882:. Humans modify rivers by using direct channel manipulation. We build dams and reservoirs and manipulate the direction of the rivers and water path. Dams can usefully create reservoirs and hydroelectric power. However, reservoirs and dams may negatively impact the environment and wildlife. Dams stop fish migration and the movement of organisms downstream. Urbanization affects the environment because of deforestation and changing lake levels, groundwater conditions, etc. Deforestation and urbanization go hand in hand. Deforestation may cause flooding, declining stream flow and changes in riverside vegetation. The changing vegetation occurs because when trees cannot get adequate water they start to deteriorate, leading to a decreased food supply for the wildlife in an area.
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1559:
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1972:
59:
275:
473:
762:
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4708:
1429:
2082:(wild + deor = beast, deer). From this point of view, it is the wildness of a place that makes it a wilderness. The mere presence or activity of people does not disqualify an area from being "wilderness". Many ecosystems that are, or have been, inhabited or influenced by activities of people may still be considered "wild". This way of looking at wilderness includes areas within which natural processes operate without very noticeable human interference.
907:
5110:
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1992:
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40:
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710:
253:
1259:, which is caused by greenhouse gases, which trap heat inside the Earth's atmosphere because of their more complex molecular structure which allows them to vibrate and in turn trap heat and release it back towards the Earth. This warming is also responsible for the extinction of natural habitats, which in turn leads to a reduction in wildlife population. The most recent report from the
1146:: The troposphere begins at the surface and extends to between 7 km (23,000 ft) at the poles and 17 km (56,000 ft) at the equator, with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is mostly heated by transfer of energy from the surface, so on average the lowest part of the troposphere is warmest and temperature decreases with altitude. The
922:
1799:, stated: "Any unit that includes all of the organisms (i.e.: the "community") in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles (i.e.: exchange of materials between living and nonliving parts) within the system is an ecosystem."
2811:
any relatively large body of slowly moving or standing water that occupies an inland basin of appreciable size. Definitions that precisely distinguish lakes, ponds, swamps, and even rivers and other bodies of nonoceanic water are not established. It may be said, however, that rivers and streams are
1608:
years. All known life forms share fundamental molecular mechanisms, and based on these observations, theories on the origin of life attempt to find a mechanism explaining the formation of a primordial single cell organism from which all life originates. There are many different hypotheses regarding
1517:
is incident at different angles at different times of the year. On the Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (100 °F to −40 °F) annually. Over thousands of years, changes in the Earth's orbit have affected the amount and distribution of solar energy received by the Earth
1839:
of an ecosystem may contribute to greater resilience of an ecosystem because there are more species present at a location to respond to change and thus "absorb" or reduce its effects. This reduces the effect before the ecosystem's structure changes to a different state. This is not universally the
2371:
In some cultures the term environment is meaningless because there is no separation between people and what they view as the natural world, or their surroundings. Specifically in the United States and
Arabian countries many native cultures do not recognize the "environment", or see themselves as
2092:
plants, animals and other organisms. Domesticating wild plant and animal species for human benefit has occurred many times all over the planet, and has a major impact on the environment, both positive and negative. Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems. Deserts, rain forests, plains, and other
1496:
Weather occurs due to density (temperature and moisture) differences between one place and another. These differences can occur due to the sun angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude from the tropics. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the
1337:
A significantly profound challenge is to identify the natural environmental dynamics in contrast to environmental changes not within natural variances. A common solution is to adapt a static view neglecting natural variances to exist. Methodologically, this view could be defended when looking at
1932:, is the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the Earth. Water can change states among liquid, vapour, and ice at various places in the water cycle. Although the balance of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time, individual water molecules can come and go.
1167:
is contained within the stratosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in our atmosphere is contained in the
2031:
goes into more detail, defining wilderness as: "The most intact, undisturbed wild natural areas left on our planet – those last truly wild places that humans do not control and have not developed with roads, pipelines or other industrial infrastructure." Wilderness areas and protected
1961:
is the movement of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. The atmosphere does not play a significant role in the movements of phosphorus, because phosphorus and phosphorus compounds are usually solids at the typical ranges of temperature and pressure found on
1119:
orbits in this layer, between 320 and 380 km (200 and 240 mi). In another way, the thermosphere is Earth's second highest atmospheric layer, extending from approximately 260,000 feet at the mesopause to the thermopause at altitudes ranging from 1,600,000 to 3,300,000
1175:: The part of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation, stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 621 mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft) and typically overlaps both the exosphere and the thermosphere. It forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere.
2097:
sites—all have distinct forms of wildlife. While the term in popular culture usually refers to animals that are untouched by civilized human factors, most scientists agree that wildlife around the world is (now) impacted by human activities.
2189:
movement that advocates various actions and policies in the interest of protecting what nature remains in the natural environment, or restoring or expanding the role of nature in this environment. While true wilderness is increasingly rare,
1263:(the group of the leading climate scientists in the world) concluded that the earth will warm anywhere from 2.7 to almost 11 degrees Fahrenheit (1.5 to 6 degrees Celsius) between 1990 and 2100. Efforts have been increasingly focused on the
1847:
and human-influenced ecosystems. It can describe any situation where there is relationship between living organisms and their environment. Fewer areas on the surface of the earth today exist free from human contact, although some genuine
1525:
differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes due to differences in compressional heating. Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the
529:(ppt) (3.5%), and nearly all seawater has a salinity in the range of 30 to 38 ppt. Though generally recognized as several separate oceans, these waters comprise one global, interconnected body of salt water often referred to as the
846:. While currents in streams are easily observed, ponds and lakes possess thermally driven micro-currents and moderate wind-driven currents. These features distinguish a pond from many other aquatic terrain features, such as
2812:
relatively fast-moving; marshes and swamps contain relatively large quantities of grasses, trees, or shrubs; and ponds are relatively small in comparison to lakes. Geologically defined, lakes are temporary bodies of water.
1322:, which is the protocol to the international Framework Convention on Climate Change treaty, again with the objective of reducing greenhouse gases in an effort to prevent anthropogenic climate change.
2578:
Johnson, D. L.; Ambrose, S. H.; Bassett, T. J.; Bowen, M. L.; Crummey, D. E.; Isaacson, J. S.; Johnson, D. N.; Lamb, P.; Saul, M.; Winter-Nelson, A. E. (1997). "Meanings of
Environmental Terms".
1090:
Earth's atmosphere can be divided into five main layers. These layers are mainly determined by whether temperature increases or decreases with altitude. From highest to lowest, these layers are:
236:. More precisely, we can consider the different aspects or components of an environment, and see that their degree of naturalness is not uniform. If, for instance, in an agricultural field, the
1404:
according to the average and typical ranges of different variables, most commonly temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used classification scheme is the one originally developed by
1255:, can act interactively and have adverse effects upon the planet, its natural environment and humans' existence. It is clear the planet is warming, and warming rapidly. This is due to the
208:
environments on Earth, and naturalness usually varies in a continuum, from 100% natural in one extreme to 0% natural in the other. The massive environmental changes of humanity in the
3018:
3788:
1071:
is readily damaged by UV light, this serves to protect life at the surface. The atmosphere also retains heat during the night, thereby reducing the daily temperature extremes.
3817:
2722:
3295:
2155:. The tropical rainforests of South America contain the largest diversity of species on Earth, including some that have evolved within the past few hundred thousand years.
1186:: The homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere. The upper part of the heterosphere is composed almost completely of hydrogen, the lightest element.
3677:
1493:
is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, "weather" is understood to be the weather of Earth.
3710:
193:, the modified environment becomes an artificial one. Though many animals build things to provide a better environment for themselves, they are not human, hence
1616:
Although there is no universal agreement on the definition of life, scientists generally accept that the biological manifestation of life is characterized by
1840:
case and there is no proven relationship between the species diversity of an ecosystem and its ability to provide goods and services on a sustainable level.
1308:
3637:"Diagnóstico y análisis de los factores que influyen en la vulnerabilidad de las fuentes de abastecimiento de agua potable a la Ciudad de México, México"
537:
are more than half the Earth's surface, and are among the least-modified natural environments. The major oceanic divisions are defined in part by the
3768:
It is also time to re-examine and change our individual behaviors, including limiting our own reproduction (ideally to replacement level at most)...
4744:
1140:, which is the boundary between the stratosphere and mesosphere, typically is at 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft).
800:
or along the courses of mature rivers. In some parts of the world, there are many lakes because of chaotic drainage patterns left over from the
633:
shaped by waters over-topping the channel. Flood plains may be very wide in relation to the size of the river channel. Rivers are a part of the
1338:
processes which change slowly and short time series, while the problem arrives when fast processes turns essential in the object of the study.
1939:
is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.
3614:
3568:
3380:
3315:
3026:
2917:
2894:
1329:, to identify, evaluate, and implement collective and cooperative ways to reduce greenhouse gases in the region, focusing on a market-based
181:, the natural environment is greatly changed into a simplified human environment. Even acts which seem less extreme, such as building a mud
1828:, and the emergent premise that all species are ecologically integrated with each other, as well as with the abiotic constituents of their
804:. All lakes are temporary over geologic time scales, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them.
1235:
are being increasingly studied by a wide global consortium of scientists. These scientists are increasingly concerned about the potential
4678:
3585:
2345:
2276:
in electricity, heating and cooling, and transportation, which addresses pollution, global warming, and sustainability. This may include
3780:
2483:
5023:
5028:
3363:
3055:
1814:
1260:
3809:
2799:
1126:: The mesosphere extends from the stratopause to 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 262,000–279,000 ft). It is the layer where most
2667:
2164:
2719:
1115:. Its height varies with solar activity and ranges from about 350–800 km (220–500 mi; 1,150,000–2,620,000 ft). The
5102:
3514:
3292:
3275:
3669:
3181:
3123:
1925:
is the transformation of nitrogen and nitrogen-containing compounds in nature. It is a cycle which includes gaseous components.
2646:
3550:
3501:
3418:
3077:
2751:
1727:, adapt to their environment in successive generations. More complex living organisms can communicate through various means.
4683:
17:
3575:. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
4737:
4039:
McCallum, Malcolm L.; Gwendolynn W. Bury (2013). "Google search patterns suggest declining interest in the environment".
3700:
2828:
2768:
1538:, and small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole. Human attempts to
1409:
1236:
599:
or another river. A few rivers simply flow into the ground and dry up completely without reaching another body of water.
391:
177:. Built environments are where humans have fundamentally transformed landscapes such as urban settings and agricultural
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3866:
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1312:
1311:
and convention on
Climate Change, to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would
1416:
as well as temperature and precipitation information to study animal species diversity and the potential impacts of
1159:
Within the five principal layers determined by temperature there are several layers determined by other properties.
5160:
5038:
444:. This convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, albeit slowly. The resulting process is known as
1193:
is the part of the troposphere that is nearest the Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through
5054:
4413:
4131:
4104:
3340:
2946:
2503:
2004:
1244:
1787:
are continually engaged in a highly interrelated set of relationships with every other element constituting the
5083:
4730:
4242:
2970:
2523:
1946:
is the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the
341:(also known as geoscience, the geographical sciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the
5018:
948:
The atmosphere of the Earth serves as a key factor in sustaining the planetary ecosystem. The thin layer of
417:, is the outermost solid surface of the planet and is chemically and mechanically different from underlying
5573:
4087:
4002:
3907:
2518:
2160:
1268:
1264:
3732:
Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017).
2362:
Reducing the import of second hand electronic appliances from developed countries to developing countries.
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5245:
4952:
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2733:
2513:
2508:
1976:
1116:
638:
122:
that function as natural systems without massive civilized human intervention, including all vegetation,
3134:
3104:
2689:
429:
cools and solidifies to form solid rock. Beneath the lithosphere lies the mantle which is heated by the
4874:
4807:
4511:
1772:(also called an environment) is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals, and micro-organisms (
1755:
1326:
1136:: The stratosphere extends from the tropopause to about 51 km (32 mi; 167,000 ft). The
244:
of its soil are similar to those of an undisturbed forest soil, but the structure is quite different.
4972:
4864:
4516:
4021:
2056:
reasons. Some nature writers believe wilderness areas are vital for the human spirit and creativity.
1788:
1280:
1276:
1226:
899:
139:
110:, weather and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity. The concept of the
1542:
have occurred throughout human history, and there is evidence that civilized human activity such as
4947:
4896:
4891:
4886:
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4232:
2125:
2023:
is generally defined as a natural environment on Earth that has not been significantly modified by
1397:, on the other hand, is the present condition of these same elements over periods up to two weeks.
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770:
410:
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3924:
3610:
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2214:
867:
198:
3332:
1097:: The outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere extends from the exobase upward, mainly composed of
1004:. Many natural substances may be present in tiny amounts in an unfiltered air sample, including
4916:
2543:
2493:
2281:
1558:
1401:
993:
721:
4014:
3589:
1271:
to global warming, to assist humans, other animal, and plant species, ecosystems, regions and
4881:
4753:
4285:
3837:
Jamieson, Dale. (2007). "The Heart of
Environmentalism". In R. Sandler & P. C. Pezzullo.
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2620:
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1080:
929:
681:
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878:. These impact lake levels, groundwater conditions, water pollution, thermal pollution, and
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4869:
4854:
4849:
4446:
4398:
4179:
4048:
3211:
2587:
2041:
1894:
1489:. Weather refers, generally, to day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity, whereas
1378:
747:
650:
646:
510:
282:
3701:"Humans Are Speeding Extinction and Altering the Natural World at an 'Unprecedented' Pace"
3634:
3360:
3047:
2599:
2265:, which represents pollution, a threat to biodiversity, and a threat to human populations.
842:
designed to store thermal energy. Ponds and lakes are distinguished from streams by their
8:
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4942:
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4124:
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1984:
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521:. More than half of this area is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) deep. Average oceanic
434:
186:
135:
4052:
3215:
2663:
2591:
725:
66:
from satellite. It is the world's largest hot desert and third-largest desert after the
5114:
4997:
4458:
4064:
3996:
3901:
3705:
3466:
3227:
3202:
Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948). "An
Approach toward a Rational Classification of Climate".
2653:. Wheeling Jesuit University/NASA Classroom of the Future. Retrieved November 11, 2007.
2389:
2241:
2120:
1824:
The human ecosystem concept is then grounded in the deconstruction of the human/nature
1653:
1547:
1413:
921:
634:
526:
1648:, the science of living organisms, "life" is the condition which distinguishes active
1405:
5109:
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4670:
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1806:
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1041:
985:
677:
430:
221:
217:
174:
87:
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976:. The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases. The atmosphere includes
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5241:
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2468:
2306:
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1996:
1958:
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823:
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102:
or some parts of Earth. This environment encompasses the interaction of all living
3081:
2748:
830:. A wide variety of human-made bodies of water are classified as ponds, including
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5427:
5382:
5276:
5271:
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5146:
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4772:
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3157:
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2310:
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2028:
1844:
1784:
1539:
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1211:
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545:
and other criteria, these divisions are : (in descending order of size) the
457:
445:
233:
162:
119:
43:
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to build a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the principal areas or
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5064:
5059:
4711:
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3859:
Sustaining the Forest, the People, and the Spirit. State
University of New York
2548:
2403:
2299:
2262:
2137:
1954:, which is responsible for the modern Earth's atmospheric composition and life.
1951:
1922:
1868:
1692:
1578:
1417:
1319:
1299:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1232:
1219:
977:
973:
642:
558:
550:
346:
321:
respectively. Some scientists include as part of the spheres of the Earth, the
306:
241:
213:
131:
47:
4060:
2824:
2144:
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factors) in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (
1286:
5567:
5236:
4926:
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4639:
4569:
4521:
4488:
4360:
4350:
4340:
4300:
4295:
3653:
3636:
2994:
2924:. Atmosphere, Climate & Environment Information Programme. Archived from
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2129:
1810:
1564:
1502:
981:
875:
843:
819:
546:
488:
338:
269:
229:
123:
95:
31:
3810:"India: E-waste provides poor children a dangerous living – DW – 02/09/2023"
3752:
3733:
2101:
1063:
of the Earth's atmosphere plays an important role in reducing the amount of
862:
Humans impact the water in different ways such as modifying rivers (through
750:. A body of water is considered a lake when it is inland, is not part of an
713:
281:'s layered structure: (1) inner core; (2) outer core; (3) lower mantle; (4)
5460:
5446:
4982:
4911:
4802:
4693:
4644:
4634:
4624:
4564:
4345:
4199:
4189:
3150:
2459:
2445:
2431:
2269:
2237:
2213:
Goals for the benefit of people and natural systems, commonly expressed by
2089:
1943:
1936:
1836:
1747:
1743:
1696:
1637:
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1239:
on our natural environment and on the planet. Of particular concern is how
1183:
1133:
1108:
1021:
941:
871:
831:
685:
562:
554:
480:
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209:
153:
that lack clear-cut boundaries, such as air, water and climate, as well as
67:
1971:
1509:, are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow. Because the Earth's
1452:
to appear in the sky when the Sun shines onto droplets of moisture in the
5419:
5294:
4441:
4247:
4184:
3635:
Escolero, O.; Kralisch, S.; Martínez, S.E.; Perevochtchikova, M. (2016).
2068:
1947:
1929:
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1792:
1712:
1708:
1625:
1543:
1522:
1482:
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1390:
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1143:
1137:
1111:: The top of the thermosphere is the bottom of the exosphere, called the
1064:
1060:
989:
969:
933:
911:
847:
673:
626:
580:
542:
530:
514:
414:
386:
294:
290:
58:
4722:
1843:
The term ecosystem can also pertain to human-made environments, such as
761:
472:
5511:
5392:
4531:
4498:
4473:
4355:
4275:
4194:
3762:
3738:
2840:
a body of fresh or salt water of considerable size, surrounded by land.
2326:
2314:
2207:
2199:
2186:
2133:
2107:
2094:
2045:
2020:
2015:
1980:
1914:
1872:
1849:
1739:
1704:
1663:
A diverse variety of living organisms (life forms) can be found in the
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1621:
1498:
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1179:
1172:
1147:
1123:
906:
839:
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513:(an area of some 362 million square kilometers) is covered by ocean, a
476:
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382:
362:
350:
330:
322:
298:
274:
237:
194:
150:
3231:
2284:, which have benefits for traffic congestion and electric reliability.
952:
that envelops the Earth is held in place by the planet's gravity. Dry
517:
that is customarily divided into several principal oceans and smaller
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5387:
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4837:
4797:
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4262:
4204:
3542:
No Man's Garden: Thoreau And A New Vision For
Civilization And Nature
2322:
2226:
2182:
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1720:
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851:
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302:
225:
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51:
2063:; in other words that which is not controllable by humans. The word
1991:
1313:
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system
1206:
890:
5521:
5465:
5397:
5332:
5218:
5206:
5178:
3223:
3019:"World's Space Agencies Unite To Face The Climate Challenge – ISRO"
2498:
2230:
2203:
2178:
2085:
2060:
1910:
1684:
1649:
1641:
1617:
1572:
1514:
1386:
1374:
1346:
1098:
1037:
1033:
957:
915:
785:
522:
506:
3981:. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458: Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 5.
660:
Small rivers may also be called by several other names, including
5516:
5504:
5442:
5372:
5347:
5307:
5286:
5256:
4906:
4901:
4832:
4777:
4556:
4433:
4403:
4219:
4209:
2439:
2210:) can be found in many locations previously inhabited by humans.
2195:
2037:
1852:
areas continue to exist without any forms of human intervention.
1829:
1796:
1777:
1751:
1680:
1676:
1645:
1640:. Life may also be said to be simply the characteristic state of
1591:
1490:
1466:
1461:
1433:
1394:
1366:
1361:
1352:
1112:
1045:
937:
793:
774:
717:
654:
422:
404:
378:
370:
366:
358:
342:
257:
107:
103:
39:
2425:
212:
have fundamentally effected all natural environments including:
5499:
5492:
5201:
5196:
5170:
4423:
4290:
4270:
4082:
2152:
2008:
1906:
1902:
1818:
1672:
1668:
1437:
1272:
1127:
1102:
1013:
1009:
961:
826:, either natural or human-made, that is usually smaller than a
699:
661:
611:
607:
602:
534:
190:
154:
91:
63:
2730:
5529:
5487:
5480:
5475:
5312:
5266:
5228:
5186:
4611:
4388:
4370:
4140:
3586:"Why the Amazon Rainforest is So Rich in Species : News"
3131:
3101:
2693:
2411:
2318:
2255:
2233:
in air, water, soil, buildings, manufactured goods, and food.
2049:
2033:
2024:
1898:
1449:
1001:
984:
and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other
965:
766:
751:
709:
588:
574:
509:
and a component of the hydrosphere. Approximately 71% of the
500:
438:
426:
310:
278:
99:
4098:
688:. The study of streams and waterways in general is known as
252:
5407:
5342:
5337:
5327:
5322:
5191:
4660:
4280:
3841:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. pp. 85–101.
2690:"Page Jaffna | Srilanka's Top Tamil Online News Paper"
1700:
1667:
on Earth, and properties common to these organisms—plants,
1601:
1587:
1478:
1382:
1005:
827:
813:
755:
733:
592:
334:
329:) as a distinct portion of the hydrosphere, as well as the
318:
261:
127:
83:
4038:
3407:
2577:
2258:, land, air, energy, raw materials, and natural resources.
1879:
organisms. These are chloroplasts visible in the cells of
1267:
of greenhouse gases that are causing climatic changes, on
3920:(Oxford University Press, 2013), with a British emphasis.
1150:
is the boundary between the troposphere and stratosphere.
1068:
997:
953:
949:
863:
596:
518:
326:
314:
182:
30:"Natural force" redirects here. For the music album, see
4109:
3734:"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice"
3731:
4093:
3588:. Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2005-12-05. Archived from
2995:"Mesosphere | NASA Space Place – NASA Science for Kids"
2048:. Wilderness is deeply valued for cultural, spiritual,
778:
3383:. California Academy of Sciences. 2006. Archived from
1393:
elements in a given region over long periods of time.
4105:
Science.gov – Environment & Environmental
Quality
3178:
National
Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
3132:
United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
3102:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
2861:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: This MIT Press. pp.
2302:
for recreational purposes and ecosystem preservation.
2036:
are considered important for the survival of certain
746:, a body of water that is localized to the bottom of
289:
Earth science generally recognizes four spheres, the
3781:"The Rich World's Electronic Waste, Dumped in Ghana"
3174:"What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?"
2379:
1613:
via pre-cellular life to protocells and metabolism.
142:
that occur within their boundaries and their nature.
3670:"Change your diet to combat climate change in 2019"
3404:
The Concise Oxford Dictionary. English Edition 1991
3370:". University of California Museum of Paleontology.
2947:"Thermosphere - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2059:The word, "wilderness", derives from the notion of
1835:A more significant number or variety of species or
637:. Water within a river is generally collected from
4013:
3881:
3465:
2893:. Teachers Guide to Stratovolcanoes of the World.
1783:Central to the ecosystem concept is the idea that
885:
3957:
3611:"Why The Amazon Rainforest Is So Rich In Species"
3538:
3441:Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography
2971:"Mesosphere - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2771:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from
1950:. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is
5565:
3886:. New York NY 10001: Chelsea House. p. 20.
3168:
3166:
2769:"What is hydrology and what do hydrologists do?"
1746:with many plant and animal species. This is the
1609:the path that might have been taken from simple
487:Most water is found in various kinds of natural
3972:
629:. In larger rivers there is often also a wider
169:, not originating from civilized human actions.
3884:Earth Science: An illustrated guide to science
3438:
2287:Shifting from meat-intensive diets to largely
896:scatter blue light more than other wavelengths
784:Natural lakes on Earth are generally found in
173:In contrast to the natural environment is the
5154:
4738:
4125:
3163:
2793:
2758:from Merriam-Webster. Accessed February 2010.
2619:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
1550:has inadvertently modified weather patterns.
46:has preserved the natural characteristics of
3918:A dictionary of environment and conservation
3201:
2887:"Galgunggung, Indonesia: Volcanic Lightning"
2720:Distribution of land and water on the planet
1897:are critical to life, most notably those of
1530:for a future time and a given location. The
1201:
1067:(UV) radiation that reaches the surface. As
4094:UNEP - United Nations Environment Programme
3927:. Oklahoma Climatological Survey. 1996–2004
2922:Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Environment
2858:The Human Impact on the Natural Environment
1279:. Some examples of recent collaboration to
1218:(situation in 1979, 1991 and 2002), due to
1074:
437:. The mantle though solid is in a state of
5161:
5147:
4745:
4731:
4132:
4118:
3975:How Does the Earth Work? Physical Geology
3943:. Westport, Connicticut: Greenwood Press.
3839:Environmental Justice and Environmentalism
3398:
3245:García, Carmen Isabel Luján (2013-06-19).
2484:Environmental history of the United States
1660:and the continual change preceding death.
1309:United Nations Framework Convention Treaty
838:designed for commercial fish breeding and
4752:
3761:
3751:
3652:
3641:Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
3496:. New York: Scientific American Library.
2850:
2848:
2709:2002. New York: Columbia University Press
1513:is tilted relative to its orbital plane,
1261:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
988:. Air also contains a variable amount of
54:while allowing ample access for visitors.
2915:
2143:
2119:
2100:
1990:
1970:
1859:
1855:
1801:
1795:, one of the founders of the science of
1734:
1571:
1557:
1427:
1345:
1285:
1205:
920:
905:
889:
857:
760:
708:
601:
471:
273:
251:
57:
38:
3938:
2891:National Geophysical Data Center – NOAA
2664:"What is Earth Science? | Geology Buzz"
2637:
1389:, atmospheric particle count and other
14:
5566:
5168:
4011:
3960:"The mechanism behind plate tectonics"
3941:Earth Cycles: A historical perspective
3916:Allaby, Michael, and Chris Park, eds.
3698:
3680:from the original on February 13, 2019
3667:
3472:(Third ed.). New York: Saunders.
3244:
3080:. Boulder Daily Camera. Archived from
2897:from the original on December 25, 2007
2854:
2845:
2612:
1703:information. Living organisms undergo
1481:. Most weather phenomena occur in the
1210:The retreat of glaciers since 1850 of
834:designed for aesthetic ornamentation,
456:crust material or of rising mantle at
398:
337:) as an active and intermixed sphere.
5142:
4726:
4113:
3075:
2879:
2600:10.2134/jeq1997.00472425002600030002x
2165:World Scientists' Warning to Humanity
1656:, including the capacity for growth,
1130:burn up upon entering the atmosphere.
944:and certain other natural conditions.
617:The water in a river is usually in a
452:result primarily from the melting of
27:Living and non-living things on Earth
5097:
4684:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
3882:Adams, Simon; David Lambert (2006).
3463:
3305:
3078:"It's Time To Act On Global Warming"
2712:
114:can be distinguished as components:
98:. The term is most often applied to
5121:
3973:Smith, Gary A.; Aurora Pun (2006).
2132:emissions from this power plant in
2093:areas—including the most developed
1237:long-term effects of global warming
1085:
653:and the release of water stored in
421:. It has been generated greatly by
24:
3874:
3713:from the original on June 14, 2019
3545:. Island Press. pp. 155–157.
3439:Christopherson, Robert W. (1996).
2169:It is the common understanding of
1518:and influenced long-term climate.
25:
5595:
4075:
2559:Timeline of environmental history
980:such as carbon dioxide, methane,
792:and areas with ongoing or recent
467:
5548:
5547:
5120:
5108:
5096:
5078:
5077:
4816:
4707:
4706:
4081:
3958:Simison, W. Brian (2007-02-05).
3668:Drayer, Lisa (January 2, 2019).
3613:. Sciencedaily.com. 2005-12-05.
3251:. Editorial Club Universitario.
2616:The Evolution of Human Sexuality
2580:Journal of Environmental Quality
2452:
2438:
2424:
2410:
2396:
2382:
1269:developing adaptative strategies
754:and is larger and deeper than a
5055:Human impact on the environment
4414:Human impact on the environment
3851:
3831:
3820:from the original on 2023-05-06
3802:
3791:from the original on 2023-04-16
3773:
3725:
3692:
3661:
3628:
3617:from the original on 2019-07-14
3603:
3578:
3559:
3532:
3507:
3486:
3457:
3432:
3421:from the original on 2021-12-13
3373:
3353:
3341:American Meteorological Society
3325:
3285:
3265:
3238:
3195:
3184:from the original on 2021-04-22
3144:
3114:
3095:
3069:
3058:from the original on 2023-02-17
3040:
3011:
2987:
2963:
2939:
2909:
2831:from the original on 2008-06-17
2817:
2802:from the original on 2008-06-11
2670:from the original on 2021-12-24
2504:Index of environmental articles
2305:Sustainable and less polluting
2136:contained excessive amounts of
2005:Togiak National Wildlife Refuge
886:Atmosphere, climate and weather
4963:Public transport encouragement
4243:Climate variability and change
3417:. Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
2787:
2761:
2742:
2681:
2656:
2606:
2571:
2524:List of environmental websites
1780:) factors of the environment.
1036:(elementary or in compounds),
369:. These major disciplines use
247:
13:
1:
4679:Evolution of the Solar System
4041:Biodiversity and Conservation
2565:
2355:Slowing and stabilisation of
2115:
2074:, which in turn derives from
1966:
1730:
1243:and global warming caused by
1032:also may be present, such as
4419:Evolutionary history of life
3699:Plumer, Brad (May 6, 2019).
3415:"Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
3361:History of life through time
3271:Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
3160:, Retrieved on Feb 12, 2009.
2519:List of environmental issues
2366:
2161:List of environmental issues
1283:and global warming include:
1247:, or human-made releases of
676:. Streams play an important
505:An ocean is a major body of
285:; (5) lithosphere; (6) crust
7:
4953:Natural resource management
2825:"Dictionary.com definition"
2736:September 15, 2008, at the
2514:List of environmental books
2509:List of conservation topics
2375:
1742:often have a great deal of
1369:looks at the statistics of
1117:International Space Station
796:. Other lakes are found in
201:are thought of as natural.
134:, plateaus, mountains, the
94:, meaning in this case not
10:
5600:
3539:Botkin, Daniel B. (2001).
3517:. Wild.org. Archived from
3151:Western Climate Initiative
2707:The Columbia Encyclopedia.
2291:in order to help mitigate
2158:
2013:
1886:
1883:— many-fruited thyme-moss.
1761:
1756:Niokolo-Koba National Park
1604:has existed for about 3.7
1585:
1459:
1423:
1412:, in use since 1948, uses
1359:
1341:
1327:Western Climate Initiative
1224:
1078:
811:
731:
697:
572:
533:or global ocean. The deep
498:
402:
353:in earth sciences, namely
267:
29:
5543:
5456:
5415:
5406:
5363:
5285:
5227:
5177:
5073:
5047:
5011:
4935:
4865:Environmental engineering
4825:
4814:
4760:
4702:
4669:
4653:
4610:
4555:
4497:
4432:
4379:
4309:
4261:
4218:
4165:
4147:
4139:
4061:10.1007/s10531-013-0476-6
4012:Miller, G. Tyler (1995).
3311:Glossary of Meteorology.
3291:Glossary of Meteorology.
2796:"Lake (physical feature)"
1501:. Weather systems in the
1444:phenomenon that causes a
1277:effects of global warming
1227:Effects of global warming
1202:Effects of global warming
664:, creek and brook. Their
568:
494:
4948:Environmental technology
4897:Environmental toxicology
4892:Environmental statistics
4887:Environmental humanities
4689:Location in the Universe
4620:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4319:List of sovereign states
4099:BBC - Science and Nature
4001:: CS1 maint: location (
3906:: CS1 maint: location (
3654:10.18268/BSGM2016v68n3a3
3322:Retrieved on 2008-06-27.
3302:Retrieved on 2008-06-27.
3282:Retrieved on 2008-06-27.
3141:, Retrieved August 2008.
2215:environmental scientists
2194:nature (e.g., unmanaged
2126:flue-gas desulfurization
1711:, possess a capacity to
1191:planetary boundary layer
1075:Layers of the atmosphere
807:
771:Everglades National Park
704:
515:continuous body of water
479:have significant marine
4860:Environmental economics
4783:Environmental chemistry
3939:Oldroyd, David (2006).
3925:"Earth's Energy Budget"
3468:Fundamentals of Ecology
3337:Glossary of Meteorology
3248:English for geographers
2855:Goudie, Andrew (2000).
2613:Symons, Donald (1979).
2554:Sustainable agriculture
2357:human population growth
1817:, in the U.S. state of
1600:Evidence suggests that
1577:An example of the many
1553:
684:and thus in conserving
349:. There are four major
238:mineralogic composition
199:mound-building termites
4917:Sustainability science
3111:Retrieved August 2008.
2731:UN Atlas of the Oceans
2544:Nature-based solutions
2494:Geological engineering
2342:profligate consumption
2282:distributed generation
2261:Halting human-induced
2156:
2141:
2112:
2040:, ecological studies,
2011:
1988:
1884:
1821:
1759:
1583:
1569:
1507:extratropical cyclones
1457:
1357:
1303:
1281:address climate change
1222:
996:of water droplets and
945:
940:, which occurs during
918:
903:
781:
729:
614:
484:
345:related to the planet
286:
265:
71:
55:
4882:Environmental studies
4754:Environmental science
4399:Biogeochemical cycles
4324:dependent territories
4016:Environmental science
3753:10.1093/biosci/bix125
3515:"The WILD Foundation"
2975:www.sciencedirect.com
2951:www.sciencedirect.com
2725:May 31, 2008, at the
2479:Conservation movement
2344:and clamping down on
2278:public transportation
2254:of resources such as
2147:
2123:
2104:
2007:in the U.S. state of
1994:
1974:
1895:biogeochemical cycles
1889:Biogeochemical cycles
1863:
1856:Biogeochemical cycles
1805:
1791:in which they exist.
1738:
1575:
1561:
1473:occurring in a given
1431:
1349:
1289:
1209:
1040:compounds, elemental
1028:. Various industrial
924:
909:
902:when seen from space.
893:
868:stream channelization
858:Human impact on water
764:
712:
698:Further information:
668:is confined within a
610:in the U.S. state of
605:
579:A river is a natural
475:
277:
255:
61:
42:
5428:Evolutionary history
4870:Environmental health
4855:Environmental design
4850:Ecological economics
4447:Computer cartography
4180:Prebiotic atmosphere
4090:at Wikimedia Commons
3464:Odum, E. P. (1971).
3381:"Definition of Life"
1837:biological diversity
1469:is a set of all the
1379:atmospheric pressure
1290:Another view of the
1275:in adjusting to the
647:groundwater recharge
587:, flowing toward an
511:surface of the Earth
435:radioactive elements
305:as correspondent to
18:Environmental assets
5574:Natural environment
5365:Natural environment
5039:Environment by year
5029:Research institutes
4943:Energy conservation
4768:Atmospheric science
4590:Geologic time scale
4311:Culture and society
4175:Atmosphere of Earth
4053:2013BiCon..22.1355M
3216:1948GeoRv..38...55T
3204:Geographical Review
2999:spaceplace.nasa.gov
2794:Britannica Online.
2592:1997JEnvQ..26..581J
2372:environmentalists.
2335:anaerobic digestion
2295:and climate change.
2171:natural environment
2128:was installed, the
1658:functional activity
1540:control the weather
1410:Thornthwaite system
1355:classifications map
1302:has been decreasing
1298:, which because of
1195:turbulent diffusion
738:A lake (from Latin
682:fragmented habitats
680:role in connecting
425:processes in which
399:Geological activity
220:and pollution from
204:People cannot find
187:photovoltaic system
112:natural environment
76:natural environment
5115:Environment portal
4998:Water purification
4585:Geological history
4459:Geodetic astronomy
4047:(6–7): 1355–1367.
3979:Process of Science
3857:Davis, T. (2000).
3706:The New York Times
3571:2012-10-20 at the
3366:2015-05-03 at the
3318:2012-09-28 at the
3298:2012-03-15 at the
3278:2017-07-09 at the
3156:2008-04-23 at the
3137:2018-02-01 at the
3126:2009-08-25 at the
3107:2018-02-01 at the
2754:2010-02-21 at the
2749:River {definition}
2649:2007-08-31 at the
2474:Citizen's dividend
2390:Environment portal
2242:endangered species
2240:and protection of
2157:
2142:
2113:
2012:
1989:
1885:
1881:Plagiomnium affine
1822:
1760:
1695:form with complex
1691:- and water-based
1584:
1570:
1458:
1454:Earth's atmosphere
1414:evapotranspiration
1358:
1304:
1223:
1081:Earth's atmosphere
1048:compounds such as
986:chemical compounds
946:
919:
910:A view of Earth's
904:
898:, creating a blue
894:Atmospheric gases
782:
730:
635:hydrological cycle
615:
527:parts per thousand
485:
325:(corresponding to
287:
266:
206:absolutely natural
151:physical phenomena
72:
56:
5561:
5560:
5539:
5538:
5212:chemical elements
5136:
5135:
4958:Pollution control
4720:
4719:
4671:Planetary science
4654:Natural satellite
4575:Extremes on Earth
4542:Signal processing
4086:Media related to
3746:(12): 1026–1028.
3552:978-1-55963-465-6
3502:978-0-7167-5079-6
3492:Smil, V. (2000).
3443:. Prentice Hall.
2775:on April 27, 2012
2539:Natural landscape
2337:of sewage sludge.
2298:Establishment of
2293:biodiversity loss
2289:plant-based diets
2219:environmentalists
2149:Amazon rainforest
2088:includes all non-
2001:Togiak Wilderness
1871:and are found in
1807:Old-growth forest
1725:natural selection
1611:organic molecules
1485:, just below the
1257:greenhouse effect
1000:crystals seen as
218:biodiversity loss
197:and the works of
175:built environment
147:natural resources
140:natural phenomena
90:things occurring
16:(Redirected from
5591:
5551:
5550:
5423:
5413:
5412:
5353:tropical cyclone
5303:
5163:
5156:
5149:
5140:
5139:
5124:
5123:
5112:
5100:
5099:
5081:
5080:
5003:Waste management
4993:Urban metabolism
4988:Sewage treatment
4978:Renewable energy
4820:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4724:
4723:
4710:
4709:
4602:History of Earth
4253:Paleoclimatology
4134:
4127:
4120:
4111:
4110:
4085:
4072:
4035:
4019:
4006:
4000:
3992:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3954:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3911:
3905:
3897:
3869:
3855:
3849:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3755:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3582:
3576:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3511:
3505:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3471:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3377:
3371:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3329:
3323:
3309:
3303:
3289:
3283:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3170:
3161:
3148:
3142:
3118:
3112:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3076:Forthofer, Ron.
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3052:sites.google.com
3048:"Climate Change"
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3025:. Archived from
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2852:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2765:
2759:
2746:
2740:
2716:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2692:. Archived from
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2675:
2660:
2654:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2575:
2469:Biophilic design
2462:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2399:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2307:waste management
2274:renewable energy
2236:Preservation of
2175:environmentalism
2044:, solitude, and
1997:Ahklun Mountains
1959:phosphorus cycle
1845:human ecosystems
1785:living organisms
1654:inorganic matter
1477:area at a given
1400:Climates can be
1249:greenhouse gases
1086:Principal layers
978:greenhouse gases
956:consists of 78%
880:marine pollution
798:endorheic basins
458:mid-ocean ridges
120:ecological units
82:encompasses all
62:An image of the
21:
5599:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5535:
5452:
5421:
5402:
5359:
5301:
5281:
5272:Gaia hypothesis
5262:Plate tectonics
5223:
5173:
5167:
5137:
5132:
5069:
5043:
5007:
4931:
4922:Systems ecology
4821:
4812:
4773:Biogeochemistry
4756:
4751:
4721:
4716:
4698:
4665:
4649:
4606:
4597:Geologic record
4551:
4537:Plate tectonics
4527:Mineral physics
4507:Earth structure
4493:
4428:
4375:
4305:
4257:
4214:
4161:
4143:
4138:
4078:
4032:
4009:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3964:
3962:
3951:
3930:
3928:
3923:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3877:
3875:Further reading
3872:
3856:
3852:
3836:
3832:
3823:
3821:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3794:
3792:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3681:
3666:
3662:
3633:
3629:
3620:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3595:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3573:Wayback Machine
3564:
3560:
3553:
3537:
3533:
3524:
3522:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3437:
3433:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3403:
3399:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3368:Wayback Machine
3358:
3354:
3345:
3343:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3320:Wayback Machine
3310:
3306:
3300:Wayback Machine
3290:
3286:
3280:Wayback Machine
3270:
3266:
3259:
3243:
3239:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3185:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3158:Wayback Machine
3149:
3145:
3139:Wayback Machine
3128:Wayback Machine
3119:
3115:
3109:Wayback Machine
3100:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3059:
3046:
3045:
3041:
3032:
3030:
3023:www.isro.gov.in
3017:
3016:
3012:
3003:
3001:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2979:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2955:
2953:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2873:
2853:
2846:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2805:
2803:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2756:Wayback Machine
2747:
2743:
2738:Wayback Machine
2727:Wayback Machine
2717:
2713:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2671:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2651:Wayback Machine
2644:Earth's Spheres
2642:
2638:
2631:
2611:
2607:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2534:Natural history
2529:Natural capital
2489:Gaia hypothesis
2458:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2378:
2369:
2346:illegal fishing
2331:waste-to-energy
2311:waste reduction
2300:nature reserves
2252:sustainable use
2225:Elimination of
2198:, uncultivated
2173:that underlies
2167:
2118:
2111:
2029:WILD Foundation
2018:
1969:
1891:
1858:
1766:
1733:
1598:
1586:Main articles:
1582:
1568:
1563:There are many
1556:
1464:
1426:
1418:climate changes
1406:Wladimir Köppen
1364:
1356:
1344:
1292:Aletsch Glacier
1251:, most notably
1231:The dangers of
1229:
1212:Aletsch Glacier
1204:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1055:
1050:sulphur dioxide
936:accompanied by
888:
860:
816:
810:
744:terrain feature
736:
720:origin, in the
707:
702:
657:and snowpacks.
621:, made up of a
577:
571:
503:
497:
470:
446:plate tectonics
407:
401:
272:
250:
226:other chemicals
179:land conversion
163:electric charge
44:Land management
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5597:
5587:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5559:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5544:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5533:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5509:
5508:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5496:
5495:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5450:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5416:
5410:
5404:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5369:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5297:
5291:
5289:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5183:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5166:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5143:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5118:
5106:
5094:
5093:
5092:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5065:Technogaianism
5062:
5060:Sustainability
5057:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4826:Related fields
4823:
4822:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4750:
4749:
4742:
4735:
4727:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4630:Atlantic Ocean
4627:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4512:Fluid dynamics
4509:
4503:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4484:Geopositioning
4481:
4479:Remote Sensing
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4449:
4438:
4436:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4377:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4327:
4326:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4267:
4265:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4238:Climate change
4235:
4233:Energy balance
4230:
4228:Climate system
4224:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4169:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4137:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4091:
4077:
4076:External links
4074:
4073:
4036:
4030:
4020:. California:
4008:
4007:
3987:
3970:
3955:
3949:
3936:
3921:
3913:
3912:
3892:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3850:
3830:
3801:
3787:. 2019-05-29.
3772:
3724:
3691:
3660:
3647:(3): 409–427.
3643:(in Spanish).
3627:
3602:
3577:
3558:
3551:
3531:
3506:
3494:Cycles of Life
3485:
3478:
3456:
3449:
3431:
3406:
3397:
3372:
3352:
3324:
3304:
3284:
3264:
3257:
3237:
3224:10.2307/210739
3194:
3180:. 2018-03-09.
3162:
3143:
3121:Kyoto Protocol
3113:
3094:
3068:
3039:
3010:
2986:
2962:
2938:
2916:Joe Buchdahl.
2908:
2878:
2871:
2844:
2816:
2786:
2760:
2741:
2711:
2680:
2655:
2636:
2629:
2605:
2586:(3): 581–589.
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Sustainability
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2449:
2435:
2421:
2407:
2404:Ecology portal
2393:
2377:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2353:
2338:
2303:
2296:
2285:
2268:Shifting from
2266:
2263:global warming
2259:
2245:
2234:
2138:sulfur dioxide
2117:
2114:
2105:
2027:activity. The
2014:Main article:
1977:conifer forest
1968:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1955:
1952:photosynthesis
1940:
1933:
1926:
1923:nitrogen cycle
1887:Main article:
1869:photosynthesis
1857:
1854:
1815:Larch Mountain
1762:Main article:
1732:
1729:
1699:and heritable
1632:, response to
1579:animal species
1576:
1567:on the planet.
1562:
1555:
1552:
1536:chaotic system
1460:Main article:
1442:meteorological
1425:
1422:
1391:meteorological
1360:Main article:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1323:
1320:Kyoto Protocol
1316:
1300:global warming
1253:carbon dioxide
1241:climate change
1233:global warming
1225:Main article:
1220:global warming
1203:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1187:
1176:
1169:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1106:
1087:
1084:
1079:Main article:
1076:
1073:
1053:
974:carbon dioxide
887:
884:
859:
856:
824:standing water
812:Main article:
809:
806:
732:Main article:
706:
703:
643:surface runoff
573:Main article:
570:
567:
559:Southern Ocean
551:Atlantic Ocean
499:Main article:
496:
493:
469:
468:Water on Earth
466:
403:Main article:
400:
397:
268:Main article:
249:
246:
214:climate change
171:
170:
143:
124:microorganisms
48:Hopetoun Falls
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5596:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5569:
5554:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5510:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5479:
5478:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5422:(abiogenesis)
5418:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5362:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5237:Earth science
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5164:
5159:
5157:
5152:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5129:
5128:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5095:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4928:
4927:Urban ecology
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
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4828:
4824:
4819:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4743:
4741:
4736:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4725:
4713:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:Pacific Ocean
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4609:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Earth science
4568:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4522:Magnetosphere
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4489:Virtual globe
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:Earth's orbit
4452:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4431:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
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4397:
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4378:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4361:World history
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:World economy
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
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4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4302:
4301:South America
4299:
4297:
4296:North America
4294:
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4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
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4274:
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4097:
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4084:
4080:
4079:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4031:0-534-21588-2
4027:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4010:
4004:
3998:
3990:
3988:0-13-034129-0
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3950:0-313-33229-0
3946:
3942:
3937:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3909:
3903:
3895:
3893:0-8160-6164-5
3889:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3868:
3867:9780791444153
3864:
3860:
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3848:
3847:9780262195522
3844:
3840:
3834:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3790:
3786:
3785:Bloomberg.com
3782:
3776:
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3759:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3740:
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3728:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3702:
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3679:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3592:on 2011-02-25
3591:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3562:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3543:
3535:
3521:on 2012-12-04
3520:
3516:
3510:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3481:
3479:0-7216-6941-7
3475:
3470:
3469:
3460:
3452:
3450:0-13-505314-5
3446:
3442:
3435:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3401:
3387:on 2007-02-08
3386:
3382:
3376:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3356:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3321:
3317:
3314:
3308:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3288:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3268:
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3258:9788499485676
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3250:
3249:
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3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3147:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3098:
3084:on 2013-06-16
3083:
3079:
3072:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3029:on 2020-09-25
3028:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2976:
2972:
2966:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2928:on 2010-10-09
2927:
2923:
2919:
2918:"Trace Gases"
2912:
2901:September 21,
2896:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2874:
2872:0-262-57138-2
2868:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2851:
2849:
2841:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2813:
2801:
2797:
2790:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2708:
2696:on 2012-07-14
2695:
2691:
2684:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2632:
2630:0-19-502535-0
2626:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
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2557:
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2500:
2497:
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2467:
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2455:
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2447:
2441:
2436:
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2427:
2422:
2419:
2418:Plants portal
2413:
2408:
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2222:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2187:philosophical
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2130:air-polluting
2127:
2122:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:
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2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1985:National Park
1982:
1978:
1973:
1960:
1956:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
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1851:
1846:
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1833:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1723:and, through
1722:
1718:
1715:, respond to
1714:
1710:
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1690:
1686:
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1631:
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1602:life on Earth
1597:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1574:
1566:
1565:plant species
1560:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1503:mid-latitudes
1500:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
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1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
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1398:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1354:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1331:cap-and-trade
1328:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:anthropogenic
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1168:stratosphere.
1166:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
982:nitrous oxide
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
943:
942:thunderstorms
939:
935:
932:discharge of
931:
927:
923:
917:
913:
908:
901:
897:
892:
883:
881:
877:
876:deforestation
873:
869:
865:
855:
853:
849:
845:
844:current speed
841:
837:
833:
832:water gardens
829:
825:
821:
815:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
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749:
745:
741:
735:
727:
723:
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711:
701:
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694:
693:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
639:precipitation
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
613:
609:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
576:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:Pacific Ocean
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
525:is around 35
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
502:
492:
490:
489:body of water
482:
478:
474:
465:
463:
462:mantle plumes
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
411:Earth's crust
406:
396:
394:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
339:Earth science
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
284:
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276:
271:
270:Earth science
263:
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137:
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129:
125:
121:
117:
116:
115:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:natural world
77:
69:
68:polar deserts
65:
64:Sahara Desert
60:
53:
49:
45:
41:
35:
34:
33:Natural Force
19:
5528:
5461:Biodiversity
5447:astrobiology
5364:
5169:Elements of
5125:
5113:
5101:
5082:
4983:Road ecology
4936:Applications
4912:Radioecology
4875:epidemiology
4808:Soil science
4803:Oceanography
4694:Solar System
4645:Oceanography
4635:Indian Ocean
4625:Arctic Ocean
4565:Age of Earth
4517:Geomagnetism
4380:
4200:Thermosphere
4190:Stratosphere
4044:
4040:
4015:
3978:
3974:
3963:. Retrieved
3940:
3929:. Retrieved
3917:
3883:
3861:. pp. 1–24.
3858:
3853:
3838:
3833:
3822:. Retrieved
3813:
3804:
3793:. Retrieved
3784:
3775:
3767:
3743:
3737:
3727:
3715:. Retrieved
3704:
3694:
3684:February 14,
3682:. Retrieved
3673:
3663:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3619:. Retrieved
3605:
3594:. Retrieved
3590:the original
3580:
3561:
3541:
3534:
3523:. Retrieved
3519:the original
3509:
3493:
3488:
3467:
3459:
3440:
3434:
3423:. Retrieved
3409:
3400:
3389:. Retrieved
3385:the original
3375:
3355:
3344:. Retrieved
3336:
3327:
3313:Troposphere.
3307:
3293:Hydrosphere.
3287:
3267:
3247:
3240:
3210:(1): 55–94.
3207:
3203:
3197:
3186:. Retrieved
3177:
3146:
3116:
3097:
3086:. Retrieved
3082:the original
3071:
3060:. Retrieved
3051:
3042:
3031:. Retrieved
3027:the original
3022:
3013:
3002:. Retrieved
2998:
2989:
2978:. Retrieved
2974:
2965:
2954:. Retrieved
2950:
2941:
2930:. Retrieved
2926:the original
2921:
2911:
2899:. Retrieved
2890:
2881:
2857:
2839:
2833:. Retrieved
2819:
2810:
2804:. Retrieved
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2773:the original
2763:
2744:
2714:
2706:
2698:. Retrieved
2694:the original
2683:
2672:. Retrieved
2658:
2639:
2615:
2608:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2460:World portal
2446:Water portal
2432:Trees portal
2370:
2270:fossil fuels
2248:Conservation
2238:biodiversity
2212:
2191:
2170:
2168:
2090:domesticated
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:is from the
2058:
2042:conservation
2019:
1944:oxygen cycle
1937:carbon cycle
1892:
1880:
1865:Chloroplasts
1842:
1834:
1823:
1782:
1767:
1748:Gambia River
1744:biodiversity
1697:organization
1662:
1638:reproduction
1618:organization
1615:
1599:
1581:on the Earth
1520:
1495:
1487:stratosphere
1465:
1399:
1365:
1336:
1230:
1184:heterosphere
1158:
1155:Other layers
1134:Stratosphere
1109:Thermosphere
1089:
1058:
1022:volcanic ash
947:
872:urbanization
861:
848:stream pools
818:A pond is a
817:
802:last ice age
783:
739:
737:
689:
686:biodiversity
674:stream banks
659:
616:
578:
563:Arctic Ocean
555:Indian Ocean
543:archipelagos
507:saline water
504:
486:
481:biodiversity
408:
390:
288:
283:upper mantle
260:fissure and
210:Anthropocene
205:
203:
172:
111:
79:
75:
73:
32:
5512:Prokaryotes
5300:Atmosphere
5295:Meteorology
5127:WikiProject
4973:Remediation
4788:Geosciences
4761:Main fields
4442:Cartography
4381:Environment
4248:Climatology
4185:Troposphere
4088:Environment
3763:11336/71342
2208:wildflowers
2069:Old English
2003:within the
1948:lithosphere
1930:water cycle
1873:plant cells
1793:Eugene Odum
1789:environment
1740:Rainforests
1709:homeostasis
1707:, maintain
1544:agriculture
1523:temperature
1483:troposphere
1475:atmospheric
1371:temperature
1165:ozone layer
1144:Troposphere
1138:stratopause
1065:ultraviolet
1061:ozone layer
994:suspensions
990:water vapor
970:inert gases
934:electricity
930:atmospheric
912:troposphere
840:solar ponds
786:mountainous
728:, Argentina
581:watercourse
531:World Ocean
477:Coral reefs
415:lithosphere
387:mathematics
351:disciplines
295:hydrosphere
291:lithosphere
248:Composition
195:beaver dams
5568:Categories
5393:Wilderness
5246:geological
5090:scientists
4547:Tomography
4532:Seismology
4499:Geophysics
4474:Navigation
4366:Time zones
4331:In culture
4276:Antarctica
4263:Continents
4195:Mesosphere
4167:Atmosphere
3965:2007-11-17
3931:2007-11-17
3824:2023-05-06
3795:2023-05-06
3739:BioScience
3621:2013-03-09
3596:2013-03-09
3566:wilderness
3525:2013-03-09
3425:2009-06-21
3391:2007-01-07
3346:2008-05-14
3188:2021-04-22
3088:2013-10-28
3062:2019-01-08
3033:2019-12-10
3004:2023-07-25
2980:2023-07-25
2956:2023-07-25
2932:2013-03-09
2835:2008-06-25
2806:2008-06-25
2700:2012-07-15
2674:2021-12-24
2566:References
2327:composting
2315:zero waste
2309:including
2200:grasslands
2177:— a broad
2159:See also:
2134:New Mexico
2116:Challenges
2110:in Estonia
2108:wilderness
2106:A view of
2080:wild beast
2072:wildeornes
2046:recreation
2021:Wilderness
2016:Wilderness
1981:Swiss Alps
1967:Wilderness
1915:phosphorus
1877:eukaryotic
1875:and other
1850:wilderness
1731:Ecosystems
1705:metabolism
1630:adaptation
1622:metabolism
1532:atmosphere
1528:atmosphere
1505:, such as
1499:jet stream
1402:classified
1351:Worldwide
1296:Swiss Alps
1265:mitigation
1216:Swiss Alps
1180:homosphere
1173:ionosphere
1148:tropopause
1124:Mesosphere
1030:pollutants
1026:meteoroids
852:tide pools
836:fish ponds
794:glaciation
790:rift zones
714:Lácar Lake
631:floodplain
623:stream bed
585:freshwater
583:, usually
541:, various
539:continents
442:convection
395:of Earth.
383:chronology
363:geophysics
331:pedosphere
323:cryosphere
299:atmosphere
145:Universal
136:atmosphere
96:artificial
5471:Eukaryota
5438:Hierarchy
5433:Biosphere
5398:Wildfires
5388:Radiation
5378:Ecosystem
5318:Moonlight
5252:Structure
5207:particles
4968:Recycling
4838:Chemistry
4798:Limnology
4793:Hydrology
4464:Geomatics
4409:Ecosystem
4394:Biosphere
4356:Etymology
4336:Earth Day
4286:Australia
4205:Exosphere
4022:Wadsworth
3997:cite book
3902:cite book
3333:"Climate"
2367:Criticism
2340:Reducing
2323:recycling
2313:(or even
2231:toxicants
2227:pollution
2221:include:
2179:political
2065:etymology
2054:aesthetic
1826:dichotomy
1770:ecosystem
1764:Ecosystem
1721:reproduce
1665:biosphere
1650:organisms
1642:organisms
1596:Biosphere
1471:phenomena
1095:Exosphere
1018:sea spray
926:Lightning
692:hydrology
454:subducted
450:Volcanoes
375:chemistry
355:geography
303:biosphere
242:structure
167:magnetism
159:radiation
118:Complete
92:naturally
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2800:Archived
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4210:Weather
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5500:fungi
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2025:human
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966:argon
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950:gases
808:Ponds
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752:ocean
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