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1497:. This book also contains extensive study by Hermanns explaining the epic as the product of the Heroic Age of the nomads of North-eastern Tibet and their interactions with the many other peoples of the Inner Asian steppe. Hermanns believed the epic to pre-date Buddhism in Tibet, and saw in it an expression of the ancient Tibetan archetype of the "heaven-sent king", as found also in the myths of the founders of the Yarlung Dynasty, who founded the Tibetan Empire (7th-9th centuries CE).
1482:. This remains the most in-depth study of the Tibetan Gesar tradition. A literal translation of these same woodblocks into English was written by Kornman, Khandro, and Chonam and published by Shambhala in 2012 as The Epic of Gesar of Ling: Gesar's Magical Birth, Early Years, and Coronation as King. A retelling of these volumes in a more accessible and contemporary voice was rendered by David Shapiro and published in 2019 as Gesar of Ling: A Bardic Tale from the Snow Land of Tibet.
820:
88:
1236:. (d) Like kara Chach, Gesar's tutelary spirit helps him against a host of monstrous foes in the underworld. (e) Like Bolot, Gesar returns in triumph to the world, bearing the food of immortality and the water of life. (f) Like the Altai shamans, Gesar is borne heavenward on the back of a bird to obtain herbs to heal his people. They conclude that the stories of the Gesar cycle were well known in the territory of the
876:. In another version he is conceived by his mother after she drinks water impressed with his image. Alternatively, he is born from the union of a father, who is simultaneously skygod and holy mountain, and of a mother who is a goddess of the watery underworld, or he is born, Chori, in the lineage of Ling in the Dza Valley, to the king Singlen Gyalpo and his spouse Lhakar Drönma of Gog.
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38:
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Until recently, the tale was forbidden reading in many
Tibetan monasteries. In some monasteries, however, rituals invoking Gesar as a major spiritual force are performed. Given the central role the epic played over the centuries in Tibetan folk culture, Tibetan Buddhism has incorporated elements from
1258:
By narrowing the period of its creation to the tenth and eleventh centuries, the dynamic of literary composition is erroneously attributed to an oral epic. Furthermore, the epic reflects
Tibetan society during the sixth to ninth centuries rather than the tenth century. Thus a satisfactory conclusion
737:
King Ge-sar has a miraculous birth, a despised and neglected childhood, and then becomes ruler and wins his (first) wife 'Brug-mo through a series of marvellous feats. In subsequent episodes he defends his people against various external aggressors, human and superhuman. Instead of dying a normal
297:
There is a very large body of versions, each with many variants, reputed by some to be the longest in the world. Although there is no one definitive text, the
Chinese compilation of its Tibetan versions so far has filled some 120 volumes; it consists of more than one million verses divided into 29
1320:
periphery. There are versions that adopt Gesar as a lama showing him as a tamer of the wild, but, in so far as his epic retains his old lineaments as a maverick master of shamanic powers, he represents the stateless, anarchic dimension of Tibet's margins, and is rather a tamer of corrupt monastic
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As an heroic song composed or recited by oral bards, the epic of Gesar has been, for centuries, improvised on, and there is therefore no canonical or monumental version, as one finds in, for example, Greek epic. A given Gesar singer would know only his local version, which nonetheless would take
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His early years: Gesar's mission as a divine emissary is to vanquish powerful demons on earth. Until his adolescence he is depicted as black, ugly, nasty, snotty, and troublesome. His paternal uncle, or the king's brother Todong, banishes both son and mother to the rMa plateau, where he grows up
1263:
Jiangbian pointed out that the foundation for the origin of epic is ethnic folk culture. He conjectured that before epics came into being, the
Tibetan people "already had a corpus of stories that described the formation of the heavens and the earth, their ethnic origin, and ethnic heroes; these
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Distinctive features of these versions of the Gesar epic have led some scholars to the view that the Buryat and
Mongolian versions are not directly dependent on a Tibetan original. Setsenmunkh has argued, and the idea was shared by C. Damdinsuren and B. Vladimirtsev, that the written Mongolian
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of the celestial tribes of the West waged war with Atai Ulan, khan of the malicious gods of the east. After his victory, Khormusta dismembers Atai Ulan to prevent his resurrection and throws his body parts to Earth, where they become demons and monsters. The act almost causes the extinction of
1771:,' was often conflated with 'Ol-mo-lung-ring, which modern scholars locate somewhere between northern Persia and Tibet's western borders.' It refers apparently... to the Persian-speaking part of Central Asia, that is, the land of the Tajiks according to Islamic sources, including present-day
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Horse race and kingship: When he is 12, a horse race is held whose winner will marry 'Brugmo, the beautiful daughter of a neighbouring chieftain, and become king of Ling. Returning to Ling, Gesar wins the race, marries 'Brugmo, and ascends the golden throne. His victory marks his
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clerics and, thus, it is not coincidental that the epic flourished on the outlying regions of Kham and Amdo. His wars are campaigns of defence against hostile powers intent on subduing the kingdom of gLing, which are often construed as anti-Buddhist. But his vanquishing of the
180:. It originally developed between 200 or 300 BCE and about 600 CE. Following this, folk balladeers continued to pass on the story orally; this enriched the plot and embellished the language. The story reached its final form and height of popularity in the early 12th century.
758:
from features that show distinct and historically identifiable
Buddhist influences. Samuel, comparing three Gesar traditions, Mongolian, Eastern Tibetan and Ladakhi, that developed relatively autonomously, postulates the following core narrative shared by all three:
604:
sometime between 739 and 745, may have formed the historic core behind the Gesar epic in Tibet. In the records of the earliest rulers of Ladakh, Baltistan, and Gilgit, whose countries were later overrun by
Tibetans, royal ancestry is connected to the Bactrian Gesar.
853:) had avoided subjection. As a result, hordes of cannibalistic demons and goblins, led by malignant and greedy rulers of many kingdoms, wreak havoc. Tibet's conversion from barbarity to Buddhism under the three great Dharma Kings often features. Episodes relate how
652:
As an oral tradition, a large number of variants have always existed, and no canonical text can be written. However, the epic narrative was certainly in something similar to its present form by the 15th century at the latest as shown by the mentions in the
754:, p. 166)) The received versions of the Ge-sar cycle are thickly overlaid with Buddhist ideas and motifs, and detecting the original 'heroic' form is difficult. Historical analysis to sift out an ancient core narrative winnows the archaic folkloric
1707:, pp. 192–95 discusses the great confusion in Tibetan sources over Gesar, identified as a magical lord named Lingjé Gesar Kyechok Norbu Dradül and his putative birthplace, but placing his year of birth in 1053 or 1060(=1081). See note 1 p.194.
1043:
Buryat versions of the epic focus mainly on Gesar's battles with various demons, rather than on military campaigns. They also contain a detailed and drastically different prologue to Gesar's exploits. According to these versions, the great
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in early history. After further polishing by the oral poets, especially the ballad singers, Gesar became a great epic" (1986:51). Many performers recite episodes from memory or books, while others chant the legendary tales in a state of
887:), the wise elder of Ling, who supports the child; the other, the cowardly and greedy Khrothung, sees the child as a threat and tries to do him ill. Khrothung is portrayed comically, but his role as provocateur is absolutely central.
1485:
The fourth volume of the epic, generally known as The Battle of Düd and Ling was translated by Jane Hawes, David
Shapiro and Lama Chonam and published as The Taming of the Demons: From the Epic of Gesar in 2021 (Shambhala 2021)
732:
The epic has a vast number of variants in plot and motifs, but while there is little point in looking for a consistent picture, the core of the story, similar to that of many legendary cycles, has been summed up as follows:
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The first printed edition of the Gesar epic was published in
Beijing in 1716 in a Mongolian version. It was this text which formed the basis for the first Western-language translation, a Russian version published by the
1473:
The first three volumes of the version known as the
Lingtsang-Dege woodblock, which was composed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, were published with a very faithful though incomplete French translation by
1315:
Tibetan history has often swung between centralized and stateless poles, and the epic of Gesar reflects the tensions between central authority, as embodied in religious orthodoxy, and the wild, nomadic forces of the
1112:, the personification of volcanic activity, who was born from Atai Ulan's corpse. Because of his youth Gesar is unable to defeat Gal Dulme by himself, and the deed is performed with assistance from his elder brother.
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population, the story was told only for recreational purposes and people would consider that the Kesar was not a human being but "hla hlu", special creatures of God who are given special command and ability by God.
835:, Gesar arose as the hero of a society still thinly permeated by Buddhism and the earlier myths associate him with pre-Buddhist beliefs like the mountain cult. In most episodes, Gesar fights against the enemies of
1520:. It's told that he would appear with an invincible army to set general justice. Thunderous arrows will be its weapon. Gesar also has a number of magic attributes: white horse, saddle, horseshoe, sword and lock.
532:. Given that the mythological and allegorical elements of the story defy place and time, the historicity of figures in the cycle is indeterminate. Though the epic was sung all over Tibetan-speaking regions, with
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territories of Gandhāra and Udayana. Gesar may be either someone of Turkic stock or a non-Tibetan dynastic name. The Khotan king Vijaya Sangrama's consort Hu-rod-ga (Hu-rong-ga) was Phrom Gesar's daughter. The
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in 1716. None of the Tibetan texts that have come down to us are earlier than the 18th century, although they are likely based on older texts that have not survived. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries a
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in the east), strongly suggesting that the story has native roots. However, the oral versions known to us today are not, according to R. A. Stein, earlier than the written versions, but rather depend on them.
511:
by Brag dgon pa dkon mchog bstan pa rab. Certain core episodes seem to reflect events recorded at the dawn of Tibetan history: the marriage to a Chinese princess is reminiscent of legends concerning king
1415:, used the Gesar epic's detailed tales about an idealized nomadic government formed by the Mukpo clan, which constructed a nomadic confederation of imperial reach, to develop a model of a Tibetan polity.
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weeks to recite. It has been responsive to regional culture and folklore, local conflicts, religious trends, and even political changes on the world stage. For example, in modern times, when news of
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pole in the continuum of Tibetan culture and religion, which he sees as evincing a constant tension between 'clerical' and 'shamanic' Buddhism, the latter grounded in its earlier Bon substrate. ((
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the King Kesar's saga was told in homes, especially in winter, but now it is at the verge of distinction due to availability of the media devices. The region being inhabited by 100%
1459:, collected and translated a version from Lower Ladakh between 1905 and 1909. In 1942 George Roerich made a comprehensive survey of the literature of Gesar (Roerich 1942; 277–315)
1224:
descends as a boy into the underworld. (b) The gateway to the underworld is through a rocky hole or cave on a mountain summit. (c) He is guided through the otherworld by a female
827:
Tibetan versions differ very greatly in details. Often Buddhist motifs are conspicuous, with episodes on the creation of the world and Tibet's cosmic origins. In other variants,
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The ancestor Dong-gsum Mi-la sngon-mo, born miraculously, kills a nine-headed ogre, from whose body the land of Ling is born. He fathers eighteen heroes who arrive in gLing.
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explained that in the Nyingma perspective, "the real nature of the manifestation we know as Ling Gesar is actually that of Guru Rinpoche himself appearing in the form of a
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Old age: When Gesar reaches his eighties, he briefly descends to Hell as a last episode before he leaves the land of men and ascends once more to his celestial paradise.
1091:, daughter of a water deity. He then hunts demonic beasts, born from Atai Ulan's drops of blood. These include a mountain-sized dragon, the keeper of a silver mountain.
238:
singers maintain the oral tradition, and the epic has attracted intense scholarly curiosity as one of the few oral epic traditions to survive as a performing art.
1208:
Chadwick and Zhirmunsky consider that the main outlines of the cycle as we have it in Mongolia, Tibet and Ladakh show an outline that conforms to the pattern of
1651:, pp. 139–40: 'There is an enormous amount of history in the simple fact that the epic hero of Tibet bears a name derived from that of Caesar of Rome.'
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The wide variety of cultures in which the Gesar epic is encountered means that the name for the hero varies. In Tibetan legends Gesar is variously called
3474:
1719:, p. 499: 'die mündlichen Versionen, die wir heute kennen, sind nicht ursprünglicher, sondern hängen sicher von den geschriebenen Fassungen ab.'
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Rachewiltz, Igor De And Li Narangoa. 2017. Joro's Youth: The first part of the Mongolian epic of Geser Khan. Australian National University Press.
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Gesar's miraculous or mundane birth: In one account, he was fatherless, like Padmasambhava, who assists his celestial creation by creating a
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Crossings on a Bridge of Light: The Songs and Deeds of Gesar, King of Ling, as He Travels to Shambhala Through the Realms of Life and Death
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chooses his youngest son, Don-grub, to rule gLing. Dying, he is reborn as a bird, and then as Gog-bzang lha-mo, and is called Kesar/Kyesar.
913:; he proclaims himself "the Great Lion, Wish-fulfilling Jewel, Subduer of Foes," and takes the name Gesar. Mounted on his miraculous steed
1172:
In Balti version of Kesar epic he is considered to be son of god(Lha Yokpoon) who was sent to Miyul(Earth) to restore peace and stability.
1598:, p. 127:"He received this laudatory epithet because he, like the Byzantines, was successful at holding back the Muslim conquerors."
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There are a number of stories not connected with the foregoing nine branches described above; for example, a story in which Gesar shames
1393:
1664:
report in 2002 registers that Han and Sino-Tibetan scholars had confidently pinned down the mythical Gesar's roots in Axu town in the
928:"white tent"), the King of Hor. Upon his return, Gesar uses magic to infiltrate Gurdkar's palace, kills him, and retrieves his wife.
661:
Despite the age of the tradition, the oldest extant text of the epic is actually the Mongolian woodblock print commissioned by the
3338:"Early History of Ladakh: Mythic Lore % Fabulation: A preliminary note on the conjectural history of the 1st millennium A.D."
1303:, in which Gesar appears, according to some interpretations, to travel to Germany to vanquish the demon-king, perhaps alluding to
317:
and that the intermediary for the transmission of this imperial title from Rome to Tibet may have been a Turkic language, since
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death he departs into a hidden realm from which he may return at some time in the future to save his people from their enemies.
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841:, an old warrior ethos, where physical power, courage, a combative spirit, and qualities such as cunning and deceit prevail.
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Les chants dans l'épopée tibétaine de Ge-sar d'après le Livre de la Course de Cheval: Version chantée de Blo-bzaṅ bstan-'jin
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is always a place name, and never refers, as it does later, to a ruler. In some Tibetan versions of the epic, a king named
917:
he subsequently wages military campaigns, together with 30 companions, against the frontier countries that represent evil.
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who then serves the king of Ling, and is impregnated by drinking a magic potion, and is born from his mother's head, like
3152:
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Cosmic prelude and Tibet's early history: One motif explains how the world collapsed into anarchy; numerous demon kings (
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507:, p. 334) Some scholars there argued he was born in 1027, on the basis of a note in a 19th-century chronicle, the
3173:
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khans. This branch seems to be closely related to the Tibetan song about Gesar and three kings of the kingdom of Hor.
74:
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Rinbochay, Lati; Sö-nam-drak-ba, Paṅ-chen; Rinbochay, Denma Lo-chö (1997) . Zahler, Leah; Hopkins, Jeffrey (eds.).
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2900:) (1998). "Gesar in contemporary Tibetan Culture". In Honko, Lauri; Handoo, Jawaharlal; Foley, John Miles (eds.).
2668:"In remembrance of Nyikems' past: The Royal Textile Museum hosts a display entitled "In the Service of our Kings""
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298:"chapters". Western calculations speak of more than 50 different books edited so far in China, India, and Tibet.
195:). It is recorded variously in poetry and prose, through oral poetry performance, and is sung widely throughout
600:, whose name is a Persian pronunciation of "Rome (Byzantium) Caesar", in overwhelming an intrusive Arab army in
3418:
1156:, or one in which he exterminates the Four Recklings of Evil, demonic beings whose nature is not quite clear.
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540:
long regarded as the centres for its diffusion, traditions do connect Gesar with the former Kingdom of Ling (
336:
17:
1076:) and while still in his infancy, defeats three giant rats, human-sized mosquitos and steel ravens (compare
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Recent research on Ladakh 4 & 5: proceedings of the fourth and fifth international colloquia on Ladakh
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958:). They are listed differently according to singers and texts, but these battles nearly always include
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located near the source of Yalong River houses a shrine dedicated to Gesar at its centre. A historical
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In its distinctive Tibetan form, the epic appears to date from the time of the second transmission of
3504:
3484:
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is never mentioned, or a certain secular irony is voiced against the national religion. According to
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in 1956. Stein followed this publication with his 600-page magnum opus on the Tibetan Epic entitled
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or "new schools" of Tibetan Buddhism, although the story includes early elements taken from Indian
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living a feral life, with the child clothed in animal skins and wearing a hat with antelope horns.
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3008:"Gesar de Pékin? Le sort du Roi Gesar de Gling, héros épique tibétain, en Chine (post-)maoïste"
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about the epic's origins cannot be drawn based on the lifespans of historical heroic figures.
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556:, the secondary meaning of "continent". Ling was a petty kingdom located in Kham between the
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1126:, a demon from the 'Country betwixt Life and Death', who was born from Atai Ulan's left leg.
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Courtesans and tantric consorts: sexualities in Buddhist narrative, iconography and ritual
1557:=*Horsān tegin šāhi 'Tegin, king of Khurasan'), ruler of the Second Turki Śāhi dynasty at
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of the story was compiled by a scholar-monk from Ling-tsang, a small kingdom northeast of
8:
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1561:, whose reign was between 738 and 745 C.E., and who is identified with the 'Frōm Kēsar' (
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Two further campaigns: Gesar wages war against King Sadam of 'Jang (sometimes located in
401:
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or fortresses preserves an ambiguity, since these were potential outposts of the state.
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of this epic is most prominent in the two remote areas associated with the pre-Buddhist
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Kesar journeys to China, where he marries the emperor's daughter, g.Yu'i dKon-mchog-ma.
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1400:
331:) was an imperial title. The medium for this transmission may have been via Mongolian
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1361:) will be answered differently by those who favor and those who oppose the epic; the
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Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors
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Religion, myth, and folklore in the world's epics: the Kalevala and its predecessors
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2856:. Guido Vogliotti (trans.). Dharamsala: The Library of Tibetan Works and Archives.
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3078:"So Close to Samarkand, Lhasa: Sufi Hagiographies, Founder Lhasa and Sacred Space"
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areas. Apart from the question of the origin of Bon-po, one can perceive the name
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On his return, Kesar vanquishes the King of Hor and brings his wife back to gLing.
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Tantric revisionings: new understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian religion
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In the 20th century, other Mongolian Geser texts were edited by scientists like
1273:. This last mode bears strong similarities with shamanic practitioners like the
1175:
According to Balti oral transmission he was born in village Roung yul, Baltistan
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Relatives: He has a half-brother, and two uncles. One uncle is the "old hawk" (
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In Tibet, the existence of Gesar as a historical figure is rarely questioned. (
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stories provided a foundation for creating the character Gesar, also known as
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The kidnapping of 'Brugmo: While Gesar is away on his first campaign (against
3453:
1627:
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in 1836. A German translation followed in 1839. Another Moravian missionary,
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themselves, however, generally emphasize the connection of the epic with the
1342:
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schools generally favoured it, seeing it as an expression of the activity of
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858:
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1731:, pp. 188–9 says 'Hor' was an ethnonym that originally referred to the
1516:, Gesar is presented as a hero who is believed to accept his physicality in
1193:
Kesar defeats the giants of the north, assisted by the giant's wife, Dze-mo.
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Salar: a study in Inner Asian language contact processes. Part 1: Phonology
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1626:. Recent opinion identifies the land either with the Turkic Küūsen or the
1493:(1965). This translation is based on manuscripts collected by Hermanns in
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1423:
1209:
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It has been proposed on the basis of phonetic similarities that the name
169:
3209:Гэсэр: бурятский народный героический эпос (Geser: a Buryat Heldenepos.)
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in her "Superhuman Life of Gesar of Ling", published in French in 1933.
924:, the man-eating demon of the north), his wife is kidnapped by Gurdkar (
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records a Tibetan army subduing Gesar, something also mentioned in the
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1353:(visionary Gesar bards) should be regarded as religious practitioners (
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367:
200:
1840:
2572:. Vol. 3 (Reprinted 1986 ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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1098:, the giant tiger Orgoli, which was born from Atai Ulan's right hand.
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Geser's defeat of the demon king, with the help of the latter's wife.
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439:
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1791:/Tajik as a memory, in Tibetan culture, of its Central Asian roots.'
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First branch: Gesar's youth. In this branch, Gesar, called Nyurgai (
290:
tribes. The first printed version was a Mongolian text published in
3191:. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications. pp. 329–336.
2929:. Boston, Massachusetts: Shambhala Publications. pp. 347–379.
2906:. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. pp. 220–225.
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appear to refer to the successor of Sahi Tegin (700-738 CE:Chinese:
1408:
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1203:
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1005:
Opens with a heavenly prologue, Ge-ser's birth, youth, marriage to
935:), and king Shingkhri of Mon (Mon is often located in the southern
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819:
609:
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One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet
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980:: Some versions say that, aged 39, he made a retreat on Red Hill (
939:
and remained the term for "barbarian borderlands" until recently).
3080:. In Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit (eds.).
3033:. In Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit (eds.).
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1084:) and marries two princesses, whereupon he assumes his true name.
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Lhasa in the seventeenth century: the capital of the Dalai Lamas
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460:, introducing his work, noted that the Ladakh variant of Kesar,
1680:. In this interpretation, Gesar's 'soul mountain' would be the
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While he is away, the King of Hor kidnaps his wife 'Brug-gu-ma.
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Researches on a written version of the Mongolian Epic of Gesar
2756:"Epos and National Identity: Transformations and Incarnations"
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1618:, ("Prophecy of the Li Country") of the 9th-10th century, and
1403:, who represented both Kagyu and Nyingma lineages and founded
1094:
Third branch: He undertakes combat with the great Lord of the
137:
2739:. Vol. 3. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 367–402.
2502:
2035:
1419:
1412:
1334:
1330:
1232:/grandmother) who rides an animal, like the Turkic shamaness
1181:
1153:
1095:
977:
675:
553:
380:("Caesar of Rome"), who was father-in-law of the king of the
326:
275:
239:
214:, "tale") are still active today in the Gesar belt of China.
173:
3031:"Greek and Islamic Medicines' Historical Contact with Tibet"
2923:"The Influence of the Epic of King Gesar on Chogyam Trungpa"
2733:"Tokharistan and Gandhara under Western Türk rule (650-750)"
1426:, according to some as a counter-force to Tibetan Buddhism.
1015:
Geser's voyage to China where he marries a Chinese princess.
1975:
1494:
1422:
strongly supports the cult of Gesar and its practice among
1345:
and as a vehicle for Buddhist teachings, especially of the
1274:
645:
641:
537:
533:
187:
Gesar, the fearless lord of the legendary kingdom of Ling (
149:
131:
2692:. Turcologia 31,7. Vol. 1. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
2367:
2355:
2062:
2052:
2050:
2023:
1385:) and see themselves as a kind of religious practitioner.
1105:
the Sun-Eater, who was born from Atai Ulan's severed head.
1028:
Geser's defeat of a demon who assumed the guise of a lama.
3084:. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 261–280.
3037:. Farnham, Surrey: Ashgate Publishing. pp. 117–144.
1929:
1927:
1768:
1064:
The Buryat version contains 9 branches or song episodes (
1035:
There is a 2017 version of this translated into English.
678:, with inspiration from the prolific Tibetan philosopher
629:
385:
3012:
Formes modernes de la poésie épique: nouvelles approches
2991:. Princeton, Massachusetts: Princeton University Press.
2454:
2442:
2420:
2418:
2271:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2134:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1500:
The most accessible rendering of Gesar in English is by
1061:) was sent from the realm of heaven to undo the damage.
2826:"The Life and History of the Epic King Gesar in Ladakh"
2430:
2403:
2086:
2047:
1890:
1888:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1830:
1828:
552:
means "island" but can have, as with the Sanskrit word
2319:
1924:
1747:, p. 545 remarks on this as a notable feature in
1610:, pp. 216–17 writes that Gesar is mentioned in a
1160:
versions stem from one source which has not survived.
3440:
The Mongolian version in Mongolian (Khalkha Cyrillic)
3429:
Turkish Mythology Dictionary - Multilingual (English)
2415:
2379:
2331:
2295:
2235:
2206:
2182:
2158:
2098:
2074:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1900:
1813:
1539:, p. 217 writes that these coins with the title
1187:
Kesar marries Lhamo Brugmo and becomes king of gLing.
152:
146:
134:
128:
3385:
3262:Исследования письменного монгольского эпоса о Гэсэре
3206:
Sacharovska, Alexandra; Soloichin, Vladimir (1986).
3205:
2617:"The Potala, Symbol of the Power of the Dalai Lamas"
2490:
2391:
2313:
2283:
2247:
1912:
1885:
1852:
1825:
1243:
1168:
This version contains the following seven episodes:
1119:, a 15-headed demon born from Atai Ulan's right leg.
1068:), each devoted to tell how Gesar defeats an enemy.
724:
people he is most famously known as Gyalpo Kaiserr.
520:
in 641, for example. Legends variously place him in
404:– the name is attested in the 10th century and this
3434:
An 1835 German translation of the Mongolian version
3314:
L'épopée tibétaine dans sa version lamaïque de Ling
3223:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
3082:
Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes
3035:
Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes
2146:
1489:Another version has been translated into German by
143:
125:
3480:Culture in the Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
3419:English Translation of Geser Epic - Buryat version
3100:
2586:
2349:
2176:
1397:" (Wylie: dgra bla, "protective warrior spirit").
384:around the middle of the 8th century CE. In early
321:(emperor) entered Turkic through contact with the
3168:. Somerville Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications.
2730:
2641:
2508:
2478:
2466:
2265:
2229:
2200:
2128:
1583:
1349:school. Consequentially, the question of whether
950:): Gesar sets out to conquer the 18 great forts (
358:Numismatic evidence and some accounts speak of a
246:versions of the epic are also recorded among the
203:. Its classic version is found in central Tibet.
3451:
3344:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 216–234.
3220:Civilized Shamans: Buddhism in Tibetan Societies
2893:
2816:Das National-Epos der Tibeter Gling König Ge Sar
2558:
1879:
1846:
1329:it and interpreted them in religious terms. The
1295:trickled into Tibet, additional episodes on how
1204:Similarities with motifs in Turkic heroic poetry
494:
2853:Eurasian Mythology in the Tibetan epic of Gesar
823:Monument of Gesar of Ling, Yushu, Qinghai, 2009
51:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
3340:. In Osmaston, Henry; Denwood, Philip (eds.).
3107:. Boston, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications.
2117:Rinbochay, Sö-nam-drak-ba & Rinbochay 1997
1735:, and from the 12th century CE to the Mongols.
1144:demon, who was born from Atai Ulan's backside.
2945:
2895:
1562:
1544:
1249:
1031:Geser's descent to hell to rescue his mother.
742:For Samuels, the Gesar epic lies towards the
727:
528:, Tanak, Öyuk or the village of Panam on the
429:
424:. This eastern Iranian word lies behind the
3328:Recherches sur l'épopée et le Barde au Tibet
1693:'Birthplace of Tibetan Hero Gesser Confirmed
1622:long identified with a country northeast of
1480:Recherches sur l'Epopee et le Barde au Tibet
1411:, inspired by the Greek philosophers of the
1297:Gesar Conquers the Kingdom of Phyigling 'Jar
1163:
452:thought the Tibetan name Gesar derived from
3061:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
3014:. Bruxelles: Peter Lang. pp. 371–419.
2943:
2870:
2373:
2361:
2068:
1441:
999:
925:
504:
3331:. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
3317:. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
3258:
2753:
2325:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1333:school disapproved of the epic, while the
1129:Eighth branch: He wages war against three
475:in Tibetan, as in Sanskrit signifies the '
3445:The Buryat version in Russian translation
3145:Religion and Biography in China and Tibet
2713:A Lower Ladakhi Version of the Kesar Saga
861:) subdued Tibet's violent native spirits.
301:
183:The epic relates the heroic deeds of the
75:Learn how and when to remove this message
3475:Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
3283:
3182:
2823:
2809:
2737:History of civilizations of Central Asia
2496:
2436:
2092:
1933:
1767:, 'the mythical region of the origin of
1716:
1704:
894:
818:
612:to Tibet marked by the formation of the
587:
483:of a flower', corresponding to Sanskrit
341:
86:
3293:. Translated by Derek F. Maher. BRILL.
3051:
2920:
2879:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 471–484.
2832:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 485–501.
2788:
2731:Harmatta, J.; Litvinsky, B. A. (1999).
2706:
2448:
2056:
2041:
1981:
1101:Fourth branch: He kills a great beast,
1053:humanity; the middle son of Khormusta (
1021:Geser's war against the three kings of
1009:and his obtaining the kingship of Ling.
14:
3452:
3237:
3216:
3121:
3098:
3028:
3005:
2846:
2614:
2424:
2409:
2385:
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2301:
2289:
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2253:
2217:
2188:
2164:
2104:
2080:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1918:
1894:
1867:
1834:
1819:
1595:
1310:
751:
747:
500:
3358:
3335:
3321:
3307:
3165:Meditative States in Tibetan Buddhism
3142:
3075:
2984:
2965:(2). Beijing: 317–342. Archived from
2716:. Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
2685:
2537:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2397:
2241:
2152:
2140:
1906:
1760:
1744:
1728:
1648:
1607:
1536:
701:. The Khalkha oral version calls him
583:
374:, which was ruled by the Turkic king
2952:"History and the Tibetan Epic Gesar"
2873:"The Singers of the King Gesar Epic"
2648:The Superhuman Life Of Gesar Of Ling
1639:("Pronouncements concerning Kings").
1012:Geser defeats a black striped tiger.
471:meant 'reborn/newly born', and that
31:
3244:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
2819:. Regensburg.: Josef Habbel Verlag.
2769:(1). Beijing: 37–49. Archived from
1674:Garzê Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture
1136:Ninth branch: He campaigns against
1087:Second branch: He marries princess
814:
24:
3212:. Burjatskoe Knižnoe Izdatelʹstvo.
1301:8th Khamthrül Rinpoche (1929–1980)
697:. Among the Buryat he is known as
580:) existed until the 20th century.
25:
3516:
3381:
3183:Rinpoche, Sakyong Mipham (2005).
3058:Science and Civilization in China
2665:
1244:Oral transmission and performance
1220:hero Bolot, Gesar, as part of an
1038:
27:East and Central Asian epic cycle
3388:
3128:. Minneapolis: Mill City Press.
2544:. Albany, New York: SUNY Press.
2314:Sacharovska & Soloichin 1986
1122:Seventh branch: He wars against
350:("Caesar of Rome"), king of the
121:
36:
3285:Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuk Deden
3147:. Routledge. pp. 185–187.
2871:rgyal-mtsho, 'Jam-dpal (1990).
2514:
1794:
1754:
1738:
1722:
1710:
1698:
1654:
1642:
1601:
1589:
1530:
1507:
592:Gesar of Ling riding a reindeer
524:, between Dotō and Domé, or in
3103:The warrior song of King Gesar
2988:Religions of Tibet in Practice
2735:. In Dani, Ahmad Hasan (ed.).
2600:. Cambridge University Press.
2541:The classical Tibetan language
2350:Chadwick & Zhirmunsky 1969
2177:Chadwick & Zhirmunsky 1969
1115:Sixth branch: He wars against
1108:Fifth branch: He wars against
798:(6) The China journey episode.
444:phrōm-from<*phywət-lyəm>
13:
1:
3259:Sėcėnmunch, Ulʹdzijt (2004).
3010:. In Labarthe, Judith (ed.).
2509:David-Néel & Yongden 2004
2266:David-Néel & Yongden 2004
2230:David-Néel & Yongden 2004
2201:David-Néel & Yongden 2004
2129:Harmatta & Litvinsky 1999
1584:Harmatta & Litvinsky 1999
1048:(Turmas, Khorbustu, Hormust)
640:in the far west of Tibet and
495:Gesar and the Kingdom of Ling
400:Ge-sar figures as one of the
206:Some 100 bards of this epic (
3425: (archived 29 June 2007)
1847:Chadwick & Chadwick 1940
1807:
487:whose root 'kēsa' (hair) is
412:preserves an Iranian form (*
402:kings of the four directions
7:
3187:. In Midal, Fabrice (ed.).
3185:"The Teaching of Shambhala"
2925:. In Midal, Fabrice (ed.).
10:
3521:
3122:Penick, Douglas J (2009).
3099:Penick, Douglas J (1996).
2903:The Epic: Oral and Written
2789:Helffer, Mireille (1977).
2754:Harvilahti, Lauri (1996).
2686:Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007).
2597:Oral Epics of Central Asia
2530:
1763:, p. 268 writes that
1248:According to Li Lianrong (
728:Story and narrative motifs
516:'s alliance marriage with
337:allied with the Byzantines
327:
3238:Samuel, Geoffrey (2005).
3217:Samuel, Geoffrey (1993).
3189:Recalling Chögyam Trungpa
3076:Papas, Alexandre (2011).
2985:Lopez, Donald S (2007) .
2946:
2927:Recalling Chögyam Trungpa
2896:
2875:. In Honko, Lauri (ed.).
2828:. In Honko, Lauri (ed.).
2795:. Paris: Librairie Droz.
2645:; Yongden, Lama (2004) .
2538:Beyer, Stephan V (1992).
1682:famous snow peak of Golog
1637:Rygal-po'i-bka'i-than-yig
1563:
1545:
1250:
1164:Balti and Ladakhi version
430:
428:word for (Eastern) Rome (
310:reflects the Roman title
104:
3359:Young, Serinity (2004).
3143:Penny, Benjamin (2013).
2824:Herrmann, Silke (1990).
2651:. Kessinger Publishing.
2569:The Growth of Literature
1523:
1512:In the occult system of
1442:History of Gesar studies
1000:Mongolian version (1716)
899:Statue of King Gesar in
659:Byang chub rgyal mtshan.
596:The success of the Turk
566:Gsumge Mani Stone Castle
3436:at the Internet Archive
3414:King Gessar and Samzhug
2921:Kornman, Robin (2005).
2708:Francke, August Hermann
2522:The Squad of King Gesar
1849:, pp. 48–9, 215–6.
802:to which one might add
680:Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso
655:rLangs-kyi Po-ti bSe-ru
3495:Tibetan Buddhist texts
2588:Chadwick, Nora Kershaw
2564:Chadwick, Nora Kershaw
2560:Chadwick, Hector Munro
1457:August Hermann Francke
1261:
948:rdzong chen bco brgyad
904:
824:
740:
593:
355:
302:Etymology of the title
92:
3409:King Gessar preserved
3336:Vohra, Rohit (1996).
3006:Maconi, Lara (2004).
2643:David-Néel, Alexandra
2615:Chayet, Anne (2003).
2044:, p. 186 note g.
1880:Jiàngbiān Jiācuò 1998
1779:, more precisely the
1586:, pp. 376, 380))
1555:uo-sân d'ɘk-g'iɘn ṣai
1256:
898:
822:
735:
591:
345:
91:Mural depicting Gesar
90:
3490:Mongolian literature
3029:Martin, Dan (2011).
2032:, pp. 170, 177.
1984:, pp. 360, 367.
1616:Li-yul-lung-bstan-pa
1502:Alexandra David-Néel
570:kingdom of Lingtsang
509:Mdo smad chos 'byung
278:, and among various
2894:Jiàngbiān Jiācuò, (
2666:Dorji, Gyalsten K.
2621:Pommaret, Françoise
2463:, pp. 185–187.
2143:, pp. 218–219.
1453:Isaac Jacob Schmidt
1311:Religious dimension
1182:dBang-po rgya-bzhin
942:The 18 fortresses (
885:spyi dpon rong tsha
810:cosmogenic prelude.
750:, pp. 7–23); (
366:, specifically the
354:, circa 738-745 CE.
335:. The Mongols were
3460:12th-century poems
2972:on 2 December 2017
2811:Hermanns, Matthias
2592:Zhirmunsky, Viktor
2280:, pp. xi–xii.
1690:Xinhua News Agency
1662:Xinhua News Agency
1614:text, the Tibetan
1573:North Western Tang
1418:The government of
1405:Shambhala Buddhism
905:
825:
695:Gesar Norbu Dradul
672:woodblock printing
594:
584:Growth of the epic
356:
97:Epic of King Gesar
93:
55:You can assist by
3500:Tibetan mythology
3372:978-0-415-91483-3
3351:978-81-208-1404-2
3300:978-90-04-17788-8
3276:978-5-94856-085-4
3251:978-81-208-2752-3
3230:978-1-56098-620-1
3198:978-1-59030-207-1
3135:978-1-934937-99-0
3114:978-0-86171-113-0
3091:978-0-7546-6956-2
3044:978-0-7546-6956-2
3021:978-90-5201-196-7
2998:978-0-691-12972-3
2936:978-1-59030-207-1
2886:978-3-11-012253-4
2863:978-81-86470-20-6
2839:978-3-11-012253-4
2802:978-2-600-03309-1
2746:978-81-208-1540-7
2723:978-81-206-1507-6
2699:978-3-447-04091-4
2658:978-0-7661-8686-6
2634:978-90-04-12866-8
2607:978-0-521-14828-3
2579:978-1-108-01615-5
2551:978-0-7914-1099-8
2451:, pp. 347–8.
2412:, pp. 571–2.
2352:, pp. 263–4.
2232:, pp. 73–99.
1909:, pp. 75–76.
1576:pfvyr-lḭum-kḭe-sâ
1491:Matthias Hermanns
1429:In the region of
1299:were composed by
703:Altan Bogdo khan.
699:Abai Geser Khubun
518:Princess Wencheng
466:Classical Tibetan
382:Kingdom of Khotan
168:contexts), is an
85:
84:
77:
16:(Redirected from
3512:
3505:Turkic mythology
3485:Mongol mythology
3398:
3396:Mythology portal
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2069:Li Lianrong 2001
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1565:
1548:
1547:
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1514:Nicholas Roerich
1253:
1252:
1238:Uyghur Khaganate
1046:Tengri Khormusta
992:was later built.
927:
915:Kyang Go Karkar,
815:Tibetan versions
706:An Altai version
548:). In Tibetan,
505:Li Lianrong 2001
503:, p. 365) (
433:
432:
330:
329:
325:, where Caesar (
323:Byzantine Empire
159:
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115:), also spelled
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3154:978-113611394-9
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3053:Needham, Joseph
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2059:, p. xxii.
2055:
2048:
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2028:
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2016:
2012:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1980:
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1970:Harvilahti 1996
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1606:
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1510:
1468:Walther Heissig
1444:
1401:Chögyam Trungpa
1313:
1246:
1226:tutelary spirit
1216:. (a) Like the
1206:
1166:
1059:Uile Butelegcji
1041:
1002:
874:Greek mythology
857:(also known as
817:
730:
714:Sartaktai Käsär
710:Sädängkäi Käsär
626:ethnic religion
586:
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164:(especially in
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2010:
2008:, p. 374.
1998:
1996:, p. 177.
1986:
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1936:, p. 485.
1923:
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772:′Khrungs gling
768:
729:
726:
663:Kangxi Emperor
622:oral tradition
585:
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514:Songtsän Gampo
496:
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458:S.K. Chatterji
426:Middle Chinese
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3365:. Routledge.
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2437:Rinpoche 2005
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2118:
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2101:
2094:
2093:Shakabpa 2010
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2077:
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2058:
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2051:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1972:, p. 42.
1971:
1966:
1960:, p. 43.
1959:
1954:
1948:, p. 40.
1947:
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1934:Herrmann 1990
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1717:Herrmann 1990
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1705:Shakabpa 2010
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990:Potala Palace
988:), where the
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833:Samten Karmay
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45:This article
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34:
33:
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19:
18:Epic of Gesar
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3102:
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3034:
3011:
2987:
2974:. Retrieved
2967:the original
2962:
2958:
2926:
2902:
2876:
2852:
2829:
2815:
2791:
2778:. Retrieved
2771:the original
2766:
2762:
2736:
2712:
2688:
2675:. Retrieved
2671:
2647:
2624:
2596:
2568:
2540:
2521:
2520:N. Roerich.
2516:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2449:Kornman 2005
2444:
2432:
2405:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2321:
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2297:
2285:
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2261:
2249:
2237:
2225:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2057:Francke 2000
2042:Needham 1988
2037:
2025:
2013:
2001:
1989:
1982:Kornman 2005
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1914:
1902:
1875:
1842:
1815:
1796:
1788:
1764:
1756:
1740:
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1712:
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1656:
1644:
1636:
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1619:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1575:
1568:
1554:
1541:Fromo Kesaro
1540:
1532:
1511:
1508:In occultism
1499:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1461:
1445:
1428:
1417:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1327:
1322:
1314:
1305:Adolf Hitler
1296:
1293:World War II
1289:
1281:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1247:
1233:
1229:
1207:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1117:Abarga Sasen
1116:
1109:
1102:
1088:
1073:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1042:
1034:
1022:
1006:
985:
974:adversaries.
967:
955:
947:
914:
901:Maqen County
884:
850:
836:
826:
807:
801:
792:
785:
778:
771:
764:
741:
736:
731:
716:. Among the
713:
709:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
684:
658:
654:
651:
607:
598:Fromo Kesaro
597:
595:
578:gling tshang
577:
562:Yalong River
549:
545:
508:
498:
484:
472:
468:
461:
448:
443:
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421:
417:
413:
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397:
393:
389:
377:Fromo Kesaro
375:
363:
357:
348:Fromo Kesaro
332:
318:
311:
307:
305:
296:
211:
205:
197:Central Asia
192:
185:culture hero
182:
178:Central Asia
161:
116:
113:gling ge sar
112:
96:
94:
71:
62:
49:copy editing
47:may require
46:
29:
3404:King Gessar
2425:Samuel 1993
2410:Samuel 1993
2386:Samuel 2005
2338:Samuel 2005
2302:Samuel 2005
2290:Chayet 2003
2278:Penick 1996
2254:Penick 1996
2218:Maconi 2004
2189:Samuel 2005
2165:Samuel 2005
2105:Maconi 2004
2081:Samuel 2005
2030:Samuel 2005
2018:Martin 2011
2006:Maconi 2004
1994:Samuel 2005
1919:Penick 2009
1895:Maconi 2004
1868:Maconi 2004
1835:Samuel 2005
1820:Samuel 1993
1670:Dege County
1596:Martin 2011
1451:missionary
1424:Han Chinese
1089:Alma Mergen
1082:Cú Chulainn
752:Samuel 2005
748:Samuel 1993
530:Nyang River
501:Samuel 1993
473:Gesar/Kesar
368:Kabul Shahi
364:Phrom-kesar
352:Turk Shahis
105:གླིང་གེ་སར།
3470:Epic poems
3454:Categories
2950:) (2001).
2780:26 October
2485:Stein 1959
2473:Stein 1956
2461:Penny 2013
2398:Lopez 2007
2242:Young 2004
2153:Stein 1959
2141:Vohra 1996
1907:Dwyer 2007
1777:Uzbekistan
1773:Tajikistan
1761:Papas 2011
1745:Stein 1959
1729:Stein 1959
1684:in modern
1649:Beyer 1992
1608:Vohra 1996
1569:Fúlǐn jìpó
1537:Vohra 1996
1476:Rolf Stein
1282:mig mthong
1234:kara Chach
1222:initiation
1212:among the
1131:Shirai-Gol
986:dmar po ri
779:rTa rgyugs
756:leitmotifs
708:calls him
691:Ling Gesar
667:Qing China
618:tantricism
438:), namely
396:Ge-sar or
390:From Kesar
274:people in
266:, and the
201:South Asia
65:March 2024
57:editing it
3287:(2010) .
3055:(1988) .
2710:(2000) .
2627:. BRILL.
1808:Citations
1789:Stag-gzig
1785:Samarkand
1765:Stag-gzig
1751:versions.
1578:) of the
1518:Shambhala
1431:Baltistan
1150:Gume-Khan
1142:trickster
1110:Gal Dulme
1023:Sharaigol
968:stag gzig
937:Himalayas
922:Klu btsan
903:, Qinghai
793:Hor gling
786:bDud 'dul
765:Lha gling
628:known as
469:Skye-gsar
440:Byzantium
414:frōm-hrōm
388:sources,
294:in 1716.
252:Baltistan
220:Mongolian
166:Mongolian
3325:(1959).
3311:(1956).
2850:(1998).
2813:(1965).
2594:(1969).
2566:(1940).
1783:and the
1580:Tang shu
1449:Moravian
1409:diaspora
1363:babdrung
1351:babdrung
1347:Dzogchen
1318:autarkic
1285:diviners
1138:Lobsogoi
1078:Heracles
806:(7) The
795:episode.
791:(5) The
788:episode.
784:(4) The
781:episode.
777:(3) The
774:episode.
770:(2) The
767:episode.
763:(1) The
744:shamanic
610:Buddhism
602:Gandhara
454:Sanskrit
372:Gandhara
360:Bactrian
346:Coin of
3421:at the
3269:].
2976:13 July
2677:13 June
2623:(ed.).
2531:Sources
1781:Bukhara
1733:Uyghurs
1666:prairie
1624:Yarkand
1407:in the
1359:chos pa
1339:Nyingma
1278:mediums
1218:Kirghiz
1074:Stinker
722:Ladakhi
638:Zanskar
558:Yangtze
526:Markham
485:kēsara,
292:Beijing
272:Ladakhi
236:Monguor
232:Ladakhi
216:Tibetan
101:Tibetan
3369:
3348:
3297:
3273:
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3227:
3195:
3172:
3151:
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3088:
3065:
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2524:. 1931
1769:Bon-po
1628:Kushan
1612:Khotan
1435:Muslim
1367:Dharma
1323:dzongs
1271:trance
1266:Sgrung
1230:Manene
1103:Arkhan
1066:uliger
970:) and
956:rdzong
933:Yunnan
870:Athena
866:nagini
838:dharma
693:, and
634:Ladakh
620:. The
564:. The
481:pistil
477:anther
462:Kyesar
416:) for
362:ruler
328:Καῖσαρ
319:kaiser
313:Caesar
288:Tungus
286:, and
284:Turkic
268:Kalmyk
264:Gilgit
254:, the
234:, and
224:Buryat
212:sgrung
3265:[
2970:(PDF)
2955:(PDF)
2774:(PDF)
2759:(PDF)
2619:. In
1620:Phrom
1546:烏散特勤灑
1524:Notes
1420:China
1413:polis
1394:drala
1371:Wylie
1355:Wylie
1335:Kagyu
1331:Gelug
1154:China
1096:Taiga
1025:(Hor)
1007:Rogmo
982:Wylie
978:Lhasa
964:Wylie
960:Tajik
952:Wylie
944:Wylie
881:Wylie
847:Wylie
718:Balti
676:Derge
614:Sarma
574:Wylie
554:dvīpa
550:gling
546:gling
542:Wylie
522:Golok
464:, in
436:Fólín
410:Khrom
406:Phrom
398:Khrom
394:Phrom
333:Kesar
308:Gesar
280:Altai
276:Nepal
260:Hunza
248:Balti
244:Salar
240:Yugur
228:Balti
208:Wylie
193:gling
189:Wylie
174:Tibet
172:from
162:Geser
160:) or
117:Kesar
109:Wylie
3367:ISBN
3346:ISBN
3295:ISBN
3271:ISBN
3246:ISBN
3225:ISBN
3193:ISBN
3170:ISBN
3149:ISBN
3130:ISBN
3109:ISBN
3086:ISBN
3063:ISBN
3039:ISBN
3016:ISBN
2993:ISBN
2978:2011
2931:ISBN
2908:ISBN
2897:降邊嘉措
2881:ISBN
2858:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2797:ISBN
2782:2011
2741:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2694:ISBN
2679:2015
2653:ISBN
2629:ISBN
2602:ISBN
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1582:. (
1564:拂菻罽婆
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1337:and
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1140:, a
1080:and
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926:lit.
851:bdud
720:and
712:and
646:Amdo
644:and
642:Kham
636:and
560:and
538:Amdo
536:and
534:Kham
422:Rome
270:and
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170:epic
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