: 11402: 11062: 10816: 7976:Этногенез народов Балкан и Северного Причерноморья. Лингвистика, история, археология 7320: 7308: 6742: 6667: 5940: 3536:

among the Scythic peoples is attested in multiple recorded Sarmatian names, such as

146:

with special cults and their rites and symbols, were also connected to Thracian and

16412: 16401: 16381: 16336: 16267: 15948: 15896: 15837: 15686: 15671: 15661: 15372: 15342: 15210: 15096: 15086: 15023: 14812: 14789: 14767: 14614: 14488: 14473: 14294: 14176: 14073: 13685: 13645: 13593: 13588: 13505: 13475: 13385: 13275: 13139: 13091: 13086: 12650: 12615: 12588: 12346: 12331: 12206: 12130: 11980: 11958: 11866: 11727: 11506: 11469: 11325: 11310: 11258: 11052: 11032: 11000: 10995: 10966: 10961: 10885: 10875: 10704: 10668: 10660: 10631: 10544: 10464: 10459: 10422: 10412: 10338: 10276: 10118: 9955: 9805: 9463: 9176: 9102: 9026: 8669: 8565: 8545:

The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom: Celestial Aphrodite and the Most High God

8445: 8381: 8377: 8327: 8308: 8274: 8252: 8178: 7958: 7923: 7684: 7624:(2013). "Скифские этимологии" [Scythian Etymologies]. In Kolganova, G. Y.; 7603: 7573: 7547: 7513: 7494: 7472: 7452: 7427:"Une légende sur l'origine des Scythes (HDT. IV 5-7) et le problème des sources du 7422: 7290: 7239: 7227: 7207: 7189: 7169: 7153: 7120: 7012: 6865: 6722: 6711:"Camp and audience scenes in late iron age rock drawings from Khawtsgait, Mongolia" 6663: 5918: 5423: 4016:

In the lower frieze: griffins, lions, and caracals attacking horses, deer, and pigs

3922:

The women meanwhile ritually cleaned themselves with a paste made from the wood of

3729: 3236: 2843: 2544: 2365: 2038: 1958: 1446:

Targī̆tavah might also have been identified by the Greeks in southern Scythia with

1317: 1183: 130: 122: 11943: 8159:"Scythian and Zoroastrian Earth Goddesses: A Comparative Study on Api and Ārmaiti" 7927: 7841:"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations" 7551: 6928:"Колаксай и его братья (античная традиция о происхождении царской власти у скифов" 16371: 16192: 15842: 15790: 15710: 15543: 15414: 15352: 15290: 15245: 15018: 14964: 14949: 14873: 14851: 14824: 14750: 14589: 14582: 14572: 14430: 14391: 14356: 14345: 12974: 12954: 12444: 12336: 12326: 11995: 11663: 11454: 11434: 11365: 11330: 11263: 10983: 10956: 10931: 10880: 10858: 10651: 10594: 10365: 9882: 9683: 9609: 9549: 9504: 9473: 9305: 9263: 9153: 8880: 8844: 8040: 7787: 7589: 7157: 6948: 4323: 4172: 4092: 3998: 3725: 2971: 1832: 1584: 205: 114: 48: 24: 8182: 8012: 7316: 4144:

the Scythian ancestor-god Targī̆tavah, whom the Greeks identified with Hēraklēs;

2698:, although the sword-cult of the god of war was a properly Iranian nomadic one. 1028:) of Tabiti were likely the flaming gold objects which fell from the sky in the 16067: 15929: 15924: 15886: 15646: 15367: 15327: 15322: 15305: 15300: 15154: 15043: 14669: 13096: 12989: 12929: 12645: 12620: 12405: 12309: 12191: 12135: 12088: 11501: 11449: 11345: 11315: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11268: 11164: 11084: 11067: 11020: 11010: 10054: 9717: 9700: 9519: 9499: 9468: 9054: 9031: 8870: 8630: 8596: 8436: 8401: 8343: 8094: 7805: 7783: 7763: 7710: 7386: 7344: 7324: 7141: 7076: 7064: 7046: 7042: 6977: 6903: 6822: 6758: 6671: 4179:, respectively marking the north and south entrances of the Borysthenes river. 4126: 3908: 3140: 2569: 2056: 1869: 1802: 1694: 1652: 1432: 1243: 1200: 1106: 1074: 948: 178: 95: 60: 11057: 10319: 7243: 6869: 6726: 1571:, this form of worship continued among the descendants of the Sarmatians, the 16445: 16298: 16197: 15807: 15566: 15332: 15285: 14689: 14634: 14629: 14557: 14463: 13024: 12578: 12459: 11851: 11846: 11794: 11631: 11569: 11464: 11355: 11253: 11184: 11116: 11106: 11079: 11015: 10912: 10890: 10828: 10724: 10687: 10606: 10514: 9965: 9916: 9621: 9092: 9059: 8561: 8300: 8296: 8266: 8262: 8166: 8052: 7817: 7775: 7771: 7741: 7599: 7565: 7561: 7400: 7352: 7348: 7332: 7286: 7282: 7231: 7185: 7145: 7084: 7080: 4374: 4338: 4068:

or rams, the felines' designs changing from snow leopard-like into images of

1827: 936: 32: 15469: 11693: 7498: 3531: 3522: 3507: 3501: 2272:

twins, who were most likely the origin of the twin heroes who appear in the

16255: 16180: 16047: 15919: 15859: 15822: 15723: 15676: 15538: 15491: 15362: 13159: 13061: 12922: 12610: 12605: 12583: 12573: 12454: 11886: 11821: 11764: 11749: 11715: 11340: 11248: 10286: 10177: 10172: 10023: 9993: 9867: 9835: 9583: 9554: 9541: 9288: 8818: 8008: 7149: 7124: 5997:; 1.105.4; 4.67.2), and more accurately by Pseudo-Hippocrates (Aër. 22) as 5932: 5923: 5906: 4390: 4353: 4333: 4257: 4184: 4176: 4156: 3994: 3990: 3956: 3950: 3938: 3931: 3388:) engraved near the figure of the goddess, and on whose band was inscribed 2816: 2652: 2490: 2419:

was worshipped during the later Scythian period at a shrine located on the

2388: 2284: 2252: 2203: 2168: 52: 11387: 10074: 7456: 5907:"History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, and Sobriquet" 3911:

has observed that this custom is very similar to the preparations for the

3100:) were a section of the Scythian clergy composed of transvestite priests. 2206:, which appears across several Indo-European religions in the form of the 935:. This heptatheism was a typical feature of Indo-Iranian religions: seven 16217: 16083: 14523: 14408: 13081: 13056: 12880: 12848: 12839: 12785: 12715: 12700: 12593: 12484: 12145: 12093: 11881: 11599: 11579: 11419: 11360: 11098: 11094: 10917: 10437: 10385: 10355: 10192: 10046: 9938: 9862: 9727: 9663: 9614: 8665: 8553: 8126:. In Bilde, Pia Guldager; Højte, Jakob Munk; Stolba, Vladimir F. (eds.). 7278: 7008: 4045:

A lion and a caracal attacking a pig from the Tovsta Mohyla gold pectoral

3912: 3733: 3148: 2928:

Animals sacrificed to the Scythian "Ares" were horses, sheep, and goats.

2763:

Women performed rituals at the shrine of Hylaea, and the Scythian prince

2090:

because both Thagimasadas and Poseidon (in his form as Poseidon Hippius,

1831:

Decorated tapestry with a seated goddess (Artimpasa) and Scythian rider,

1485: 1247: 944: 848:

Tabiti, the Flaming One, who was the goddess of heat, fire and the hearth

12400: 12341: 11444: 10865: 10699: 10248: 8687: 8476:[On Onomastics of the Northern Black Sea region. XXI. Τράκανα]. 7481: 7464: 7426: 4500:

Macaulay (1904:314). Cf. also Rolle (1980:128–129); Hort (1827:188–190).

1663:). Gaiϑāsūra may have been closely associated to the goddess Artimpasa. 16133: 16103: 16074: 16062: 16025: 16005: 15881: 15864: 15802: 15651: 15598: 15561: 15447: 14699: 14679: 14518: 14418: 13047: 13042: 12917: 12912: 12875: 12853: 12710: 12690: 12685: 12526: 12516: 12479: 12083: 11861: 11809: 11549: 11194: 11174: 10752: 10677: 10616: 10380: 10360: 10281: 9933: 9901: 9872: 9651: 9646: 9631: 9370: 9360: 9283: 8942: 8875: 8839: 8453: 8430:[Ostracon from the Olbian khora of the settlement Kozyrka XII] 7890: 7165: 6861: 4237: 3848: 3776: 2966: 2946: 2905: 2764: 2728: 2671: 2507: 2184: 99: 87: 83: 14530: 11891: 10772: 7935: 7909: 2117:

The Scythian images of a winged horse inspired from that of the Greek

16386: 16170: 16150: 16113: 16108: 16098: 16057: 16042: 15990: 15832: 15827: 15795: 15778: 15437: 15001: 14654: 14649: 14413: 12994: 12790: 12705: 12695: 12566: 12521: 12506: 12439: 12287: 11754: 11676: 11636: 11626: 11589: 11564: 11544: 11439: 11305: 11159: 11149: 10921: 10779: 10589: 10574: 10539: 10522: 10504: 10417: 10197: 10113: 10092: 10087: 10064: 10059: 10018: 10013: 9950: 9887: 9810: 9781: 9732: 9673: 9626: 9143: 8397: 8339: 7428: 7364: 6047: 6025: 5998: 5986: 5391: 5226: 4343: 4215: 4134: 3967: 3890: 3821: 3817: 3804: 3787: 3766: 3742: 3661: 3603: 3593: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3448: 3377: 3347: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3269: 3257: 3251: 3226: 3188: 3179: 3163: 3128: 3028: 3021: 2855: 2711: 2636: 2586: 2555: 2464: 2448:

The name of the goddess Tarkā might be derived from the Iranian root

2331: 2276: 2273: 2191: 2161: 1947: 1936: 1840: 1788: 1603: 1600: 1550: 1521: 1505: 1493: 1366: 1152: 1141: 991: 932: 913: 898: 877: 864: 516: 507: 142: 109:

The Scythian religion is assumed to have been related to the earlier

79: 19: 10469: 9998: 8158: 8121:"The Main Development of the Western Temenos of Olbia in the Pontos" 7848: 7840: 7689: 6745:(2007). "Dio Chrysostom's Construction of Olbia". In Braund, David; 6710: 6344: 4014:

In the upper frieze: Scythians tending to their domesticated animals

3506:

due to the Iranic belief of gold being a material representation of

3329:

No priests were required for the sacrifices to the Scythian "Ares."

3232: 2643:, and then an uninhabitable desert where lived fierce gold-guarding 2582:, which reflects his nature as a grace- and power-giving solar god. 2428: 1758:, meaning "strong" and "mighty," is the same as the Avestan element 1575:, through to the 4th century AD; this tradition may be reflected in 16343: 16308: 16118: 16020: 16010: 15763: 15753: 15748: 15533: 14567: 14513: 14498: 14483: 14387: 12797: 12541: 12531: 12386: 11876: 11856: 11683: 11559: 11414: 10988: 10742: 10682: 10601: 10509: 10496: 10474: 10454: 10432: 10427: 10407: 10347: 10314: 10253: 10097: 10082: 9960: 9921: 9877: 9668: 9605: 9509: 9412: 9355: 8653: 8584: 8473: 8078: 8022: 7633: 6927: 6790:

Collection of the Institute of Sciences and Techniques of Antiquity

4159:

often identified the Snake-Legged Goddess with their own goddesses

3810: 3496:, who are an Iranic people distantly related to the Scythians, the 3493: 3351: 3318: 3156: 2996: 2824: 2780: 2670:, which mention days and nights lasting six months, as well as the 2640: 2171:

often identified the Snake-Legged Goddess with their own goddesses

2087: 1787:

An alternative orthography for the Hellenised name of this god was

1576: 1549: 1492: 1447: 1440: 1345:, the guardian of the South, being the ruler over the world of the 1334: 1231: 8854: 6786:

Collection de l'Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité

5955:

Gold Artifacts Tell Tale of Drug-Fueled Rituals and "Bastard Wars"

2978:

swore by the Sun to kill him if he did not return to his kingdom.

2019:

The etymology of the name of this deity is uncertain, and element

16202: 16160: 16143: 16128: 16000: 15971: 15733: 15496: 15357: 14659: 14403: 13066: 12670: 12635: 12556: 12469: 12410: 12314: 12017: 11871: 11621: 11574: 11459: 11335: 11154: 10621: 10584: 10395: 9945: 9911: 9754: 9455: 8931: 8170: 8135: 7886: 7675: 7482:

Ktèma: Civilisations de l'Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome antiques

7212:"Germanic Tradition and Royal Ideology in the Ninth Century: The 6857: 4188: 4164: 4081: 4073: 4053: 3923: 3866: 3861: 3765: 3760: 3749: 3437: 2975: 2695: 2644: 2482: 2392: 2324: 2244: 2240: 2217: 2176: 2134: 2118: 1943: 1932: 1928: 1765: 1719: 1677: 1557: 1173: 959: 181:

traditions, and according to which the universe was composed of:

15728: 7652:

Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences

6376: 6374: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6171: 6169: 5477: 5475: 1961:, who herself presided over productivity in the material world. 1049:

The Scythian goddess of the birth-giving chthonic principle was

16318: 16303: 16207: 16138: 16123: 16015: 15995: 15985: 15876: 15817: 15773: 15768: 14986: 14684: 14604: 14552: 12979: 12858: 12843: 12662: 12551: 12536: 12494: 12272: 12150: 11424: 11179: 11169: 10823: 10784: 10626: 10234: 10204: 9928: 8911: 8906: 8661: 8626: 8592: 8557: 8549: 8449: 8232: 8131: 8090: 7988: 7882: 7779: 7706: 7647: 7643: 7595: 7368: 7360: 7340: 7274: 7072: 7038: 7004: 6973: 6853: 6848:. In Braund, David; Stolba, Vladimir F.; Peter, Ulrike (eds.). 6818: 6754: 6691: 6687: 6616: 6614: 5681: 5679: 5348: 5346: 5344: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4919: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4386: 4168: 4160: 4148: 4096: 4031:

Griffins attacking a horse from the Tovsta Mohyla gold pectoral

3937:

Due to increasing Scythian and Sarmatian cultural influence in

3927: 3853: 3676: 3622: 3433: 3373: 3053: 3047: 2858:" at an uncertain location in Scythia which was called Hagion ( 2812: 2679: 2551: 2486: 2424: 2300: 2236: 2180: 2172: 1957:

Artimpasa was thus equated by Herodotus with the Greek goddess

1951: 1939: 1816: 1736: 1709: 1660: 1596: 1580: 1545: 1310: 1227: 1208: 984: 266: 28: 11370: 7671:"Once again 'the Scythian' myth of origins (Herodotus 4.5–10)" 6896:"What do false beards, weed saunas and cheese have in common?" 6224: 6222: 6220: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4958: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4004: 2925:

The cult to Thagimasadas might have involved horse sacrifice.

2710:

Herodotus nevertheless claimed that the Scythian tribe of the

2336:

was derived from a Scythian original Scythian form which was:

1119:, which was a Scythian cognate of the Avestan word for water, 918:, who was worshipped only by the tribe of the Royal Scythians. 16227: 16212: 16185: 16175: 16093: 16088: 16035: 16030: 15871: 15743: 15656: 12675: 12449: 12429: 12414: 11990: 11816: 11611: 11474: 11429: 11409: 10611: 10008: 9854: 9636: 8926: 8236: 8018: 7356: 6936:

Aristaeus: Journal of Classical Philology and Ancient History

6683: 6536: 6497: 6485: 6386: 6371: 6265: 6234: 6166: 6004: 5992: 5751: 5727: 5559: 5472: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4065: 3986: 3982: 3857: 3741: 3643: 3625: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3383: 3243: 3169: 3134: 2265: 2032: 2020: 1572: 1479: 1350: 1346: 1242:

The Scythian personification of Heaven and equivalent of the

1134: 1023: 928: 91: 43:

refers to the mythology, ritual practices and beliefs of the

7487:

Ktèma: Civilisations of the Ancient Orient, Greece, and Roma

6970:

The Oxford Handbook of Animals in Classical Thought and Life

6611: 6589: 6587: 6361: 6359: 6322: 6320: 6318: 6316: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6297: 6284: 6282: 6280: 6156: 6154: 6152: 6150: 5886: 5838: 5676: 5625: 5598: 5586: 5341: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5098: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4430: 1809:), which has led to an alternative etymology in the form of 1203:, who was herself also a goddess of the terrestrial waters. 16222: 16155: 16052: 15785: 12600: 12489: 10442: 9381: 7992: 6638: 6449: 6217: 5862: 5615: 5613: 5576: 5574: 4955: 4931: 4069: 3974: 3636:

A particular form of divination which was performed by the

3419: 3208: 3095: 3075: 2806: 2538: 2511: 2011: 1987: 1916: 1904: 1895: 1863: 1646: 1475: 1426: 1398: 1342: 1289: 1277: 1140: 1100: 1068: 103: 15940: 6932:Аристей: вестник классической филологии и античной истории 6560: 6403: 6401: 6193: 5691: 5666: 5664: 5462: 5460: 5363: 5361: 5267: 5036: 5034: 4881: 4746: 4671: 4518: 4484: 4482: 14664: 12499: 12464: 11139: 10518: 6584: 6473: 6461: 6437: 6425: 6356: 6332: 6313: 6294: 6277: 6253: 6181: 6147: 5547: 5329: 5307: 5305: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5176: 5110: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5004: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4598: 4586: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4455: 4085: 3978: 3856:

were buried along with weapons as well as with pieces of

3664:

corpse was driven on a carriage in a funeral procession.

3187:

The cult of the Most High God in Tanais was performed by

2025:

of the god's name might be derived from the Iranian term

1544:. This is also recorded in the works of the Greek author 8221:

Annali dell'Università degli Studi di Napoli l'Orientale

7337:

From the Seventh Century B.C. to the Seventh Century A.D

7139: 6626: 6526: 6524: 6123: 5826: 5703: 5637: 5610: 5571: 5506: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5433: 5284: 5282: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4645: 4508: 4506: 4220:

at Olbia where was located the temple of Apollo Iētros (

2749:

Targī̆tavah, referred to in the inscription as Hēraklēs;

1491:

The Scythian and Sarmatian "Ares" was represented by an

6850:

Environment and Habitation around the Ancient Black Sea

6398: 6135: 6113: 6111: 6098: 6096: 6081: 5874: 5816: 5814: 5739: 5661: 5649: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5457: 5373: 5358: 5317: 5150: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5031: 4992: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4770: 4479: 4467: 3724:

The Scythians of Ciscaucasia buried their royalty with

16427: 9424: 8165:. University of Tehran Science and Humanities Series. 6548: 6010: 5535: 5445: 5302: 5250: 5220: 5214: 5081: 5069: 5021: 5019: 4820: 4782: 4758: 4654: 4615: 4569: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4054: 3694: 3647: 3637: 3516: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3456: 3114: 3104: 3054: 3038: 2982: 2577: 2449: 2432: 2413: 2405: 2350: 2341: 2277: 2072: 2060: 2026: 1810: 1753: 1713: 1697: 1671: 1625: 1615: 1604: 1533: 1405: 1373: 1357: 1335: 1283: 1226:

The worship of Api by Scythian peoples is attested in

1114: 1041: 1006: 960: 890: 878: 856: 733: 716: 699: 525: 412: 395: 298: 292: 275: 8509:[Sanctuary on the Acropolis of Panticapaeum] 8474:"Из ономастики Северного Причерноморья. XXI. Τράκανα" 6572: 6521: 6509: 6413: 6205: 5799: 5775: 5763: 5715: 5487: 4943: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4862: 4503: 4201: 4099:

on the bodies of the deceased buried in the kurgans.

3961: 3464:

All Iranic peoples considered gold to be a symbol of

3244: 2359: 2295:, and the Greek Dioskouroi as the originators of the 2086:

Herodotus identified Thagimasadas with the Greek god

2042: 1759: 1739: 1722: 1680: 1539: 1506: 1297: 1209: 1177: 1120: 937: 15404: 15067: 14440: 7271:

Warrior Women: The Anonymous Tractatus De Mulieribus

6108: 6093: 5961:. Date: May 22, 2015. Retrieved: September 08, 2022. 5850: 5811: 5787: 5518: 4801: 2666:

Some of the features of this myth find parallels in

1718:, meaning "herd" and "possessions," is a cognate of 912:

An eighth Scythian deity mentioned by Herodotus was

7213: 6599: 5964: 5164: 5016: 4627: 4411: 3867: 3750: 3263: 3215: 2904:At the site corresponding to modern-day Baykara in 210: 14386: 8428:"Остракон с поселения ольвийской хоры Козырка XII" 8079:"Religious Interactions between Olbia and Scythia" 4898: 4247: 4175:and a sacred grove of the Greek goddess Hecate at 2517: 15176: 8161:. In Niknami, Kamal-Aldin; Hozhabri, Ali (eds.). 7949: 4925: 3060:(meaning "unmanly"; rendered by Greek writers as 2227:In pre-Zoroastrian Iranian religion, Nåŋhaⁱϑiia ( 1764:, meaning "mighty," from the name of the goddess 1379:(meaning "possessing the strength of the goddess 1113:). This goddess's role is reflected by her name, 16443: 8364: 8225:Annals of the University of Naples "L'Orientale" 6709:Atwood, Christopher P.; Andreeva, Petya (2018). 6350: 3127:A section of the Scythian priesthood called the 1469: 845:In the first rank was the head of the pantheon: 8215:[Scythian Personal Names in Herodotus] 7105: 6661: 5868: 5757: 5733: 3445:marriage between the king and the great goddess 2779:A cult centre might have existed on the middle 2083:), meaning "to create by putting into motion." 1954:, thus making her an altogether complex deity. 1172:Api was connected to the Avestan water goddess 8241:Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale" 7035:A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia 6894: 6708: 6228: 6068: 5273: 3809:fitting decorated with a scene of the myth of 3274:built in commemoration of their dead members. 2811:), that is the Holy Ways, located between the 2183:. Representations of Demeter and her daughter 2078: 2066: 1703: 15956: 14372: 9397: 8958: 8703: 2387:The god Borysthenēs was depicted on coins of 2228: 2048: 1920: 1908: 1769: 1745: 1728: 1708:), with the Avestan form being an epithet of 1686: 1525: 1513: 1251: 1126: 895:, who might have been associated with the Sun 157:, their religion had also been influenced by 16417:Category:Populated places in ancient Scythia 8163:Archaeology of Iran in the Historical Period 3367: 3312: 3303: 2791:A holy site of the Scythians was Exampaeus ( 8213:"Die skythischen Personennamen bei Herodot" 7069:The Scythians: Nomad Warriors of the Steppe 7001:Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb 4221: 3389: 2129: 2121:might have been connected to Thagimasadas. 2091: 1451: 15963: 15949: 14379: 14365: 9404: 9390: 8990:List of religions and spiritual traditions 8965: 8951: 8710: 8696: 8468: 8422: 8322: 7632:; Petrova, A. A.; Safronov, A. V. (eds.). 6782:"Reflections on Eumelus' Black Sea region" 5565: 5481: 5010: 4937: 4449: 3616: 2850:, citing the 1st century BC Greek scholar 2157: 1556:used to represent him being shaped like a 47:, a collection of closely related ancient 16433: 8794:First Cannabis Church of Logic and Reason 8717: 8504: 8115: 8073: 7869: 7688: 7546: 7512: 7471: 7421: 6644: 6632: 6620: 6593: 6542: 6503: 6491: 6479: 6455: 6392: 6380: 6365: 6338: 6326: 6307: 6288: 6271: 6259: 6247: 6187: 6175: 6160: 5982: 5922: 5892: 5844: 5832: 5709: 5697: 5685: 5670: 5655: 5643: 5631: 5619: 5604: 5592: 5580: 5512: 5500: 5466: 5439: 5379: 5352: 5323: 5104: 5040: 4998: 4892: 4776: 4488: 4473: 3631: 3231:originated in the Iranian institution of 2717: 121:traditions, and to have influenced later 78:language family), and which included the 16236: 11919: 8972: 8654:"Alcman and the Image of Scythian Steed" 8582: 8541: 8281: 8247: 8003: 7907: 7838: 7697: 7620: 7587: 7385: 7307: 7063: 6967: 6946: 6922: 6680:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 6211: 6199: 6129: 6087: 5856: 5745: 5553: 5541: 5451: 5335: 5311: 5288: 5261: 5240: 5210: 5194: 5182: 5154: 5133: 5092: 5075: 5059: 4986: 4856: 4837: 4795: 4764: 4740: 4665: 4621: 4609: 4592: 4580: 4563: 4512: 4461: 4072:, and the birds of prey becoming winged 4003: 3830: 3213:), which were state-recognised all-male 2608: 2133: 1826: 18: 15269: 13211: 8207: 7845:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia 7731: 7668: 7223:Living with the Dead in the Middle Ages 6407: 5025: 4949: 4875: 4752: 4373: 4110: 3177: 2854:, recorded the existence of a cult to " 2737: 16444: 16349:Sarmatia Asiatica and Sarmatia Europea 8651: 8452:: Bibliotheca Classica Petropolitana; 8156: 6998: 6843: 6808: 6779: 6741: 6605: 6578: 6566: 6554: 6530: 6515: 6058:] (in Ancient Greek). Vol. 4. 6036:] (in Ancient Greek). Vol. 1. 5820: 5805: 5793: 5781: 5769: 5721: 5529: 5367: 4913: 4814: 4424: 4120: 3621:Traditional Scythian soothsayers used 3326:representation of the world mountain. 2774: 2391:under the traits of a typical bearded 1772:𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬛𐬎𐬎𐬍⸱𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬁⸱𐬀𐬥𐬁𐬵𐬌𐬙𐬀 1316:The scholar Yazdan Safaee argues that 884:, the forefather of the Scythian kings 15944: 15910:Christianization of saints and feasts 15667:European Congress of Ethnic Religions 15621: 15412: 15268: 15175: 15066: 14720: 14448: 14360: 13210: 12368: 11918: 9423: 9385: 9351:History of theology (Greco-Abrahamic) 8946: 8691: 8039: 7804: 7762: 7206: 7029: 6467: 6443: 6431: 6419: 6141: 6117: 6102: 6046: 6024: 5970: 5904: 5170: 4267: 3372:The signet ring of the Scythian king 3017: 2974:attacked the Massagetai, their queen 2940: 2595: 2500: 2156:She appears in all variations of the 1484:), corresponded to the Iranian deity 832: 830: 828: 826: 824: 822: 820: 818: 816: 814: 812: 810: 804: 799: 797: 795: 793: 791: 789: 787: 785: 783: 781: 779: 777: 767: 765: 763: 761: 759: 757: 755: 753: 751: 749: 747: 745: 739: 724: 722: 707: 705: 690: 688: 686: 684: 678: 676: 670: 668: 666: 660: 658: 656: 650: 648: 646: 644: 616: 614: 588: 586: 584: 582: 576: 574: 572: 566: 564: 562: 560: 558: 556: 554: 552: 540: 533: 514: 505: 503: 497: 491: 489: 487: 481: 479: 477: 475: 473: 471: 465: 459: 457: 455: 449: 447: 445: 443: 441: 439: 425: 420: 403: 386: 384: 382: 380: 374: 372: 370: 364: 362: 360: 354: 352: 350: 348: 342: 340: 338: 332: 330: 328: 322: 320: 318: 316: 310: 308: 306: 304: 283: 281: 264: 262: 260: 258: 252: 250: 248: 246: 244: 242: 240: 238: 236: 234: 232: 230: 208:of Classical Antiquity following the 8617: 7339:. History of Humanity. Vol. 3. 7311:(1996). "10.4.1. The Scythians". In 7268: 7176:, eds. (2005). "Scythian Religion". 5880: 4633: 3530:The existence of the concept of the 3332: 2995:The Scythians would ritually inhale 2767:was killed by his brother, the king 2678:Similar themes were also present in 2431:, which in ancient times was called 2190:From the fifth century BC historian 2114:role in the lives of the Scythians. 9341:Evolutionary psychology of religion 3898: 3876: 3843: 3655: 3587: 3338:sacrifices to the Scythian "Ares." 3151:for medicinal purposes. During the 2916: 2899: 2506:and Transcaucasia, and appeared in 2369: 2197: 1835:, Altai, Southern Russia c. 241 BC. 1187: 1151:, due to which she was also called 1147:). Api was the daughter of the god 887:The Scythian "Ares," the god of war 13: 13180:Religions and spiritual traditions 9426:Religious groups and denominations 8507:"Святилище на акрополе Пантикапея" 8332:The Median and Achaemenian Periods 4202:Hellenic influence among Scythians 4078:Golden Pectoral from Tovsta Mohyla 4010:Golden Pectoral from Tovsta Mohyla 3917:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 3813:, and two swords with gold hilts. 3792:and gold sheet-decorated clothing; 3454: 3341: 3147:) was knowledgeable in the use of 3011: 2999:for the purposes of intoxication. 2931: 2891: 2627: 1035: 14: 16488: 8175:Springer International Publishing 6968:Campbell, Gordon Lindsay (2014). 6950:Mithraic Iconography and Ideology 5225:“strong, mighty” (in the theonym 4299: 4281: 3955:The motifs of Scythian cultures' 3683: 2746:the god of the Borysthenēs river; 2655:on the shores of the Sea of Ice. 2037:might have been a cognate of the 1748:𐬬𐬊𐬎𐬭𐬎⸱𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌𐬱 1327: 989:The Scythian name of the goddess 973: 222:Family tree of the Scythian gods 16:Ancient religion of the Scythians 16241:Scythian and related populations 15068:Middle-Eastern and North African 14340: 14331: 14330: 14144:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13286:Democratic Republic of the Congo 9336:Evolutionary origin of religions 8835:Botanical identity of soma–haoma 8809:International Church of Cannabis 8656:. In Tuplin, Christopher (ed.). 4272:This article uses cursive theta 4214:An amphora found in the western 4038: 4024: 3362: 2786: 2510:following the migrations of the 2124: 2055:, meaning "firmament"), and the 1461:Achilles, Lord of the Pontic Sea 1148: 12751:Evolutionary origin of religion 8305:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 8271:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 7570:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 7119:(in German). 65–66 (1): 21–55. 6715:Archaeological Research in Asia 6062: 6040: 6018: 5985:: "referred to by Herodotus as 5976: 5947: 5898: 5385: 5204: 4256:The later Graeco-Roman authors 4248:Scythian influence among Greeks 4115: 4095:and leather flasks, as well as 2952: 2550:The Most High God was known in 2518:The Mounted God of the Bosporus 2465: 2414: 2406: 2031:, meaning "great"; the element 1964: 1689:𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌𐬱⸱𐬯𐬏𐬭𐬋 1626: 1616: 1406: 1374: 1358: 1042: 992: 914: 899: 891: 879: 865: 857: 15682:Polytheistic reconstructionism 13102:Separation of church and state 11760:Polytheistic reconstructionism 8804:Healing Church in Rhode Island 8057:University of California Press 7732:MacLeod, Sharon Paice (2013). 5398:; Gantz, p. 409; Ogden 2013b, 4494: 4366: 4133:on the northern shores of the 2990: 2960: 2689: 2620:shores of the Pontus Euxinus. 2306: 2138:The Snake-Legged Goddess (top) 1356: 136: 1: 16391:Iranian origin hypotheses of 16377:History of the western steppe 15177:Oceanian and Pacific Islander 10758:Traditional Sabahan religions 8623:Indo-European Poetry and Myth 8394:The Cambridge Ancient History 8336:The Cambridge History of Iran 7973:; Kaluzhskaya, I. A. (eds.). 7928:10.1080/00438243.1972.9979527 7523:Dialogues d'histoire ancienne 7269:Gera, Deborah Levine (2018). 6924:Bukharin, Mikhail Dmitrievich 6654: 4926:Raevsky & Grantovsky 1984 4151:, due to her chthonic nature. 3960:attested in a passage of the 3611: 3447:existed among the Scythians' 3122: 3036: 2965:Herodotus mentioned that the 966:, were also seven in number. 14721: 9411: 8784:Ethiopian Zion Coptic Church 8372:(1991). "The Scythians". In 7839:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000). 7528:Dialogues of Ancient History 7429: 6351:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991 6011: 5999: 5987: 5911:Chemistry & Biodiversity 5227: 5221: 5215: 4216: 4055: 3966:, where Vərᵊθraγna shows to 3891: 3822: 3805: 3788: 3767: 3743: 3695: 3648: 3638: 3604: 3594: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3532: 3523: 3517: 3508: 3502: 3485: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3457: 3420: 3378: 3298: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3270: 3258: 3252: 3227: 3209: 3189: 3180: 3164: 3129: 3115: 3105: 3096: 3076: 3055: 3039: 3029: 3022: 2983: 2911: 2807: 2635:According to this myth, the 2603: 2587: 2578: 2556: 2539: 2457: 2450: 2433: 2351: 2342: 2332: 2027: 2012: 1988: 1896: 1876:), often erroneously called 1864: 1822: 1811: 1789: 1754: 1714: 1672: 1647: 1614: 1551: 1534: 1494: 1427: 1399: 1284: 1278: 1176:, one of whose epithets was 1153: 1142: 1115: 1101: 1069: 1007: 861:, the Earth and Water Mother 734: 717: 700: 526: 413: 396: 299: 293: 276: 168: 23:A collection of drawings of 7: 15970: 12960:National religiosity levels 12185:Nauruan Indigenous religion 11740:Hellenism (modern religion) 8917:Entheogenic use of cannabis 8388:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.). 8183:10.1007/978-3-030-41776-5_6 7214: 6947:Campbell, Leroy A. (1969). 5869:Abetekov & Yusupov 1994 4307: 3962: 3868: 3751: 3264: 3245: 3216: 2876: 2576:) derived from Old Iranian 2360: 2278: 2073: 2061: 2043: 1760: 1740: 1723: 1698: 1681: 1605: 1540: 1507: 1336: 1298: 1234:worshipped "Mother Earth." 1210: 1178: 1121: 961: 938: 211: 195: 113:as well as to contemporary 111:Proto-Indo-Iranian religion 10: 16493: 15413: 12369: 8922:Religious views on smoking 8601:University of Exeter Press 8522:Journal of Ancient History 8485:Journal of Ancient History 8406:Cambridge University Press 8348:Cambridge University Press 8045:The World of the Scythians 7822:Princeton University Press 7405:Princeton University Press 6075:On Airs, Waters and Places 6069:Pseudo-Hippocrates. "22". 6005: 5993: 5274:Atwood & Andreeva 2018 4278:voiceless dental fricative 3977:(sometimes substituted by 3948: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3409: 3384: 3357: 3198: 3170: 3135: 3085: 3065: 3045: 2873:'Holy') in Greek. 2863: 2796: 2758:Scythian genealogical myth 2701: 2615:Scythian genealogical myth 2612: 2565: 2528: 2475: 2442: 2355:meant "place of beavers." 2320: 2158:Scythian genealogical myth 2141: 2033: 2021: 2001: 1977: 1885: 1853: 1838: 1798: 1636: 1480: 1416: 1388: 1380: 1364: 1267: 1237: 1162: 1135: 1090: 1058: 1030:Scythian genealogical myth 1024: 1002: 982: 202:Herodotus of Halicarnassus 16410: 16364: 16291: 16248: 16234: 15978: 15905:Christianity and paganism 15895: 15709: 15632: 15628: 15622: 15617: 15425: 15421: 15408: 15395: 15281: 15277: 15264: 15186: 15182: 15171: 15077: 15073: 15062: 14731: 14727: 14716: 14459: 14455: 14449: 14444: 14427: 14399: 14326: 14245: 14162: 14034: 13779: 13504: 13221: 13217: 13206: 13115: 13040: 12816: 12724: 12661: 12379: 12375: 12364: 11927: 11914: 11839: 11662: 11644:Transcendental Meditation 11537: 11524: 11489: 11237: 11214: 11203: 11130: 11093: 10837: 10733: 10715: 10659: 10650: 10567: 10495: 10346: 10337: 10295: 10267: 10225: 10158: 10149: 10140: 10106: 10073: 10045: 10036: 9986: 9853: 9540: 9454: 9445: 9436: 9432: 9419: 9323: 9254: 9226: 9208: 9201: 9162: 9134: 9101: 9073: 9045: 9007: 8998: 8980: 8899: 8863: 8827: 8766: 8725: 8505:Tolstikov, V. P. (1987). 8326:(1985). "The Scyths". In 7588:Jacobson, Esther (1995). 7441:Revue des Études Grecques 7244:10.7591/9781501721632-005 6870:10.1515/9783110715972-010 6727:10.1016/j.ara.2017.11.004 6676:Bosworth, Clifford Edmund 6077:] (in Ancient Greek). 6071:Περί Αέρων, Υδάτων, Τόπων 3368:The royal divine marriage 3313:Sacrifices to the war-god 3304:Renewal of the high place 3002: 2837: 2346:, meaning "yellow place," 2229: 2079: 2067: 2049: 1921: 1909: 1770: 1746: 1729: 1704: 1687: 1590: 1526: 1514: 1252: 1127: 978: 771: 769: 674: 672: 664: 662: 654: 652: 638: 636: 634: 628: 626: 624: 612: 608: 606: 604: 598: 596: 594: 570: 568: 544: 531: 512: 495: 493: 485: 483: 463: 461: 453: 451: 418: 401: 368: 366: 358: 356: 336: 334: 326: 324: 13271:Central African Republic 10305:Vietnamese folk religion 9696:Charismatic Christianity 8814:Stoner Jesus Bible Study 8799:First Church of Cannabis 8583:Ustinova, Yulia (2005). 8542:Ustinova, Yulia (1999). 7908:Phillips, E. D. (1972). 7703:The History of Herodotus 7335:; Zhou, Yiliang (eds.). 7236:Cornell University Press 7178:Encyclopedia of Religion 5905:Russo, Ethan B. (2007). 5219:“herd, possessions” and 4647:Encyclopedia of Religion 4359: 4349:Paleo-Balkanic mythology 4296:voiceless dental plosive 3399:Tell to be with Argotas! 2398: 2395:with horns on his head. 2150: 2130:The Snake-Legged Goddess 1815:, meaning "might of the 71:(itself a member of the 13165:New religious movements 12803:Theories about religion 12756:Evolutionary psychology 11785:Modern Finnish paganism 9772:Independent Catholicism 8788:Coachella Valley Church 8635:Oxford University Press 8619:West, Martin Litchfield 8516:Вестник древней истории 8479:Вестник древней истории 8157:Safaee, Yazdan (2020). 8140:Aarhus University Press 8099:Oxford University Press 7669:Lincoln, Bruce (2014). 7499:10.3406/ktema.2002.2341 7445:Review of Greek Studies 7392:Zoroaster and His World 7190:Macmillan Reference USA 7107:Egelhaaf-Gaiser, Ulrike 7089:Oxford University Press 6999:Cheung, Johnny (2007). 6982:Oxford University Press 6827:Oxford University Press 6763:Oxford University Press 4383:Paganism of Ancient Rus 4314:Ancient Iranic religion 4276:to denote the Scythian 3930:, ground together with 3710:were all made of gold. 3617:Willow stick divination 3421:Keleoe Argotan par enai 3410:ΚΕΛΕΟΕ ΑΡΓΟΤΑΝ ΠΑΡ ΕΝΑΙ 2684: 2647:, after which were the 16314:Parama Kamboja Kingdom 16242: 15813:Religion and mythology 15739:Dying and rising deity 15719:Veneration of the dead 15453:Native American Church 13814:Bosnia and Herzegovina 11800:Erzyan native religion 11649:Unitarian Universalism 11038:Native American Church 9816:Oneness Pentecostalism 8779:Church of the Universe 8652:Zaikov, A. V. (2004). 7192:. pp. 8205–8208. 7160:; MacDonald, Mary N.; 7125:10.1515/anab-2019-0002 7116:Antiquity and Occident 6906:. 2017. Archived from 6844:Braund, David (2021). 6780:Braund, David (2005). 5924:10.1002/cbdv.200790144 4379:Язычество древней Руси 4319:Abaris the Hyperborean 4286:/), and regular theta 4017: 3944: 3913:sweat lodge ceremonies 3632:Linden bark divination 3443:A similar rite of the 3144: 2848:Stephanus of Byzantium 2718:Shrines of the war god 2573: 2139: 2108:Erichthonius of Athens 1873: 1836: 1806: 1752:); the second element 1731:𐬔𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌𐬱 1656: 1436: 1110: 1078: 1040: 947:are worshipped in the 191:and the earthly realm. 153:During the Scythians' 36: 16477:Cannabis and religion 16356:Pontic–Caspian steppe 16240: 14134:Saint Kitts and Nevis 13431:São Tomé and Príncipe 13291:Republic of the Congo 11497:Aboriginal Australian 10168:Chinese folk religion 9331:Evolution of morality 8719:Cannabis and religion 8660:. Colloquia Pontica. 7853:Księgarnia Akademicka 7457:10.3406/reg.1999.4355 7148:; Ebersole, Gary L.; 7144:; Casadio, Giovanni; 5410:. While the Scythian 4007: 3831:Aristocratic funerals 3153:Third Mithridatic War 2609:The Genealogical Myth 2454:, meaning "to turn." 2445:) after the goddess. 2137: 1950:Great Mother goddess 1830: 1254:𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁 𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀 57:Pontic–Caspian steppe 22: 15082:Ancient Near Eastern 14869:Hellenistic religion 13756:United Arab Emirates 12547:Religious experience 11921:Historical religions 10325:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 9657:Schwenkfelder Church 8985:Timeline of religion 8974:History of religions 8886:Jathedar Santa Singh 8774:Church of Cognizance 8525:] (in Russian). 8488:] (in Russian). 8408:. pp. 547–590. 8350:. pp. 149–199. 8292:Encyclopædia Iranica 8258:Encyclopædia Iranica 8081:. In Braund, David; 8025:: Secor Publishers. 7855:. pp. 101–104. 7642:] (in Russian). 7557:Encyclopædia Iranica 7514:Ivantchik, Askold I. 7473:Ivantchik, Askold I. 7423:Ivantchik, Askold I. 6938:] (in Russian). 6864:. pp. 177–194. 6765:. pp. 145–160. 5758:Egelhaaf-Gaiser 2020 5734:Egelhaaf-Gaiser 2020 4290:to denote the Greek 4141:the god Borysthenēs; 4131:established colonies 4111:Religious syncretism 4084:attacking stags and 2852:Alexander of Miletus 2738:The shrine at Hylaea 2421:Tarkhankut Peninsula 2259:depicting the Greek 2231:𐬥𐬂𐬢𐬵𐬀𐬌𐬚𐬌𐬌𐬀 2144:Snake-Legged Goddess 1766:Arəduuī Sūrā Anāhitā 1322:Behistun Inscription 1320:'s statement in the 1311:Origen of Alexandria 1230:'s mention that the 1174:Arəduuī Sūrā Anāhitā 536:Snake-Legged Goddess 212:interpretatio graeca 159:ancient Mesopotamian 155:stay in Western Asia 35:in their right hand. 15915:Constantinian shift 15637:Neopagan witchcraft 15271:Sub-Saharan African 14149:Trinidad and Tobago 14044:Antigua and Barbuda 13212:Religion by country 12273:Cult of Magna Mater 10795:Philippine Dayawism 10376:Nimbarka Sampradaya 10124:Chinese Manichaeism 9796:Jehovah's Witnesses 9601:Proto-Protestantism 9189:Kardecist spiritism 8366:Sulimirski, Tadeusz 8287:"Scythian Language" 8227:] (in German). 8142:. pp. 93–116. 8101:. pp. 93–102. 8083:Kryzhintskiy, S. D. 7881:] (in German). 7715:Macmillan & Co. 7530:] (in French). 7447:] (in French). 7172:; Swartz, Michael; 6900:British Museum Blog 6811:Kryzhintskiy, S. D. 6747:Kryzhintskiy, S. D. 6229:British Museum 2007 5959:National Geographic 5883:, pp. 187–199. 5568:, pp. 165–168. 4755:, pp. 116–128. 4452:, pp. 158–160. 4262:Apollonius of Tyana 4121:Hellenic syncretism 3020:which involved the 2842:The 6th century AD 2775:The shrine at Tyras 2495:Apollonius of Tyana 2202:The mytheme of the 2101:the equine Poseidōn 1470:The Scythian "Ares" 65:Classical Antiquity 16457:European mythology 16243: 15855:Trees in mythology 15850:Supernatural magic 15759:Magic and religion 14084:Dominican Republic 13130:Abrahamic prophets 12224:Proto-Indo-Iranian 10768:Aliran Kepercayaan 9971:Non-denominational 9893:Modernist Salafism 9579:Oriental Orthodoxy 9346:History of atheism 8891:Efraim Zalmanovich 8672:. pp. 69–84. 8603:. pp. 64–79. 8470:Tokhtasyev, Sergey 8424:Tokhtasyev, Sergey 8177:. pp. 65–75. 8117:Rusyayeva, Anna S. 8014:Scythian Mythology 7871:Parzinger, Hermann 7788:Overlook Duckworth 7717:pp. 313–317. 7654:. pp. 38–48. 7215:Visio Karoli Magni 6829:. pp. 33–77. 6694:. pp. 24–34. 6674:; Etemadi, G. F.; 6569:, p. 155-156. 6545:, p. 312-313. 6506:, p. 101-102. 6494:, p. 100-101. 6470:, p. 178-179. 6446:, p. 177-178. 6434:, p. 176-177. 6395:, p. 117-118. 6383:, p. 115-117. 6353:, p. 560-590. 6274:, p. 112-113. 6250:, p. 109-110. 6178:, p. 317-318. 6009:, from the Iranic 5895:, p. 169-170. 5847:, p. 103-104. 5688:, p. 310-313. 5634:, p. 107-108. 5607:, p. 106-107. 5595:, p. 108-109. 5484:, p. 193-196. 5355:, p. 311-314. 5107:, p. 102-103. 4989:, p. 255-283. 4566:, p. 265–290. 4464:, pp. 67–128. 4268:Typographical note 4018: 3993:-like felines and 2941:Ritual cannibalism 2680:Avestan mythology. 2649:Riphaean Mountains 2596:Unattested deities 2501:The Solar Horseman 2237:Lucian of Samosata 2140: 1837: 1579:'s assertion that 1569:Tadeusz Sulimirski 1546:Lucian of Samosata 1347:deceased ancestors 185:a celestial realm; 37: 16462:Scythian religion 16423: 16422: 15938: 15937: 15703: 15702: 15699: 15698: 15695: 15694: 15613: 15612: 15609: 15608: 15389: 15388: 15385: 15384: 15381: 15380: 15260: 15259: 15256: 15255: 15167: 15166: 15163: 15162: 15058: 15057: 15054: 15053: 15007:Mysteries of Isis 14712: 14711: 14708: 14707: 14354: 14353: 14322: 14321: 14318: 14317: 13306:Equatorial Guinea 13202: 13201: 13198: 13197: 12741:Cognitive science 12360: 12359: 12293:Mysteries of Isis 12067:Frankish paganism 11910: 11909: 11906: 11905: 11902: 11901: 11654:White Brotherhood 11520: 11519: 11485: 11484: 10829:Sundanese Wiwitan 10646: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10371:Brahma Sampradaya 10333: 10332: 10136: 10135: 10132: 10131: 10114:Assianism/Uatsdin 10032: 10031: 9801:British Israelism 9787:Nontrinitarianism 9750:Plymouth Brethren 9745:Nondenominational 9679:Congregationalism 9567:Eastern Orthodoxy 9515:Reconstructionist 9379: 9378: 9319: 9318: 9197: 9196: 8940: 8939: 8850:Scythian religion 8753:Latter-day Saints 8679:978-9-004-12154-6 8644:978-0-199-28075-9 8610:978-0-859-89746-4 8575:978-9-004-11231-5 8415:978-1-139-05429-4 8382:Hammond, N. G. L. 8378:Edwards, I. E. S. 8357:978-1-139-05493-5 8192:978-3-030-41776-5 8149:978-8-779-34923-0 8108:978-0-197-26404-1 8066:978-0-520-06864-3 8032:978-9-548-25002-3 8005:Raevskiy, Dmitriy 7999:. pp. 47–66. 7955:Grantovsky, E. A. 7915:World Archaeology 7900:978-3-406-50842-4 7862:978-8-371-88337-8 7831:978-0-691-21118-3 7797:978-0-715-63257-4 7755:978-1-476-61392-5 7724:978-1-503-07759-1 7661:978-5-892-82576-4 7630:Nemirovsky, A. A. 7613:978-9-004-09856-5 7548:Ivantchik, Askold 7414:978-0-374-93877-2 7378:978-9-231-02812-0 7323:; Litvak, J. K.; 7300:978-9-004-32988-1 7253:978-0-8014-8098-0 7208:Geary, Patrick J. 7199:978-0-028-65733-2 7154:Hallisey, Charles 7098:978-0-198-82012-3 7056:978-0-631-20814-3 7022:978-9-004-15496-4 6991:978-0-199-58942-5 6960:978-9-004-30830-5 6953:. Leiden: BRILL. 6879:978-3-110-71570-5 6836:978-0-197-26404-1 6772:978-0-197-26404-1 6701:978-9-231-02846-5 6664:Dani, Ahmad Hasan 6623:, p. 99-100. 4743:, p. 67-128. 4404:978-5-829-11604-0 4344:Ossetian religion 4329:Iranian religions 4288:⟨θ⟩ 4274:⟨ϑ⟩ 4231:Apollo the Healer 3418: 3333:Communal drinking 3207: 3094: 3074: 2872: 2805: 2537: 2380: 2293:Hengist and Horsa 2289:Romulus and Remus 2257:Scythian Neapolis 2222:Hengist and Horsa 2010: 1986: 1894: 1862: 1741:Voᵘru.gaoiiaoⁱtiš 1676:is comparable to 1645: 1623:The Scythian god 1425: 1397: 1371:The Scythian god 1276: 1198: 1099: 1067: 842: 841: 838: 837: 69:Scythian language 45:Scythian cultures 41:Scythian religion 16484: 16467:Ethnic religions 16437: 16431: 16413:Category:Scythia 16402:Scythian archers 16382:Bosporan Kingdom 16337:Bosporan Kingdom 15965: 15958: 15951: 15942: 15941: 15897:Christianization 15687:Secular paganism 15672:Goddess movement 15642:Cochrane's Craft 15630: 15629: 15619: 15618: 15423: 15422: 15410: 15409: 15406: 15405: 15279: 15278: 15266: 15265: 15184: 15183: 15173: 15172: 15075: 15074: 15064: 15063: 14879:Sacred mysteries 14729: 14728: 14718: 14717: 14457: 14456: 14446: 14445: 14442: 14441: 14431:ethnic religions 14381: 14374: 14367: 14358: 14357: 14344: 14334: 14333: 14212:Papua New Guinea 14187:Marshall Islands 14014:Northern Ireland 13219: 13218: 13208: 13207: 13092:Secular theology 13087:Secular humanism 12377: 12376: 12366: 12365: 12241:Ancestral Pueblo 11916: 11915: 11535: 11534: 11212: 11211: 10657: 10656: 10413:Shaiva Siddhanta 10344: 10343: 10277:Korean shamanism 10156: 10155: 10147: 10146: 10043: 10042: 9956:Mahdawi movement 9826:Swedenborgianism 9806:Christadelphians 9452: 9451: 9443: 9442: 9434: 9433: 9421: 9420: 9406: 9399: 9392: 9383: 9382: 9206: 9205: 9005: 9004: 8967: 8960: 8953: 8944: 8943: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8689: 8688: 8683: 8670:Brill Publishers 8648: 8614: 8579: 8566:Brill Publishers 8538: 8536: 8534: 8512: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8446:Saint Petersburg 8433: 8419: 8361: 8319: 8317: 8315: 8309:Brill Publishers 8283:Schmitt, Rüdiger 8278: 8275:Brill Publishers 8249:Schmitt, Rüdiger 8244: 8218: 8209:Schmitt, Rüdiger 8204: 8153: 8125: 8112: 8075:Rusyayeva, A. S. 8070: 8036: 8000: 7986: 7971:Melyukova, A. I. 7967:Golutsova, Y. S. 7959:Bernstein, S. B. 7946: 7944: 7942: 7904: 7866: 7835: 7801: 7759: 7728: 7694: 7692: 7665: 7617: 7604:Brill Publishers 7584: 7582: 7580: 7574:Brill Publishers 7543: 7541: 7539: 7509: 7507: 7505: 7468: 7432: 7418: 7382: 7313:Hermann, Joachim 7304: 7265: 7217: 7203: 7182:Farmington Hills 7180:. Vol. 12. 7174:Talamantez, Inés 7158:Long, Charles H. 7140:Jones, Lindsay; 7136: 7102: 7060: 7031:Christian, David 7026: 7013:Brill Publishers 6995: 6964: 6943: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6891: 6840: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6776: 6738: 6705: 6648: 6647:, p. 98-99. 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6552: 6546: 6540: 6534: 6528: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6458:, p. 87-88. 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6405: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6369: 6363: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6311: 6305: 6292: 6286: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6232: 6226: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6202:, p. 41-42. 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6164: 6158: 6145: 6144:, p. 71-72. 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6106: 6100: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6066: 6060: 6059: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6022: 6016: 6014: 6008: 6007: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5953:Curry, Andrew. " 5951: 5945: 5944: 5926: 5917:(8): 1614–1648. 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5700:, p. 50-51. 5695: 5689: 5683: 5674: 5668: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5556:, p. 24-26. 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5485: 5479: 5470: 5464: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5424:Diodorus Siculus 5422:). Compare with 5408:pp. 97–100 5404:p. 81 with n. 71 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5370:, p. 48-50. 5365: 5356: 5350: 5339: 5338:, p. 78-79. 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5300: 5286: 5277: 5271: 5265: 5259: 5248: 5238: 5232: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5208: 5202: 5192: 5186: 5185:, p. 20-21. 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5152: 5137: 5136:, p. 52-64. 5131: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5057: 5044: 5038: 5029: 5023: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4940:, p. 87-88. 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4896: 4895:, p. 96-97. 4890: 4879: 4873: 4860: 4859:, p. 39-41. 4854: 4841: 4835: 4818: 4812: 4799: 4793: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4669: 4663: 4652: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4612:, p. 19-20. 4607: 4596: 4595:, p. 16-17. 4590: 4584: 4578: 4567: 4561: 4516: 4510: 4501: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4477: 4471: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4428: 4422: 4409: 4408: 4370: 4303: 4289: 4285: 4275: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4058: 4042: 4028: 3965: 3899:Ritual cleansing 3894: 3877:Commoner burials 3871: 3844:Priestly burials 3825: 3808: 3791: 3770: 3754: 3746: 3728:and burnt horse 3726:human sacrifices 3709: 3698: 3656:Funerary customs 3651: 3641: 3607: 3597: 3588:The ritual sleep 3583: 3582: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3535: 3526: 3520: 3511: 3505: 3488: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3460: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3248: 3237:Bosporan Kingdom 3230: 3219: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3192: 3183: 3173: 3172: 3167: 3138: 3137: 3132: 3118: 3108: 3099: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3058: 3042: 3032: 3025: 2986: 2917:Animal sacrifice 2900:The Baykara site 2867: 2865: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2668:Indic traditions 2590: 2581: 2567: 2559: 2545:Bosporan Kingdom 2542: 2532: 2530: 2477: 2468: 2467: 2453: 2444: 2436: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2408: 2375: 2373: 2372: 2363: 2354: 2345: 2335: 2322: 2281: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2198:The Divine Twins 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2082: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2036: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2023: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1959:Aphrodite Urania 1926: 1925: 1924: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1899: 1889: 1887: 1880:(Ancient Greek: 1867: 1857: 1855: 1833:Pazyryk Kurgan 5 1814: 1800: 1792: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1743: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1707: 1706: 1701: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1684: 1682:Gaoiiaoⁱtiš.sūrō 1675: 1650: 1640: 1638: 1629: 1628: 1619: 1618: 1608: 1554: 1543: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1510: 1497: 1483: 1482: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1430: 1420: 1418: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1392: 1390: 1377: 1376: 1361: 1360: 1339: 1318:Darius the Great 1301: 1287: 1281: 1271: 1269: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1213: 1193: 1191: 1190: 1181: 1164: 1156: 1145: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1104: 1094: 1092: 1072: 1062: 1060: 1045: 1044: 1027: 1026: 1010: 1004: 995: 994: 964: 941: 917: 916: 902: 901: 894: 893: 882: 881: 869:, the Sky Father 868: 867: 860: 859: 737: 720: 703: 529: 416: 399: 302: 296: 279: 228: 227: 219: 218: 214: 206:Greek divinities 80:Scythians proper 16492: 16491: 16487: 16486: 16485: 16483: 16482: 16481: 16442: 16441: 16440: 16432: 16428: 16424: 16419: 16406: 16372:Iranian peoples 16360: 16287: 16244: 16232: 16193:Pazyryk culture 15974: 15969: 15939: 15934: 15891: 15791:Myth and ritual 15711:Myth and ritual 15705: 15704: 15691: 15624: 15605: 15558:Turko-Mongolic 15417: 15398: 15391: 15390: 15377: 15273: 15252: 15178: 15159: 15069: 15050: 14723: 14704: 14573:Hindu mythology 14451: 14435: 14433: 14429: 14423: 14395: 14392:modern paganism 14385: 14355: 14350: 14314: 14241: 14222:Solomon Islands 14158: 14030: 13934:North Macedonia 13775: 13500: 13213: 13194: 13155:Mass gatherings 13123: 13118: 13111: 13050: 13045: 13036: 12975:Religiocentrism 12955:National church 12823: 12820: 12812: 12727: 12720: 12657: 12579:Bodies of water 12371: 12356: 12141:Jamaican Maroon 11923: 11898: 11835: 11665: 11658: 11529: 11527: 11516: 11481: 11455:Trinidad Orisha 11240: 11233: 11206: 11199: 11126: 11089: 10840: 10833: 10729: 10711: 10638: 10612:Srilankan Vedda 10563: 10491: 10366:Sri Vaishnavism 10329: 10291: 10263: 10221: 10128: 10102: 10069: 10028: 9982: 9907:Twelver Shi'ism 9849: 9711:Neo-charismatic 9684:Presbyterianism 9536: 9428: 9415: 9410: 9380: 9375: 9315: 9296:Illyro-thracian 9250: 9222: 9193: 9158: 9130: 9097: 9069: 9041: 8994: 8976: 8971: 8941: 8936: 8895: 8881:Moshe Feinstein 8859: 8845:Pazyryk burials 8823: 8762: 8721: 8716: 8686: 8680: 8645: 8611: 8576: 8532: 8530: 8510: 8495: 8493: 8459: 8457: 8431: 8416: 8396:. Vol. 3. 8358: 8338:. Vol. 2. 8328:Gershevitch, I. 8313: 8311: 8216: 8193: 8150: 8123: 8109: 8067: 8033: 7984: 7940: 7938: 7901: 7891:Verlag C.H.Beck 7863: 7832: 7806:Mayor, Adrienne 7798: 7764:Mayor, Adrienne 7756: 7725: 7705:. Vol. 1. 7699:Macaulay, G. C. 7690:10.7557/13.3188 7662: 7626:Kullanda, S. V. 7622:Kullanda, S. V. 7614: 7578: 7576: 7537: 7535: 7503: 7501: 7430:Scythicos logos 7415: 7395:. Vol. 2. 7387:Herzfeld, Ernst 7379: 7321:Harmatta, János 7309:Harmatta, János 7301: 7254: 7200: 7162:Martin, Dale B. 7142:Carrasco, David 7099: 7065:Cunliffe, Barry 7057: 7049:. p. 148. 7037:. Vol. 1. 7023: 6992: 6961: 6913: 6911: 6880: 6837: 6799: 6797: 6773: 6743:Bäbler, Balbina 6702: 6672:Puri, Baij Nath 6668:Harmatta, János 6657: 6652: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6592: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6565: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6541: 6537: 6529: 6522: 6514: 6510: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6478: 6474: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6450: 6442: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6372: 6364: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6314: 6306: 6295: 6287: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6235: 6227: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6182: 6174: 6167: 6159: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6116: 6109: 6101: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6067: 6063: 6045: 6041: 6023: 6019: 5981: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5952: 5948: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5720: 5716: 5708: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5677: 5669: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5618: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5572: 5566:Sulimirski 1985 5564: 5560: 5552: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5488: 5482:Tokhtasyev 2013 5480: 5473: 5465: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5402:; Ogden 2013a, 5400:pp. 16–17 5390: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5303: 5287: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5251: 5239: 5235: 5209: 5205: 5193: 5189: 5181: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5153: 5140: 5132: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5091: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5058: 5047: 5039: 5032: 5024: 5017: 5011:Tokhtasyev 2013 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4938:Tokhtasyev 2002 4936: 4932: 4924: 4920: 4912: 4899: 4891: 4882: 4874: 4863: 4855: 4844: 4836: 4821: 4813: 4802: 4794: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4739: 4672: 4664: 4655: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4570: 4562: 4519: 4511: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4450:Sulimirski 1985 4448: 4431: 4423: 4412: 4405: 4371: 4367: 4362: 4324:Horse sacrifice 4310: 4287: 4273: 4270: 4250: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4204: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4093:Pazyryk kurgans 4050: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4034: 4033: 4032: 4029: 4015: 4013: 3999:Altai Mountains 3953: 3947: 3901: 3879: 3846: 3833: 3703: 3686: 3658: 3634: 3619: 3614: 3590: 3462: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3344: 3342:Other festivals 3335: 3315: 3306: 3301: 3185: 3125: 3050: 3044: 3014: 3012:The priest-king 3005: 2993: 2972:Cyrus the Great 2963: 2955: 2943: 2934: 2932:Human sacrifice 2919: 2914: 2902: 2894: 2892:Domestic altars 2883:island of Leuke 2879: 2840: 2789: 2777: 2740: 2720: 2704: 2692: 2687: 2630: 2628:The Polar Cycle 2617: 2611: 2606: 2598: 2540:Theos Hypsistos 2520: 2503: 2460: 2401: 2393:Greek river god 2370: 2309: 2230: 2200: 2146: 2132: 2127: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2050: 1967: 1922: 1910: 1843: 1825: 1771: 1747: 1730: 1688: 1621: 1593: 1527: 1515: 1472: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1369: 1363: 1330: 1253: 1240: 1188: 1128: 1085:(Hellenised as 1047: 1038: 1036:The second rank 1022:The "hearths" ( 987: 981: 976: 728: 711: 694: 520: 407: 390: 287: 270: 198: 171: 139: 115:Eastern Iranian 49:Iranian peoples 25:Scythian stelae 17: 12: 11: 5: 16490: 16480: 16479: 16474: 16469: 16464: 16459: 16454: 16439: 16438: 16434:Rusyayeva 2003 16425: 16421: 16420: 16411: 16408: 16407: 16405: 16404: 16399: 16389: 16384: 16379: 16374: 16368: 16366: 16362: 16361: 16359: 16358: 16353: 16352: 16351: 16341: 16340: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16323:Scythia Minor 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16295: 16293: 16289: 16288: 16286: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16270: 16265: 16264: 16263: 16252: 16250: 16246: 16245: 16235: 16233: 16231: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16189: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16148: 16147: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16096: 16091: 16086: 16072: 16071: 16070: 16068:Indo-Scythians 16065: 16060: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16039: 16038: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15998: 15993: 15988: 15982: 15980: 15976: 15975: 15968: 15967: 15960: 15953: 15945: 15936: 15935: 15933: 15932: 15930:Virtuous pagan 15927: 15925:Religio licita 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15901: 15899: 15893: 15892: 15890: 15889: 15887:Animal worship 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15868: 15867: 15862: 15852: 15847: 15846: 15845: 15840: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15799: 15798: 15793: 15783: 15782: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15761: 15756: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15715: 15713: 15707: 15706: 15701: 15700: 15697: 15696: 15693: 15692: 15690: 15689: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15649: 15647:Feri Tradition 15644: 15639: 15633: 15626: 15625: 15615: 15614: 15611: 15610: 15607: 15606: 15604: 15603: 15602: 15601: 15596: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15571: 15570: 15569: 15564: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15500: 15499: 15494: 15489: 15479: 15478: 15477: 15472: 15462: 15457: 15456: 15455: 15450: 15442: 15441: 15440: 15435: 15426: 15419: 15418: 15403: 15401: 15393: 15392: 15387: 15386: 15383: 15382: 15379: 15378: 15376: 15375: 15370: 15365: 15360: 15355: 15350: 15345: 15340: 15335: 15330: 15325: 15320: 15315: 15314: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15298: 15288: 15282: 15275: 15274: 15262: 15261: 15258: 15257: 15254: 15253: 15251: 15250: 15249: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15187: 15180: 15179: 15169: 15168: 15165: 15164: 15161: 15160: 15158: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15146: 15145: 15135: 15134: 15133: 15128: 15118: 15117: 15116: 15111: 15101: 15100: 15099: 15089: 15084: 15078: 15071: 15070: 15060: 15059: 15056: 15055: 15052: 15051: 15049: 15048: 15047: 15046: 15041: 15036: 15031: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15010: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14979: 14978: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14946: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14927: 14926: 14925: 14920: 14915: 14910: 14900: 14899: 14898: 14897: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14876: 14871: 14861: 14860: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14834: 14829: 14828: 14827: 14817: 14816: 14815: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14792: 14787: 14786: 14785: 14780: 14775: 14765: 14760: 14759: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14738: 14732: 14725: 14724: 14714: 14713: 14710: 14709: 14706: 14705: 14703: 14702: 14697: 14692: 14687: 14682: 14677: 14672: 14667: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14645:Tibeto-Burmese 14642: 14637: 14632: 14627: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14586: 14585: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14549: 14548: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14527: 14526: 14516: 14511: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14460: 14453: 14452: 14439: 14437: 14434:(existing and 14425: 14424: 14422: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14400: 14397: 14396: 14384: 14383: 14376: 14369: 14361: 14352: 14351: 14349: 14348: 14338: 14327: 14324: 14323: 14320: 14319: 14316: 14315: 14313: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14257: 14251: 14249: 14243: 14242: 14240: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14168: 14166: 14160: 14159: 14157: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14136: 14131: 14126: 14121: 14116: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14096: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14040: 14038: 14032: 14031: 14029: 14028: 14027: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14004:United Kingdom 14001: 13996: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13785: 13783: 13777: 13776: 13774: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13632: 13631: 13626: 13616: 13611: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13510: 13508: 13502: 13501: 13499: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13227: 13225: 13215: 13214: 13204: 13203: 13200: 13199: 13196: 13195: 13193: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13132: 13126: 13124: 13116: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13097:Secularization 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13077:Deconstruction 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13053: 13051: 13041: 13038: 13037: 13035: 13034: 13029: 13028: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12930:Fundamentalism 12927: 12926: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12878: 12873: 12863: 12862: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12837: 12832: 12826: 12824: 12817: 12814: 12813: 12811: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12794: 12793: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12732: 12730: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12673: 12667: 12665: 12659: 12658: 12656: 12655: 12654: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12603: 12598: 12597: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12571: 12570: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12503: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12408: 12406:Call to prayer 12403: 12398: 12393: 12391:Disaffiliation 12383: 12381: 12373: 12372: 12362: 12361: 12358: 12357: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12318: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12297: 12296: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12265: 12260: 12259: 12258: 12253: 12248: 12238: 12237: 12236: 12231: 12221: 12220: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12194: 12189: 12188: 12187: 12177: 12176: 12175: 12170: 12160: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12107: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12089:Greco-Buddhism 12086: 12076: 12075: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12049: 12044: 12043: 12042: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11999: 11998: 11993: 11983: 11978: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11940: 11939: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11912: 11911: 11908: 11907: 11904: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11843: 11841: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11819: 11814: 11813: 11812: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11731: 11730: 11720: 11719: 11718: 11713: 11703: 11702: 11701: 11696: 11686: 11681: 11680: 11679: 11670: 11668: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11640: 11639: 11634: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11603: 11602: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11541: 11539: 11532: 11522: 11521: 11518: 11517: 11515: 11514: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11479: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11450:Tambor de Mina 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11406: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11376: 11375: 11374: 11373: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11333: 11328: 11323: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11277: 11276: 11271: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11245: 11243: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11231: 11230: 11229: 11227:Guanche church 11218: 11216: 11209: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11136: 11134: 11132:Tibeto-Burmese 11128: 11127: 11125: 11124: 11119: 11114: 11109: 11103: 11101: 11091: 11090: 11088: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11071: 11070: 11065: 11055: 11050: 11048:Nuu-chah-nulth 11045: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11029: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10970: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10957:Muscogee Creek 10954: 10949: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10851: 10845: 10843: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10831: 10826: 10824:Sumbese Marapu 10821: 10820: 10819: 10814: 10804: 10803: 10802: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10762: 10761: 10760: 10755: 10745: 10743:Batak Parmalim 10739: 10737: 10731: 10730: 10728: 10727: 10721: 10719: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10709: 10708: 10707: 10702: 10692: 10691: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10665: 10663: 10654: 10648: 10647: 10644: 10643: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10634: 10629: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10598: 10597: 10592: 10582: 10577: 10571: 10569: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10561: 10554: 10549: 10548: 10547: 10537: 10536: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10507: 10501: 10499: 10493: 10492: 10490: 10489: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10405: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10352: 10350: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10301: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10273: 10271: 10265: 10264: 10262: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10245: 10244: 10231: 10229: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10219: 10218: 10217: 10212: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10195: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10164: 10162: 10153: 10144: 10138: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10130: 10129: 10127: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10103: 10101: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10079: 10077: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10055:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 10051: 10049: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9990: 9988: 9984: 9983: 9981: 9980: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9931: 9926: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9899: 9898: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9890: 9880: 9875: 9870: 9859: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9848: 9847: 9840: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9792:Bible Students 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9762:Restorationism 9759: 9758: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9741: 9740: 9730: 9725: 9720: 9718:Evangelicalism 9715: 9714: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9629: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9598: 9597: 9596: 9591: 9581: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9564: 9563: 9562: 9557: 9546: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9527: 9522: 9517: 9512: 9507: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9491: 9490: 9489: 9488: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9460: 9458: 9449: 9440: 9430: 9429: 9417: 9416: 9409: 9408: 9401: 9394: 9386: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9327: 9325: 9324:Related topics 9321: 9320: 9317: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9311:Vedic Hinduism 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9292: 9291: 9286: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9260: 9258: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9232: 9230: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9214: 9212: 9203: 9199: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9168: 9166: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9149:Zoroastrianism 9146: 9140: 9138: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9107: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9079: 9077: 9071: 9070: 9068: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9051: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9013: 9011: 9002: 8996: 8995: 8993: 8992: 8987: 8981: 8978: 8977: 8970: 8969: 8962: 8955: 8947: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8903: 8901: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8871:Roger Christie 8867: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8781: 8776: 8770: 8768: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8722: 8715: 8714: 8707: 8700: 8692: 8685: 8684: 8678: 8649: 8643: 8631:United Kingdom 8615: 8609: 8597:United Kingdom 8580: 8574: 8539: 8502: 8466: 8440:(in Russian). 8420: 8414: 8402:United Kingdom 8386:Sollberger, E. 8374:Boardman, John 8362: 8356: 8344:United Kingdom 8324:Sulimirski, T. 8320: 8279: 8245: 8205: 8191: 8154: 8148: 8113: 8107: 8095:United Kingdom 8071: 8065: 8037: 8031: 8001: 7987:(in Russian). 7951:Raevsky, D. S. 7947: 7922:(2): 129–138. 7905: 7899: 7867: 7861: 7836: 7830: 7802: 7796: 7784:United Kingdom 7760: 7754: 7729: 7723: 7711:United Kingdom 7695: 7666: 7660: 7618: 7612: 7585: 7544: 7510: 7469: 7451:(1): 141–192. 7437:Scythicos logo 7419: 7413: 7383: 7377: 7345:United Kingdom 7305: 7299: 7266: 7252: 7238:. p. 63. 7204: 7198: 7170:Olupona, Jacob 7146:Doniger, Wendy 7137: 7103: 7097: 7077:United Kingdom 7061: 7055: 7043:United Kingdom 7027: 7021: 6996: 6990: 6978:United Kingdom 6965: 6959: 6944: 6920: 6904:British Museum 6892: 6878: 6841: 6835: 6823:United Kingdom 6806: 6777: 6771: 6759:United Kingdom 6739: 6706: 6700: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6645:Rusyayeva 2007 6637: 6633:Rusyayeva 2003 6625: 6621:Rusyayeva 2007 6610: 6598: 6596:, p. 100. 6594:Rusyayeva 2007 6583: 6571: 6559: 6557:, p. 181. 6547: 6543:Ivantchik 2016 6535: 6520: 6508: 6504:Parzinger 2004 6496: 6492:Parzinger 2004 6484: 6482:, p. 101. 6480:Parzinger 2004 6472: 6460: 6456:Parzinger 2004 6448: 6436: 6424: 6422:, p. 176. 6412: 6410:, p. 123. 6397: 6393:Parzinger 2004 6385: 6381:Parzinger 2004 6370: 6368:, p. 115. 6366:Parzinger 2004 6355: 6343: 6341:, p. 119. 6339:Parzinger 2004 6331: 6329:, p. 110. 6327:Parzinger 2004 6312: 6310:, p. 113. 6308:Parzinger 2004 6293: 6291:, p. 112. 6289:Parzinger 2004 6276: 6272:Parzinger 2004 6264: 6262:, p. 111. 6260:Parzinger 2004 6252: 6248:Parzinger 2004 6233: 6216: 6204: 6192: 6190:, p. 317. 6188:Ivantchik 2016 6180: 6176:Ivantchik 2016 6165: 6163:, p. 316. 6161:Ivantchik 2016 6146: 6134: 6132:, p. 285. 6122: 6107: 6092: 6080: 6061: 6039: 6017: 5983:Ivantchik 2018 5975: 5963: 5946: 5897: 5893:Ivantchik 1999 5885: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5845:Parzinger 2004 5837: 5835:, p. 104. 5833:Parzinger 2004 5825: 5810: 5808:, p. 105. 5798: 5786: 5784:, p. 182. 5774: 5772:, p. 192. 5762: 5750: 5748:, p. 270. 5738: 5726: 5724:, p. 183. 5714: 5712:, p. 314. 5710:Ivantchik 2016 5702: 5698:Rusyayeva 2007 5690: 5686:Ivantchik 2016 5675: 5671:Parzinger 2004 5660: 5656:Rusyayeva 2007 5648: 5646:, p. 108. 5644:Parzinger 2004 5636: 5632:Parzinger 2004 5624: 5622:, p. 107. 5620:Parzinger 2004 5609: 5605:Parzinger 2004 5597: 5593:Parzinger 2004 5585: 5583:, p. 106. 5581:Parzinger 2004 5570: 5558: 5546: 5534: 5517: 5515:, p. 111. 5513:Tolstikov 1987 5505: 5501:Ivantchik 2018 5486: 5471: 5467:Parzinger 2004 5456: 5444: 5442:, p. 312. 5440:Ivantchik 2016 5432: 5406:; Fontenrose, 5384: 5380:Parzinger 2004 5372: 5357: 5353:Ivantchik 2016 5340: 5328: 5324:Parzinger 2004 5316: 5301: 5278: 5266: 5249: 5233: 5203: 5187: 5175: 5163: 5138: 5109: 5105:Parzinger 2004 5097: 5080: 5068: 5045: 5041:Rusyayeva 2007 5030: 5015: 5013:, p. 195. 5003: 4999:Rusyayeva 2007 4991: 4954: 4942: 4930: 4918: 4897: 4893:Parzinger 2004 4880: 4861: 4842: 4819: 4800: 4781: 4777:Parzinger 2004 4769: 4757: 4745: 4670: 4653: 4638: 4636:, p. 267. 4626: 4614: 4597: 4585: 4568: 4517: 4502: 4493: 4491:, p. 160. 4489:Ivantchik 1999 4478: 4476:, p. 158. 4474:Ivantchik 1999 4466: 4454: 4429: 4410: 4403: 4397:. p. 64. 4375:Rybakov, B. A. 4364: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4309: 4306: 4269: 4266: 4249: 4246: 4203: 4200: 4173:Cape Hippolaus 4155:The Greeks of 4153: 4152: 4145: 4142: 4127:Ancient Greeks 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4044: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4023: 4022: 4021: 4020: 4019: 3949:Main article: 3946: 3943: 3909:Adrienne Mayor 3900: 3897: 3878: 3875: 3845: 3842: 3832: 3829: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3793: 3784: 3685: 3684:Royal funerals 3682: 3657: 3654: 3633: 3630: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3589: 3586: 3461: 3453: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3331: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3233:male societies 3184: 3176: 3124: 3121: 3046:Main article: 3043: 3035: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2992: 2989: 2962: 2959: 2954: 2951: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2901: 2898: 2893: 2890: 2878: 2875: 2839: 2836: 2788: 2785: 2776: 2773: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2747: 2739: 2736: 2719: 2716: 2703: 2700: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2629: 2626: 2613:Main article: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2597: 2594: 2519: 2516: 2502: 2499: 2459: 2456: 2400: 2397: 2385: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2347: 2323:presently the 2308: 2305: 2291:, the English 2199: 2196: 2167:The Greeks of 2142:Main article: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2057:Vedic Sanskrit 1966: 1963: 1839:Main article: 1824: 1821: 1695:Vedic Sanskrit 1620: 1613: 1592: 1589: 1471: 1468: 1365:Main article: 1362: 1355: 1329: 1328:The third rank 1326: 1258:) was the god 1239: 1236: 1046: 1039: 1037: 1034: 983:Main article: 980: 977: 975: 974:The first rank 972: 958:pantheon, the 922: 921: 920: 919: 907: 906: 905: 904: 896: 888: 885: 872: 871: 870: 862: 851: 850: 849: 840: 839: 836: 834: 833: 831: 829: 827: 825: 823: 821: 819: 817: 815: 813: 811: 808: 806: 805: 803: 798: 796: 794: 792: 790: 788: 786: 784: 782: 780: 778: 775: 773: 772: 770: 768: 766: 764: 762: 760: 758: 756: 754: 752: 750: 748: 746: 743: 741: 740: 738: 723: 721: 706: 704: 689: 687: 685: 682: 680: 679: 677: 675: 673: 671: 669: 667: 665: 663: 661: 659: 657: 655: 653: 651: 649: 647: 645: 642: 641: 639: 637: 635: 633: 631: 629: 627: 625: 623: 621: 618: 617: 615: 613: 611: 609: 607: 605: 603: 601: 599: 597: 595: 593: 591: 589: 587: 585: 583: 580: 578: 577: 575: 573: 571: 569: 567: 565: 563: 561: 559: 557: 555: 553: 550: 549: 547: 545: 542: 541: 539: 532: 530: 513: 511: 504: 501: 499: 498: 496: 494: 492: 490: 488: 486: 484: 482: 480: 478: 476: 474: 472: 469: 467: 466: 464: 462: 460: 458: 456: 454: 452: 450: 448: 446: 444: 442: 440: 437: 436: 434: 432: 430: 427: 426: 424: 419: 417: 402: 400: 385: 383: 381: 378: 376: 375: 373: 371: 369: 367: 365: 363: 361: 359: 357: 355: 353: 351: 349: 346: 344: 343: 341: 339: 337: 335: 333: 331: 329: 327: 325: 323: 321: 319: 317: 314: 312: 311: 309: 307: 305: 303: 282: 280: 263: 261: 259: 256: 254: 253: 251: 249: 247: 245: 243: 241: 239: 237: 235: 233: 231: 224: 223: 197: 194: 193: 192: 189: 186: 170: 167: 138: 135: 61:Eastern Europe 51:who inhabited 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16489: 16478: 16475: 16473: 16470: 16468: 16465: 16463: 16460: 16458: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16435: 16430: 16426: 16418: 16414: 16409: 16403: 16400: 16398: 16394: 16390: 16388: 16385: 16383: 16380: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16363: 16357: 16354: 16350: 16347: 16346: 16345: 16342: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16324: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16299:Kazakh Steppe 16297: 16296: 16294: 16290: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16269: 16266: 16262: 16259: 16258: 16257: 16254: 16253: 16251: 16247: 16239: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16198:Tagar culture 16196: 16194: 16191: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16153: 16152: 16149: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16100: 16097: 16095: 16092: 16090: 16087: 16085: 16082: 16081: 16080: 16076: 16073: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16055: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16037: 16034: 16033: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15983: 15981: 15977: 15973: 15966: 15961: 15959: 15954: 15952: 15947: 15946: 15943: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15902: 15900: 15898: 15894: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15857: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15835: 15834: 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15808:Reincarnation 15806: 15804: 15801: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15788: 15787: 15784: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15766: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15720: 15717: 15716: 15714: 15712: 15708: 15688: 15685: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15634: 15631: 15627: 15620: 15616: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15575: 15572: 15568: 15567:Vattisen Yaly 15565: 15563: 15560: 15559: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15490: 15488: 15485: 15484: 15483: 15480: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15467: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15445: 15443: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15430: 15428: 15427: 15424: 15420: 15416: 15411: 15407: 15402: 15400: 15394: 15374: 15371: 15369: 15366: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15354: 15351: 15349: 15346: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15334: 15331: 15329: 15326: 15324: 15321: 15319: 15316: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15297: 15294: 15293: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15283: 15280: 15276: 15272: 15267: 15263: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15221:Cook Islander 15219: 15218: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15188: 15185: 15181: 15174: 15170: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15144: 15141: 15140: 15139: 15136: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15123: 15122: 15119: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15106: 15105: 15102: 15098: 15095: 15094: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15079: 15076: 15072: 15065: 15061: 15045: 15042: 15040: 15037: 15035: 15032: 15030: 15029:Baltic Finnic 15027: 15026: 15025: 15022: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14997:Imperial cult 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14984: 14983: 14980: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14962: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14930: 14928: 14924: 14921: 14919: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14901: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14881: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14866: 14865: 14862: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14839: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14826: 14823: 14822: 14821: 14818: 14814: 14811: 14809: 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14795: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14770: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14743: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14733: 14730: 14726: 14719: 14715: 14701: 14698: 14696: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14683: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14666: 14663: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14641: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14628: 14626: 14623: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14584: 14581: 14580: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14558:Sunda Wiwitan 14556: 14554: 14551: 14547: 14544: 14543: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14525: 14522: 14521: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14510: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14494:Austroasiatic 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14461: 14458: 14454: 14447: 14443: 14438: 14432: 14426: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14401: 14398: 14393: 14389: 14382: 14377: 14375: 14370: 14368: 14363: 14362: 14359: 14347: 14343: 14339: 14337: 14329: 14328: 14325: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14256: 14253: 14252: 14250: 14248: 14247:South America 14244: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14169: 14167: 14165: 14161: 14155: 14154:United States 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14110: 14107: 14105: 14102: 14100: 14097: 14095: 14092: 14090: 14087: 14085: 14082: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14041: 14039: 14037: 14036:North America 14033: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14010: 14007: 14006: 14005: 14002: 14000: 13997: 13995: 13992: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13915: 13912: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13894:Liechtenstein 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13784: 13782: 13778: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13630: 13627: 13625: 13622: 13621: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13610: 13607: 13605: 13602: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13511: 13509: 13507: 13503: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13346:Guinea-Bissau 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13228: 13226: 13224: 13220: 13216: 13209: 13205: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13170:Organizations 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13133: 13131: 13128: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13114: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13033: 13030: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13012: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 13000:Vegetarianism 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12945:Homosexuality 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12905: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12872: 12869: 12868: 12867: 12864: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12846: 12845: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12815: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12792: 12789: 12788: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12766:Neurotheology 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12731: 12729: 12723: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12677: 12674: 12672: 12669: 12668: 12666: 12664: 12660: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12638: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12576: 12575: 12572: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12554: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12487: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12460:Folk religion 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12388: 12385: 12384: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12367: 12363: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12302: 12301: 12298: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12283:Imperial cult 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12257: 12254: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12239: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12226: 12225: 12222: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12186: 12183: 12182: 12181: 12178: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12165: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12077: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12054: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11988: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11961: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11933: 11930: 11929: 11926: 11922: 11917: 11913: 11893: 11890: 11889: 11888: 11885: 11883: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11852:Discordianism 11850: 11848: 11847:Anthroposophy 11845: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11830: 11829: 11825: 11824: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11811: 11808: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11795:Mari religion 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11724: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11708: 11707: 11704: 11700: 11697: 11695: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11678: 11675: 11674: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11661: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11632:Neo-Theosophy 11630: 11629: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11570:New Acropolis 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11523: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11488: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11390: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11384: 11382: 11378: 11377: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11322: 11319: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11242: 11236: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11215:North African 11213: 11210: 11208: 11202: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11129: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11113: 11110: 11108: 11105: 11104: 11102: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11060: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11008: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10979:Kwakwakaʼwakw 10977: 10975: 10972: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10842: 10836: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10809: 10808: 10805: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10750: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10738: 10736: 10732: 10726: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10717:Austroasiatic 10714: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10697: 10696: 10693: 10689: 10688:Vattisen Yaly 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10670: 10667: 10666: 10664: 10662: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10649: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10607:Kirat Mundhum 10605: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10566: 10560: 10559: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10546: 10543: 10542: 10541: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10513: 10512: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10498: 10494: 10488: 10487: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10406: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10358: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10351: 10349: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10336: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10270: 10266: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10243: 10242: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10230: 10228: 10224: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10203: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10139: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10105: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10072: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10035: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9985: 9979: 9978: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9966:Milah Abraham 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9900: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9865: 9864: 9861: 9860: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9841: 9837: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9793: 9790: 9789: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9697: 9694: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9624: 9623: 9622:Protestantism 9620: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9602: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9573: 9570: 9569: 9568: 9565: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9533: 9532: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9521: 9518: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9482: 9479: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9407: 9402: 9400: 9395: 9393: 9388: 9387: 9384: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9328: 9326: 9322: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9257: 9256:Indo-European 9253: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9200: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9154:Manichaeanism 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9133: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9108: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9052: 9050: 9048: 9044: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9010: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8997: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8979: 8975: 8968: 8963: 8961: 8956: 8954: 8949: 8948: 8945: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8904: 8902: 8898: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8826: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8769: 8765: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8713: 8708: 8706: 8701: 8699: 8694: 8693: 8690: 8681: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8646: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8562:United States 8559: 8555: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8540: 8528: 8524: 8523: 8518: 8517: 8508: 8503: 8491: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8480: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8438: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8370:Taylor, T. F. 8367: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8301:United States 8298: 8297:New York City 8294: 8293: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8267:United States 8264: 8263:New York City 8260: 8259: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8155: 8151: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8110: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8092: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8053:United States 8050: 8046: 8042: 8041:Rolle, Renate 8038: 8034: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8009:Marazov, Ivan 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7982: 7978: 7977: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7963:Gindin, L. A. 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7937: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7902: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7879:The Scythians 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7842: 7837: 7833: 7827: 7823: 7819: 7818:United States 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7776:United States 7773: 7772:New York City 7769: 7765: 7761: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7742:United States 7739: 7735: 7730: 7726: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7683:(33): 19–34. 7682: 7678: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7592: 7586: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7566:United States 7563: 7562:New York City 7559: 7558: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7401:United States 7398: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7353:United States 7350: 7349:New York City 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7317:Zürcher, Erik 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7296: 7292: 7288: 7287:United States 7284: 7283:New York City 7280: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7232:United States 7229: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7216: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7186:United States 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7150:Gyatso, Janet 7147: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7085:United States 7082: 7081:New York City 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6997: 6993: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6910:on 2021-06-21 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6807: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6660: 6659: 6646: 6641: 6635:, p. 97. 6634: 6629: 6622: 6617: 6615: 6607: 6602: 6595: 6590: 6588: 6581:, p. 56. 6580: 6575: 6568: 6563: 6556: 6551: 6544: 6539: 6533:, p. 49. 6532: 6527: 6525: 6518:, p. 46. 6517: 6512: 6505: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6481: 6476: 6469: 6464: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6433: 6428: 6421: 6416: 6409: 6404: 6402: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6375: 6367: 6362: 6360: 6352: 6347: 6340: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6317: 6309: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6290: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6273: 6268: 6261: 6256: 6249: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6230: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6213: 6212:Phillips 1972 6208: 6201: 6200:Raevskiy 1993 6196: 6189: 6184: 6177: 6172: 6170: 6162: 6157: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6143: 6138: 6131: 6130:Campbell 2014 6126: 6120:, p. 62. 6119: 6114: 6112: 6105:, p. 65. 6104: 6099: 6097: 6090:, p. 78. 6089: 6088:Ustinova 2005 6084: 6076: 6072: 6065: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6015:, “unmanly”)" 6013: 6001: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5973:, p. 72. 5972: 5967: 5960: 5956: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5858: 5857:Schmitt 2018a 5853: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5829: 5823:, p. 54. 5822: 5817: 5815: 5807: 5802: 5796:, p. 78. 5795: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5760:, p. 47. 5759: 5754: 5747: 5746:Cunliffe 2019 5742: 5736:, p. 48. 5735: 5730: 5723: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5673:, p. 72. 5672: 5667: 5665: 5658:, p. 95. 5657: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5633: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5614: 5606: 5601: 5594: 5589: 5582: 5577: 5575: 5567: 5562: 5555: 5554:Raevskiy 1993 5550: 5544:, p. 24. 5543: 5542:Raevskiy 1993 5538: 5532:, p. 69. 5531: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5483: 5478: 5476: 5469:, p. 99. 5468: 5463: 5461: 5454:, p. 91. 5453: 5452:Ustinova 1999 5448: 5441: 5436: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5388: 5382:, p. 98. 5381: 5376: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5354: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5337: 5336:Ustinova 2005 5332: 5326:, p. 97. 5325: 5320: 5314:, p. 23. 5313: 5312:Raevskiy 1993 5308: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5289:Campbell 1969 5285: 5283: 5275: 5270: 5264:, p. 22. 5263: 5262:Raevskiy 1993 5258: 5256: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5241:Herzfeld 1947 5237: 5229: 5223: 5217: 5212: 5211:Schmitt 2018b 5207: 5200: 5196: 5195:Campbell 1969 5191: 5184: 5183:Raevskiy 1993 5179: 5173:, p. 63. 5172: 5167: 5160: 5156: 5155:Campbell 1969 5151: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5135: 5134:Jacobson 1995 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5106: 5101: 5095:, p. 21. 5094: 5093:Raevskiy 1993 5089: 5087: 5085: 5078:, p. 73. 5077: 5076:Campbell 1969 5072: 5065: 5061: 5060:Campbell 1969 5056: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5043:, p. 98. 5042: 5037: 5035: 5027: 5022: 5020: 5012: 5007: 5001:, p. 96. 5000: 4995: 4988: 4987:Ustinova 1999 4983: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4952:, p. 22. 4951: 4946: 4939: 4934: 4928:, p. 54. 4927: 4922: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4894: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4878:, p. 21. 4877: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4858: 4857:Kullanda 2013 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4840:, p. 19. 4839: 4838:Raevskiy 1993 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4817:, p. 48. 4816: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4798:, p. 23. 4797: 4796:Bukharin 2013 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4779:, p. 78. 4778: 4773: 4767:, p. 40. 4766: 4765:Raevskiy 1993 4761: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4741:Ustinova 1999 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4668:, p. 20. 4667: 4666:Raevskiy 1993 4662: 4660: 4658: 4650: 4648: 4642: 4635: 4630: 4624:, p. 66. 4623: 4622:Bukharin 2013 4618: 4611: 4610:Raevskiy 1993 4606: 4604: 4602: 4594: 4593:Raevskiy 1993 4589: 4583:, p. 17. 4582: 4581:Raevskiy 1993 4577: 4575: 4573: 4565: 4564:Cunliffe 2019 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4515:, p. 16. 4514: 4513:Raevskiy 1993 4509: 4507: 4497: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4475: 4470: 4463: 4462:Ustinova 1999 4458: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4427:, p. 69. 4426: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372:redrawn from 4369: 4365: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4339:Kurgan stelae 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4284: 4279: 4265: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4245: 4241: 4239: 4218: 4212: 4208: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4186: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4041: 4027: 4011: 4006: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995:birds of prey 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3969: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3896: 3893: 3886: 3883: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3812: 3807: 3797: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3747: 3745: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3690: 3681: 3678: 3677:burial mounds 3673: 3669: 3665: 3663: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3640: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3609: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3585: 3576: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3459: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3416: 3407: 3406:Ancient Greek 3380: 3375: 3363:Royal customs 3355: 3353: 3349: 3339: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3320: 3310: 3296: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3272: 3268:the Bosporan 3266: 3260: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3211: 3205: 3196: 3195:Ancient Greek 3191: 3182: 3178:The Bosporan 3175: 3166: 3160: 3158: 3157:haemorrhaging 3154: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3131: 3120: 3117: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3083: 3082:Ancient Greek 3078: 3072: 3063: 3062:Ancient Greek 3059: 3057: 3049: 3041: 3034: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3009: 3000: 2998: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2968: 2958: 2950: 2948: 2938: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2909: 2907: 2897: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2874: 2870: 2861: 2860:Ancient Greek 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2844:Eastern Roman 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2803: 2794: 2793:Ancient Greek 2787:The Holy Ways 2784: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2699: 2697: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2563: 2562:Ancient Greek 2558: 2553: 2548: 2546: 2541: 2535: 2526: 2525:Ancient Greek 2515: 2513: 2509: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2473: 2472:Ancient Greek 2469: 2455: 2452: 2446: 2440: 2439:Ancient Greek 2435: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2378: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2326: 2318: 2317:Ancient Greek 2314: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2297:dual-monarchy 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2279:Narty kadǵytæ 2275: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2208:Ancient Greek 2205: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2152: 2145: 2136: 2125:Other deities 2122: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2109: 2089: 2084: 2075: 2063: 2058: 2045: 2040: 2029: 2017: 2014: 2008: 1999: 1998:Ancient Greek 1995: 1990: 1984: 1975: 1974:Ancient Greek 1971: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1946:, and by the 1945: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1918: 1906: 1901: 1898: 1892: 1883: 1882:Ancient Greek 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1860: 1851: 1850:Ancient Greek 1847: 1842: 1834: 1829: 1820: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1795:Ancient Greek 1791: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1767: 1762: 1756: 1742: 1738: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1700: 1696: 1683: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1634: 1633:Ancient Greek 1630: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1606:Narty kadǵytæ 1602: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1585:Sword of Mars 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1547: 1542: 1536: 1523: 1511: 1509: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1489: 1487: 1477: 1467: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1423: 1414: 1413:Ancient Greek 1410: 1401: 1395: 1386: 1385:Ancient Greek 1382: 1378: 1368: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1309:According to 1307: 1303: 1300: 1293: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1274: 1265: 1264:Ancient Greek 1261: 1249: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1204: 1202: 1196: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1166: 1160: 1159:Ancient Greek 1155: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1123: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1088: 1087:Ancient Greek 1084: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1065: 1056: 1055:Ancient Greek 1052: 1033: 1031: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1009: 1000: 999:Ancient Greek 996: 986: 971: 967: 965: 963: 957: 954: 950: 946: 942: 940: 934: 930: 925: 911: 910: 909: 908: 897: 889: 886: 883: 876: 875: 873: 863: 855: 854: 852: 847: 846: 844: 843: 835: 809: 807: 802: 776: 774: 744: 742: 736: 731: 727: 719: 714: 710: 702: 697: 693: 683: 681: 643: 640: 632: 630: 622: 620: 619: 610: 602: 600: 592: 590: 581: 579: 551: 548: 546: 543: 538: 537: 528: 523: 519: 518: 510: 509: 502: 500: 470: 468: 438: 435: 433: 431: 429: 428: 423: 415: 410: 406: 398: 393: 389: 379: 377: 347: 345: 315: 313: 301: 295: 290: 286: 278: 273: 269: 268: 257: 255: 229: 226: 225: 221: 220: 217: 215: 213: 207: 203: 200:According to 190: 188:the airspace; 187: 184: 183: 182: 180: 176: 166: 164: 160: 156: 151: 149: 144: 134: 133:mythologies. 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 107: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 42: 34: 33:drinking horn 30: 26: 21: 16429: 16332:Lower Danube 16282: 16079:Sauromatians 16048:Melanchlaeni 15920:Neoplatonism 15860:Tree of life 15823:Sacred grove 15724:Bear worship 15677:Neoshamanism 15539:Zalmoxianism 15492:Adyghe Habze 15397:Modern pagan 15104:Mesopotamian 15013: 14960:Paleo-Balkan 14894:Samothracian 14773:Old Prussian 14670:Bongthingism 13751:Turkmenistan 13711:Saudi Arabia 13456:South Africa 13446:Sierra Leone 13251:Burkina Faso 13160:Names of God 13107:Unaffiliated 13062:Antireligion 12923:Universalism 12871:Assimilation 12736:Anthropology 12611:Supernatural 12606:Spirituality 12574:Sacred space 12562:Purification 12435:Denomination 12389: / 12321: 12197:Paleo-Balkan 12163:Mesopotamian 12003:Cook Islands 11974:Old Prussian 11887:UFO religion 11826: 11822:Zalmoxianism 11750:Neoshamanism 11607:Spiritualism 11490:Other ethnic 11379: 11205:Traditional 11165:Bongthingism 11063:Acoma Pueblo 11006:Mesoamerican 10735:Austronesian 10556: 10552:Neo-Buddhism 10484: 10480:Neo-Hinduism 10401:Swaminarayan 10239: 10188:Salvationist 10173:Confucianism 10024:Samaritanism 9994:Ali-Illahism 9975: 9842: 9836:Unitarianism 9777:Old Catholic 9584:Nestorianism 9542:Christianity 9529: 9495:Conservative 9366:Roman School 9289:Neoplatonism 9246:Mesopotamian 9083:Confucianism 9022:Christianity 9000:Major groups 8849: 8819:THC Ministry 8657: 8622: 8588: 8544: 8531:. 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Retrieved 6793: 6789: 6785: 6750: 6718: 6714: 6679: 6640: 6628: 6601: 6574: 6562: 6550: 6538: 6511: 6499: 6487: 6475: 6463: 6451: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6408:MacLeod 2013 6388: 6346: 6334: 6267: 6255: 6207: 6195: 6183: 6137: 6125: 6083: 6074: 6070: 6064: 6055: 6051: 6042: 6033: 6029: 6020: 5978: 5966: 5958: 5949: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5840: 5828: 5801: 5789: 5777: 5765: 5753: 5741: 5729: 5717: 5705: 5693: 5651: 5639: 5627: 5600: 5588: 5561: 5549: 5537: 5508: 5447: 5435: 5411: 5396:4.8–10 5387: 5375: 5331: 5319: 5269: 5236: 5206: 5190: 5178: 5166: 5100: 5071: 5026:Schmitt 2003 5006: 4994: 4950:Lincoln 2014 4945: 4933: 4921: 4876:Lincoln 2014 4772: 4760: 4753:MacLeod 2013 4748: 4646: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4588: 4496: 4469: 4457: 4391:Soviet Union 4382: 4378: 4368: 4354:Scythian art 4334:Issyk kurgan 4271: 4258:Philostratus 4255: 4251: 4242: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4196: 4193: 4185:Pontic Olbia 4181: 4177:Kinburn Spit 4157:Pontic Olbia 4154: 4124: 4116:Among Greeks 4105: 4101: 4090: 4063: 4051: 3991:snow leopard 3972: 3957:Animal style 3954: 3951:Scythian art 3939:Pantikapaion 3936: 3932:frankincense 3921: 3905: 3902: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3815: 3802: 3774: 3758: 3748:, and Greek 3738: 3723: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3691: 3687: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3635: 3620: 3601: 3591: 3563:Saitapharnēs 3529: 3515:Because the 3514: 3491: 3463: 3451:neighbours. 3442: 3430: 3426: 3371: 3345: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3307: 3276: 3241: 3224: 3186: 3161: 3126: 3112: 3102: 3051: 3015: 3006: 2994: 2980: 2964: 2956: 2953:Flagellation 2944: 2935: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2903: 2895: 2887: 2880: 2841: 2833: 2830: 2821: 2790: 2778: 2762: 2755: 2741: 2733: 2725: 2721: 2709: 2705: 2693: 2677: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653:Hyperboreans 2634: 2631: 2622: 2618: 2599: 2584: 2549: 2529:Θεος Υψιστος 2521: 2504: 2491:Philostratus 2480: 2463: 2462:The goddess 2461: 2447: 2412: 2404: 2403:The goddess 2402: 2389:Pontic Olbia 2386: 2329: 2312: 2310: 2270: 2253:Krasny Mayak 2249: 2226: 2204:Divine twins 2201: 2189: 2169:Pontic Olbia 2166: 2155: 2149:daughter of 2147: 2116: 2112: 2085: 2018: 2013:Thamimasadas 1994:Thamimasidas 1993: 1989:Thagimasadas 1970:Thagimasadas 1969: 1968: 1965:Thagimasidas 1956: 1902: 1877: 1845: 1844: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1665: 1624: 1622: 1594: 1566: 1562: 1502: 1490: 1473: 1450:Pontarkhēs ( 1445: 1404: 1372: 1370: 1331: 1315: 1308: 1304: 1294: 1259: 1241: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1205: 1171: 1167: 1082: 1050: 1048: 1021: 1017: 1013: 990: 988: 968: 939:Aməša Spəṇta 926: 923: 915:Thagimasadas 800: 725: 708: 691: 534: 515: 506: 421: 404: 387: 284: 265: 199: 172: 152: 140: 108: 67:, spoke the 53:Central Asia 40: 38: 31:, holding a 16218:Thyssagetae 16084:Agaragantes 15529:Italo-Roman 15433:Ausar Auset 15201:Micronesian 14992:Gallo-Roman 14842:Anglo-Saxon 14640:Satsana Phi 14524:Momolianism 14428:Historical 14409:Panentheism 14202:New Zealand 14139:Saint Lucia 14089:El Salvador 13994:Switzerland 13929:Netherlands 13701:Philippines 13629:South Korea 13624:North Korea 13514:Afghanistan 13461:South Sudan 13351:Ivory Coast 13135:Deification 13082:Objectivism 13057:Agnosticism 13015:Persecution 13005:Video games 12970:Populations 12881:Proselytism 12849:Monasticism 12840:Clericalism 12830:Agriculture 12821:and society 12786:Soteriology 12746:Comparative 12716:Transtheism 12701:Panentheism 12485:Monasticism 12278:Gallo-Roman 12180:Micronesian 12146:Manichaeism 12094:Hermeticism 12062:Continental 12057:Anglo-Saxon 11937:Paleolithic 11932:Prehistoric 11882:Scientology 11745:Italo-Roman 11600:Radha Soami 11580:New Thought 11420:Espiritismo 11361:Waaqeffanna 11301:Fon and Ewe 11239:Sub-Saharan 11122:Satsana Phi 10918:Ghost Dance 10876:Californian 10854:Anishinaabe 10785:Karo Pemena 10764:Indonesian 10438:Lingayatism 10386:Mahanubhava 10356:Vaishnavism 10287:Jeungsanism 10210:Folk Taoism 10193:Xiantiandao 10047:Zoroastrian 9706:Charismatic 9701:Pentecostal 9664:Anglicanism 9615:Waldensians 9550:Catholicism 9218:Paleolithic 9210:Prehistoric 9184:New Thought 9172:Neopaganism 8726:By religion 8666:Netherlands 8554:Netherlands 8437:Hyperboreus 7875:Die Skythen 7552:"Scythians" 7493:: 257–264. 7433:d'Hérodote" 7279:Netherlands 7166:Nanji, Azim 7047:Blackwell's 7009:Netherlands 6721:: 101–109. 6606:Braund 2007 6579:Braund 2007 6567:Bäbler 2007 6555:Braund 2021 6531:Braund 2007 6516:Braund 2007 6056:The History 6034:The History 5821:Braund 2007 5806:Braund 2005 5794:Zaikov 2004 5782:Braund 2021 5770:Braund 2021 5722:Braund 2021 5530:Zaikov 2004 5368:Braund 2007 5228:Goitó-syros 4914:Safaee 2020 4815:Braund 2007 4425:Safaee 2020 3734:Mesopotamia 3704: [ 3569:Σαιταφαρνης 3551:Ariapharnos 3149:snake venom 3033:of Tabiti. 2991:Use of hemp 2961:Sun worship 2846:grammarian 2813:Borysthenes 2781:Tyras river 2729:cosmic axis 2690:Social role 2557:Pharnoukhos 2333:Borysthenēs 2313:Borysthenēs 2307:Borysthenēs 2162:Targī̆tavah 2002:Θαμιμασαδας 1978:Θαγιμασαδας 1724:gaoiiaoⁱtiš 1699:Gavyutiśūra 1375:Targī̆tavah 1359:Targī̆tavah 1248:Ahura Mazdā 1244:Zoroastrian 1154:Borysthenis 1149:Borysthenēs 949:Zoroastrian 945:Ahura Mazdā 880:Targī̆tavah 527:Targī̆tavah 285:Borysthenes 165:religions. 137:Development 63:throughout 16472:Polytheism 16446:Categories 16134:Spondolici 16104:Limigantes 16075:Sarmatians 16063:Massagetae 16026:Cimmerians 16006:Androphagi 15882:Witchcraft 15865:World tree 15803:Orthopraxy 15652:Stregheria 15599:Udmurt Vos 15562:Burkhanism 15470:Dievturība 15448:Mexicayotl 15216:Polynesian 15196:Melanesian 15191:Australian 15109:Babylonian 14923:Lusitanian 14918:Gallaecian 14908:Cantabrian 14884:Eleusinian 14798:Circassian 14794:Caucasian 14783:Lithuanian 14700:Sanamahism 14680:Donyi-Polo 14541:Philippine 14519:Kaharingan 14504:Vietnamese 14419:Polytheism 14192:Micronesia 14069:Costa Rica 13964:San Marino 13924:Montenegro 13904:Luxembourg 13761:Uzbekistan 13736:Tajikistan 13641:Kyrgyzstan 13614:Kazakhstan 13564:East Timor 13534:Bangladesh 13524:Azerbaijan 13441:Seychelles 13406:Mozambique 13391:Mauritania 13376:Madagascar 13266:Cape Verde 13048:irreligion 13043:Secularism 12950:Minorities 12918:Toleration 12913:Syncretism 12898:Fanaticism 12888:Disability 12876:Missionary 12866:Conversion 12854:Ordination 12776:Psychology 12771:Philosophy 12711:Polytheism 12691:Monotheism 12686:Henotheism 12527:Orthopraxy 12517:Ordination 12480:Meditation 12475:Indigenous 12440:Entheogens 12425:Conversion 12251:Pueblo III 12168:Babylonian 12158:Melanesian 12084:Gnosticism 11969:Lithuanian 11862:Fourth Way 11716:Circassian 11694:Dievturība 11617:Tensegrity 11550:Falun Gong 11195:Sanamahism 11175:Donyi-Polo 10807:Polynesian 10753:Kaharingan 10678:Burkhanism 10617:Ravidassia 10595:Śvetāmbara 10381:Pushtimarg 10361:Krishnaism 10297:Vietnamese 10282:Cheondoism 10215:Yao Taoism 10151:East Asian 9917:Isma'ilism 9873:Maturidism 9652:Mennonites 9647:Hutterites 9632:Anabaptism 9525:Humanistic 9371:Secularism 9361:Irreligion 9284:Gnosticism 9202:Historical 9075:East Asian 9047:Amerindian 8876:Sula Benet 8840:Kapnobatai 8828:Historical 8454:C. H. Beck 8314:22 October 7941:5 November 7579:23 October 7333:Thapar, R. 7329:Obenga, T. 6862:De Gruyter 6655:References 6468:Mayor 2022 6444:Mayor 2022 6432:Mayor 2022 6420:Mayor 2022 6142:Mayor 2003 6118:Mayor 2003 6103:Rolle 1989 5971:Mayor 2003 5291:, p. 5243:, p. 5197:, p. 5171:Geary 1994 5157:, p. 5062:, p. 4238:Anacharsis 3968:Zaraϑuštra 3849:Sarmatians 3777:Chortomlyk 3646:bark; the 3612:Divination 3557:Αριαφαρνος 3539:Khopharnos 3498:Achaemenid 3492:Among the 3455:The royal 3404:in Greek ( 3123:The Agaroi 2967:Massagetai 2947:Massagetai 2906:Kazakhstan 2765:Anacharsis 2672:Mount Meru 2574:Pharnuchus 2566:Φαρνουχος‎ 2508:South Asia 2352:Baurustāna 2343:Baurastāna 2321:Βορυσθενης 2311:The river 2211:Dioskouroi 2185:Persephone 2051:𐬚𐬡𐬁𐬴𐬀 1937:Babylonian 1705:गव्युतिशूर 1657:Goetosyrus 1648:Goitosuros 1637:Γοιτοσυρος 1528:𐬬𐬁𐬌𐬌𐬎 1486:Vərᵊϑraγna 1246:great god 1163:Βορυσθενις 801:Three sons 300:Baurustāna 294:Baurastāna 100:Massagetae 88:Sarmatians 84:Cimmerians 16452:Scythians 16387:Sarmatism 16278:Languages 16261:Jewellery 16171:Hamaxobii 16151:Scythians 16114:Rimphaces 16109:Phoristae 16099:Cissianti 16058:Amyrgians 16043:Gelonians 15991:Agathyrsi 15833:Sacrifice 15828:Holy well 15796:Mythology 15779:Stone row 15589:Hungarian 15519:Hellenism 15514:Heathenry 15482:Caucasian 15444:American 15438:Godianism 15399:movements 15131:Canaanite 15034:Hungarian 15002:Mithraism 14933:Camunnian 14874:Hero cult 14741:Anatolian 14655:Benzhuism 14650:Bathouism 14578:Dravidian 14509:Indonesia 14479:Mongolian 14414:Pantheism 14310:Venezuela 14255:Argentina 14172:Australia 14124:Nicaragua 14099:Guatemala 13899:Lithuania 13721:Sri Lanka 13716:Singapore 13696:Palestine 13584:Indonesia 13574:Hong Kong 13396:Mauritius 13117:Overviews 13072:Criticism 13020:Terrorism 12995:Theocracy 12940:Happiness 12908:Pluralism 12893:Education 12819:Religion 12791:Salvation 12781:Sociology 12726:Religious 12706:Pantheism 12696:Nontheism 12589:Mountains 12567:Sacrifice 12522:Orthodoxy 12512:Mythology 12507:Mysticism 12396:Behaviour 12305:Canaanite 12288:Mithraism 12256:Pueblo IV 12246:Pueblo II 12151:Mazdakism 12126:Hungarian 12099:Mysteries 12008:Dravidian 11790:Hungarian 11706:Caucasian 11677:Godianism 11637:Agni Yoga 11627:Theosophy 11590:Rastafari 11565:Modekngei 11545:Brahmoism 11538:Syncretic 11530:movements 11528:religious 11440:Quimbanda 11388:Candomblé 11381:Diasporic 11160:Bathouism 11150:Benzhuism 11075:Tsimshian 11026:Purépecha 10947:Longhouse 10922:Sun Dance 10871:Blackfoot 10790:Malaysian 10780:Kapitayan 10590:Digambara 10575:Ayyavazhi 10540:Vajrayana 10505:Theravada 10418:Ganapatya 10391:Ramanandi 10320:Hoahaoism 10198:Yiguandao 10093:Yarsanism 10088:Shabakism 10075:Yazdânism 10065:Zurvanism 10060:Mazdaznan 10019:Rastafari 10014:Mandaeism 9888:Wahhabism 9868:Ash'arism 9831:Tolstoyan 9821:Spiritual 9811:Mormonism 9782:Judaizers 9755:Quakerism 9733:Methodist 9723:Irvingism 9674:Calvinism 9627:Adventism 9610:Moravians 9447:Abrahamic 9228:Near East 9144:Mithraism 9037:Rastafari 9009:Abrahamic 8767:Movements 8758:Rastafari 8733:Hinduism‎ 8398:Cambridge 8340:Cambridge 8285:(2018b). 8251:(2018a). 8201:219515548 7814:Princeton 7746:McFarland 7738:Jefferson 7397:Princeton 7365:Routledge 7325:Lonis, R. 7262:243753185 7133:222004709 6888:236581183 6735:194886583 6048:Herodotus 6028:. "105". 6026:Herodotus 5881:Gera 2018 5392:Herodotus 4634:West 2007 4292:aspirated 4135:Black Sea 3818:Melitopol 3730:hecatombs 3575:Pharnagos 3415:romanized 3348:Gelonians 3319:Libations 3299:Festivals 3271:thiasotes 3259:thiasotes 3204:romanized 3165:Skythikon 3091:romanized 3071:romanized 2912:Practices 2856:Asklēpios 2808:Exampaios 2802:romanized 2797:Εξαμπαιος 2712:Gelonians 2637:Issedones 2604:Mythology 2543:) of the 2534:romanized 2466:Dithagoia 2458:Dithagoia 2330:The name 2192:Herodotus 2007:romanized 1983:romanized 1911:𐬀𐬭𐬙𐬌‎ 1897:Argimpasa 1891:romanized 1886:Αργιμπασα 1878:Argimpasa 1874:Artimpasa 1865:Artimpasa 1859:romanized 1854:Αρτιμπασα 1846:Artimpasa 1841:Artimpasa 1823:Artimpasa 1812:Vaitāsūra 1807:Oetosyrus 1799:Οιτοσυρος 1790:Oitosyros 1673:Gaiϑāsūra 1642:romanized 1627:Gaiϑāsūra 1617:Gaiϑāsūra 1599:from the 1595:The hero 1516:𐬬𐬁𐬙𐬀‎ 1422:romanized 1400:Targitaos 1394:romanized 1389:Ταργιταος 1367:Targitaos 1273:romanized 1096:romanized 1064:romanized 933:Ossetians 900:Artimpasa 892:Gaiϑāsūra 735:Kolaxšaya 718:Arbuxšaya 701:Lipoxšaya 517:Targitaos 508:Artimpasa 169:Cosmology 163:Canaanite 150:culture. 148:Anatolian 127:Hungarian 16344:Sarmatia 16309:Sakasene 16283:Religion 16119:Roxolani 16021:Cercetae 16011:Arimaspi 15764:Megalith 15754:Idolatry 15749:Folklore 15579:Estonian 15534:Kemetism 15509:Canarian 15460:Armenian 15429:African 15348:Malagasy 15318:Dahomean 15296:Bushongo 15241:Tahitian 15236:Rapa Nui 15226:Hawaiian 15114:Sumerian 15092:Egyptian 15014:Scythian 14975:Thracian 14970:Illyrian 14938:Ligurian 14847:Frankish 14837:Germanic 14832:Etruscan 14808:Ossetian 14803:Georgian 14763:Armenian 14756:Phrygian 14736:Albanian 14722:European 14690:Kiratism 14610:Ryukyuan 14568:Hinduism 14514:Parmalim 14499:Sarnaism 14484:Tengrism 14436:extinct) 14388:Paganism 14336:Category 14300:Suriname 14290:Paraguay 14275:Colombia 14182:Kiribati 14109:Honduras 14079:Dominica 14054:Barbados 14019:Scotland 13979:Slovenia 13974:Slovakia 13949:Portugal 13819:Bulgaria 13741:Thailand 13691:Pakistan 13671:Mongolia 13666:Maldives 13661:Malaysia 13549:Cambodia 13496:Zimbabwe 13471:Tanzania 13321:Ethiopia 13316:Eswatini 13296:Djibouti 13261:Cameroon 13246:Botswana 13190:Timeline 13185:Scholars 13145:Founders 13010:Violence 12965:Politics 12835:Business 12798:Theology 12542:Prophecy 12532:Paganism 12420:Covenant 12387:Apostasy 12322:Scythian 12263:Rapa Nui 12217:Thracian 12212:Illyrian 12202:Albanian 12173:Sumerian 12116:Harappan 12052:Germanic 12047:Georgian 12040:Selk'nam 12025:Etruscan 12013:Egyptian 11991:Druidism 11954:Armenian 11877:Satanism 11857:Eckankar 11780:Estonian 11765:Romanian 11755:Ossetian 11735:Germanic 11684:Armenian 11673:African 11666:paganism 11595:Sant Mat 11585:Rajneesh 11560:Meivazhi 11555:Japanese 11512:Siberian 11445:Santería 11415:Convince 11281:Bushongo 11185:Kiratism 11112:Hmongism 10989:Wocekiye 10974:Jivaroan 10942:Iroquois 10937:Ho-Chunk 10898:Cherokee 10841:American 10812:Hawaiian 10725:Sarnaism 10695:Tungusic 10683:Tengrism 10673:Mongolic 10602:Sarnaism 10533:Nichiren 10510:Mahayana 10497:Buddhism 10475:Sant Mat 10465:Sauraism 10460:Smartism 10455:Shaktism 10448:Balinese 10433:Kaumaram 10428:Kapalika 10423:Kashmiri 10408:Shaivism 10348:Hinduism 10315:Caodaism 10259:Ryukyuan 10254:Tenrikyo 10249:Shugendō 10227:Japanese 10098:Yazidism 10083:Ishikism 9961:Quranism 9934:Khawarij 9883:Salafism 9878:Atharism 9767:Esoteric 9738:Holiness 9728:Lutheran 9689:Reformed 9669:Baptists 9642:Brethren 9606:Hussites 9594:Assyrian 9510:Haymanot 9464:Orthodox 9413:Religion 9356:Humanism 9274:Germanic 9236:Egyptian 9116:Hinduism 9111:Buddhism 8621:(2007). 8529:: 88–114 8496:30 April 8472:(2013). 8426:(2002). 8211:(2003). 8119:(2003). 8085:(eds.). 8077:(2007). 8049:Berkeley 8043:(1989). 8023:Bulgaria 8007:(1993). 7873:(2004). 7808:(2022). 7766:(2003). 7701:(1890). 7600:New York 7550:(2018). 7516:(2016). 7475:(2002). 7465:44260011 7439:s]. 7425:(1999). 7389:(1947). 7210:(1994). 7109:(2020). 7067:(2019). 6942:: 20–80. 6926:(2013). 6813:(eds.). 6796:: 99–112 6749:(eds.). 6678:(eds.). 6052:Ἱστορίαι 6050:. 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1201:Ārmaⁱti 1197: 1184:Avestan 1098:: 1066:: 1008:*Tapatī 943:led by 866:Papaios 388:Papaios 179:Avestan 76:Iranian 73:Eastern 16393:Croats 16327:Crimea 16319:Alania 16304:Sistan 16208:Tapuri 16139:Yancai 16124:Serboi 16016:Budini 15996:Amardi 15986:Achaei 15877:Virtue 15838:animal 15818:Ritual 15774:Menhir 15769:Dolmen 15574:Uralic 15554:Slavic 15544:Romani 15504:Celtic 15487:Abkhaz 15475:Romuva 15465:Baltic 15415:Ethnic 15373:Somali 15343:Maasai 15246:Tongan 15211:Papuan 15150:Berber 15097:Nubian 15024:Uralic 15019:Slavic 14987:Cybele 14965:Dacian 14950:Minoan 14913:Castro 14889:Orphic 14852:Gothic 14820:Celtic 14790:Basque 14768:Baltic 14751:Lydian 14685:Heraka 14615:Korean 14605:Shinto 14590:Kalash 14553:Marapu 14489:Turkic 14474:Manchu 14469:Altaic 14346:Portal 14285:Guyana 14265:Brazil 14232:Tuvalu 14129:Panama 14119:Mexico 14064:Canada 14059:Belize 13989:Sweden 13969:Serbia 13959:Russia 13944:Poland 13939:Norway 13919:Monaco 13889:Latvia 13884:Kosovo 13859:Greece 13849:France 13781:Europe 13746:Turkey 13731:Taiwan 13636:Kuwait 13609:Jordan 13599:Israel 13559:Cyprus 13544:Brunei 13539:Bhutan 13491:Zambia 13486:Uganda 13426:Rwanda 13381:Malawi 13341:Guinea 13331:Gambia 13236:Angola 13223:Africa 13032:Wealth 12980:Schism 12935:Growth 12859:Priest 12844:Clergy 12663:Theism 12646:Nature 12641:Astral 12584:Groves 12552:Ritual 12537:Prayer 12495:Novice 12445:Ethnic 12370:Topics 12342:Urartu 12337:Tongan 12332:Somali 12327:Slavic 12207:Dacian 11986:Celtic 11981:Basque 11959:Baltic 11810:Udmurt 11775:Uralic 11770:Slavic 11723:Celtic 11711:Abkhaz 11699:Romuva 11689:Baltic 11664:Modern 11507:Papuan 11470:Voodoo 11425:Kumina 11366:Yoruba 11356:Urhobo 11326:Maasai 11311:Lotuko 11259:Baluba 11249:Akamba 11222:Berber 11180:Heraka 11170:Dongba 11058:Pueblo 11053:Pawnee 11043:Navajo 11033:Muisca 10996:Lenape 10984:Lakota 10962:Seneca 10952:Mohawk 10886:Ohlone 10866:Apache 10859:Ojibwe 10839:Native 10705:Manchu 10700:Evenki 10661:Altaic 10652:Ethnic 10627:Khalsa 10580:Kalash 10470:Śrauta 10339:Indian 10269:Korean 10235:Shinto 10205:Taoism 10178:Luoism 10004:Baháʼí 9999:Bábism 9951:Ahmadi 9929:Sufism 9922:Alawis 9572:Church 9500:Reform 9481:Modern 9469:Haredi 9306:Slavic 9269:Celtic 9264:Baltic 9164:Modern 9103:Indian 9093:Shinto 9088:Taoism 9017:Baháʼí 8912:Nihang 8907:Aghori 8864:People 8738:Islam‎ 8676: 8662:Leiden 8641: 8627:Oxford 8607: 8593:Exeter 8572: 8558:Boston 8550:Leiden 8533:23 May 8460:10 May 8450:Russia 8412: 8354: 8233:Naples 8199: 8189: 8146: 8132:Aarhus 8105: 8091:Oxford 8063: 8029: 7989:Moscow 7983:] 7936:123971 7934: 7897: 7883:Munich 7859: 7849:Kraków 7828: 7794: 7780:London 7752: 7721: 7707:London 7658: 7648:Russia 7644:Moscow 7610: 7596:Leiden 7538:17 May 7504:28 May 7463: 7411: 7375: 7369:UNESCO 7361:France 7341:London 7297: 7275:Leiden 7260: 7250: 7228:Ithaca 7196: 7131: 7095: 7073:Oxford 7053: 7039:Oxford 7019: 7005:Leiden 6988: 6974:Oxford 6957: 6914:3 June 6886: 6876: 6854:Berlin 6833: 6819:Oxford 6800:9 June 6769: 6755:Oxford 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