Salar people - Knowledge

1890:

northwestern China visited by the khvāja are Xining (in Qinghai), Hezhou (the old name for Linxia, the Chinese Mecca) in Gansu and Xunhua near the Gansu-Qinghai border where the Salar Turks live amidst a predominantly Tibetan Buddhist population. Gansu is a natural corridor linking China with Eastern Turkestan and Central Asia It is a ... passageway through which the silk road slipped between the Tibetan plateau to the west and the Mongolian grasslands to the north. In addition to the Chinese and the Tibetans, Gansu was also home to different people like the Salar Turks and the Dongxiang or Mongol Muslims, both preached to by Afāq Khvāja. ... (actually the city of Kuna according to Nizamüddin Hüsäyin.26 Although the Salars intermarried with the Tibetans, Chinese and Hui, they have maintained their customs until now. From the Mission d'Ollone who explored this area at the beginning of the century, we learn that some Chinese Muslims of this area married Tibetan women who had kept their religion, i.e. Lamaism, and that their sons were either Muslim or Buddhist. We are told for example that in one of these families, there was one son who was a Muslim and the other who became a Lama. Between the monastery of Lha-brang and the city of Hezhou (Linxia, it is also indicated that there were Muslims living in most of the Chinese and Tibetan..."

1290: 1737: 1023: 1409: 1356:, Ma Bufang arranged for a cavalry division under Ma Biao to be sent east to battle the Japanese. Salars made up the majority of the first cavalry division which was sent by Ma Bufang. The Qinghai Chinese, Salar, Chinese Muslim, Dongxiang and Tibetan troops Ma Biao led fought to the death against the Japanese or committed suicide refusing to be taken as prisoner. In September 1940, when the Japanese made an offensive against the Muslim Qinghai troops, they ambushed them and killed so many of them the Japanese soldiers that they were forced to retreat. The Japanese could not even pick up their dead, they instead cut an arm from their corpses limbs for cremation to send back to Japan. The Japanese did not dare make an offensive like that again. 190: 1187:, where Ma Mingxin was imprisoned. When the besieged officials brought Ma Mingxin, wearing chains, to the Lanzhou city wall, to show him to the rebels, Su's Salars at once showed respect and devotion to their imprisoned leaders. Scared officials took Ma down from the wall and beheaded him right away. Su's Salars tried attacking the Lanzhou city walls, but, not having any siege equipment, failed to penetrate into the walled city. The Salar fighters (whose strength at the time is estimated by historians to be in 1,000–2,000 range) then set up a fortified camp on a hill south of Lanzhou. Some 706: 1241:) came to settle the region as religious exiles, migrants and as soldiers enlisted in the Qing army to fight rebels in Ili, often following the Hui. The distinctive dialect of the Ili Salar differs from the other Salar dialects because the neighboring Kazakh and Uyghur languages in Ili influenced it. The Ili Salar population numbers around 4,000 people. There have been instances of misunderstanding between speakers of Ili Salar and Qinghai Salar due to the divergence of the dialects. The differences between the two dialect result in a "clear isogloss". 1725: 2199: 1019:

comparatively few Han-Salar marriages. The Salars do use Han surnames, however. Compared to Salar men, few Salar women married outside; the sole exception is Hui men taking Salar women as their wives while Tibetan women make up the majority of the spouses of Salar men who marry outside their ethnicity and it has been reported that Salars have a total avoidance of marriages with Han. As a result, Salars are heavily mixed with other ethnicities.

65: 1401: 695: 1900:

daughter marrying a non-Salar. On the contrary, many non-Salar females married into Salar households. As folk accounts and historical records recount, shortly after Salar ancestors reached Xunhua, they had relationships with neighbouring Tibetans through marriage . Tibetan women primarily married into Salar males ' households and , af- terwards , brides were expected to convert to Islam"

1483: 2011: 1992: 1973: 1954: 1935: 967:

Ming government and his clans were the ones who took Ma as their surname. The ethnogenesis of the Salar started from when they pledged allegiance to the Ming dynasty under their leader Han Bao. Han Bao's father was Omar and Omar's father was Haraman, who led the Salars on their journey from Central Asia to China.

1416:

The Salar had their own unique kinship clanships. Matchmakers and parents arrange marriages among the Salar. The Salar are an entrepreneurial people, going into multiple businesses and industries. They practice agriculture and horticulture. They cultivate chili and pepper in their gardens. Buckwheat,

1145:

Sectarian violence between the Jahriyya and Khufiyya broke out repeatedly until the major episode of violence in 1781. In 1781, the authorities, concerned with the spread of the "subversive" "New Teaching" among the Salars, whom they (perhaps unfairly) viewed as a fierce and troublesome lot, arrested

1455:

in the region. The men are commonly bearded and dress in white shirts and white or black skullcaps. The traditional clothing for men is jackets and gowns. The young single women are accustomed to dressing in Chinese dress of bright colors. Married women utilize the traditional veil in white or black

966:

around 1370. The chief of the four upper clans around this time was Han Baoyuan and the Ming government granted him office of centurion, it was at this time the people of his four clans took Han as their surname. The other chief, Han Shanba, of the four lower Salar clans got the same office from the

1431:

Ma and Han are the two most widespread names among the Salar. Like the Hui, Ma is meant to substitute for Muhammad; however, many Salars also have the surname Ma due to intermarriage with the Hui. The upper four clans of the Salar assumed the surname Han and lived west of Xunhua. One of these Salar

1427:

recruited Salars into his army, and said they moved to China since the Tang dynasty. His classification of them is in two groups, five inner clans, eight outer clans. Ma said the outer group speaks Tibetan, no longer knowing their native language. Salars only married other Salars. Uighurs have said

1042:

Salars were often multilingual, having knowledge of Salar, Mongol, Chinese, Tibetan due to historically trading on the Yellow River in Ningxia and Lanzhou in Gansu. The Salars were permitted an enormous amount of autonomy and self-rule by the Ming dynasty, which gave them command of taxes, military

1889:

The Tibet Journal, Volume 20, p. 101: "Central Asian Sufi Masters who gave to the founder of the Chinese Qādiriyya his early training.25 Gladney wrote in his book Chinese Muslims that Afāq Khvāja preached to the northeastern Tibetans but he does not tell us what are his sources. ... The cities of

1018:

Hui and Salar often intermarry due to their cultural similarities and shared religion, especially after the Ming Dynasty established control over the Xunhua Salars in 1370 and gave control to Hezhou officials. Many Hezhou Hui began to migrate to the region afterwards On the other hand, there are

970:

According to Salar oral history, Tibetan women were the original wives of the first Salars to arrive in the Qinghai region. Supposedly, they were only permitted to marry the women after a compromise between the Tibetan ruler of Wimdo Valley and the newcomers. He demanded that the Salars install

1899:

Central Asiatic Journal, Volume 43–44, p. 212: "... towards outsiders, the Salar language has been retained. Additionally, the ethnic group has been continuously absorbing a great amount of new blood from other nationalities. In history, with the exception of Hui, there is no case of a Salar's

1030:

Salars in Qinghai live on both the northern and southern banks of the Yellow River; northern Salars are called Hualong or Bayan Salars while southern Salars are called Xunhua Salars. The northern region is a mix between discontinuous Salar and Tibetan villages while the southern region is more

1221:

Tibetans to aid the Lanzhou garrison. After a three months' siege of the rebel camp and cutting off the Salars' water supply, Agui's joint forces destroyed the Jahriya rebels; Su and all his fighters were all killed in the final battle. Overall, it is said that as much as 40% of their entire

1127:

throughout the Gansu province (which then included Salar's homeland in today's Qinghai). Many Salars became adherents of Jahriyya or the "New Teaching", as the Qing government officials dubbed it (in opposition to the "Old Teaching", i.e. both the Khufiyya Sufi order and the non-Sufi

1581:. It is neighboring variants of Chinese which have loaned words to the Salar language. In Qinghai, many Salar men speak both the Qinghai dialect of Chinese and Salar. Rural Salars can speak Salar fluently while urban Salars often assimilate into the Chinese speaking Hui population. 1541:

Most Salar do not use any written script for the Salar language, instead they use Chinese characters for practical purposes. Salar serves as their spoken language, while Chinese serves as a both spoken and written language. Many of the current generation of Salars are fluent in

1374:

during air raids by Japanese planes. Han survived an aerial bombardment by Japanese planes in Xining while he was being directed via telephone from Ma Bufang, who hid in an air raid shelter in a military barracks. The bombing resulted in human flesh splattering a

2470: 2639:. Studies in Modern Tibetan Culture. Marie-Paule Hille, Bianca Horlemann, Paul K. Nietupski, Chang Chung-Fu, Andrew M. Fischer, Max Oidtmann, Ma Wei, Alexandre Papas, Camille Simon, Benno R. Weiner, Yang Hongwei. Lexington Books. pp. 90, 91, 264, 267, 146. 2580:. Studies in Modern Tibetan Culture. Marie-Paule Hille, Bianca Horlemann, Paul K. Nietupski, Chang Chung-Fu, Andrew M. Fischer, Max Oidtmann, Ma Wei, Alexandre Papas, Camille Simon, Benno R. Weiner, Yang Hongwei. Lexington Books. pp. 90, 91, 264, 267, 146. 995:

and the two groups often use the term "maternal uncle" to refer each other, referencing the Salars' Tibetan ancestry. Many Salar customs and practices have been influenced by Tibetan culture and there are numerous Tibetan loanwords in the Salar language.

991:. The Salars initially refused the demands based on their religion but eventually compromised on the flags by placing stones on the corners of their houses instead, which is still practiced to this day. For this reason, Salars are often bilingual in 1038:

variant of Sunni Islam as the Hui did and adopted Hui practices, such as Hui Islamic educational practices, which were derived from Yuan Dynasty era Arabic and Persian primers. One such Salar primer was called the "Book of Diverse Studies" (雜學本本).

4838:

Feng Lide and Kevin Stuart. 1991. Ma Xueyi and Ma Chengjun. Salazu Fengsuzhi ; Han Fude, general editor. Salazu Minjian Gushi ; Han Fude, general editor. Minjian Geyao ; and Han Fude, general editor. Minjian Yanyu . Asian Folklore Studies. 50:2,

3803:(Volume 51, Issue 4 of new series, American Philosophical Society Volume 51, Part 4 of Transactions Series Volume 51, Part 4 of Transactions of the American Philosophical Society new ser v. 51, no. 4) (Original from the University of California) 2494:(Volume 51, Issue 4 of new series, American Philosophical Society Volume 51, Part 4 of Transactions Series Volume 51, Part 4 of Transactions of the American Philosophical Society new ser v. 51, no. 4) (Original from the University of California) 2459:(Volume 51, Issue 4 of new series, American Philosophical Society Volume 51, Part 4 of Transactions Series Volume 51, Part 4 of Transactions of the American Philosophical Society new ser v. 51, no. 4) (Original from the University of California) 1417:

millet, wheat and barley are among the crops they grow. Other important crops include melons, grapes, apples, apricots and walnuts. A few Salar raise livestock and the local timber industry is also another source of income for some villages.

1236:

The Qing government deported some of the Salar Jahriyya rebels to the Ili valley which is in modern-day Xinjiang. Today, a community of a few thousand Salars speaking a distinct dialect of Salar still live there. Salar migrants from Amdo

2225:

The Sa-la (also known as Salar) live in Hsun-hus Salar county of Tsing-hai, Hua-ling Hui Autonomous County of Tsing-hai, Lin-hsia ... Language group: Tibetan. ... Married women are mourned only by their husband's family, never by their

1379:

flag and Han being buried in rubble. Han Youwen was dragged out of the rubble while bleeding and he managed to grab a machine gun while he was limping and fired back at the Japanese warplanes. He later defected to the Communist

1074:, who he claimed had turned his back on Buddhism and the Dalai Lama in favor of Islam. According to Kangxi, Galdan was plotting to invade in conspiracy with Chinese Muslims and wished to install a Muslim as ruler of China. 1043:

and the courts. The Ming and Qing dynasties often mobilized Salars into their militaries as soldiers, with the Ming government recruiting them at 17 different times for service and the Qing government at 5 different times.

3779: 4068:

Language death and language maintenance: theoretical, practical and descriptive approaches. Volume 240 of Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science. Series 4, Current issues in linguistic

1736: 882:

area. They were highly ranked at local Islamic mosques, which led to persecution from local rulers. The two brothers fled along with eighteen members of the tribe on a white camel with water, soil and a

1584:

In Ili Salar, the i and y high front vowels, when placed after an initial glides are spirantized with j transforming into ʝ. Qinghai and Ili Salar have mostly the same consonantal development.

1557:(Qinghai), has heavy Chinese and Tibetan influence. Although of Turkic origin, it's a mixed language today. Around 20% of the vocabulary is of Chinese origin and 10% is also of Tibetan origin. 1179:) nicknamed Su Sishisan ("Su Forty-three", 苏四十三), responded by killing the government officials and destroying their task force at the place called Baizhuangzi and then rushed across the 4590:

Wang, W; Wise, C; Baric, T; Black, ML; Bittle, AH (August 2003). "The origins and genetic structure of three co-resident Chinese Muslim populations: the Salar, Bo'an and Dongxiang".

1464:

Singing is part of Salar culture. A style of singing called Hua'er is shared among the Han, Hui, Salar and Tibetans in Qinghai province. They have a musical instrument called the

1286:, also known as the "white capped Hui", used incense during worship, while the Salar, also known as "black capped Hui", considered this to be a heathen ritual and denounced it. 4887: 1440:, leading Salars in a revolt in 1952 and 1958. Ma Bufang, enlisted Salars as officers in his army by exclusively targeting Xunhua and Hualong as areas to draw officers from. 1257:

and in 1895 the local Qing officials ended up siding with the reformist faction within the order. Although the factional conflict was evident not only in Salar Xunhua but in

1213:

were sent to Lanzhou. Unable to dislodge the Salars from their fortified camp with his regular troops, Agui sent the "incompetent" Heshen back to Beijing and recruited

1592:

Salars profess Sunni Islam and follow the Hanafi school of law. In addition to their traditional places, they live in cities, mainly inhabited by other Muslims –

4122: 2797:

Tibetans south of the Yellow river were displaced much earlier by Salar and ... intermarried extensively with local Tibetan women , under the condition that ...

794: 7314: 850:, the Salur tribe moved within China's borders and have lived since then in the Qinghai-Gansu border region. Over the centuries, they mixed with neighboring 3933:... while ethnic minorities such as Mongolian, Tibetan, and Uyghur people can ... In 2000, the average ages at first marriage for Salar and Uyghur women ... 3357: 3324: 2592:... 146, 151n36; between Muslim tradesmen and local women, 149n15; oral history of the first matrimonial alliances between Salar men and Tibetan women, ... 3490: 1279:

The later Qing dynasty and Republic of China Salar General Han Youwen was born to a Tibetan woman named Ziliha (孜力哈) and a Salar father named Aema (阿額瑪).

2734:. SUNY Series, The Institute for European and Mediterranean Archaeology Distinguished Monograph Series (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 291. 1577:, though they have their own written language which, however, is used by very few people. Salar language has taken loans and influence from neighboring 7288:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former 2746:

The Salar did and do not fully exclude intermarriage with other ethnic groups. ... reached that allowed Salar men to marry Tibetan women (Ma 2011, 63).

3781:

Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51

2472:

Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51

2437:

Gladstone-Gordon correspondence, 1851–1896: selections from the private correspondence of a British Prime Minister and a colonial Governor, Volume 51

1980:

The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic Church, Volume 3

1289: 4092: 4865: 4764: 4789: 3447: 310: 3546: 3395: 3283: 4822:

Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart. 1996. 'Stone Camels and Clear Springs': The Salar's Samarkand Origins. Asian Folklore Studies. 55:2, 287–298.

2275: 1244:

In the 1880s–1890s, sectarian strife was rife in the Salar community of Xunhua again. This time, the conflict was among two factions of the

4009: 1443:

18.69 years was the average first marriage age for Salar women in 2000 while Tibetan women were married at 23.8 years on average in 1990.

3945: 3339: 3306: 4692:

Ma, Bin; Chen, Jinwen; Yang, Xiaomin; Bai, Jingya; Ouyang, Siwei; Mo, Xiaodan; Chen, Wangsheng; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Hai, Xiangjun (2021).

4633:

Ma, Bin; Chen, Jinwen; Yang, Xiaomin; Bai, Jingya; Ouyang, Siwei; Mo, Xiaodan; Chen, Wangsheng; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Hai, Xiangjun (2021).

2308:

Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition: Ethnic and National Groups around the World

3882: 1408: 1132:

Islam). While the external differences between the Khufiyya and the Jahriyya would look comparatively trivial to an outsider (the two

3420: 6036: 734: 2727: 2632: 2573: 1022: 4832:

Han Deyan (translated by Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart). 1999. The Salar Khazui System. Central Asiatic Journal 43 (2): 204–214.

3916: 2780: 4533:

Yao, Hong-Bing; Wang, Chuan-Chao; Tao, Xiaolan; Shang, Lei; Wen, Shao-Qing; Zhu, Bofeng; Kang, Longli; Jin, Li; Li, Hui (2016).

2042: 1158:

Sufis, the Jahriyya Sufi Muslims and their rivals, the Khafiyya Sufi Muslims, led to a Jahriyya Sufi Muslim rebellion which the

4212: 3613: 878:

According to a legend, two brothers named Haraman and Ahman, possibly forefathers of the present day Salar tribe, lived in the

4796: 3372: 1678:

farmers" (WLR_LN) at ~88.2 to ~90.9%. The study also showed that there is a close genetic affinity among ethnic minorities in

4506: 4356: 4322: 4288: 4253: 4077: 3892: 3858: 3824: 3755: 3721: 3687: 3587: 3523: 3004: 2820: 2343: 2316: 1833: 2785:. Vol. 37 of Turcologica Series, Turcologica, Bd. 37 (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 12–13. 2366: 7319: 4858: 4065:

Janse, Mark; World, Linguistic Bibliography and the Languages of the; Tol, Sijmen (2003), Janse, Mark; Tol, Sijmen (eds.),

3976: 1724: 1310:

army against the foreign western and Japanese Eight Nation Alliance in the Boxer rebellion. Other Muslims like Dongxiang,

5993: 4802:

Ma Wei, Ma Jianzhong, and Kevin Stuart, editors. 2001. Folklore of China's Islamic ' Nationality. Lewiston, Edwin Mellen.

3456: 1264:

as well, the troops were first sent to Xunhua – which again precipitated a Salar rebellion, which spread to many Hui and

4694:"The Genetic Structure and East-West Population Admixture in Northwest China Inferred From Genome-Wide Array Genotyping" 4635:"The Genetic Structure and East-West Population Admixture in Northwest China Inferred From Genome-Wide Array Genotyping" 2610:. Vol. 37 of Turcologica Series, Turcologica, Bd. 37 (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 18. 4458: 4424: 4390: 4189: 3926: 3201: 3167: 3133: 3099: 3065: 3031: 2951: 2888: 2854: 2790: 2739: 2671: 2644: 2615: 2585: 2549: 2515: 2249: 1620: 4130: 3745: 1229:

was still told by the Salars about the rebellion of 1781 and Su Sishisan's suicidal decision to go to war against the

4278: 4127:

Economic and Commercial Counsellor's Office of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Kingdom of Norway

3789: 3711: 3660: 2480: 2445: 1612: 302: 2761: 2690: 2218: 6003: 4346: 4312: 3848: 2810: 1524: 1180: 810: 570: 3814: 1317:

Like other Muslims in China, the Salars served extensively in the Chinese military. It was said that they and the

6315: 4851: 2994: 3677: 3577: 3513: 3236:

Lipman, Jonathan N. (July 1984). "Ethnicity and Politics in Republican China: The Ma Family Warlords of Gansu".

2001:, by Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation, a publication from 1920, now in the 1538:

In the late 1990s, it was estimated that out of the some 89,000 Salars, around 60,000 spoke the Salar language.

4874: 4100: 3498: 2539: 1147: 943: 786: 595: 504: 4283:. Vol. 1 of Cass series--nationalism and ethnicity (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 72. 2728:"12 Theoretical Paradigm or Methodological Heuristic? Reflections on Kulturkreislehre with Reference to China" 1437: 1341: 1269: 1203: 790: 278: 270: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 2435: 6850: 6029: 5906: 727: 532: 479: 3394:

Christian Literature Society for India, Hartford Seminary Foundation (1920). Samuel Marinus Zwemer (ed.).

1647:

comprises only 17%. Other Y-DNA haplogroups among the Salars are D1 and C3. Another study showed that the

1070:. Kangxi claimed that Chinese Muslims inside China, such as Turkic Muslims in Qinghai, were plotting with 4812:

Ma Wei, Ma Jianzhong, and Kevin Stuart. 1999. The Xunhua Salar Wedding. Asian Folklore Studies 58:31–76.

2386: 1381: 1363: 173: 4772: 6916: 2712: 1755:

Ma Jianzhong; Stuart, Kevin (1996). "'Stone Camels and Clear Springs': The Salar's Samarkand Origins".

1619:

genetic lineages of the Salar people, exhibit a mix of West Eurasian and East Asian haplogroups. Their

1353: 755: 3444: 2020:, by James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, Louis Herbert Gray, a publication from 1916, now in the 1376: 1352:

that he was prepared to bring the fight to the Japanese in a telegram message. Immediately after the

199: 3953: 3554: 3393: 1511:

has two large dialect groups. The divergence is due to the fact that one branch in Xunhua county of

7248: 7207: 6375: 5968: 5287: 3291: 2408: 1558: 1325: 843: 499: 189: 1142:, i.e. invocation of the name of God), the conflict between their adherents often became violent. 6415: 6340: 6104: 6097: 6022: 5831: 5186: 4039: 2283: 720: 484: 429: 4017: 7238: 5819: 5547: 5257: 4965: 4895: 1333: 519: 4806: 4448: 4414: 4243: 4066: 3089: 2878: 2701:. Library of Tibetan Works & Archives. Library of Tibetan Works & Archives: 101. 1995. 2306: 1468:. It is a string instrument manufactured in silver or in copper and only played by the women. 7309: 6894: 6189: 5559: 4936: 4762: 4380: 4179: 3652: 3191: 3157: 3123: 3055: 3021: 2941: 2844: 2706: 2661: 2605: 2333: 2239: 1389: 315: 4755: 4152: 3777: 2505: 2468: 2433: 7233: 6570: 6194: 6074: 5998: 5973: 5271: 4546: 4535:"Genetic evidence for an East Asian origin of Chinese Muslim populations Dongxiang and Hui" 3472: 1578: 1089: 1071: 1067: 927:

joined the group. The group passed through the southern route of the Tian Shan and entered

834:

According to Salar tradition and Chinese chronicles, the Salars are the descendants of the

3679:

The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Frontier: Their Origin, History, and Social Organization

8: 7097: 6385: 6120: 5940: 1982:, by Knights of Columbus. Catholic Truth Committee, a publication from 1913, now in the 286: 4550: 2206:. 43–44. Translated by Ma Jianzhong and Kevin Stuart (2 ed.). O. Harrassowitz: 212. 6778: 6580: 6490: 6390: 5869: 5839: 5755: 5333: 5265: 4728: 4693: 4669: 4634: 4615: 4567: 4534: 3351: 3318: 3261: 3253: 2633:"Chapter 6 Islam and Labrang Monastery A Muslim community in a Tibetan Buddhist Estate" 2372: 2160: 2121: 1810: 1772: 1715: 1574: 615: 560: 439: 210: 2992: 2187:(PhD Thesis. Department of World Cultures thesis). University of Helsinki. p. 15. 1944:, by Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), a publication from 1894, now in the 1718:, indicating the probability of a shared recent common ancestor of "Altaic speakers". 6936: 6835: 6296: 6154: 5901: 5862: 5844: 5069: 4904: 4733: 4715: 4674: 4656: 4607: 4572: 4512: 4502: 4454: 4420: 4386: 4352: 4318: 4284: 4249: 4185: 4073: 3922: 3888: 3854: 3820: 3785: 3751: 3717: 3683: 3656: 3645: 3583: 3519: 3265: 3197: 3163: 3129: 3095: 3061: 3027: 3000: 2947: 2884: 2850: 2816: 2786: 2735: 2667: 2640: 2611: 2581: 2545: 2511: 2476: 2441: 2339: 2312: 2245: 2164: 2141:"Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: Evidence from Salar and Wutun" 2125: 2102:"Tibetan as a "model language" in the Amdo Sprachbund: evidence from Salar and Wutun" 2052: 1852: 1829: 1703: 1663: 1648: 1628: 1516: 1329: 1293:

A Salar Muslim with a captured fox at the market, Labrang, Xiahe County, Gansu, 1934.

942:

the two brothers brought on their journey to China is to this day still preserved in

912: 364: 262: 4619: 4220: 3884:

China's campaign to "Open up the West": national, provincial, and local perspectives

3816:

China's campaign to "Open up the West": national, provincial, and local perspectives

3621: 1573:

from these languages, omitting most Chinese and Tibetan features. The Salar use the

7243: 6889: 6736: 6605: 6537: 6466: 6410: 6395: 6380: 6365: 6335: 6325: 6301: 6237: 6144: 5919: 5896: 5849: 5766: 5677: 5444: 5434: 5378: 5367: 5052: 5016: 4924: 4723: 4705: 4664: 4646: 4599: 4562: 4554: 3380: 3245: 2152: 2113: 1802: 1764: 1543: 1520: 1503: 1230: 976: 904: 630: 585: 389: 123: 39: 770:. They numbered 165,159 people in 2020, according to that year's national census. 7253: 6860: 6771: 6610: 6590: 6495: 6485: 6471: 6400: 6360: 6355: 6320: 6221: 6175: 6149: 5956: 5930: 5891: 5806: 5773: 5760: 5511: 5429: 5082: 5021: 4919: 3460: 3451: 1823: 1679: 1532: 1528: 1412:

Copy of the Quran brought by Salar Muslims from Samarkand in 1371. (In 2 volumes)

1151: 1113: 1012: 767: 763: 680: 675: 640: 257: 156: 4495:

Papas, Alexandre; Ma, Wei (2015). "Sufi Lineages among the Salar: An Overview".

1015:, who live next to the Salar, have mostly become Muslim due to their influence. 7289: 7172: 6921: 6676: 6600: 6542: 6461: 6405: 6370: 6345: 6330: 6261: 6088: 6053: 6045: 5978: 5961: 5787: 5732: 5591: 5586: 5529: 5469: 5414: 5232: 5226: 5216: 5127: 5106: 4955: 4950: 3984: 3249: 2179: 1711: 1644: 1603:

Sufi order, which spread throughout the region in the 17th and 18th centuries.

1566: 1565:

have been fully borrowed from these latter languages. Yet, according to author

1508: 1498: 1477: 1060: 1052: 1000: 951: 867: 851: 759: 752: 665: 655: 575: 524: 488: 454: 444: 180: 152: 119: 53: 7058: 6456: 5745: 5626: 4710: 4651: 4603: 3454: 7303: 7217: 7022: 6992: 6926: 6865: 6757: 6750: 6697: 6585: 6575: 6350: 6170: 5714: 5700: 5666: 5638: 5620: 5574: 5568: 5506: 5494: 5384: 5157: 5150: 5144: 5121: 5004: 4985: 4974: 4719: 4660: 4516: 4481: 3094:. Vol. 82 of Turcologica Series. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 279. 2021: 2002: 1983: 1964: 1945: 1593: 1547: 1490: 1328:, Salar troops and officers served in the Qinghai army of the Muslim general 1007:

men; they had sons who would be Buddhist or Muslim. The Buddhist sons became

980: 835: 509: 2244:. Vol. 60 of Turcologica Series. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. xi. 2156: 2117: 2101: 7265: 7132: 7117: 6931: 6870: 6840: 6804: 6764: 6628: 6477: 6245: 6181: 6068: 5935: 5911: 5875: 5854: 5750: 5740: 5707: 5692: 5632: 5606: 5521: 5342: 5307: 5295: 5195: 5171: 5164: 5115: 5095: 5077: 5039: 4737: 4678: 4611: 4576: 1695: 1671: 1632: 1624: 1388:. He had led Chinese Muslim forces against Soviet and Mongol forces in the 1311: 1307: 1303: 1159: 992: 972: 963: 932: 920: 916: 847: 782: 710: 699: 650: 127: 3747:

The Chinese Economy in the 21st Century: Enterprise and Business Behaviour

3579:

The Chinese Economy in the 21st Century: Enterprise and Business Behaviour

7269: 7152: 7147: 7091: 6595: 6511: 6438: 6307: 6288: 6111: 5721: 5660: 5648: 5643: 5613: 5484: 5349: 5301: 5221: 5211: 5206: 5088: 5027: 5010: 4998: 4991: 4980: 4930: 4843: 3983:. Go China Adventure International Travel Service Co. Ltd. Archived from 2635:. In M Hille, Marie-Paule; Horlemann, Bianca; Nietupski, Paul K. (eds.). 2576:. In M Hille, Marie-Paule; Horlemann, Bianca; Nietupski, Paul K. (eds.). 2276:"China's Minority Peoples - The Salars: Traditions -> Ethnic Minority" 1666:) among Salars was at ~9.1% to ~11.8%, with the remainder being dominant 1261: 1214: 1188: 887:

before heading east. The group trekked through the northern route of the

859: 839: 354: 139: 4833: 2075: 1793:

Ma Wei; Ma Jianzhong; Stuart, Kevin (1999). "The Xunhua Salar Wedding".

6952: 6199: 5923: 5654: 5599: 5580: 5535: 5454: 5439: 5356: 5322: 5315: 5239: 4944: 4913: 4827: 4817: 4805:

Ma Quanlin, Ma Wanxiang, and Ma Zhicheng (Kevin Stuart, editor). 1993.

3778:

William Ewart Gladstone; Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961).

2469:

William Ewart Gladstone; Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961).

2434:

William Ewart Gladstone; Baron Arthur Hamilton-Gordon Stanmore (1961).

1814: 1776: 1691: 1687: 1675: 1636: 1600: 1596:. Islamic Education Received at Gaizi Mişit Madrasah in Jiezi Village. 1452: 1424: 1420: 1367: 1359: 1318: 1283: 1273: 1265: 1258: 1196: 1192: 1155: 1120: 1109: 1085: 988: 892: 863: 855: 814: 635: 620: 449: 434: 404: 394: 384: 369: 359: 339: 160: 7137: 6281: 4558: 3257: 1026:

Salar Muslim settlement, outside of Jishi Town, Xunhua, Qinghai, 1932.

7167: 7157: 7104: 7071: 6957: 6743: 6705: 6686: 6666: 6641: 6547: 6081: 5246: 5058: 5046: 4496: 1433: 1349: 1345: 1245: 1101: 924: 888: 879: 494: 399: 379: 374: 344: 2223:. Vol. 13 of Peoples of the Earth. Danbury Press. p. 142. 2140: 1919:), by Wang Shumin, the ethnographer who recorded the ballad in 1937. 1806: 1768: 1432:

surnamed Han was Han Yimu, a Salar officer who served under General

1031:

solidly Salar, as the Hui and Salars pushed out the Tibetans prior.

7277: 7122: 7066: 7052: 7037: 7012: 7002: 6972: 6661: 6648: 6634: 6215: 5449: 5389: 5362: 4498:

Muslims in Amdo Tibetan Society : Multidisciplinary Approaches

3921:. Xiaoling Yue, Yiyang Li, Simin Tan. Springer Nature. p. 46. 2993:

Jonathan N. Lipman; Jonathan Neaman Lipman; Stevan Harrell (1990).

1707: 1570: 1569:, linguistic works published in China treat Salar as if it has few 1385: 1254: 1166: 1124: 1105: 1096:

into their community. In the mid-18th century, one of Āfāq Khoja's

806: 590: 459: 414: 349: 106: 64: 4823: 4813: 979:

practice, on the four corners of their homes, that they pray with

7212: 7162: 7112: 7086: 7081: 7042: 7032: 6987: 6982: 6967: 6884: 6830: 6793: 6788: 6681: 6671: 6656: 6505: 6274: 6228: 6139: 6014: 5799: 5501: 5489: 5479: 5459: 5419: 5409: 5404: 5399: 4217:

Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Ethnic Literature

3743: 3575: 2883:(reprint ed.). Harvard University Press. pp. 191, 192. 2574:"Chapter 4 Linguistic Evidence of Salar-Tibetan Contacts in Amdo" 1683: 1667: 1659: 1512: 1384:, serving in numerous military positions and as vice chairman of 1321:

were given to "eating rations", a reference to military service.

1249: 1238: 1184: 1097: 1078: 1056: 947: 928: 908: 900: 818: 774: 625: 580: 565: 514: 419: 409: 98: 4450: