42:
177:
505:
long-continued living in Hunza revealed the actual situations". Regarding the misconception about Hunza people's health, Clark also writes that most of his patients had malaria, dysentery, worms, trachoma, and other health conditions easily diagnosed and quickly treated. In his first two trips he treated 5,684 patients.
504:
writes: "I wish also to express my regrets to those travelers whose impressions have been contradicted by my experience. On my first trip through Hunza, I acquired almost all the misconceptions they did: The
Healthy Hunzas, the Democratic Court, The Land Where There Are No Poor, and the rest—and only
316:, also known as Khajuna, and their dialect, known as Jammu & Kashmir Burushashski (JKB), "has undergone several changes which make it systematically different from other dialects of Burushaski spoken in Pakistan". In addition, many Jammu & Kashmiri Burusho are multilingual, also speaking
245:
Peace, harmony and less exposure to stress in the people of Hunza valley is linked to their longer life spans. The lack of urban harms, the healthy way of life, moderate use of fruits and vegetables and other factors contribute to the health and long life of this people.
706:
Hunzai, A. N. N., Burushaski
Research Academy, & University of Karachi. (2006). Burushaski Urdu Dictionary - Volume 1 / بروشسکی اردو لغت - جلد اول (الف تا څ). Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi. ISBN 969-404-66-0
677:
Another, more likely origin story, given the uniqueness of their language, proclaims that they were indigenous to northwestern India and were pushed higher into the mountains by the movements of the Indo-Aryans, who traveled southward sometime around 1800
1089:
The community has no contact with their
Burushos of Gilgit-Baltistan since 1947, when partition of India and Pakistan necessitated the division of the erstwhile princely state of Kashmir. No participant was ready to move to Hunza/Nagar if provided a
454:
and other mountain communities of various ethnicities, due primarily to the M124 marker (defining Y-DNA haplogroup R2a), which is present at high frequency in these populations. However, they have also an
1205:"Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists"
852:
1045:
Among the
Burusho of India, the parents supposedly negotiate a marriage without consulting the children, but often prospective brides and grooms have grown up together and know each other well.
459:
genetic contribution, suggesting that at least some of their ancestry originates north of the
Himalayas. No Greek genetic component among the Burusho have been detected in tests.
207:
Although their origins are unknown, it is claimed that the
Burusho people "were indigenous to northwestern India and were pushed higher into the mountains by the
1907:
987:
2259:
2094:
2059:
1959:
2389:
2074:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1621:
Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A.; Ayub, Qasim (January 2007).
2399:
2394:
591:
1426:
Firasat, Sadaf; Khaliq, Shagufta; Mohyuddin, Aisha; Papaioannou, Myrto; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Underhill, Peter A; Ayub, Qasim (2006).
1900:
242:
It is popularly believed that the Hunza people live around 120 years. But more quantitative research is needed to prove this.
963:
1105:; et al. (2003), "The Genetic Heritage of the Earliest Settlers Persists Both in Indian Tribal and Caste Populations",
618:
1550:
1354:"Genetic affinities among the lower castes and tribal groups of India: Inference from Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA"
266:
149:
1254:"The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system"
234:
The
Burusho are known for their rich music and dance culture, along with progressive views towards education and women.
2364:
1893:
1785:
1875:
2109:
1038:
879:
670:
407:
791:
510:
400:
1743:
1149:
Sahoo, S.; et al. (2006), "A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios",
312:, and therefore, "most members of the community are in government jobs." The Burusho people of India speak
253:, citing a life expectancy of 53 years for men and 52 for women, although with a high standard deviation.
215:
1831:
Underhill, Peter A. (2015), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a",
1783:
Underhill, Peter A. (2014), "The phylogenetic and geographic structure of Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a",
1989:
953:
273:. This Burusho community is descended from two former princes of the British Indian princely states of
1916:
691:
447:
435:
431:
423:
411:
352:
348:
347:
are seen among certain random samples of people in Hunza. Some haplogroups found in the
Burusho were
188:
1548:
R. Spencer Wells et al., The
Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity
1409:," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (28 August 2001).
2151:
1570:
Li, Jun Z (2008). "Worldwide human relationships inferred from genome wide patterns of variation".
443:
439:
396:
392:
853:"Tarikh-e-Ehd Atiiq Riyasat Hunza (English Translation By Lt Col (Rtd) Saadullah Beg, TI(M) psc,)"
281:, who with their families, migrated to this region in the 19th century A.D. They are known as the
2359:
2163:
2049:
1295:"The Influence of Natural Barriers in Shaping the Genetic Structure of Maharashtra Populations"
660:
300:
in 1947, the Indian
Burusho community have not been in contact with the Pakistani Burusho. The
278:
274:
219:
1623:"Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan"
1428:"Y-chromosomal evidence for a limited Greek contribution to the Pathan population of Pakistan"
41:
493:
356:
269:, being mainly concentrated in Batamalu, as well as in Botraj Mohalla, which is southeast of
208:
595:
2321:
1579:
1306:
1158:
708:
313:
309:
141:
751:
450:. DNA research groups the male ancestry of some of the Hunza inhabitants with speakers of
8:
2369:
2331:
2198:
2178:
2009:
1927:
321:
301:
1583:
1310:
1162:
2384:
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1603:
1452:
1427:
1380:
1353:
1329:
1294:
1229:
1204:
1181:
871:
634:
297:
290:
125:
1932:
1704:
1679:
1525:
1500:
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1802:
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1709:
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1642:
1595:
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1385:
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1234:
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959:
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908:
875:
833:
773:
666:
317:
1607:
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1840:
1810:
1794:
1699:
1691:
1650:
1634:
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1447:
1439:
1375:
1365:
1324:
1314:
1265:
1224:
1216:
1176:
1166:
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1114:
1070:
934:
763:
626:
161:
817:
2183:
2029:
1554:
1319:
1102:
451:
415:
305:
250:
214:
Prior to the modern era, the area in which most Burusho now live was part of the
642:
500:
Dr. John Clark stayed among the Hunza people for 20 months and in his 1956 book
2374:
2311:
2306:
2249:
2188:
2099:
2084:
1559:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1547:
360:
329:
325:
2353:
2279:
2274:
2244:
2168:
2134:
2054:
1974:
1942:
1806:
1646:
1084:
912:
777:
693:
The Ḍumāki Language: Outlines of the Speech of the Ḍoma, Or Bērīcho, of Hunza
541:
480:
426:, of East Eurasian male origin and possibly representing the patrilineage of
380:
83:
1885:
1638:
1591:
1443:
1171:
896:
792:"Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski : Language, Language Contact, and Change"
2294:
2289:
2254:
2237:
2193:
1937:
1862:
1824:
1726:
1713:
1664:
1599:
1534:
1461:
1407:
The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity
1389:
1370:
1338:
1279:
1238:
1190:
1136:
920:
546:
536:
491:, and had plenty of fresh air and exercise. He often mentioned them in his
468:
427:
368:
341:
286:
137:
133:
129:
47:
1756:
566:
475:
in 1948 that asserted that the Hunzas, noted for their longevity and many
2284:
2146:
2124:
2089:
2079:
1844:
1798:
1059:"Ethnicity, Identity and Group Vitality: A study of Burushos of Srinagar"
752:"Ethnicity, Identity and Group Vitality: A study of Burushos of Srinagar"
476:
270:
223:
1075:
1058:
768:
383:, R1a1 and other clades of haplogroup R, is now virtually restricted to
363:
migration into South Asia c. 2000 BC, and probably originated in either
176:
2141:
2069:
2044:
1270:
1253:
955:
The Wheel of Health: A Study of the Hunza People and the Keys to Health
638:
515:
388:
384:
364:
344:
157:
104:
87:
71:
1880:
497:
magazine as exemplary of the benefits of leading a healthy lifestyle.
2114:
2064:
1015:
Jammu and Kashmir Burushashki: Language, Language Contact, and Change
519:
456:
630:
410:
haplogroups reaching considerable frequencies among the Burusho are
2222:
2205:
1964:
1695:
1516:
1293:
Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; et al. (2010). Cordaux, Richard (ed.).
1220:
1118:
1031:
Dictionary of Multicultural Psychology: Issues, Terms, and Concepts
376:
145:
1013:
2269:
2227:
2173:
2039:
1969:
1952:
1620:
1425:
901:
Asklepii: Bolgaro-Sovetskii Ezhegodnik Istorii I Teorii Meditsiny
484:
148:, with a tiny minority of around 350 Burusho people residing in
2215:
2129:
2119:
2034:
1999:
1979:
1947:
531:
488:
419:
1292:
2264:
2210:
1351:
1101:
262:
153:
1202:
619:"Shamans and mountain spirits in Hunza. (northern Pakistan)"
2156:
1148:
372:
720:
Berger, Hermann (1985). "A survey of Burushaski studies".
1678:
Qamar, R; Ayub, Q; Mohyuddin, A; et al. (May 2002).
403:
mutation M20) have also been observed from few samples.
514:
had an article on the Hunza River Valley that inspired
935:"[Hunza - a healthy and a long living people]"
897:"[Hunza - a healthy and a long living people]"
815:
594:. Tribal Analysis Center. 30 June 2009. Archived from
1480:
1468:
819:
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition
1018:. The University of Texas at Austin. pp. 4, 6–.
414:, associated with the spread of agriculture in, and
211:, who traveled southward sometime around 1800 B.C."
1251:
1677:
285:by other ethnic groups in the state, and practice
462:
261:A group of 350 Burusho people also reside in the
2351:
951:
479:, were long-lived because they consumed healthy
108:
1776:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1401:
1399:
1151:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
894:
662:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania
1915:
1901:
1286:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
430:. Present at lower frequency are haplogroups
1412:
1396:
1345:
1196:
1095:
700:
16:Ethnolinguistic group of Kashmir, South Asia
1735:
1203:Sengupta, Sanghamitra; et al. (2006).
745:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
1908:
1894:
1769:The Carl Barks Library Volume 12, page 229
1245:
998:
945:
654:
652:
434:, also of East Eurasian male lineage, and
1852:
1830:
1814:
1782:
1703:
1680:"Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan"
1654:
1524:
1501:"Y-Chromosomal DNA Variation in Pakistan"
1486:
1474:
1451:
1379:
1369:
1328:
1318:
1269:
1228:
1180:
1170:
1142:
1126:
1074:
1050:
767:
355:, the former of which is associated with
1541:
1022:
895:Vlahchev, Todor; Zhivkov, Zoran (2002).
732:
379:. R2a, unlike its extremely rare parent
985:
865:
696:. Dekker & van de Vegt. p. 13.
689:
649:
249:Independent writers have refuted these
2352:
1498:
1352:Thanseem, Ismail; et al. (2006).
1209:The American Journal of Human Genetics
1107:The American Journal of Human Genetics
1063:Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies
1011:
756:Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies
719:
2390:Scheduled Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir
1889:
1745:Hunza - Lost Kingdom of the Himalayas
1741:
1252:Sharma, Swarkar; et al. (2009).
1056:
749:
616:
502:Hunza - Lost Kingdom of the Himalayas
1028:
850:
816:Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005).
665:. Infobase Publishing. p. 139.
658:
256:
171:
1499:Raheel, Qamar; et al. (2002).
986:Tierney, John (29 September 1996).
822:. Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
226:, until becoming part of Pakistan.
13:
2400:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir
1833:European Journal of Human Genetics
1786:European Journal of Human Genetics
1627:European Journal of Human Genetics
1569:
1505:American Journal of Human Genetics
1432:European Journal of Human Genetics
868:Human: The Definitive Visual Guide
304:has granted the Burusho community
14:
2411:
2395:Social groups of Gilgit Baltistan
1869:
1751:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1029:Hall, Lena E. (28 October 2004).
237:
659:West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010).
175:
46:A group of Burusho women in the
40:
1763:
1720:
1671:
1614:
1563:
1492:
979:
927:
888:
859:
844:
826:
809:
124:, are an ethnolinguistic group
1732:1948. Emmaus PA: Rodale Press.
958:. 2009 reprint. Review Press.
851:Haji, Qudratullah Beg (1980).
838:Encyclopædia Britannica online
784:
713:
683:
610:
584:
559:
463:Influence in the Western world
1:
866:Winston, Robert, ed. (2004).
797:. Repositories.lib.utexas.edu
617:Sidky, M. H. (1 April 1994).
1777:General and cited references
1320:10.1371/journal.pone.0015283
552:
209:movements of the Indo-Aryans
7:
525:
335:
160:, has been classified as a
10:
2416:
1405:R. Spencer Wells et al., "
690:Lorimer, D. L. R. (1939).
592:"TAC Research The Burusho"
508:The October 1953 issue of
229:
167:
109:
2365:Ethnic groups in Pakistan
1923:
1917:Ethnic groups in Pakistan
1258:Journal of Human Genetics
988:"The Optimists Are Right"
952:Wrench, Dr Guy T (1938).
110:
82:
77:
70:
65:
60:
55:
39:
31:
30:
29:
1553:21 December 2016 at the
467:Healthy living advocate
1639:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726
1592:10.1126/science.1153717
1444:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201726
1172:10.1073/pnas.0507714103
1057:Ahmed, Musavir (2016).
750:Ahmed, Musavir (2016).
722:Journal of Central Asia
140:, and other valleys of
1371:10.1186/1471-2156-7-42
1012:Munshi, Sadaf (2006).
623:Asian Folklore Studies
438:Siberian male origin,
387:. Two other typically
834:"Burushaski language"
357:Indo-European peoples
120:), also known as the
1845:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50
1799:10.1038/ejhg.2014.50
1742:Clark, John (1956).
1033:. SAGE. p. 12.
471:wrote a book called
332:to a lesser extent.
2010:European Pakistanis
1584:2008Sci...319.1100L
1578:(5866): 1100–1104.
1311:2010PLoSO...515283T
1163:2006PNAS..103..843S
645:on 5 November 2012.
511:National Geographic
308:status, as well as
302:Government of India
265:union territory of
26:
1730:The Healthy Hunzas
1271:10.1038/jhg.2008.2
992:The New York Times
872:Dorling Kindersley
473:The Healthy Hunzas
298:partition of India
291:Arranged marriages
187:. You can help by
156:. Their language,
24:
2347:
2346:
1684:Am. J. Hum. Genet
1076:10.29333/ejecs/51
965:978-0-9802976-6-9
769:10.29333/ejecs/51
267:Jammu and Kashmir
257:Jammu and Kashmir
205:
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150:Jammu and Kashmir
93:
92:
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1511:(5): 1107–1124.
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941:. February 2002.
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641:. Archived from
614:
608:
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588:
582:
581:
579:
577:
563:
483:, such as dried
418:, the neolithic
200:
197:
179:
172:
162:language isolate
142:Gilgit–Baltistan
115:
114:
112:
56:Total population
44:
33:
27:
23:
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2050:Indus Kohistani
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1914:
1876:Humans of Hunza
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1555:Wayback Machine
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874:. p. 433.
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598:on 17 July 2011
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452:Pamir languages
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306:Scheduled Tribe
293:are customary.
259:
251:longevity myths
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185:needs expansion
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1870:External links
1868:
1867:
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1839:(1): 124–131,
1828:
1793:(1): 124–131,
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1762:
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1696:10.1086/339929
1690:(5): 1107–24.
1670:
1633:(1): 121–126.
1613:
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1540:
1517:10.1086/339929
1491:
1487:Underhill 2015
1479:
1475:Underhill 2014
1467:
1411:
1395:
1344:
1305:(12): e15283.
1285:
1244:
1221:10.1086/499411
1195:
1141:
1119:10.1086/346068
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238:Longevity myth
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587:
572:
568:
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542:Kalash people
540:
538:
535:
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532:Brokpa people
530:
529:
523:
521:
517:
513:
512:
506:
503:
498:
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495:
490:
486:
482:
481:organic foods
478:
474:
470:
460:
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453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:haplogroup C3
421:
417:
413:
412:haplogroup J2
409:
404:
402:
398:
397:haplogroup L3
394:
393:haplogroup H1
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
343:
340:A variety of
333:
331:
327:
324:, as well as
323:
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183:This section
181:
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159:
155:
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147:
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139:
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127:
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89:
85:
81:
76:
73:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
38:
28:
19:
2290:Meghwar Bhil
1984:
1881:Hunza People
1836:
1832:
1790:
1784:
1765:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1722:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1575:
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1565:
1558:
1543:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1482:
1470:
1438:(1): 121–6.
1435:
1431:
1406:
1361:
1358:BMC Genetics
1357:
1347:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1264:(1): 47–55.
1261:
1257:
1247:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1157:(4): 843–8,
1154:
1150:
1144:
1110:
1106:
1103:Kivisild, T.
1097:
1088:
1066:
1062:
1052:
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1030:
1024:
1014:
991:
981:
969:. Retrieved
954:
947:
939:ResearchGate
938:
929:
904:
900:
890:
870:. New York:
867:
861:
846:
837:
828:
818:
811:
799:. Retrieved
786:
759:
755:
725:
721:
715:
702:
692:
685:
676:
661:
643:the original
622:
612:
600:. Retrieved
596:the original
586:
574:. Retrieved
570:
567:"Burushaski"
561:
547:Nagar Valley
537:Hunza Valley
509:
507:
501:
499:
492:
477:centenarians
472:
469:J. I. Rodale
466:
428:Genghis Khan
405:
399:(defined by
369:Central Asia
339:
295:
287:Shiite Islam
282:
260:
248:
244:
241:
233:
213:
206:
193:
189:adding to it
184:
144:in northern
121:
117:
100:
96:
94:
84:Ismaili Shia
48:Hunza Valley
21:Ethnic group
18:
2245:Salvi Mewar
2216:Spin Tareen
2125:Rajasthanis
1069:(1): 1–10.
762:(1): 1–10.
728:(1): 33–37.
709:Archive.org
389:South Asian
345:haplogroups
314:Burushashki
310:reservation
271:Hari Parbat
224:British Raj
2370:Hindu Kush
2354:Categories
2233:Rajasthani
2142:Nuristanis
2045:Hindkowans
801:20 October
602:9 February
571:Ethnologue
516:Carl Barks
494:Prevention
457:East Asian
391:lineages,
385:South Asia
365:South Asia
361:Bronze Age
322:Hindustani
296:Since the
222:under the
196:March 2020
158:Burushaski
126:indigenous
105:Burushaski
88:Shia Islam
72:Burushaski
50:, Pakistan
2385:Longevity
2380:Karakoram
2260:Shumashti
2115:Gujaratis
2065:Kashmiris
1807:1018-4813
1647:1476-5438
1085:2149-1291
971:12 August
913:0324-1300
907:: 96–97.
778:2149-1291
553:Citations
520:Tralla La
420:Near East
66:Languages
2223:Punjabis
2206:Pashtuns
2189:Shughnan
2184:Sariquli
2105:Muhajirs
2030:Gujarati
1965:Bengalis
1863:24667786
1825:24667786
1714:11898125
1665:17047675
1608:53541133
1600:18292342
1551:Archived
1535:11898125
1462:17047675
1390:16893451
1339:21187967
1299:PLOS ONE
1280:19158816
1239:16400607
1191:16415161
1137:12536373
921:16060041
576:26 April
526:See also
518:' story
485:apricots
377:Caucasus
375:and the
359:and the
336:Genetics
318:Kashmiri
146:Pakistan
78:Religion
2332:Uyghurs
2322:Turkmen
2270:Sindhis
2250:Saraiki
2228:Purigpa
2174:Pamiris
2164:Paharis
2110:Biharis
2100:Marwari
2095:Makrani
2085:Ladakhi
2060:Kalkoti
2040:Hazaras
1990:Chinese
1985:Burusho
1970:Biharis
1953:Khetran
1928:Afghans
1854:4266736
1816:4266736
1656:2588664
1580:Bibcode
1572:Science
1453:2588664
1381:1569435
1330:3004917
1307:Bibcode
1230:1380230
1182:1347984
1159:Bibcode
1090:chance.
639:1178560
489:almonds
230:Culture
168:History
128:to the
113:
97:Burusho
34:
2317:Kyrgyz
2312:Turkic
2307:Torwal
2295:Memons
2280:Kutchi
2275:Jadgal
2199:Yidgha
2169:Palula
2130:Tamils
2120:Memons
2055:Kalash
2035:Gurjar
2015:Gabaro
2000:Dogras
1980:Broqpa
1975:Brahui
1960:Bateri
1948:Dehwar
1943:Baloch
1861:
1851:
1823:
1813:
1805:
1757:536892
1755:
1712:
1705:447589
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678:B.C.E.
669:
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446:, and
422:, and
406:Other
283:Botraj
263:Indian
122:Botraj
118:burúśu
111:بُرُشݸ
101:Brusho
32:بُرُشݸ
2375:Hunza
2337:Uzbek
2327:Turks
2302:Tajik
2265:Siddi
2255:Shina
2238:Thari
2211:Ormur
2194:Wakhi
2179:Munji
2075:Kolai
2025:Gawri
2020:Gawar
2005:Domaa
1995:Damia
1938:Balti
1933:Bagri
1749:(PDF)
1604:S2CID
795:(PDF)
635:JSTOR
408:Y-DNA
342:Y-DNA
330:Shina
326:Balti
279:Nagar
275:Hunza
220:Hunza
154:India
138:Nagar
134:Hunza
130:Yasin
99:, or
2285:Lasi
2157:Mumo
2147:Kata
2090:Lori
2080:Koli
1859:PMID
1821:PMID
1803:ISSN
1753:OCLC
1710:PMID
1661:PMID
1643:ISSN
1596:PMID
1531:PMID
1458:PMID
1386:PMID
1335:PMID
1276:PMID
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1081:ISSN
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973:2010
960:ISBN
917:PMID
909:ISSN
876:ISBN
803:2013
774:ISSN
667:ISBN
604:2011
578:2022
487:and
416:from
395:and
373:Iran
351:and
349:R1a1
328:and
320:and
277:and
95:The
86:and
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2070:Kho
1849:PMC
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1448:PMC
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401:SNP
371:or
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