189:
412:) came to settle the region as religious exiles, migrants, and as soldiers enlisted in the Chinese army to fight rebels in Ili, often following the Hui. The distinctive dialect of the Ili Salar differs from the other Salar dialects because the neighboring Kazakh and Uyghur languages in Ili influenced it. The Ili Salar population numbers around 4,000 people. There have been instances of misunderstanding between speakers of Ili Salar and Qinghai Salar due to the divergence of the dialects. The differences between the two dialect result in a "clear
264:
44:
1270:
Young Salar have also started to use a Salar script based on the orthography for Turkic languages. It is quite popular with Salars for writing Salar on the internet. There are two main variants that are used, TB30 and TB31. The Arabic script is also still popular among the Salar. The Arabic script
1217:
In
Qinghai Province, the Salar language has been notably influenced by Chinese and Tibetan. Although of Turkic origin, major linguistic structures have been absorbed from Chinese. Around 20% of the vocabulary is of Chinese origin and another 10% is of Tibetan origin. Yet the official Chinese
427:
divide Salar into two dialects by including
Western Salar in the Gaizi dialect: the Gaizi dialect and the Mengda dialect. The Gaizi dialect is mainly distributed in Jiezi, Qingshui and Baizhuang in Xunhua County, Gandu in Hualong County, Dahejia in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture of
1218:
government policy deliberately covers up these influences in academic and linguistics studies, trying to emphasize the Turkic element and completely ignoring the
Chinese superstrate in the Salar language. The Salar language has taken loans and influence from neighboring
432:
and Yining County, Xinjiang Uygur
Autonomous Region. The Mengda dialect is distributed around the Mengda area of Xunhua County. The Mengda dialect is b-Salar, while the Gaizi (or Jiezi) dialect is v-Salar. For example; It lives in the Ili and Jiezi as
657:, a hypothetical language that all modern Oghuz languages are believed to be descended from. It was brought to the region by a small, nomadic, Muslim community, and received significant influence from other non-Oghuz Turkic languages such as
3891:
2347:
a diphthong consisting first of a back, unrounded semivowel (which can be formed by first pronouncing "w" and then spreading the lips without changing the position of the tongue) followed by a vowel similar to
English
348:
branch of Turkic, the other Oghuz languages being spoken mostly in West and
Central Asia. The Salar number about 105,000 people, about 70,000 (2002) speak the Salar language; under 20,000 are monolinguals.
625:
Although Ili Salar is located far away from other dialects, the dialects of the Salar language are very close to each other. The difference between them is mostly phonological. For example; Ili Salar
1209:. In Ili Salar, the high front vowels i and y, when placed after an initial glide, are spirantized with j transforming into ʝ. Qinghai and Ili Salar have mostly the same consonantal development.
388:
and the Salar language. Some placenames in
Uzbekistan include the word Salar. Most modern linguists today classify Salar as an independent primary branch of the Oghuz languages.
1337:, this Salar romanization is divided into categories of consonants and vowels. Letters that occur both in Pinyin and romanization of Mengda Salar share the same sound values.
1263:
instead. This lack of an official script has led most Salar to use the
Chinese writing system. China offered the Salar an official writing system quite similar to the
368:, the Salur tribe dwelt within China's borders and since then has lived within the Qinghai-Gansu border region. Contemporary Salar has some influence from Chinese and
408:
which is in modern-day
Xinjiang. Today, a community of about four thousand Salars speaking a distinct dialect of Salar still live in Ili. Salar migrants from Amdo (
712:
654:
204:
3714:
Studies on
Turkish and Turkic Languages: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, Lincoln College, Oxford, August 12–14, 1998
704:
According to 2002 estimates, Salars number about 105,000 people, and about 70,000 of them speak the Salar language. Only under 20,000 Salars are monolingual.
3286:马伟 (Ma Wei); 朝克 (Chao Ke) (2016), in 濒危语言——撒拉语研究 , 青海 (Qinghai): 国家社会科学基金项目 (National Social Science Foundation Project), pp. 86-95, 263
1271:
has a historical precedent among the Salar; centuries-old documents in the Salar language written in the Arabic script have been discovered.
420:
4335:. Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 43. Philadelphia, PA: Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania. p. 3
4307:. Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 43. Philadelphia, PA: Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania. p. 3
4279:. Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 43. Philadelphia, PA: Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania. p. 3
3850:
3084:
4583:
3810:
424:
685:
274:
6872:
719:(Chinese) and Salar. Rural Salars can speak Salar more fluently while urban Salars often assimilate more into the Chinese-speaking
6478:
4627:
4550:
4043:
4457:
4386:
4175:
4126:
3955:
3901:
3655:
3622:
3589:
3008:
2178:
4410:
4645:
4438:
Hahn, R. F. 1988. Notes on the Origin and Development of the Salar Language, Acta Orientalia Hungarica XLII (2–3), 235–237.
2048:
2211:
1867:
1797:
1604:
1047:
1040:
970:
859:
296:
4772:
3945:
3918:
3787:
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3547:
3422:
3184:
3061:
2971:
2935:
2887:
4519:
4492:
3928:
3579:
3371:
1222:. Vice versa, the neighboring variants of the Chinese language have also adopted loanwords from the Salar language.
7729:
4576:
3645:
3612:
912:
337:
2877:
4675:
4509:
3678:
2925:
1479:
949:
286:
4482:
3712:
3412:
1884:
e, with the lips spread and the tip of your tongue curled downwards and stuck to the back of teeth when you say
1333:
has been developed, created by a Salar, Ma Quanlin, who lives in Xunhua. Like Pinyin, which is used to romanize
7754:
6865:
2964:
The Mainz Meeting: Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3–6, 1994
708:
199:
7744:
7353:
7348:
3876:
3836:
3584:. Vol. 1 of Cass series—nationalism and ethnicity (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 72.
1977:
1899:
1174:
963:
852:
1259:. Some Salar call for a Latin script and some Salar who dislike the Pinyin-based Latin script desire to use
5708:
4768:
2240:
2141:
2063:
2018:
1003:
956:
250:
1206:
1202:
736:
732:
684:
and established a new community in the region. This led to the divergence of a distinctive dialect called
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
7749:
4623:
4569:
3417:. Vol. 60 of Turcologica Series (illustrated, reprint ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 400.
1132:
986:
707:
The Salar language is the official language in all Salar autonomous areas. Such autonomous areas are the
4444:
Dwyer, A. M. 1998. The Turkic strata of Salar: An Oghuz in Chaghatay clothes? Turkic Languages 2, 49–83.
4223:
2910:
2170:
2010:
1508:
1379:
1296:
1146:
1061:
905:
845:
838:
2839:
Heme kishler hür der, haysiyet ma haklarde adil der, mantik ma vicdan var, kardeshlikden davraneshge.
7724:
7412:
6858:
5617:
2238:
2209:
2176:
2168:
2139:
2102:
2061:
2016:
2008:
1975:
1942:
1897:
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1832:
1795:
1753:
1751:
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1662:
1633:
1602:
1573:
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1506:
1477:
1444:
1411:
1377:
1181:
1167:
1139:
1011:
977:
765:
3717:. Vol. 46 of Turcologica Series (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 201.
3387:
7734:
7166:
6098:
5637:
5602:
4703:
3746:
1855:. Curl the tip of the tongue downwards to stick it at the back of the teeth and strongly aspirate.
1153:
873:
361:
4555:
4233:
4108:
Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886
4088:
Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886
4068:
Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886
4026:
Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886
4006:
Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886
3986:
Tangutsko-Tibetskaya okraina Kitaya i Tsentralnaya Mongoliya: puteshestvie G.N. Potanina 1884–1886
3984:
7527:
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7195:
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5539:
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114:
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7554:
7367:
7221:
7111:
6522:
6339:
6021:
4846:
4841:
4812:
4800:
2047:
educe, but with the tongue curled upwards, like a cross between English "r" and French "j". In
1698:
1282:
1278:
1188:
670:
4327:
4299:
4271:
4024:
4004:
3523:
3507:
3174:
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7739:
7701:
7387:
6897:
6811:
6787:
6510:
6473:
4971:
4111:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886
4091:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886
4071:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886
4029:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886
4009:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886
3989:Тангутско-Тибетская окраина Китая и Центральная Монголія: путешествіе Г.Н. Потанина 1884–1886
3777:
3537:
3464:
3448:
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3226:
3210:
3160:
3051:
2959:
1575:
1446:
1052:
926:
802:
795:
7677:
6685:
3542:. Vol. 24 of Empirical approaches to language typology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 58.
2882:. Contributors Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (revised ed.). Elsevier. 2010. p. 1109.
7517:
7343:
7079:
6458:
6319:
6138:
6118:
6103:
5839:
5804:
5612:
4539:
1219:
919:
352:
According to Salar tradition and Chinese chronicles, the Salars are the descendants of the
8:
7317:
7226:
7033:
6771:
6751:
6515:
6442:
6143:
6093:
6088:
5499:
5066:
4650:
2966:. Turcologica Series. Contributor Éva Ágnes Csató. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 28.
2104:
1944:
1834:
1720:
1542:
1413:
1255:
Salar does not have an official script, but it has sometimes been written down using the
760:
6128:
6113:
4728:
4227:
739:
have become separate phonemes due to loanwords, as they have in other Turkic languages.
6996:
6716:
6488:
6422:
6371:
6324:
6268:
5998:
5941:
5667:
4823:
4592:
4252:
4198:
4149:
3758:
3038:
2904:
1303:
using the Latin alphabet based on the Wade–Giles romanization system used for Chinese.
1260:
169:
6123:
4733:
3133:
242:
7643:
7532:
7188:
7133:
7049:
7026:
7019:
6695:
6355:
6229:
6174:
6066:
5974:
5969:
5926:
5848:
5579:
5559:
5484:
5461:
5234:
5116:
5086:
4928:
4919:
4871:
4861:
4708:
4640:
4515:
4488:
4453:
4392:
4382:
4359:
3951:
3924:
3897:
3870:
3830:
3783:
3718:
3684:
3651:
3618:
3585:
3553:
3543:
3418:
3367:
3180:
3057:
3004:
2967:
2931:
2883:
1264:
1198:
782:
662:
658:
2784:" ("people-eating woman") story from Ma Wei, Ma Jianzhong & Kevin Stuart's work
292:
7613:
7542:
7537:
7382:
7322:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7074:
7064:
6943:
6881:
6766:
6761:
6731:
6690:
6670:
6559:
6554:
6498:
6468:
6417:
6306:
6179:
6159:
6108:
6075:
6036:
6031:
6026:
5984:
5979:
5961:
5809:
5799:
5703:
5652:
5647:
5622:
5549:
5242:
5219:
5214:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5096:
5036:
4961:
4904:
4899:
4884:
4655:
4606:
4441:
Dwyer, A. 1996. Salar Phonology. Unpublished dissertation University of Washington.
4190:
4141:
4051:
3309:
1334:
1267:, but it was rejected for similar reasons as Yengi Yezik was rejected in Xinjiang.
1252:
Salars mostly use Chinese for writing while using the Salar language for speaking.
1226:
777:
755:
750:
693:
666:
385:
109:
7377:
7001:
6314:
4206:
4157:
3890:
Embree, Ainslie Thomas; Lewis, Robin Jeanne (1988). Embree, Ainslie Thomas (ed.).
7672:
7667:
7655:
7636:
7618:
7605:
7522:
7487:
7448:
7427:
7394:
7372:
7327:
7260:
7231:
7183:
7173:
7128:
7123:
6984:
6979:
6933:
6746:
6736:
6726:
6675:
6665:
6539:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6291:
6281:
6276:
6244:
6234:
6219:
6209:
6199:
6169:
6133:
6083:
6046:
6011:
5951:
5931:
5911:
5876:
5861:
5856:
5779:
5718:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5632:
5524:
5494:
5443:
5418:
5403:
5377:
5372:
5352:
5337:
5282:
5224:
5209:
5204:
5189:
5184:
5129:
5061:
5041:
4976:
4951:
4879:
4856:
4758:
4723:
4718:
4693:
4665:
4660:
4106:
4086:
4066:
3342:
3255:
2550:) is pronounced longer and carries the main stress (similar to the initial sound
1274:
1111:
1097:
772:
716:
689:
677:
345:
317:
255:
119:
101:
7695:
7497:
7471:
7432:
7312:
7236:
7200:
7138:
7116:
7069:
6958:
6926:
6918:
6889:
6756:
6700:
6680:
6483:
6448:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6286:
6224:
6194:
6189:
6051:
6041:
6006:
5916:
5881:
5866:
5814:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5713:
5657:
5627:
5607:
5597:
5592:
5569:
5489:
5474:
5469:
5438:
5413:
5398:
5393:
5362:
5357:
5347:
5342:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5272:
5247:
5194:
5106:
5091:
5056:
5026:
5021:
5001:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4909:
4894:
4836:
4831:
4738:
4698:
4683:
1767:
158:
4713:
2855:
7718:
7549:
7492:
7150:
6741:
6615:
6591:
6534:
6363:
6296:
6254:
6239:
6164:
6016:
5921:
5794:
5789:
5642:
5554:
5534:
5529:
5519:
5509:
5504:
5479:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5408:
5367:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5277:
5267:
5262:
5252:
5199:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5101:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5051:
5031:
5016:
5011:
5006:
4966:
4956:
4941:
4936:
4889:
4851:
4753:
4743:
4396:
4363:
3557:
3364:
An Ili Salar Vocabulary: Introduction and a Provisional Salar-English Lexicon
3179:. Vol. 82 of Turcologica Series. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 279.
1290:
1256:
1118:
1104:
941:
830:
381:
4379:
Shared Grammaticalization: With Special Focus on the Transeurasian Languages
3817:. Cultural China. 2007–2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012
3314:
3056:. Vol. 60 of Turcologica Series. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. xi.
6721:
6586:
6549:
6249:
6214:
6204:
6184:
6056:
5936:
5901:
5891:
5886:
5871:
5759:
5683:
5587:
5564:
5257:
5124:
5046:
4996:
4946:
4748:
4688:
4450:
Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes; Part 1: Phonology
2280:
1326:
731:
Salar's phonology has been influenced by Chinese and Tibetan. In addition,
397:
369:
365:
321:
82:
4514:(illustrated ed.). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 479.
3328:
Tenishev, Edhem (1976), in Stroj salárskovo jazyká , Moscow: Nauka, p. 250
226:
7358:
6989:
6632:
6608:
6581:
6571:
6544:
6529:
6505:
6329:
5906:
5829:
5824:
5784:
5514:
2679:
1126:
1084:
1034:
357:
353:
4256:
3762:
653:
The ancestor to modern Salar is thought to have diverged first from the
7574:
7565:
6660:
6598:
6576:
5946:
5819:
4202:
4153:
2860:
2826:"Hey old granny, what are you doing here, one person all by yourself ”,
1161:
1089:
789:
720:
681:
405:
3857:. Cultural China. 2007–2014. Archived from the original on 22 May 2012
7084:
6637:
6625:
6620:
6564:
5896:
4635:
4561:
4326:
Ma, Quanlin; Ma, Wanxiang; Ma, Zhicheng (1993). Stuart, Kevin (ed.).
4298:
Ma, Quanlin; Ma, Wanxiang; Ma, Zhicheng (1993). Stuart, Kevin (ed.).
4270:
Ma, Quanlin; Ma, Wanxiang; Ma, Zhicheng (1993). Stuart, Kevin (ed.).
936:
825:
235:
219:
4545:
4194:
4145:
4105:
Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893).
4085:
Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893).
4065:
Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893).
4023:
Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893).
4003:
Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893).
3983:
Potanin, Grigory Nikolayevich (Григорий Николаевич Потанин) (1893).
3115:
1932:
ew, tongue tip curled more upwards). Voiced in a toneless syllable.
263:
6850:
6603:
2274:
1354:
413:
401:
341:
304:
72:
6642:
4249:
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland
820:
409:
325:
300:
64:
4542:(The Salar is written in Chinese Pinyin, not the Salar alphabet)
2818:
One day, the granny came back from the market with her daughter.
7659:
2125:, but strongly aspirated, very similar to the Czech and Polish
1330:
994:
883:
271:
165:
4229:
Diary of a Journey Through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892
3030:
3028:
3026:
1301:
Diary of a Journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892
3120:
5. Uluslararası Türkiyat Araştırmaları Sempozyumu Bildirileri
2353:
429:
333:
329:
194:
68:
54:
4411:> "OHCHR | Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Salar"
3683:(illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 665.
1287:
The Tangut-Tibetan Borderlands of China and Central Mongolia
1232:). For the word "lips" Salar uses "dodax" (compare Turkish
3747:"Notes on the Origin and Development of the Salar Language"
3023:
3003:(illustrated ed.). Multilingual Matters. p. 123.
1994:
oe, but with the tongue curled upwards; very similar to mar
1961:
in, but with the tongue curled upwards; very similar to nur
1822:
ia, despite the common English pronunciation of "Beijing".
384:, linguists historically tried to establish a link between
4222:
3650:(illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 664.
3617:(illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 664.
2824:
This granny came towards her and struck up a conversation:
2329:
ffice" in British accent; the lips are much more rounded.
1277:
used the Cyrillic alphabet to record a glossary of Salar,
303:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
4319:
4291:
3950:(illustrated ed.). Bradt Travel Guides. p. 42.
2836:
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
4263:
3923:(illustrated ed.). London: Frank Cass. p. 77.
3302:
Littera Turca Journal of Turkish Language and Literature
43:
4484:
Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages
3539:
Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages
3351:] (in Chinese). Beijing: 民族出版社. p. 8. 9049•41.
505:
phoneme stood in the Gaizi dialect, it turned into the
344:. It is a primary branch and an eastern outlier of the
2807:
e xari nina sen eyiŋ bir kiščuγïŋ munda natburi dimiš
713:
Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County
205:
Jishishan Bonan, Dongxiang and Salar Autonomous County
380:
Due to the ethnonym "Salur", which is also shared by
3173:
Boeschoten, Hendrik; Rentzsch, Julian, eds. (2010).
715:. In Qinghai Province, most Salar people speak both
4540:
Abstract of Article on Salar, includes some phrases
3896:. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). Scribner. p. 154.
2799:
bir gunor ninačux anasini parlïǰani ziden yanbar(r)
669:, along with non-Turkic languages belonging to the
3172:
2786:The Folklore of China's Islamic Salar Nationality.
4377:Robbeets, Martin; Cuyckens, Hubert, eds. (2013).
4356:The Folklore of China's Islamic Salar Nationality
3947:Great Wall of China: Beijing & Northern China
3920:Nationalism and Ethnoregional Identities in China
3581:Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China
7716:
4376:
4032:. Vol. 2. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna. p. 426.
3751:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
3392:. Harrassowitz Verlag. 1998. pp. 50, 55, 62
2352:". Many unstressed syllables in Chinese use the
1965:re in American English, but strongly aspirated.
4381:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 248–249.
4551:Salar grammatical sketch (still a rough draft)
4354:Ma, Wei; Ma, Jianzhong; Stuart, Kevin (2001).
3710:
3643:
3610:
3577:
3077:
2960:"Preaspiration in Western Yugur monosyllables"
2879:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World
1320:
1225:For the verb "to do" Salar uses "ät" (compare
6866:
4577:
4098:
4016:
3996:
3976:
3644:Raymond Hickey (2010). Raymond Hickey (ed.).
3611:Raymond Hickey (2010). Raymond Hickey (ed.).
3578:William Safran (1998). William Safran (ed.).
3410:
3050:Erdal, Marcel; Nevskaya, Irina, eds. (2006).
3049:
4480:
4216:
3711:Göksel, Aslı; Kerslake, Celia, eds. (2000).
3535:
4167:
4078:
4058:
3889:
3637:
3091:. Cultural China. 2007–2014. Archived from
2930:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 297.
2757:k and ends with the velar nasal sound in si
2051:the sound is rendered with the letter "ж".
1299:wrote a glossary of Salar in his 1894 book
528:
522:
516:
510:
496:
490:
484:
478:
464:
458:
452:
446:
440:
434:
33:
27:
6873:
6859:
4799:
4584:
4570:
4353:
4118:
3604:
2711:above but with ng added to it at the back
2579:" in British English (a more open fronted
648:
262:
42:
4487:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 59.
3411:Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva, eds. (1998).
3313:
3296:Kaşgarli, Raile ABDULVAHİT (2018-04-29).
3053:Exploring the Eastern Frontiers of Turkic
2801:yarïm yoldï ulïr xari ġadïnkïšor učiramiš
400:deported some Salars who belonged to the
270:Salar is classified as Vulnerable by the
4246:
3295:
3000:Words and worlds: world languages review
1329:of the Mengda dialect of Salar based on
451:"to look", and in the Mengda dialect as
275:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
4481:Johanson, Lars; Utas, Bo, eds. (2000).
4104:
4084:
4064:
4022:
4002:
3982:
3851:"China's Minority Peoples – The Salars"
3536:Johanson, Lars; Utas, Bo, eds. (2000).
3475:
3473:
3085:"China's Minority Peoples - The Salars"
2992:
2990:
2803:xari ġadïnkiščix daš išdende zoğziba(r)
1197:Salar's vowels are similar to those of
297:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
16:Turkic language of the Oghuz sub-branch
7717:
4591:
4325:
4297:
4269:
3916:
3676:
2927:An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of China
2686:in some dialects of American English)
2419:like English "eye", but a bit lighter
473:phoneme, which has developed into the
324:, who mainly live in the provinces of
6854:
5739:
4798:
4565:
4507:
4447:
4403:
4173:
4124:
4012:. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna. pp. 426–.
3970:
3943:
3519:
3503:
3491:
3479:
3460:
3444:
3361:
3336:
3334:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3238:
3222:
3206:
3156:
3113:
2996:
2923:
2822:The old woman was sitting on a stone.
6880:
4232:. Smithsonian Institution. pp.
3744:
3470:
3298:"SALAR TÜRKÇESİNDEKİ ÇİNCE UNSURLAR"
2987:
2957:
2789:
1851:eek, with the lips spread wide with
699:
5740:
4094:. Vol. 2. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna.
3992:. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna. pp. 1–.
3779:Understanding the Chinese Economies
3775:
3340:
2820:Halfway they run into an old woman.
2199:, pronounce it with rounded lips.*
1785:ot is an acceptable approximation.
1205:and the corresponding front vowels
509:sound in THE Mengda dialect: Gaizi
13:
7700:Languages between parentheses are
4474:
4183:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
4134:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
3513:
3331:
3273:
2997:Martí, Fèlix; et al. (2005).
2849:
1708:"thicker and deeper" version of g
1285:in his 1893 Russian language book
1240:is used by Salar (compare Turkish
14:
7766:
4532:
4358:. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press.
3116:"Ana Oğuzca Ve Selçuklu Oğuzcasi"
2780:Here is given an excerpt of the "
2674:(starts with the vowel sound in f
2080:, similar to something between su
1247:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1023:
1010:
1002:
985:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
890:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
837:
801:
794:
469:"to look". Also, Mengda lost its
375:
3680:The Handbook of Language Contact
3647:The Handbook of Language Contact
3614:The Handbook of Language Contact
2805:bu ninačix yana varǰani aŋnišmiš
2753:starts with the vowel sound in b
187:
4501:
4370:
4347:
4240:
4176:"Remarks on the Salar Language"
4127:"Remarks on the Salar Language"
4036:
3964:
3937:
3910:
3883:
3843:
3803:
3769:
3738:
3704:
3670:
3571:
3529:
3497:
3485:
3454:
3438:
3404:
3380:
3355:
3322:
3289:
3248:
3232:
3216:
3200:
3166:
3150:
3126:
2775:
2360:), and this is also written as
1880:No equivalent in English. Like
1847:No equivalent in English. Like
1810:No equivalent in English. Like
680:, some Salars were deported to
7704:of the language on their left.
3782:. Academic Press. p. 39.
3366:. Tokyo: University of Tokyo.
3107:
3043:
2951:
2917:
2870:
2490:is much more audible than the
709:Xunhua Salar Autonomous County
688:influenced by the neighboring
200:Xunhua Salar Autonomous County
1:
4546:Remarks on the Salar Language
4467:
3893:Encyclopedia of Asian history
3677:Hickey, Raymond, ed. (2010).
3389:Turkic Languages, Volumes 1–2
1340:
1212:
4511:The Turfan Dialect of Uyghur
4247:Rockhill, W. W. (1892). "".
3039:report for language code:slr
2924:Olson, James Stuart (1998).
2814:Long ago there was a granny.
726:
7:
2962:. In Johanson, Lars (ed.).
1321:Pinyin-based Latin alphabet
391:
10:
7771:
4508:Yakup, Abdurishid (2005).
4432:
4224:William Woodville Rockhill
3745:Hahn, Reinhard F. (1988).
3362:Yakup, Abdurishid (2002).
2816:She had a little daughter.
1313:Ğğ Hh İi Iı Kk Ll Mm Nn Ññ
1297:William Woodville Rockhill
643:
497:
382:some modern Turkmen tribes
34:
7686:
7654:
7629:
7604:
7563:
7510:
7480:
7464:
7457:
7441:
7420:
7411:
7336:
7305:
7277:
7259:
7214:
7159:
7097:
7057:
7048:
7010:
6972:
6951:
6942:
6917:
6908:
6888:
6822:
6795:Southern (Shanghai) Sign
6780:
6709:
6653:
6457:
6395:
6348:
6305:
6267:
6152:
6074:
6065:
5997:
5960:
5847:
5838:
5750:
5746:
5735:
5676:
5578:
5460:
5386:
5233:
5115:
4927:
4918:
4870:
4822:
4811:
4807:
4794:
4787:
4767:
4674:
4622:
4615:
4599:
4448:Dwyer, Arienne M (2007).
3875:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3835:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2263:
1814:but unaspirated. Not the
1088:
1083:
1081:
1033:
935:
819:
788:
747:
283:
261:
249:
233:
217:
212:
182:Official language in
180:
175:
155:
137:
98:
88:
78:
60:
50:
41:
26:
21:
4556:Salar Language Materials
4329:Salar Language Materials
4301:Salar Language Materials
4273:Salar Language Materials
4174:Poppe, Nicholas (1953).
4125:Poppe, Nicholas (1953).
4110:
4090:
4070:
4048:The Western Yugur Steppe
4028:
4008:
3988:
3349:A Brief History of Salar
2842:
1705:no equivalent in English
537:Tenishev's comparison of
362:Western Turkic Khaganate
7730:Agglutinative languages
7630:Disputed classification
6792:Northern (Beijing) Sign
4452:. Harrassowitz Verlag.
3811:"The Salar Nationality"
3315:10.20322/littera.409800
3134:"Glottolog 4.4 - Salar"
2866:(subscription required)
2092:in a toneless syllable
2031:Similar to the English
1315:Oo Öö Pp Qq Rr Ss Şş Tt
1311:Aa Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg
1306:
1201:, with the back vowels
649:Origins and development
539:Jiezi and Mengda (IPA)
529:
523:
517:
511:
491:
485:
479:
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
435:
28:
4801:Sino-Tibetan languages
4114:. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna.
4074:. Typ. A. S. Suvoryna.
3944:Evans, Thammy (2006).
3776:Guo, Rongxing (2012).
3757:(2/3): 248, 259, 260.
3114:Erdal, Marcel (2015).
2909:: CS1 maint: others (
2812:
2795:oholdï bir ninor vumiš
2793:
2482:approximately as in "c
1283:Eastern Yugur language
1279:Western Yugur language
285:This article contains
7755:Languages of Xinjiang
7389:Old Anatolian Turkish
3341:Lin, Lianyun (1985).
2797:aŋa kiǰičix anor vara
2678:ther and ends in the
2542:; but is very short;
2325:Approximately as in "
1361:English approximation
1289:with assistance from
501:"to rain". While the
7745:Languages of Qinghai
3414:The Turkic Languages
3260:globalrecordings.net
2958:Roos, Marti (1998).
1998:in American English
1220:varieties of Chinese
667:the Karluk languages
655:Proto-Oghuz language
336:; some also live in
7318:Chaharmahali Turkic
6835:NM = Inner Mongolia
4054:on October 5, 2003.
2782:kiš yiγen ġadïn kiš
1733:strongly aspirated
1555:strongly aspirated
1426:strongly aspirated
1078:
744:
671:Sino-Tibetan family
540:
527:"to embed", Mengda
483:"to touch", Mengda
402:Jahriyya Sufi order
356:, belonging to the
7750:Languages of Gansu
6372:Formosan languages
4593:Languages of China
3855:cultural-china.com
3815:cultural-china.com
3256:"Salar: Jiezi dil"
3176:Turcology in Mainz
3089:Cultural-china.com
2402:like English "oo"
2049:Cyrillised Chinese
1265:Uyghur Yengi Yezik
1261:Chinese characters
1236:). The participle
1076:
742:
536:
495:"to rain", Mengda
489:"to touch"; Gaizi
471:⟨gh⟩
170:Chinese characters
94:70,000 (2002)
7712:
7711:
7696:extinct languages
7600:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7506:
7505:
7407:
7406:
7354:South Azerbaijani
7349:North Azerbaijani
7255:
7254:
7044:
7043:
6848:
6847:
6391:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6383:
6382:
6376:
6368:
6360:
6263:
6262:
5993:
5992:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5451:
4783:
4782:
4459:978-3-447-04091-4
4388:978-90-272-0599-5
3957:978-1-84162-158-6
3903:978-0-684-18901-7
3657:978-1-4051-7580-7
3624:978-1-4051-7580-7
3591:978-0-7146-4921-4
3095:on 5 October 2013
3010:978-1-85359-827-2
2864:(18th ed., 2015)
2834:
2833:
2773:
2772:
2769:in zero initial.
2546:(pronounced like
2261:
2260:
2117:like the English
1916:(a sound between
1766:roughly like the
1195:
1194:
1074:
1073:
997:
944:
886:
833:
700:Current situation
623:
622:
507:⟨n⟩
503:⟨m⟩
475:⟨x⟩
386:Turkmen varieties
311:
310:
293:rendering support
289:phonetic symbols.
168:-based Latin and
7762:
7725:Turkic languages
7462:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7418:
7417:
7285:Khorasani Turkic
7275:
7274:
7055:
7054:
6949:
6948:
6915:
6914:
6882:Turkic languages
6875:
6868:
6861:
6852:
6851:
6804:
6374:
6366:
6358:
6072:
6071:
5845:
5844:
5748:
5747:
5737:
5736:
4925:
4924:
4820:
4819:
4809:
4808:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4620:
4619:
4607:Standard Chinese
4586:
4579:
4572:
4563:
4562:
4526:
4525:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4478:
4463:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4334:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4306:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4205:. Archived from
4189:(3/4): 438–477.
4180:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4156:. Archived from
4140:(3/4): 438–477.
4131:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4050:. Archived from
4040:
4034:
4033:
4020:
4014:
4013:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3980:
3974:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3874:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3847:
3841:
3840:
3834:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3533:
3527:
3517:
3511:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3468:
3458:
3452:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3338:
3329:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3293:
3287:
3284:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3252:
3246:
3236:
3230:
3220:
3214:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3170:
3164:
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3047:
3041:
3032:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2908:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2853:
2790:
2268:
2267:
2244:
2215:
2182:
2174:
2145:
2108:
2067:
2022:
2014:
1981:
1948:
1903:
1871:
1838:
1801:
1757:
1724:
1702:
1668:
1639:
1608:
1579:
1546:
1512:
1483:
1450:
1417:
1383:
1345:
1344:
1335:Mandarin Chinese
1208:
1204:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1170:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1121:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1079:
1075:
1064:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1027:
1014:
1006:
995:
989:
980:
973:
966:
959:
952:
942:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
884:
876:
869:
862:
855:
848:
841:
831:
805:
798:
745:
741:
738:
734:
717:Qinghai Mandarin
694:Uyghur languages
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
541:
535:
532:
526:
520:
514:
508:
504:
500:
499:
494:
488:
482:
476:
472:
468:
462:
456:
450:
444:
438:
277:
266:
245:
229:
222:
193:
191:
190:
161:
104:
46:
37:
36:
31:
19:
18:
7770:
7769:
7765:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7759:
7735:Oghuz languages
7715:
7714:
7713:
7708:
7707:
7682:
7650:
7625:
7588:
7559:
7502:
7476:
7453:
7437:
7403:
7396:Ottoman Turkish
7332:
7301:
7273:
7251:
7210:
7168:Fergana Kipchak
7155:
7124:Karachay-Balkar
7093:
7040:
7006:
6968:
6938:
6904:
6884:
6879:
6849:
6844:
6818:
6798:
6776:
6705:
6649:
6460:
6453:
6379:
6359:(Indo-European)
6344:
6301:
6259:
6148:
6061:
5989:
5956:
5834:
5742:
5741:Other languages
5723:
5672:
5603:Central Tibetan
5574:
5448:
5382:
5229:
5111:
4914:
4866:
4814:
4803:
4779:
4763:
4670:
4611:
4595:
4590:
4560:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4522:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4479:
4475:
4470:
4460:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4389:
4375:
4371:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4324:
4320:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4296:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4268:
4264:
4245:
4241:
4221:
4217:
4209:
4195:10.2307/2718250
4178:
4172:
4168:
4160:
4146:10.2307/2718250
4129:
4123:
4119:
4112:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4063:
4059:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3981:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3942:
3938:
3931:
3917:Safran (1998).
3915:
3911:
3904:
3888:
3884:
3868:
3867:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3844:
3828:
3827:
3820:
3818:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3774:
3770:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3675:
3671:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3642:
3638:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3576:
3572:
3562:
3560:
3550:
3534:
3530:
3518:
3514:
3502:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3478:
3471:
3459:
3455:
3443:
3439:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3360:
3356:
3339:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3274:
3265:
3263:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3237:
3233:
3221:
3217:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3171:
3167:
3155:
3151:
3142:
3140:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3112:
3108:
3098:
3096:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3048:
3044:
3033:
3024:
3015:
3013:
3011:
2995:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2922:
2918:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2778:
2266:
1343:
1323:
1317:Uu Üü Yy Vv Zz
1316:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1275:Grigory Potanin
1250:
1215:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1096:
824:
767:
729:
702:
678:Jahriyya revolt
651:
646:
538:
515:"whip", Mengda
506:
502:
477:phoneme: Gaizi
474:
470:
394:
378:
318:Turkic language
291:Without proper
279:
278:
269:
241:
225:
218:
188:
186:
183:
176:Official status
162:
157:
133:
105:
102:Language family
100:
91:
90:Native speakers
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7768:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7710:
7709:
7706:
7705:
7698:
7688:
7687:
7684:
7683:
7681:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7664:
7662:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7648:
7641:
7633:
7631:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7616:
7610:
7608:
7602:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7586:
7579:
7571:
7569:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7557:
7552:
7547:
7546:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7528:Northern Altai
7525:
7520:
7514:
7512:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7503:
7501:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7484:
7482:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7474:
7468:
7466:
7459:
7452:
7451:
7445:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7424:
7422:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7401:
7400:
7399:
7392:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7356:
7351:
7340:
7338:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7309:
7307:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7287:
7281:
7279:
7272:
7271:
7265:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7247:
7242:Siberian Tatar
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7222:Dobrujan Tatar
7218:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7206:
7203:
7196:Siberian Tatar
7193:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7179:Southern Altai
7176:
7171:
7163:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7145:Mamluk-Kipchak
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7114:
7109:
7106:Armeno-Kipchak
7101:
7099:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7082:
7077:
7067:
7061:
7059:
7052:
7046:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7039:
7038:
7031:
7024:
7016:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7005:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6987:
6976:
6974:
6970:
6969:
6967:
6966:
6964:Southern Uzbek
6961:
6959:Northern Uzbek
6955:
6953:
6946:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6931:
6923:
6921:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6894:
6892:
6890:Proto-language
6886:
6885:
6878:
6877:
6870:
6863:
6855:
6846:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6829:HK = Hong Kong
6827:
6823:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6806:
6805:
6800:Hong Kong Sign
6793:
6784:
6782:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6657:
6655:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6630:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6613:
6612:
6611:
6606:
6596:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6568:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6519:
6518:
6508:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6465:
6463:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6399:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6380:
6378:
6377:
6375:(Austronesian)
6369:
6367:(Austronesian)
6361:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6311:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6156:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6080:
6078:
6069:
6063:
6062:
6060:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6003:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5966:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5853:
5851:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5756:
5754:
5744:
5743:
5733:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5686:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5584:
5582:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5545:Southern Qiang
5542:
5540:Northern Qiang
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5466:
5464:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5390:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5239:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4876:
4874:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4828:
4826:
4817:
4805:
4804:
4789:
4785:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4680:
4678:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4630:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4589:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4566:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4536:
4534:
4533:External links
4531:
4528:
4527:
4520:
4500:
4493:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4458:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4402:
4387:
4369:
4346:
4318:
4290:
4262:
4239:
4215:
4212:on 2012-03-16.
4166:
4163:on 2012-03-16.
4117:
4097:
4077:
4057:
4035:
4015:
3995:
3975:
3963:
3956:
3936:
3929:
3909:
3902:
3882:
3842:
3802:
3789:978-0123978264
3788:
3768:
3737:
3724:978-3447042932
3723:
3703:
3690:978-1405175807
3689:
3669:
3656:
3636:
3623:
3603:
3590:
3570:
3549:978-3110161588
3548:
3528:
3512:
3496:
3484:
3469:
3453:
3437:
3424:978-0415082006
3423:
3403:
3379:
3372:
3354:
3330:
3321:
3308:(2): 428–445.
3304:(in Turkish).
3288:
3272:
3247:
3231:
3215:
3199:
3186:978-3447061131
3185:
3165:
3149:
3125:
3106:
3076:
3063:978-3447053105
3062:
3042:
3035:Ethnologue.com
3022:
3009:
2986:
2973:978-3447038645
2972:
2950:
2937:978-0313288531
2936:
2916:
2889:978-0080877754
2888:
2869:
2847:
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2573:
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2560:
2559:
2532:
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2455:
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2442:
2441:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2381:like English b
2379:
2374:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2295:
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2236:
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2216:
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2201:
2200:
2189:
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2166:
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2146:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2115:
2109:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2074:
2068:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2029:
2023:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1955:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1910:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1878:
1872:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1808:
1802:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1764:
1758:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1731:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1648:as in English
1646:
1640:
1631:
1623:
1622:
1617:as in English
1615:
1609:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1588:as in English
1586:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1520:
1513:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1492:as in English
1490:
1484:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1459:as in English
1457:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1424:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1391:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1339:
1322:
1319:
1308:
1305:
1249:
1248:Writing system
1246:
1214:
1211:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1044:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1008:
999:
991:
990:
983:
981:
974:
967:
960:
953:
946:
939:
933:
932:
930:
923:
916:
909:
902:
895:
888:
880:
879:
877:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
835:
828:
817:
816:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
799:
792:
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
763:
758:
753:
748:
728:
725:
701:
698:
682:the Ili valley
650:
647:
645:
642:
621:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
581:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
544:Jiezi (Gaizi)
521:"whip"; Gaizi
430:Gansu Province
393:
390:
377:
376:Classification
374:
320:spoken by the
309:
308:
295:, you may see
281:
280:
268:
267:
259:
258:
253:
247:
246:
239:
231:
230:
223:
215:
214:
213:Language codes
210:
209:
208:
207:
202:
184:
181:
178:
177:
173:
172:
163:
159:Writing system
156:
153:
152:
151:
150:
147:
144:
139:
135:
134:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
108:
106:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
62:
58:
57:
52:
51:Native to
48:
47:
39:
38:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7767:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7722:
7720:
7703:
7699:
7697:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7685:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7622:
7621:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7585:
7584:
7583:Orkhon Turkic
7580:
7578:
7577:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7567:
7562:
7556:
7555:Western Yugur
7553:
7551:
7548:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7509:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7473:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7463:
7460:
7456:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7410:
7398:
7397:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7385:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7368:Balkan Gagauz
7366:
7362:
7361:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7346:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7335:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7280:
7276:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7262:
7258:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7213:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7198:
7197:
7194:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7158:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7146:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7113:
7112:Crimean Tatar
7110:
7108:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7096:
7088:
7087:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7047:
7037:
7036:
7032:
7030:
7029:
7025:
7023:
7022:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7009:
7003:
7000:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6971:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6941:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6929:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6910:Common Turkic
6907:
6901:
6900:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6876:
6871:
6869:
6864:
6862:
6857:
6856:
6853:
6840:
6838:XJ = Xinjiang
6837:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6803:
6801:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6779:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6652:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6617:
6614:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6524:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6462:
6456:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6373:
6370:
6365:
6362:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6351:
6347:
6341:
6340:Western Yugur
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6064:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6022:Eastern Yugur
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5996:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5942:Small Flowery
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5752:Austroasiatic
5749:
5745:
5738:
5734:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
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4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
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4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
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4926:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4906:
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4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
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4881:
4878:
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4853:
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4755:
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4707:
4705:
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4700:
4697:
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4685:
4682:
4681:
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4664:
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4608:
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4598:
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4587:
4582:
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4573:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4557:
4554:
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4549:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4523:
4521:3-447-05233-3
4517:
4513:
4512:
4504:
4496:
4494:3-11-016158-3
4490:
4486:
4485:
4477:
4473:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4436:
4416:
4415:www.ohchr.org
4412:
4406:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4339:September 30,
4331:
4330:
4322:
4311:September 30,
4303:
4302:
4294:
4283:September 30,
4275:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4250:
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4230:
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4219:
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4177:
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3999:
3991:
3987:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3959:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3940:
3932:
3930:0-7146-4921-X
3926:
3922:
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3905:
3899:
3895:
3894:
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3872:
3856:
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3493:
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3466:
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3450:
3446:
3441:
3426:
3420:
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3407:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3375:
3373:9784903875040
3369:
3365:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3345:
3337:
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3325:
3316:
3311:
3307:
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3257:
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3212:
3208:
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3178:
3177:
3169:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3139:
3138:glottolog.org
3135:
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3121:
3117:
3110:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3065:
3059:
3055:
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3012:
3006:
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2993:
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2975:
2969:
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2706:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2670:as in German
2669:
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2648:
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2208:
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2198:
2195:es. Before a
2194:
2190:
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2180:
2172:
2167:
2165:
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2161:
2157:
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2110:
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1338:
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1328:
1318:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1292:
1291:Vasily Radlov
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1257:Arabic script
1253:
1245:
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1235:
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1228:
1223:
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1190:
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965:
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951:
947:
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938:
934:
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917:
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829:
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822:
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815:
813:
811:
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791:
787:
784:
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779:
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769:
764:
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749:
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674:
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668:
664:
660:
656:
641:
640:
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632:
628:
616:
611:
606:
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591:
586:
583:
582:
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566:
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531:
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519:
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493:
487:
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467:
461:
455:
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443:
437:
431:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
389:
387:
383:
373:
371:
367:
364:. During the
363:
360:tribe of the
359:
355:
350:
347:
343:
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335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
306:
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206:
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201:
198:
197:
196:
185:
179:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
154:
148:
146:Gaizi (Jiezi)
145:
142:
141:
140:
136:
126:
123:
122:
121:
118:
117:
116:
115:Common Turkic
113:
112:
111:
107:
103:
97:
93:
87:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
45:
40:
30:
25:
20:
7740:Salar people
7691:
7644:
7637:
7619:
7582:
7575:
7564:
7395:
7388:
7359:
7268:
7246:Tobol-Irtysh
7167:
7144:
7117:
7105:
7085:
7080:Mishar Tatar
7034:
7027:
7020:
7011:
6927:
6899:Proto-Turkic
6898:
6826:GX = Guangxi
6814:
6812:Tibetan Sign
6802:
6788:Chinese Sign
6654:Creole/Mixed
6523:Southeastern
6511:Southwestern
6474:Northeastern
6459:Varieties of
6334:
4510:
4503:
4483:
4476:
4449:
4418:. Retrieved
4414:
4405:
4378:
4372:
4355:
4349:
4337:. Retrieved
4328:
4321:
4309:. Retrieved
4300:
4293:
4281:. Retrieved
4272:
4265:
4248:
4242:
4228:
4218:
4207:the original
4186:
4182:
4169:
4158:the original
4137:
4133:
4120:
4107:
4100:
4087:
4080:
4067:
4060:
4052:the original
4047:
4044:"Yugurology"
4038:
4025:
4018:
4005:
3998:
3985:
3978:
3966:
3946:
3939:
3919:
3912:
3892:
3885:
3859:. Retrieved
3854:
3845:
3819:. Retrieved
3814:
3805:
3793:. Retrieved
3778:
3771:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3728:. Retrieved
3713:
3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3679:
3672:
3661:. Retrieved
3646:
3639:
3628:. Retrieved
3613:
3606:
3595:. Retrieved
3580:
3573:
3561:. Retrieved
3538:
3531:
3515:
3499:
3487:
3456:
3440:
3428:. Retrieved
3413:
3406:
3394:. Retrieved
3388:
3382:
3363:
3357:
3348:
3343:
3324:
3305:
3301:
3291:
3264:. Retrieved
3262:(in Turkish)
3259:
3250:
3234:
3218:
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3175:
3168:
3152:
3141:. Retrieved
3137:
3128:
3119:
3109:
3097:. Retrieved
3093:the original
3088:
3079:
3067:. Retrieved
3052:
3045:
3034:
3014:. Retrieved
2999:
2977:. Retrieved
2963:
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2926:
2919:
2893:. Retrieved
2878:
2872:
2859:
2851:
2838:
2835:
2813:
2794:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2776:Sample texts
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2740:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2716:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2445:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2414:
2407:
2397:
2390:
2382:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2326:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2285:Explanation
2281:zero initial
2254:
2247:
2233:
2225:
2218:
2204:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2163:
2155:
2148:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2097:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:unaspirated
2071:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:Rather like
1906:
1892:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1713:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1678:unaspirated
1672:
1657:
1649:
1642:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1611:
1597:
1589:
1582:
1568:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1522:unaspirated
1516:
1501:
1493:
1486:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1393:unaspirated
1387:
1372:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1327:romanization
1324:
1310:
1300:
1295:
1286:
1273:
1269:
1254:
1251:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1196:
730:
723:population.
706:
703:
675:
652:
638:
634:
630:
626:
624:
533:"to embed".
418:
395:
379:
370:Amdo Tibetan
366:Tang dynasty
351:
322:Salar people
313:
312:
284:
234:
124:
7518:Fuyu Kyrgyz
7360:Ajem-Turkic
7344:Azerbaijani
6320:Fuyu Kyrgyz
6119:Tai Hongjin
5805:Muak Sa-aak
4251:: 598–602.
3971:Dwyer (2007
3520:Dwyer (2007
3504:Dwyer (2007
3492:Dwyer (2007
3480:Dwyer (2007
3461:Dwyer (2007
3445:Dwyer (2007
3239:Dwyer (2007
3223:Dwyer (2007
3207:Dwyer (2007
3157:Dwyer (2007
2680:velar nasal
1366:Explanation
1035:Approximant
743:Consonants
463:"to give",
445:"to give",
421:Lin Lianyun
398:Qing Empire
354:Salur tribe
299:instead of
7719:Categories
7576:Old Uyghur
7378:Karapapakh
7227:Karakalpak
7035:Karakhanid
7028:Khorezmian
6841:XZ = Tibet
6832:MC = Macau
6772:Zhangzhung
6516:Sichuanese
6443:Vietnamese
5840:Hmong-Mien
5719:Waxianghua
5500:Khroskyabs
4788:Indigenous
4676:Prefecture
4651:Portuguese
4468:References
3663:2010-06-28
3630:2010-06-28
3597:2010-06-28
3266:2022-09-14
3143:2021-07-27
3016:2011-06-03
2861:Ethnologue
2828:she said.
2600:as in "tak
2279:Form with
2088:; as in su
1773:. English
1341:Consonants
1213:Vocabulary
721:Hui Muslim
676:After the
629:, Qinghai
425:Han Jianye
406:Ili valley
358:Oghuz Turk
7702:varieties
7694:indicate
7678:Qoqmončaq
7086:Old Tatar
6997:Ili Turki
6752:Tocharian
6686:Qoqmončaq
6638:Cantonese
6592:Shaojiang
6565:Hainanese
6494:Zhongyuan
6489:Jiao-Liao
6423:Esperanto
6325:Ili Turki
6032:Khamnigan
5897:Kiong Nai
5668:Zitsadegu
4646:Mongolian
4636:Cantonese
4420:13 August
4397:875771914
4364:606504539
3558:0933-761X
2905:cite book
1682:, as in s
1526:, as in s
1397:, as in s
1207:/e,i,ø,y/
1203:/a,ɯ,o,u/
1112:unrounded
1098:unrounded
943:voiceless
937:Fricative
832:voiceless
826:Affricate
761:Retroflex
727:Phonology
686:Ili Salar
457:"to be",
439:"to be",
419:However,
236:Glottolog
220:ISO 639-3
143:Ili Salar
79:Ethnicity
7645:Pecheneg
7442:Southern
7421:Northern
7413:Siberian
7306:Southern
7295:Trukhmen
7189:Telengit
7134:Krymchak
7075:Nagaibak
7021:Chagatai
6696:Tangwang
6676:Macanese
6671:Lingling
6604:Northern
6587:Northern
6550:Southern
6469:Mandarin
6396:Minority
6356:Sarikoli
6269:Tungusic
6230:Naxi Yao
6175:Cao Miao
6099:Ningming
5999:Mongolic
5975:Dzao Min
5970:Biao Min
5927:Qo Xiong
5922:Pingtang
5618:Dongwang
5560:Tshobdun
5485:Guiqiong
5087:Sangkong
4862:Muangphe
4824:Mondzish
4778:numerous
4769:Counties
4616:Regional
4600:Official
4257:25197112
4226:(1894).
3871:cite web
3831:cite web
3763:23657773
3730:24 April
3696:24 April
3563:24 April
3430:24 April
3396:24 April
3069:24 April
2979:24 April
2943:24 April
2895:24 April
2682:; like s
2575:as in "b
2436:as in "h
2302:as in "f
2039:ure and
1928:ue, and
1737:, as in
1559:, as in
1430:, as in
766:Alveolo-
711:and the
659:Chagatai
414:isogloss
392:Dialects
342:Xinjiang
305:Help:IPA
243:sala1264
138:Dialects
73:Xinjiang
29:Salarcha
7692:Italics
7660:pidgins
7656:Creoles
7614:Chuvash
7538:Chelkan
7533:Kumandy
7511:Yenisei
7383:Turkish
7337:Western
7328:Sonqori
7323:Qashqai
7313:Afshari
7290:Turkmen
7278:Eastern
7065:Bashkir
7050:Kipchak
6973:Eastern
6952:Western
6767:Xianbei
6762:Tuyuhun
6732:Old Yue
6710:Extinct
6691:Sanqiao
6582:Central
6572:Eastern
6555:Hokkien
6499:Lan-Yin
6479:Beijing
6461:Chinese
6418:Russian
6180:Chadong
6160:Ai-Cham
6129:Tai Nüa
6114:Tai Dón
6109:Tai Dam
6067:Kra-Dai
6037:Monguor
6027:Kangjia
5985:Kim Mun
5980:Iu Mien
5902:Luobohe
5892:Huishui
5872:Guiyang
5849:Hmongic
5810:Palaung
5800:Man Met
5704:Longjia
5653:Ladakhi
5648:Kyirong
5638:Khalong
5623:Drugchu
5580:Tibetic
5550:Shixing
5462:Qiangic
5243:Alingpo
5235:Nisoish
5220:Yangliu
5215:Xuzhang
5145:Laizisi
5140:Kuamasi
5135:Kua-nsi
5117:Lisoish
5097:Tsukong
5037:Laomian
4962:Baihong
4929:Hanoish
4920:Loloish
4905:Lhao Vo
4900:Chashan
4885:Xiandao
4872:Burmish
4815:Burmese
4773:Banners
4729:Tai Nüa
4656:Tibetan
4641:English
4433:Sources
4203:2718250
4154:2718250
3861:1 April
3821:1 April
3795:1 April
3192:1 April
3099:1 April
3037: :
2486:"; the
2228:ater.*
1227:Turkish
1199:Turkish
1119:rounded
1105:rounded
1077:Vowels
821:Plosive
783:Glottal
768:palatal
663:Kipchak
644:History
584:Mengda
410:Qinghai
404:to the
326:Qinghai
301:Unicode
65:Qinghai
7673:Kurbet
7668:Hezhou
7638:Khazar
7620:Bulgar
7523:Khakas
7488:Dukhan
7465:Steppe
7449:Chulym
7428:Dolgan
7373:Gagauz
7232:Kazakh
7201:Baraba
7184:Teleut
7174:Kyrgyz
7160:Kyrgyz
7129:Karaim
7058:Bulgar
6985:Khoton
6980:Uyghur
6944:Karluk
6934:Khalaj
6747:Tangut
6737:Rouran
6727:Khitan
6717:Ba–Shu
6681:Maojia
6666:Hezhou
6577:Puxian
6560:Teoswa
6445:(Kinh)
6413:Kyrgyz
6408:Korean
6403:Kazakh
6307:Turkic
6292:Oroqen
6282:Manchu
6277:Evenki
6245:Qabiao
6235:Ong Be
6220:Maonan
6210:Lakkja
6200:Jiamao
6170:Buyang
6134:Tai Ya
6124:Tai Lü
6084:Bouyei
6076:Zhuang
6057:Torgut
6012:Buryat
5962:Mienic
5952:Younuo
5932:Raojia
5912:Pa-Hng
5907:Mashan
5877:Hm Nai
5862:Bu-Nao
5857:A-Hmao
5780:Bumang
5699:Jingpo
5694:Derung
5689:Caijia
5663:Zhongu
5633:Gserpa
5525:Namuyi
5495:Japhug
5444:Zauzou
5419:Namuyi
5404:Kucong
5378:Zokhuo
5373:Thopho
5353:Phupha
5338:Phukha
5283:Khlula
5225:Zibusi
5210:Toloza
5205:Sonaga
5190:Mangdi
5185:Lolopo
5130:Hlersu
5067:Phana’
5062:Nuomei
5042:Laopin
4977:Bukong
4952:Angluo
4880:Achang
4857:Mondzi
4759:Zhuang
4734:Tai Lü
4724:Kazakh
4719:Kyrgyz
4704:Korean
4694:Bouyei
4666:Zhuang
4661:Uyghur
4518:
4491:
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4395:
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2271:Pinyin
2264:Vowels
2253:as in
2250:itamin
2224:as in
2191:as in
2154:as in
2084:and ca
1990:as in
1957:as in
1781:ay or
1777:as in
1349:Pinyin
1331:Pinyin
996:voiced
885:voiced
778:Uvular
756:Dental
751:Labial
690:Kazakh
272:UNESCO
192:
166:Pinyin
149:Mengda
110:Turkic
61:Region
7606:Oghur
7498:Soyot
7481:Taiga
7472:Tuvan
7458:Sayan
7433:Yakut
7269:Salar
7261:Oghuz
7237:Nogai
7215:Nogai
7139:Kumyk
7118:Cuman
7098:Cuman
7070:Tatar
6757:Tuoba
6701:Wutun
6616:Xiang
6609:Auish
6535:Hakka
6484:Ji-Lu
6449:Wakhi
6438:Uzbek
6433:Tuvan
6428:Tatar
6349:Other
6335:Salar
6287:Nanai
6225:Mulam
6190:Gelao
6153:Other
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6047:Ordos
6042:Oirat
6007:Bonan
5947:Xixiu
5917:Pa Na
5882:Hmong
5867:Gejia
5815:Riang
5775:Bugan
5770:Bolyu
5765:Blang
5714:Tujia
5677:Other
5658:Tseku
5643:Khams
5628:Groma
5608:Choni
5598:Basum
5593:Baima
5570:Zhaba
5490:Horpa
5475:Choyo
5470:Baima
5439:Sanie
5414:Naruo
5399:Katso
5394:Gokhy
5387:Other
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5358:Phuza
5348:Phupa
5343:Phuma
5333:Phowa
5328:Phola
5323:Phala
5318:Nuosu
5273:Bokha
5248:Alugu
5195:Micha
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4739:Zaiwa
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2843:Notes
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2239:[
2214:]
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2169:[
2144:]
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2121:in ca
2107:]
2103:[
2066:]
2062:[
2021:]
2017:[
2013:]
2009:[
1980:]
1976:[
1947:]
1943:[
1924:oke,
1920:oke,
1902:]
1898:[
1870:]
1866:[
1837:]
1833:[
1800:]
1796:[
1768:Scots
1756:]
1752:[
1723:]
1719:[
1667:]
1663:[
1607:]
1603:[
1578:]
1574:[
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1541:[
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1507:[
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1478:[
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1445:[
1416:]
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637:"cow"
635:gölex
631:gölix
627:gölök
518:qanjü
512:qamjü
346:Oghuz
334:China
330:Gansu
316:is a
314:Salar
256:Salar
195:China
125:Salar
120:Oghuz
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5555:Situ
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5530:Naxi
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4852:Maza
4754:Hani
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4454:ISBN
4422:2023
4393:OCLC
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4360:OCLC
4341:2012
4313:2012
4285:2012
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3925:ISBN
3898:ISBN
3877:link
3863:2013
3837:link
3823:2013
3797:2013
3784:ISBN
3732:2014
3719:ISBN
3698:2014
3685:ISBN
3652:ISBN
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3565:2014
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3398:2014
3368:ISBN
3194:2013
3181:ISBN
3101:2013
3071:2014
3058:ISBN
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2945:2014
2932:ISBN
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2897:2014
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548:/tʰ/
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524:göm-
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6506:Jin
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